List of human spaceflights

For a list of spaceflights with human crews organised by program, see List of human spaceflights by program. For a list of spaceports with achieved launches of humans to space, see Spaceport.

This is a list of all human spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, human spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space. Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft.

Apollo 7 heads into orbit with its crew of three, 1968

There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as the Kármán line. Additionally, the United States awards astronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km).

As of the launch of Shenzhou 15 on 29 November 2022, there have been 367 human spaceflight launches. Two missions did not cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatal STS-51-L (Challenger disaster), and the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission T-10a. Two aborted missions did cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space. These were the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission MS-10 which did not reach the Kármán line but did pass the 80 km (50 mi) line. The other was the non-fatal Soyuz mission, 18a which crossed the Kármán line. Four missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These were Soyuz 1, X-15 flight 191, Soyuz 11, and STS-107 (Columbia disaster). Sixteen flights in total reached an apogee beyond 50 miles (80 km), but failed to go beyond 62 miles (100 km), so therefore do not qualify as spaceflights under the FAI definition.

Summary

Since 1961, three countries (China, Russia, and the United States) and one former country (Soviet Union) have conducted human spaceflight using thirteen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".

Entity	Soviet Union (1961–1991) /   Russia (1992–present)			United States															China			Subtotals by decade
Agency	Soviet space program   Roscosmos			NASA			Scaled Composites			Virgin Galactic			SpaceX			Blue Origin			CMSA
Decades	Program	Dates^[a]	No.^[b]^[c]	Program^[d]	Dates	No.^[e]	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.^[f]	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.
1961–1970	Vostok	1961–1963	6	Mercury	1961–1963	6																52
	Voskhod	1964–1965	2	X-15	1962–1968	13
	Soyuz	1967–1991	66	Gemini	1965–1966	10
				Apollo	1968–1972	11
1971–1980																						38
				Skylab	1973–1974	3
				Apollo–Soyuz	1975	1
1981–1990				Space Shuttle	1981–2011	135																63
1991–2000	Soyuz	1992–present	84																			83
2001–2010							SpaceShipOne	2004	3										Shenzhou	2003–present	10	61
2011–2020										SpaceShipTwo	2018–present	4	Crew Dragon	2020–present	8							47
2021–2030																New Shepard	2021–present	6				23
Subtotals by entity			158			179			3			4			8			6			10	Total	367

Human spaceflights

The Salyut series, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and Tiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.

• Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed in italics.
• Missions between 80 km (50 mi) and 100 km (62 mi) are marked with an asterisk
• Fatal missions are marked with a dagger (†) symbol.

1961–1970

Vostok 1 — Mercury-Redstone 3 — Mercury-Redstone 4 — Vostok 2

Mercury-Atlas 6 — Mercury-Atlas 7 — X-15 Flight 62* — Vostok 3 — Vostok 4 — Mercury-Atlas 8

X-15 Flight 77* — Mercury-Atlas 9 — Vostok 5 — Vostok 6 — X-15 Flight 87* — X-15 Flight 90 — X-15 Flight 91

Voskhod 1

Voskhod 2 — Gemini 3 — Gemini 4 — X-15 Flight 138* — X-15 Flight 143* — Gemini 5 — X-15 Flight 150* — X-15 Flight 153* — Gemini 7 — Gemini 6A

Gemini 8 — Gemini 9A — Gemini 10 — Gemini 11 — X-15 Flight 174* — Gemini 12

Soyuz 1†— X-15 Flight 190* — X-15 Flight 191*†

X-15 Flight 197* — Apollo 7 — Soyuz 3 — Apollo 8

Soyuz 4 — Soyuz 5 — Apollo 9 — Apollo 10 — Apollo 11 — Soyuz 6 — Soyuz 7 — Soyuz 8 — Apollo 12

Apollo 13 — Soyuz 9

1971–1980

Apollo 14 — Soyuz 10 — Soyuz 11†— Apollo 15

Apollo 16 — Apollo 17

Skylab 2 — Skylab 3 — Soyuz 12 — Skylab 4 — Soyuz 13

Soyuz 14 — Soyuz 15 — Soyuz 16

Soyuz 17 — Soyuz 18a — Soyuz 18 — Soyuz 19 — Apollo-Soyuz

Soyuz 21 — Soyuz 22 — Soyuz 23

Soyuz 24 — Soyuz 25 — Soyuz 26

Soyuz 27 — Soyuz 28 — Soyuz 29 — Soyuz 30 — Soyuz 31

Soyuz 32 — Soyuz 33

Soyuz 35 — Soyuz 36 — Soyuz T-2 — Soyuz 37 — Soyuz 38 — Soyuz T-3

1981–1990

Soyuz T-4 — Soyuz 39 — STS-1 — Soyuz 40 — STS-2

STS-3 — Soyuz T-5 — Soyuz T-6 — STS-4 — Soyuz T-7 — STS-5

STS-6 — Soyuz T-8 — STS-7 — Soyuz T-9 — STS-8 — Soyuz T-10a — STS-9

STS-41-B — Soyuz T-10 — Soyuz T-11 — STS-41-C — Soyuz T-12 — STS-41-D — STS-41-G — STS-51-A

STS-51-C — STS-51-D — STS-51-B — Soyuz T-13 — STS-51-G — STS-51-F — STS-51-I — Soyuz T-14 — STS-51-J — STS-61-A — STS-61-B

STS-61-C — STS-51-L†— Soyuz T-15

Soyuz TM-2 — Soyuz TM-3 — Soyuz TM-4

Soyuz TM-5 — Soyuz TM-6 — STS-26 — Soyuz TM-7 — STS-27

STS-29 — STS-30 — STS-28 — Soyuz TM-8 — STS-34 — STS-33

STS-32 — Soyuz TM-9 — STS-36 — STS-31 — Soyuz TM-10 — STS-41 — STS-38 — STS-35 — Soyuz TM-11

1991–2000

STS-37 — STS-39 — Soyuz TM-12 — STS-40 — STS-43 — STS-48 — Soyuz TM-13 — STS-44

STS-42 — Soyuz TM-14 — STS-45 — STS-49 — STS-50 — Soyuz TM-15 — STS-46 — STS-47 — STS-52 — STS-53

STS-54 — Soyuz TM-16 — STS-56 — STS-55 — STS-57 — Soyuz TM-17 — STS-51 — STS-58 — STS-61

Soyuz TM-18 — STS-60 — STS-62 — STS-59 — Soyuz TM-19 — STS-65 — STS-64 — STS-68 — Soyuz TM-20 — STS-66

STS-63 — STS-67 — Soyuz TM-21 — STS-71 — STS-70 — Soyuz TM-22 — STS-69 — STS-73 — STS-74

STS-72 — Soyuz TM-23 — STS-75 — STS-76 — STS-77 — STS-78 — Soyuz TM-24 — STS-79 — STS-80

STS-81 — Soyuz TM-25 — STS-82 — STS-83 — STS-84 — STS-94 — Soyuz TM-26 — STS-85 — STS-86 — STS-87

STS-89 — Soyuz TM-27 — STS-90 — STS-91 — Soyuz TM-28 — STS-95 — STS-88

Soyuz TM-29 — STS-96 — STS-93 — STS-103

STS-99 — Soyuz TM-30 — STS-101 — STS-106 — STS-92 — Soyuz TM-31 — STS-97

2001–2010

STS-98 — STS-102 — STS-100 — Soyuz TM-32 — STS-104 — STS-105 — Soyuz TM-33 — STS-108

STS-109 — STS-110 — Soyuz TM-34 — STS-111 — STS-112 — Soyuz TMA-1 — STS-113

STS-107†— Soyuz TMA-2 — Shenzhou 5 — Soyuz TMA-3

Soyuz TMA-4 — SpaceShipOne Flight 15P* — SpaceShipOne Flight 16P* — SpaceShipOne Flight 17P* — Soyuz TMA-5

Soyuz TMA-6 — STS-114 — Soyuz TMA-7 — Shenzhou 6

Soyuz TMA-8 — STS-121 — STS-115 — Soyuz TMA-9 — STS-116

Soyuz TMA-10 — STS-117 — STS-118 — Soyuz TMA-11 — STS-120

STS-122 — STS-123 — Soyuz TMA-12 — STS-124 — Shenzhou 7 — Soyuz TMA-13 — STS-126

STS-119 — Soyuz TMA-14 — STS-125 — Soyuz TMA-15 — STS-127 — STS-128 — Soyuz TMA-16 — STS-129 — Soyuz TMA-17

STS-130 — Soyuz TMA-18 — STS-131 — STS-132 — Soyuz TMA-19 — Soyuz TMA-01M — Soyuz TMA-20

2011–2020

STS-133 — Soyuz TMA-21 — STS-134 — Soyuz TMA-02M — STS-135 — Soyuz TMA-22 — Soyuz TMA-03M

Soyuz TMA-04M — Shenzhou 9 — Soyuz TMA-05M — Soyuz TMA-06M — Soyuz TMA-07M

Soyuz TMA-08M — Soyuz TMA-09M — Shenzhou 10 — Soyuz TMA-10M — Soyuz TMA-11M

Soyuz TMA-12M — Soyuz TMA-13M — Soyuz TMA-14M — Soyuz TMA-15M

Soyuz TMA-16M — Soyuz TMA-17M — Soyuz TMA-18M — Soyuz TMA-19M

Soyuz TMA-20M — Soyuz MS-01 — Shenzhou 11 — Soyuz MS-02 — Soyuz MS-03

Soyuz MS-04 — Soyuz MS-05 — Soyuz MS-06 — Soyuz MS-07

Soyuz MS-08 — Soyuz MS-09 — Soyuz MS-10 — Soyuz MS-11 — VSS Unity VP-03*

Soyuz MS-12 — Soyuz MS-13 — Soyuz MS-15 — VSS Unity VF-01*

Soyuz MS-16 — Crew Dragon Demo-2 — Soyuz MS-17 — SpaceX Crew-1

2021–present

Soyuz MS-18 — SpaceX Crew-2 — Virgin Galactic Unity-21* — Shenzhou-12 — Virgin Galactic Unity-22* — Blue Origin NS-16 — SpaceX Inspiration4 — Soyuz MS-19 — Blue Origin NS-18 — Shenzhou-13 — SpaceX Crew-3 — Soyuz MS-20 — Blue Origin NS-19

Soyuz MS-21 — Blue Origin NS-20 — Axiom Mission 1 — SpaceX Crew-4 — Blue Origin NS-21 — Shenzhou-14 — Blue Origin NS-22 — Soyuz MS-22 — SpaceX Crew-5 — Shenzhou-15

Timeline

See also

• List of human spaceflight programs
• List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970
• List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980
• List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990
• List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000
• List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010
• List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020
• List of human spaceflights, 2021–present
• Human presence in space

Notes

1. Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.
2. Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo–Soyuz; and Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space.
3. Soyuz missions include Soyuz MS-10.
4. Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.
5. includes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did. Includes X-15 flights over 80 km (50 miles).
6. Includes VP-03 and VF-01

External links

• Spacefacts Compare with the present article. The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a.

• Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given at Astronautix, which includes other related categories.

References

• Vostok and Voskhod flight history 2021-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
• Mercury flight history
• X-15 flight history (altitudes given in feet)
• Gemini flight history
• Apollo flight history (student resource)
• Skylab flight history
• Apollo-Soyuz flight history
• Space Shuttle flight history infographic
• Shenzhou flight history timeline