This article is about a 1970 spaceflight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 9, see Soyuz TMA-5.
Soyuz 9 (Russian: Союз 9, Union 9) was a June, 1970, Soviet crewed space flight. The two-man crew of Andriyan Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov broke the five-year-old space endurance record held by Gemini 7, with their nearly 18-day flight. The mission paved the way for the Salyutspace station missions, investigating the effects of long-term weightlessness on crew, and evaluating the work that the cosmonauts could do in orbit, individually and as a team. It was also the last flight of the first-generation Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft, as well as the first crewed space launch to be conducted at night. In 1970, Soyuz 9 marks the longest crewed flight by a solo spacecraft.
Soyuz 9
Andriyan Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov on the 1971 commemorative stamp "424 Hours On Earth's Orbit" of Soviet Union
The flight tested, for a longer period of time than any other, the capacity of the hardware and the human crew, on the long-term exposure to space conditions and observing (both visually and photographically) geological and geographical objects, weather formations, water surfaces, and snow and ice covers. The crew conducted observations of celestial bodies and practiced astronavigation, by locking onto Vega or Canopus, and then used a sextant to measure its relation to the Earth horizon. The orbital elements were refined to three decimal places by the crew.[2]
Commander Nikolayev and flight engineer Sevastyanov spent 18 days in space conducting various physiological and biomedical experiments on themselves, but also investigating the social implications of prolonged spaceflight. The cosmonauts spent time in two-way TV links with their families, watched matches in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, played chess with ground control, and voted in a Soviet election. The mission set a new space endurance record and marked a shift in emphasis away from spacefarers merely being able to exist in space for the duration of a long mission (such as the Apollo flights to the Moon) to being able to live in space. The mission took an unexpected physical toll on the cosmonauts; in order to conserve attitude control gas during the lengthy stay in orbit, Soyuz 9 was placed in a spin-stabilisation mode that made Nikolayev and Sevastyanov dizzy and space sick.[6]
During the mission, the two cosmonauts played a game of chess against a pair of opponents on Earth: head of cosmonauts Nikolai Kamanin and fellow cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko. It was the first documented game played by humans while in space.[7][a] It was a consultation game, with the two cosmonauts playing as White and jointly deciding each move, while the two players on Earth did likewise as Black. The set used aboard Soyuz 9 had pegs and grooves to keep the pieces in place and did not include magnets, which might have interfered with the spacecraft's systems.[8]
The game began as a Queen's Gambit Accepted, with both players castling kingside. Material was exchanged evenly throughout the game. Toward the end of the game White checked Black four times, and rapid exchange of remaining pieces ensued. At 35. Qxf6+, Black responded with the final move 35... Kg8 (the only legal move), moving the king to the flight square g8. In the final position each side had a queen and five pawns, with no passed pawns. The game concluded as a draw.
Sevastyanov was a chess enthusiast. Following Soyuz 9, he served as president of the Soviet Chess Federation from 1977-1986 and 1988-1989.[8]
Returnedit
The spacecraft soft landed in the steppes of Kazakhstan, and the crew was picked up immediately. Adjusting to gravity of Earth seemed to present a minor problem for the two cosmonauts.[2] They required help exiting the descent module and were virtually unable to walk for a few days.[6] Nonetheless, this experience proved the importance of providing crews with exercise equipment during missions. After landing the crew spent 2 weeks in a quarantine unit originally designed for cosmonauts returning from Moon landings.[6] At the time the Soviet press reported that this was done to protect the cosmonauts in case space travel had weakened their immune systems. However, the quarantine process was likely practice for the Soviet crewed lunar program, which at that point had not been abandoned.[6]
^ Although the Soyuz 9 game is the first documented chess game played in space, some sources have indicated that this was not the first time a chess set was flown in space. During Expo 2020 in Dubai, a chess set was exhibited which was said to have been flown aboard Soyuz 3 and Soyuz 4.[8] (Dubai hosted the 2021 World Chess Championship concurrently with Expo 2020). However, it is unclear whether the set was used on either mission. Soyuz 3 had a single crew member, and was a failed docking attempt with the uncrewed Soyuz 2. Soyuz 4 also launched with a single crew member aboard, but quickly returned to Earth with another two cosmonauts. The latter had launched aboard Soyuz 5 and carried out the first-ever crew transfer via EVA, boarding Soyuz 4 for return to Earth.
Referencesedit
^Soyuz-9 embarks on a record-breaking mission www.russianspaceweb.com, accessed 27 December 2022
^ abcd"Display: Soyuz 9 1970-041A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 4 September 2003. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
^ ab"Trajectory: Soyuz 9 1970-041A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
soyuz, this, article, about, 1970, spaceflight, mission, identified, nasa, soyuz, russian, Союз, union, june, 1970, soviet, crewed, space, flight, crew, andriyan, nikolayev, vitaly, sevastyanov, broke, five, year, space, endurance, record, held, gemini, with, . This article is about a 1970 spaceflight For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 9 see Soyuz TMA 5 Soyuz 9 Russian Soyuz 9 Union 9 was a June 1970 Soviet crewed space flight The two man crew of Andriyan Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov broke the five year old space endurance record held by Gemini 7 with their nearly 18 day flight The mission paved the way for the Salyut space station missions investigating the effects of long term weightlessness on crew and evaluating the work that the cosmonauts could do in orbit individually and as a team It was also the last flight of the first generation Soyuz 7K OK spacecraft as well as the first crewed space launch to be conducted at night In 1970 Soyuz 9 marks the longest crewed flight by a solo spacecraft Soyuz 9Andriyan Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov on the 1971 commemorative stamp 424 Hours On Earth s Orbit of Soviet UnionMission typeTest flightOperatorSoviet space programCOSPAR ID1970 041ASATCAT no 04407Mission duration17 days 16 hours 58 minutes 55 secondsOrbits completed288Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftSoyuz 7K OK No 17 1 Spacecraft typeSoyuz 7K OKManufacturerExperimental Design Bureau OKB 1 Launch mass6460 kg 2 Landing mass1200 kgCrewCrew size2MembersAndriyan NikolayevVitaly SevastyanovCallsignSokol Sokol Falcon Start of missionLaunch date1 June 1970 19 00 00 GMTRocketSoyuzLaunch siteBaikonur Site 31 6 3 End of missionLanding date19 June 1970 11 58 55 GMTLanding siteSteppes in KazakhstanOrbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbit 4 RegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude207 0 kmApogee altitude220 0 kmInclination51 70 Period88 59 minutesVimpel Diamond for entrainment patch Soyuz programme Soyuz 8Soyuz 10 Contents 1 Crew 1 1 Backup crew 1 2 Reserve crew 2 Mission 3 Mission parameters 4 Chess game 5 Return 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesCrew editPosition 5 CosmonautCommander nbsp Andrian NikolayevSecond and last spaceflightFlight Engineer nbsp Vitaly SevastyanovFirst spaceflightBackup crew edit Position CosmonautCommander nbsp Anatoly FilipchenkoFlight Engineer nbsp Georgy GrechkoReserve crew edit Position CosmonautCommander nbsp Vasily LazarevFlight Engineer nbsp Valeri YazdovskyMission editThe flight tested for a longer period of time than any other the capacity of the hardware and the human crew on the long term exposure to space conditions and observing both visually and photographically geological and geographical objects weather formations water surfaces and snow and ice covers The crew conducted observations of celestial bodies and practiced astronavigation by locking onto Vega or Canopus and then used a sextant to measure its relation to the Earth horizon The orbital elements were refined to three decimal places by the crew 2 Commander Nikolayev and flight engineer Sevastyanov spent 18 days in space conducting various physiological and biomedical experiments on themselves but also investigating the social implications of prolonged spaceflight The cosmonauts spent time in two way TV links with their families watched matches in the 1970 FIFA World Cup played chess with ground control and voted in a Soviet election The mission set a new space endurance record and marked a shift in emphasis away from spacefarers merely being able to exist in space for the duration of a long mission such as the Apollo flights to the Moon to being able to live in space The mission took an unexpected physical toll on the cosmonauts in order to conserve attitude control gas during the lengthy stay in orbit Soyuz 9 was placed in a spin stabilisation mode that made Nikolayev and Sevastyanov dizzy and space sick 6 Mission parameters editMass 6 460 kg 14 240 lb 2 Perigee 207 0 km 128 6 mi 4 Apogee 220 0 km 136 7 mi Inclination 51 70 Period 88 59 minutesChess game editNikolayev and Sevastyanov vs Kamanin and Gorbatko Space Earth 1970abcdefgh8 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 877665544332211abcdefghFinal position following 35 Kg8 This section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves During the mission the two cosmonauts played a game of chess against a pair of opponents on Earth head of cosmonauts Nikolai Kamanin and fellow cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko It was the first documented game played by humans while in space 7 a It was a consultation game with the two cosmonauts playing as White and jointly deciding each move while the two players on Earth did likewise as Black The set used aboard Soyuz 9 had pegs and grooves to keep the pieces in place and did not include magnets which might have interfered with the spacecraft s systems 8 The game began as a Queen s Gambit Accepted with both players castling kingside Material was exchanged evenly throughout the game Toward the end of the game White checked Black four times and rapid exchange of remaining pieces ensued At 35 Qxf6 Black responded with the final move 35 Kg8 the only legal move moving the king to the flight square g8 In the final position each side had a queen and five pawns with no passed pawns The game concluded as a draw White A Nikolayev and V Sevastyanov Low Earth orbit Black N Kamanin and V Gorbatko Earth Queen s Gambit Accepted QGA ECO D20 9 10 9 June 1970 1 d4 d5 2 c4 dxc4 3 e3 e5 4 Bxc4 exd4 5 exd4 Nc6 6 Be3 Bd6 7 Nc3 Nf6 8 Nf3 0 0 9 0 0 Bg4 10 h3 Bf5 11 Nh4 Qd7 12 Qf3 Ne7 13 g4 Bg6 14 Rae1 Kh8 15 Bg5 Neg8 16 Ng2 Rae8 17 Be3 Bb4 18 a3 Bxc3 19 bxc3 Be4 20 Qg3 c6 21 f3 Bd5 22 Bd3 b5 23 Qh4 g6 24 Nf4 Bc4 25 Bxc4 bxc4 26 Bd2 Rxe1 27 Rxe1 Nd5 28 g5 Qd6 29 Nxd5 cxd5 30 Bf4 Qd8 31 Be5 f6 32 gxf6 Nxf6 33 Bxf6 Rxf6 34 Re8 Qxe8 35 Qxf6 Kg8 7 10 Sevastyanov was a chess enthusiast Following Soyuz 9 he served as president of the Soviet Chess Federation from 1977 1986 and 1988 1989 8 Return editThe spacecraft soft landed in the steppes of Kazakhstan and the crew was picked up immediately Adjusting to gravity of Earth seemed to present a minor problem for the two cosmonauts 2 They required help exiting the descent module and were virtually unable to walk for a few days 6 Nonetheless this experience proved the importance of providing crews with exercise equipment during missions After landing the crew spent 2 weeks in a quarantine unit originally designed for cosmonauts returning from Moon landings 6 At the time the Soviet press reported that this was done to protect the cosmonauts in case space travel had weakened their immune systems However the quarantine process was likely practice for the Soviet crewed lunar program which at that point had not been abandoned 6 See also edit nbsp Spaceflight portal nbsp Soviet Union portalTimeline of longest spaceflightsNotes edit Although the Soyuz 9 game is the first documented chess game played in space some sources have indicated that this was not the first time a chess set was flown in space During Expo 2020 in Dubai a chess set was exhibited which was said to have been flown aboard Soyuz 3 and Soyuz 4 8 Dubai hosted the 2021 World Chess Championship concurrently with Expo 2020 However it is unclear whether the set was used on either mission Soyuz 3 had a single crew member and was a failed docking attempt with the uncrewed Soyuz 2 Soyuz 4 also launched with a single crew member aboard but quickly returned to Earth with another two cosmonauts The latter had launched aboard Soyuz 5 and carried out the first ever crew transfer via EVA boarding Soyuz 4 for return to Earth References edit Soyuz 9 embarks on a record breaking mission www russianspaceweb com accessed 27 December 2022 a b c d Display Soyuz 9 1970 041A NASA 14 May 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Baikonur LC31 Encyclopedia Astronautica Archived from the original on 4 September 2003 Retrieved 4 March 2009 a b Trajectory Soyuz 9 1970 041A NASA 14 May 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Mir Hardware Heritage 1 7 3 wikisource a b c d Harvey Brian 2007 Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration Springer Praxis pp 179 181 ISBN 978 0387218960 a b Fox Mike James Richard 1993 The Even More Complete Chess Addict Faber and Faber p 97 ISBN 9780571170401 a b c Chess in outer space fide com FIDE 13 April 2020 Schipkov Boris Space Soyuz 9 Earth Control Center D20 Radio Match 1970 Chess Siberia Soyuz 9 Cosmonauts vs Ground Control Chessgames com nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soyuz 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Soyuz 9 amp oldid 1129932910, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
