List of equipment of the Egyptian Army
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The following list outlines the major equipment in service with the Egyptian Army.
Individual equipment Edit
Name | Image | Origin | Type | Quantity | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protective gear | ||||||
BK-3 Helmet | 170px | Croatia | Combat helmet | Unknown | ||
Defcon 5 BAV-13 Plate Carrier | 170px | Italy | Ballistic vest | Unknown | ||
Mars Armor Modular Tactical Vest Model 58 | 170px | People's Republic of Bulgaria | Ballistic vest | Unknown | ||
Hełm wz. 50 | Polish People's Republic | Combat helmet | Unknown | Standard issue for regular infantry | ||
Ops-Core FAST helmet | United States | Combat helmet | Unknown | |||
PASGT | United States | Combat helmet, ballistic vest | Unknown |
Infantry weapons Edit
Small arms Edit
Anti-tank and missile Edit
Recoilless rifles Edit
Name | Image | Origin | Number | Comment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recoilless rifle | ||||||
M40[citation needed] | United States | Unknown | 105 mm | |||
SPG-9 | Soviet Union | 73 mm[43] | ||||
B-10 | Soviet Union | 82 mm[44] |
Anti tank systems Edit
Name | Image | Origin | Number | Comment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti tank systems | ||||||
RPG-7 | Soviet Union Egypt | Made by the Sakr Factory for Development Industries.[45][46] | ||||
RPG-32 | Russia | Unknown | ||||
M72 LAW | United States | |||||
MILAN II[47] | France | 345 units | Wire-guided anti-armor missile system | |||
Swingfire | United Kingdom / Egypt | 260+ units | Wire-guided anti-armor missile system (locally made) | |||
BGM-71D TOW II[48] | United States / Egypt | 500+ 450 missiles | Wire-guided anti-armor missile system (810 + 575 units(locally made)[49] | |||
AGM-114 Hellfire | United States | Unknown | 107mm | |||
9M14 Malyutka[50] | Soviet Union / Egypt | Unknown | Wire-guided anti-tank guided missile system. | |||
9M113 Konkurs[51] | Soviet Union | Unknown | Wire-guided anti-tank missile, mounted on Fahd armoured personnel carriers purchased in the 1990s | |||
9K115-2 Metis-M[52] | Russia | Unknown | Anti-tank missile, mounted on armoured personnel carriers purchased in 2014 | |||
Skif (anti-tank guided missile)[53] | Ukraine | Unknown | Anti-tank missile | |||
Akeron MP[54] | France | Appears in Navy Thunderbolts Training in 15 March 2023 | Anti-tank missile | |||
HJ-8[55] | China / Egypt | Unknown | Locally Produced Version Named AHRAM[citation needed] | |||
HJ-73[56] | China | Unknown |
Man-portable air defence Edit
System | Image | Origin | Number | Comment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air defence | ||||||
Sakr Eye | Egypt | Egyptian modified version of the SA-7 man-portable air-defense system short range surface-to-air missile. Made by the Sakr Factory for Development Industries.[45] | ||||
9K34 Strela-3 | Soviet Union | Man-portable air-defense system short range surface-to-air missile. | ||||
FIM-92 Stinger | United States | Man-portable air-defense system short range surface-to-air missile | ||||
9K38 Igla | Soviet Union | Man-portable air-defense system short range surface-to-air missile |
Mortars Edit
System | Image | Origin | Number | Comment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortars | ||||||
M240 | Soviet Union | 240mm | ||||
M1943[57] | Soviet Union | 160mm | ||||
M-43[57] | Soviet Union | 120mm | ||||
2B11 Sani | Soviet Union | 120mm | ||||
Helwan UK-2 | Soviet Union | 120 mm, Egyptian version of the M-43[58] | ||||
M2[59] | United States Egypt | 107 mm | ||||
M224 Mortar | United States | 60 mm mortar system | ||||
Helwan | China | [citation needed] | 60 mm, Egyptian modified variant of the Chinese Type 63-1[60][61][62] |
Training mortars Edit
System | Image | Origin | Number | Comment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training mortars | ||||||
M1938 | Soviet Union | 120 mm | ||||
2B14 Podnos | Soviet Union | 82 mm |
Vehicles Edit
Tanks Edit
Model | Image | Origin | Type | Version | Number | Period | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 Abrams | United States Egypt | Main battle tank | M1A1 | 1,130 | 1992– | All in active service. Manufactured in Egypt.[63] | |
M60 Patton | United States | Main battle tank | M60A1 M60A3 | 1,700 | 1979– | 300 M60A1 and 850 M60A3 Active[64] 550 in storage | |
T-62 | Soviet Union | Main battle tank | RO-115, RO-120 | 500 | 1972– | 200 in active service, 300 in storage[63] | |
T-55 | Soviet Union Egypt | Main battle tank | T-55E MK II | 840 | In storage.[65] |
Infantry fighting vehicles Edit
Model | Image | Origin | Type | Version | Number | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YPR-765 PRI | Netherlands / Belgium | Infantry fighting vehicle | 700 | European version of the American AIFV equipped with the 25 mm KBA-B02 turret. 390 units were purchased from Netherlands in 1996 with further 640 from Belgium in x.[citation needed] | ||
BMP-1 | Soviet Union / Egypt | Infantry fighting vehicle | BMP-1S | 220 |
Armored personnel carriers, MRAPS Edit
Model | Image | Origin | Type | Version | Number | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M113 | | United States / Egypt | Armored personnel carrier Tank destroyer Tracked field command vehicle Tracked support and cargo vehicle Artillery fire support vehicle | M113A2 M901A3 M577 M548 M981 FISTV | 2,320 52 280 275 72 | Purchased between 1980 and 2002, the APC version was upgraded by Egypt and equipment with a protective shield for its 12.7mm main weapon station.[citation needed] |
BTR-50 | Soviet Union / Egypt | Amphibious armored personnel carrier | BTR-50PKM BTR-50PK | 100 150 | 500 were ordered in 1964 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1965 and 1966. 250 BTR-50's are currently in service,[66] and were upgraded by 2014 to BTR-50PKM standard by Minotor of Belurus with new engines, transmissions and night vision equipment. A similar upgrade is to be performed on 200 OT-62's. These are likely to remain in service for many years.[citation needed] | |
OT-62 TOPAS | Czechoslovakia Ukraine | Amphibious armored personnel carrier | OT-62B OT-62 | 200 50 | Purchased in 1972. 200 units were upgraded by Ukraine to the OT-62B standard in 2010.[67] | |
PTS | Soviet Union | Amphibious personnel carrier | PTS-M | Purchased in 1973. | ||
Pegaso BMR | Spain | Amphibious armored personnel carrier | BMR-600 | 260[68] | Purchased in 1986. | |
OT-64 SKOT | Czechoslovakia Polish People's Republic | Amphibious armored personnel carrier | OT-64C | 250 were purchased from Czechoslovakia with all the units subsequently being upgraded to OT-64C standard by Poland. | ||
BTR-60 | Soviet Union | Amphibious armored personnel carrier | BTR-60PB | 200[69] | Originally as small number was bought in June 1967 for evaluation, with a subsequent order for 650 units placed in 1969 and delivered between 1970 and 1973. A number of machines were lost during the Yom Kippur War, and with time others were retired, so that only 200 units are still in operation today. | |
RG-32 Scout | South Africa | Armored personnel carrier | RG-32M | Bought in 2003 for border patrol. Likely will replace all BTR-152. | ||
HMMWV | United States | Armored personnel carrier Artillery observation vehicle | M1151 M1114 | 3890[70] | Purchases began in 1995. | |
Fahd | Egypt / West Germany | Armored personnel carrier Armored medevac Tank destroyer Armored command post Infantry fighting vehicle | Fahd 240 Fahd 280 Fahd 280-30 | Developed in partnership with West German firm Thyssen-Henschel, with production starting 1986 and ending in 2010. 800 vehicles were produced, including a single infantry fighting vehicle which was rejected by the Egyptian Army due to its height (a drawback in a flat, open terrain like a desert). The tank destroyer variant is equipped with MILAN AT missiles. | ||
Panthera | Egypt / United Arab Emirates | Armored personnel carrier | Panthera T6 | Produced locally by Egyptian company Eagles Defence International Systems (EDIS).[71] | ||
ST500[72] | Egypt | Designed and manufactured by Egypt | ||||
Nimr | United Arab Emirates | Armored personnel carrier | unknown | Appeared for the first time during the 42nd anniversary of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.[citation needed] | ||
Timsah |
| Egypt | MRAP | Timsah I Timsah II Timsah III | Fully designed and produced in domestic military factories. Its maximum capacity is 2 crew and 6 passengers. The vehicle has a BR7 armour protection level which offers all-round protection against 7.62mm rounds as well as grenades and certain types of explosives. It is armed with an externally mounted 7.62mm machine gun and a 40-mm grenade launcher. Other versions can be used for electronic and wireless jamming purposes. Timsah I : 4x4 Timsah II : 6x6 Timsah III : 4x4 Squad Car[citation needed] | |
Casspir | South Africa South Africa / United Kingdom | Armored personnel carrier | unknown | |||
Mamba APC | South Africa South Africa United Kingdom | Armored personnel carrier | ||||
Husky VMMD | South Africa / South Africa | MRAP | Husky 2G | unknown | ||
Walid | Egypt | Armored personnel carrier | Walid MKII | Production started in 1966 and of the units are assigned to border patrol.[citation needed] | ||
Sherpa | France | Armored personnel carrier | ||||
Hotspur HUSSARD | United Kingdom | Armored Personnel Carrier | Purchased in 1986 for use by military police.[citation needed] | |||
Tiger Kader-120 | Italy / Egypt | Armored personnel carrier Armored ambulance | 650 130[73][better source needed] | License for production was bought from Italy in 1998.[73][74][75][76] | ||
Cadillac Gage Commando | United States | Armored reconnaissance scout | V150 Commando Scout | 180 112[77] | The Scout variant was bought in 1986 while the V150 was bought in 2001 from the US Army which was retiring them in favor of the new M1117. | |
BRDM-2 | Soviet Union Poland | Armored reconnaissance scout | BRDM-2M96i BRDM-2 | Purchased in 1968 from USSR, 100 of them were modernized by Poland in 2001.[citation needed] | ||
Caiman | United States | MRAP | CAT II (6x6) | In May 2016, Egypt received its first shipment of a total of 762 MRAP vehicles from the United States, which arrived in the port of Alexandria for delivery to the Egyptian military.[78] | ||
RG-33 | South Africa United Kingdom United States | MRAP | Total RG-33L HAGA | 450 360 90 | The heavily armored vehicle is designed to protect soldiers from blasts from IEDs, landmines, and from other types of attacks.[citation needed] | |
International MaxxPro | United States | MRAP recovery vehicle | MaxxPro MRV | 12 | The delivery is part of the US Department of Defense's Excess Defense Articles grant program.[79] | |
ST-100[72] | Egypt | MRAP | First introduced in EDEX 2018 |
Artillery and missile systems Edit
The Egyptian ballistic missile development program started in the late 1950s after the construction of Jabal Hamzah ballistic missile test and launch facility to conduct test fires on Al Zafir and Al Kahir SRBMs.[80][81] The RS-120 Tactical Ballistic Missile Program is still in the developmental stage and should be shortly replacing the Frog-7 and supplementing the Sakr 80; by having a range of 120 km, it would be considered as an intermediate system between the battlefield range ballistic missile system and the theater ballistic missile system. Should, however, there be a dramatic change in its political climate and financial resources, Egypt possesses the technological and personnel resources to produce a Scud B/C and Project-T missiles.[82][83][84]
Model | Image | Origin | Type | Version | Number | Period | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scud | Soviet Union / Egypt / North Korea | Short-range ballistic missile | Project-T Scud-B | 25 9 | The Project-T variant utilized the Scud launcher with a new missile which was developed by Egypt with North Korean assistance, increasing its range from original 300 km to 450 km. More than 90 Project-T missiles were also made while the amount of the Scud-B missiles today is unknown.[85][68][84] | ||
Hwasong-7[citation needed] | Egypt North Korea | Medium-range ballistic missile | |||||
Hwasong-6[citation needed] | Egypt North Korea | Short-range ballistic missile | |||||
FROG-7 | Soviet Union / Egypt | Battlefield range ballistic missile | Sakr-80[86][87] FROG-7 | 60 12 | Sakr-80 is an indigenous design based on a FROG-7 system that was purchased from Soviet Union. The difference between the two is that the newer Sakr-80 is designed to carry 3 missiles with the range of 80 km while the original FROG-7 can carry only one missile with the range 70 km. | ||
M270 | United States / Egypt | MRL 270 mm | M270 Sakr-45 | Range dependent on the type of ammunition used: *Range with M26 rocket 32 km *Range with M26A1/A2 rocket 45 km *Range with M30 rocket 70 km Egypt also developed a wheeled based MRL called Sakr-45 which also uses the M270 rockets; it is not unlike the American HIMARS. | |||
BM-21 | | Soviet Union / Egypt | MRL 122 mm | Sakr-36 Sakr-30 Sakr-18 BM-21 Sakr-10 Sakr-8 Sakr-4 | 50[86] 130[86] 72[86] 215 50[86] 48 120[86][88] | *Range 36 km *Range 30 km *Range 20 km *Range 20 km *Range 10 km *Range 10 km *Range 10 km Egypt purchased the original 215 units from the Soviet Union and a domestic production license renaming all the future machines Sakr. Sark-4 are tripod-based units, while Sakr-10 and Sakr-8 are jeep-mounted units, and the rest are truck-mounted units. | |
RM-51 | Czechoslovakia | MRL 130 mm | [89] | 1957– | In storage | ||
Type 63 | People's Republic of China / Egypt | MRL 107 mm | RL-812 TLC PRL81 | [90][91] [91][92] | In storage. | ||
VAP-80 | Egypt | MRL 80 mm | 250[93] | Tripod mounted indigenous Egyptian design, range 8 km. | |||
M110 | United States | Self-propelled howitzer 203 mm | M110A2 | 144[94][95] | 1996– | Purchased from US in 1996. | |
M109 | United States Egypt | Self-propelled howitzer 155 mm 122mm | M109A5 M102A2 SPH 122 | 201 420 124 | SPH 122 are locally assembled howitzers based on M109A2 chassis, but instead of utilizing the 155 mm gun the 122 mm D-30 gun is fitted in instead.[96][97] | ||
K9 Thunder | South Korea Egypt | 155mm self-propelled howitzer | K9A1EGY | unknown | The export contract worth $1.6 billion was signed in February 2022.[98] Initial batches will be produced in South Korea while the rest will be produced in Egypt under license from 2024 with 50% localization rate.[99][100][101] | ||
Ural D-30[102] | Soviet Union / Russia / Egypt | Self-propelled howitzer 122 mm | Unknown | Locally assembled D-30 gun on an Armored Ural Truck chassis | |||
KrAZ M-46-1M[103] | Soviet Union / Ukraine / Egypt | Self-propelled howitzer 130 mm | Locally Assembled M-46 gun on an Armored KrAZ Truck chassis | ||||
K10 | South Korea Egypt | Artillery ammunition support vehicle | K10 K11 | U/N | Ammunition resupply vehicle to support the K9s. | ||
M992 | United States | 250 | Designed to support self-propelled howitzers, purchased from US along with the M109A5s. | ||||
M120 | Soviet Union / Egypt | Self-propelled mortar 120 mm | Built on a T-55 chassis with the turret replaced by a mount fitted with an 120-PM-43 mortar.[citation needed] | ||||
M113 mortar carrier | / United States / Netherlands | Self-propelled mortar 107 mm Self-propelled mortar 82 mm | M106A2 M125A2 | ||||
GH 52 | Finland / Egypt | Towed artillery 155 mm | 400[104] | Being manufactured locally under license, likely to replace aging 152 mm and 130 mm artillery. | |||
ML-20 | Soviet Union | Towed artillery 152 mm | 36[105] | 1952– | 100 purchased, kept in storage. | ||
M-46 | Soviet Union / People's Republic of China / Egypt | Towed artillery 130 mm | M-46 Type 59-1M | 420[105] 150[105] | 1952– | Egypt bought the license to produce M-46 from USSR.[106] | |
D-30 | Soviet Union / Egypt | Towed artillery 122 mm | D-30M | 156[105] | Egypt bought production license and will likely use it to replace completely the older 122 mm models that are now stored due to age.[citation needed] | ||
M-30 | Soviet Union | Towed artillery 122 mm | 359[105] | Some used for training the rest are stored. | |||
A-19 | Soviet Union | Towed artillery 122 mm | 36[105] | All are stored. |
Engineering vehicles Edit
Model | Image | Origin | Type | Number | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M88 | United States Egypt | Armoured recovery vehicle | 308[107] | In 1992 Egypt bought 221 M88A1 recovery vehicles for its M1A1 tanks, then in 1997 Egypt bought further 24 M88A2 but also obtaining the right for domestic manufacture. 50 M88A2 units were produced in the first batch, with further 13 produced in the second batch in 2002.[108] | |
YPR-765-PRBRG | Netherlands | Armoured recovery vehicle | Bought along with the YPR-765 IFV | ||
M579 | United States | Armoured recovery vehicle | |||
BREM-2 | Soviet Union | Armoured recovery vehicle | |||
M578 | United States | Armoured recovery vehicle | |||
BTS-4A | Soviet Union | Armoured recovery vehicle | |||
M984 | United States | Recovery vehicle | |||
M728 CEV | United States | Combat engineer vehicle | Bought from the old U.S. Army Europe stock in the 1990s. | ||
BAT-2 | Soviet Union | Combat engineer vehicle | 72[109] | ||
M104 Wolverine | United States | Armoured vehicle-launched bridge | Bought as an option along with the Abrams tank. | ||
M60A1 AVLB | United States | Armoured vehicle-launched bridge | Bought along with other M60 tanks. | ||
MT-55 K/L | Soviet Union | Armoured vehicle-launched bridge | |||
MTU-20 | Soviet Union | Armoured vehicle-launched bridge | 56[110] | ||
TMM-3 | Soviet Union | Motorized bridge | 96[111] | Based on the KrAZ-255 it was the standard motorized bridge of USSR in the 70s that Egypt bought in the same decade. It is believed that all units are still combat capable. | |
TMM-1 | Soviet Union | Motorized bridge | 70[111] | Based on the ZIL-157 it was the standard motorized bridge of USSR in the 60s that Egypt bought in the same decade, but today its serviceability is highly doubtful due to its age. | |
TPP | Soviet Union | Mobile treadway bridge | 94[112] | Based on the ZIL-151 it was the standard treadway system of USSR in the 50s that Egypt bought in the 60s, but today its serviceability is highly doubtful due to its age. | |
PMP | Soviet Union | Floating bridge | Uses KrAZ-255 for transportation. | ||
GSP-55 | Soviet Union | Amphibious tracked ferry | 86[112][113][114] | ||
PMM-2 | Ukraine | Pontoon bridger | 56[110][115] | Bought from Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[116] | |
BMK-T | Soviet Union | Bridging boats | |||
BMK-150M | Soviet Union | Bridging boats | |||
BMK-130M | Soviet Union | Bridging boats | |||
Fahd | Egypt | Minelayer | 75[117][118] | ||
Nather-1/2 | Soviet Union | Minelayer | A Soviet UMZ system that could be carried by any 6×4 truck, its successor in the Soviet Union became the GMZ.[119] | ||
Husky VMMD | United States | ||||
Fateh 2/3/4 | Soviet Union Egypt | Mine clearer | 340[117][118] | Based on a Soviet T-55 chassis with two mine-clearing line charges. | |
PZM-2 | Ukraine | Trencher | 48[120] | Bought from Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[121] | |
MDK-2M | Soviet Union | Trencher | 36[122][123] | ||
M9 ACE | United States | ||||
Caterpillar D9 | United States | ||||
Caterpillar D7 | United States | ||||
Caterpillar 930G | United States | Front end loader |
- PZM-2 Ditcher (36)[124]
Amphibious bridging Edit
- BMK-T Bridging Boats[125] (48)
- BMK-130M Bridging Boats[126][127][128] (48)
- BMK-150M Bridging Boats[126][127][128] (48)
Utility vehicles Edit
Name | Image | Origin | Type | Variant | Number | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M274 | United States | All-terrain vehicle | ||||
HMMWV | United States Egypt | Utility vehicle | M998 M1038 M1043 M996 M1043 | 675 450 510+575 150 140 | Utility and cargo carrier Utility and cargo carrier Utility and cargo carrier; additional 575 M1043 are on order. Mini ambulance Maxi ambulance * Arab Organization for Industrialization has a project of fitting HMMWVs with anti armor weaponry, options include: TOW, Milan, or HOT missiles.[129] | |
G-Class | Germany Egypt | Utility vehicle | 3,910+[73][better source needed] | Production ongoing by Kader Factory for Developed Industries as the Kader-320.[130] | ||
Jeep CJ | United States Egypt | Utility vehicle | Jeep CJ7 Jeep CJ8 Jeep TJ Jeep JK Jeep J8 | 10,650[73][better source needed] | Locally built. | |
M151 | United States | Utility vehicle |
Logistic vehicles Edit
Name | Image | Origin | Type | Variant | Number | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HETS | United States | Heavy tractor | Total M1070 M1070A1 | 295 249 46 | The first 170 vehicles were delivered by December 2004. By late 2009 around 249 systems had been ordered.[131] In July 2016, Egypt made a new order for 46 M1070A1 HET A1 heavy tractors.[132] | |
MAZ | Soviet Union | Very heavy truck (19,600 kg) | MAZ-543 | |||
HEMTT A4 | United States | Fuel servicing truck Recovery truck | M978 M978A4 M984A4 | 75[citation needed] 1 1[132] | ||
Ural | Russia | Very heavy truck (12,000 kg) | Ural-5323 | |||
ZiL | Soviet Union | Very heavy truck (10,000 kg) | ZIL-135 | |||
M939 | United States | Heavy truck (5,000 kg) | Model M931 Model M927 Model M923 Model M818 | |||
M54 | United States | Heavy truck (5,000 kg) | US army surplus. | |||
KrAZ | | Ukraine Soviet Union | Heavy truck (10,000 kg) Heavy Truck (7,500 kg) | KrAZ-6322 KrAZ-255 | ||
Scania | Sweden | Heavy truck (6,000 kg) | Model SBA111 | Ordered during the late 1980s. | ||
Ural | | Soviet Union Egypt Soviet Union | Heavy truck (5,000 kg) Heavy truck (4,500 kg) | Ural-4320 Ural-375D | Locally built, ongoing production | |
ZiL | Soviet Union | Heavy truck (3,500 kg) | ZIL-131 | Ordered in the 1960s from the Soviet Union. | ||
M35 | United States | Medium truck (2,500 kg) | US army surplus | |||
GAZ | Soviet Union | Medium truck (2,000 kg) | GAZ-66 | |||
Trucks | ||||||
United States | Flatbed | Produced under license.[133] | ||||
M 970A1 | United States | Refueler |
Other equipment Edit
Gallery Edit
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M60A3 MBT
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References Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ "Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories". Federation of American Scientists. from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012. Citing Gander, Terry J.; Hogg, Ian V., eds. (1995). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1995–1996 (21st ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 9780710612410. OCLC 32569399.
- ^ Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-00-712760-X.
- ^ Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian (April 2017). Small Arms Survey (ed.). (PDF). Working Paper No. 26. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Naše pistole střílela, i když ji Egypťané máčeli v blátě, říká manažer České zbrojovky". ihned.cz. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ . World Infantry Weapons. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2018 – via Google Sites.
- ^ (in Arabic). Ministry of Military Production (Egypt). Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^