STS-9
STS-9 (also referred to Spacelab 1)[1] was the ninth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the sixth mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Launched on 28 November 1983, the ten-day mission carried the first Spacelab laboratory module into orbit.
View of Columbia's payload bay, showing Spacelab. | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-9 Spacelab 1 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Microgravity research |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1983-116A |
| SATCAT no. | 14523 |
| Mission duration | 10 days, 7 hours, 47 minutes, 24 seconds (achieved) |
| Distance travelled | 6,913,504 km (4,295,852 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 167 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Columbia |
| Launch mass | 112,918 kg (248,942 lb) |
| Landing mass | 99,800 kg (220,000 lb) |
| Payload mass | 15,068 kg (33,219 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 6 |
| Members | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 28 November 1983, 16:00:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Space Shuttle Columbia |
| Launch site | Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A |
| Contractor | Rockwell International |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | 8 December 1983, 23:47:24 UTC |
| Landing site | Edwards Air Force Base, Runway 17 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 240 km (150 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 253 km (157 mi) |
| Inclination | 57.00° |
| Period | 89.50 minutes |
STS-9 mission patch Owen Garriott, Byron K. Lichtenberg, Brewster H. Shaw, John Young, Ulf Merbold, Robert A. Parker | |
STS-9 was also the last time the original STS numbering system was used until STS-26, which was designated in the aftermath of the 1986 Challenger disaster of STS-51-L. Under the new system, STS-9 would have been designated as STS-41-A. STS-9's originally planned successor, STS-10, was canceled due to payload issues; it was instead followed by STS-41-B. After this mission, Columbia was taken out of service for renovations and did not fly again until STS-61-C in early January 1986.
STS-9 sent the first non-U.S. citizen into space on the Shuttle, Ulf Merbold, becoming the first ESA and first West German citizen to go into space.[2]
Crew edit
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | John Young Sixth and last spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Brewster H. Shaw First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Owen Garriott Second and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 | Robert A. Parker First spaceflight | |
| Payload Specialist 1 | Ulf Merbold, ESA First spaceflight | |
| Payload Specialist 2 | Byron K. Lichtenberg First spaceflight | |
- Red Team
- Blue Team
Backup crew edit
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Payload Specialist 1 | Wubbo Ockels | |
| Payload Specialist 2 | Michael Lampton | |
Support crew edit
- John E. Blaha (entry CAPCOM)
- Franklin R. Chang-Diaz
- Mary L. Cleave
- Anna L. Fisher
- William F. Fisher
- Guy S. Gardner (ascent CAPCOM)
- Chuck Lewis (Marshall CAPCOM)
- Bryan D. O'Connor
- Wubbo Ockels
Crew seating arrangements edit
| Seat[3] | Launch | Landing | Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | Young | Young | |
| S2 | Shaw | Shaw | |
| S4 | Parker | Parker | |
| S5 | Garriott | Garriott | |
| S6 | Lichtenberg | Lichtenberg | |
| S7 | Merbold | Merbold |
Mission background edit
STS-9's six-member crew, the largest of any human space mission at the time, included John W. Young, commander, on his second shuttle flight; Brewster H. Shaw, pilot; Owen K. Garriott and Robert A. Parker, both mission specialists; and Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold, payload specialists – the first two non-NASA astronauts to fly on the Space Shuttle. Merbold, a citizen of West Germany, was the first foreign citizen to participate in a Space Shuttle flight. Lichtenberg was a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Prior to STS-9, the scientist-astronaut Garriott had spent 56 days in orbit in 1973 aboard Skylab. Commanding the mission was veteran astronaut John W. Young, making his sixth and final flight over an 18-year career that saw him fly twice each in Project Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle, which included two journeys to the Moon and making him the most experienced space traveler to date. Young, who also commanded Columbia on its maiden voyage STS-1, was the first person to fly the same space vehicle into orbit more than once. STS-9 marked the only time that two pre-Shuttle era astronaut veterans (Garriott and Young) would fly on the same Space Shuttle mission.
The mission was devoted entirely to Spacelab 1, a joint NASA/European Space Agency (ESA) program designed to demonstrate the ability to conduct advanced scientific research in space. Both the mission specialists and payload specialists worked in the Spacelab module and coordinated their efforts with scientists at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Payload Operations Control Center (POCC), which was then located at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Texas. Funding for Spacelab 1 was provided by the ESA.
Shuttle processing edit
After Columbia's return from STS-5 in November 1982, it received several modifications and changes in preparation for STS-9. Most of these changes were intended to support the Spacelab module and crew, such as the addition of a tunnel connecting the Spacelab to the orbiter's airlock, and additional provisions for the mission's six crew members, such as a galley and sleeping bunks. Columbia also received the more powerful Space Shuttle Main Engines introduced with Challenger, which were rated for 104% maximum thrust; its original main engines were later refurbished for use with Atlantis, which was still under construction at the time. Also added to the shuttle were higher capacity fuel cells and a Ku-band antenna for use with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS).[4]
The mission's original launch date of 29 October 1983 was scrubbed due to concerns with the exhaust nozzle on the right solid rocket booster (SRB). For the first time in the history of the shuttle program, the shuttle stack was rolled back to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where it was destacked and the orbiter returned to the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), while the suspect booster underwent repairs. The shuttle was restacked and returned to the launch pad on 8 November 1983.[4][5][6]
Launch attempts edit
| Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 Oct 1983, 12:00:00 pm | scrubbed | — | technical | 19 Oct 1983, 12:00 am (T-43) | SRB nozzle issues. Launch and decision point times are approximate, dates are accurate. | |
| 2 | 28 Nov 1983, 11:00:00 am | success | 29 days, 22 hours, 60 minutes |
Mission insignia edit
The mission's main payload, Spacelab 1, is depicted in the payload bay of the Columbia. The nine stars and the path of the orbiter indicate the flight's numerical designation, STS-9.
Mission summary edit
STS-9 launched successfully from Kennedy Space Center at 11:00:00 a.m. EST on 28 November 1983. The shuttle's crew was divided into two teams, each working 12-hour shifts for the duration of the mission. Young, Parker and Merbold formed the Red Team, while Shaw, Garriott and Lichtenberg made up the Blue Team. Usually, Young and Shaw were assigned to the flight deck, while the mission and payload specialists worked inside the Spacelab.
Over the course of the mission, 72 scientific experiments were carried out, spanning the fields of atmospheric and plasma physics, astronomy, solar physics, material sciences, technology, astrobiology and Earth observations. The Spacelab effort went so well that the mission was extended an additional day to 10 days, making it the longest-duration shuttle flight at that time. In addition, Garriott made the first ham radio transmissions by an amateur radio operator in space during the flight. This led to many further space flights incorporating amateur radio as an educational and back-up communications tool.
The Spacelab 1 mission was highly successful, proving the feasibility of the concept of carrying out complex experiments in space using non-NASA persons trained as payload specialists in collaboration with a POCC. Moreover, the TDRS-1 satellite, now fully operational, was able to relay significant amounts of data through its ground terminal to the POCC.
During orbiter orientation, four hours before re-entry, one of the flight control computers crashed when the Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters were fired. A few minutes later, a second crashed in a similar fashion, but was successfully rebooted. Young delayed the landing, letting the orbiter drift. He later testified: "Had we then activated the Backup Flight Software, loss of vehicle and crew would have resulted". Post-flight analysis revealed the GPCs (General Purpose Computers)[7] failed when the RCS thruster motion knocked a piece of solder loose and shorted out the CPU board. A GPC running BFS may or may not have the same soldering defect as the rest of the GPCs. Switching the vehicle to the BFS from normal flight control can happen relatively instantaneously, and that particular GPC running the BFS could also be affected by the same failure due to the soldering defect. If such a failure occurred, switching the vehicle back to normal flight control software on multiple GPCs from a single GPC running BFS takes a lot longer, in essence leaving the vehicle without any control at all during the change.
Columbia landed on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base on 8 December 1983, at 03:47:24 p.m. PST, having completed 167 orbits and travelled 4.3 million miles (6.9 million kilometres) over the course of its mission. Right before landing, two of the orbiter's three auxiliary power units (APUs) caught fire due to a hydrazine leak, but the orbiter nonetheless landed successfully. Columbia was ferried back to KSC on 15 December 1983. The leak was later discovered after it had burned itself out and caused major damage to the compartment. The shuttle was then sent off for an extensive renovation and upgrade program to bring it up to date with the newer Challenger orbiter as well as the upcoming Discovery and Atlantis. As a result, Columbia would not fly at all during 1984–1985.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Fun facts about STS numbering". 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. NASA/KSC 29 October 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Ulf Merbold".
- ^ "STS-9". Spacefacts. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ a b "STS-9 Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 26 April 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Lewis, Richard (1984). The voyages of Columbia: the first true spaceship. Columbia University Press. pp. 204. ISBN 978-0-231-05924-4.
- ^ "Shuttle Rollbacks". NASA. Retrieved 26 April 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Space Shuttle DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM Manual; Interior of the Flight Deck of the Space Shuttles".
Further reading edit
External links edit
- STS-9 mission summary NASA
- STS-9 video highlights 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine NSS
- Neumann, Peter G. (20 January 1989). "Space shuttle computer problems, 1981–1985". The Risks Digest. 8 (13). Retrieved 20 July 2013.