Thickeners such as dextrin or polyvinyl alcohol are often added to the solution to stabilize the precipitated product. In fact, it is normally shipped in a dextrinated solution that lowers its sensitivity.[8]
Production historyEdit
Lead azide in its pure form was first prepared by Theodor Curtius in 1891. Due to sensitivity and stability concerns, the dextrinated form of lead azide (MIL-L-3055) was developed in the 1920s and 1930s with large scale production by DuPont Co beginning in 1932.[9] Detonator development during World War II resulted in the need for a form of lead azide with a more brisant output. RD-1333 lead azide (MIL-DTL-46225), a version of lead azide with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a precipitating agent, was developed to meet that need. The Vietnam War saw an accelerated need for lead azide and it was during this time that Special Purpose Lead Azide (MIL-L-14758) was developed; the US government also began stockpiling lead azide in large quantities. After the Vietnam War, the use of lead azide dramatically decreased. Due to the size of the US stockpile, the manufacture of lead azide in the US ceased completely by the early 1990s. In the 2000s, concerns about the age and stability of stockpiled lead azide led the US government to investigate methods to dispose of its stockpiled lead azide and obtain new manufacturers.[10]
Explosive characteristicsEdit
Lead azide is highly sensitive and usually handled and stored under water in insulated rubber containers. It will explode after a fall of around 150 mm (6 in) or in the presence of a static discharge of 7 millijoules. Its detonation velocity is around 5,180 m/s (17,000 ft/s).[11]
Lead azide has immediate deflagration to detonation transition (DDT), meaning that even small amounts undergo full detonation (after being hit by flame or static electricity).[citation needed]
Lead azide reacts with copper, zinc, cadmium, or alloys containing these metals to form other azides. For example, copper azide is even more explosive and too sensitive to be used commercially.[13]
Lead azide was a component of the six .22 (5.6 mm) caliber Devastator rounds fired from a Röhm RG-14 revolver by John Hinckley, Jr. in his assassination attempt on U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. The rounds consisted of lead azide centers with lacquer-sealed aluminum tips designed to explode upon impact. A strong probability exists that the bullet which struck White House press secretary James Brady in the head exploded. The remaining bullets that hit people, including the shot that hit President Reagan, did not explode.[14][15]
^"λ » LambdaSyn – Synthese von Bleiazid". www.lambdasyn.org.
^Verneker, V. R. Pai; Forsyth, Arthur C. (1968). . The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 72: 111–115. doi:10.1021/j100847a021. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017.
^Fedoroff, Basil T.; Henry A. Aaronson; Earl F. Reese; Oliver E. Sheffield; George D. Clift (1960). Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items (Vol. 1). US Army Research and Development Command TACOM, ARDEC.
^Fair, Harry David; Walker, Raymond F. (1977). Energetic Materials, Technology of the Inorganic Azides. Vol. 2. Plenum Press.
^Lewis, T. (2005). "Rolling stock safety assurance [railway safety]". IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance. Vol. 2005. IEE. p. 18. doi:10.1049/ic:20050419. ISBN0-86341-574-1.
^Thurman, James T. (2017). Practical Bomb Scene Investigation, Third Edition (3rd ed.). Milton: CRC Press. ISBN978-1-351-85761-1. OCLC 982451395.
^Lazari, Gerasimi; Stamatatos, Theocharis C.; Raptopoulou, Catherine P.; Psycharis, Vassilis; Pissas, Michael; Perlepes, Spyros P.; Boudalis, Athanassios K. (2009-04-13). "A metamagnetic 2D copper(II)-azide complex with 1D ferromagnetism and a hysteretic spin-flop transition". Dalton Transactions (17): 3215–3221. doi:10.1039/B823423J. ISSN 1477-9234. PMID 19421623.
^Earley, Pete; Babcock, Charles (April 4, 1981). "The Exploding Bullets". Washington Post.
^Taubman, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (1981-04-03). "Explosive Bullet Struck Reagan, F.b.i. Discovers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lead(II) azide.
October 21, 2023
lead, azide, inorganic, compound, more, than, other, azides, explosive, used, detonators, initiate, secondary, explosives, commercially, usable, form, white, buff, powder, namesiupac, name, diazidoleadidentifierscas, number, 13424, model, jsmol, interactive, i. Lead II azide Pb N3 2 is an inorganic compound More so than other azides Pb N3 2 is explosive It is used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives In a commercially usable form it is a white to buff powder Lead II azide NamesIUPAC name DiazidoleadIdentifiersCAS Number 13424 46 9 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 55508 NECHA InfoCard 100 033 206EC Number 236 542 1PubChem CID 61600UNII 677QUF0Z7P YUN number 0129CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID4065448InChI InChI 1S 2N3 Pb c2 1 3 2 q2 1 2 NKey ISEQAARZRCDNJH UHFFFAOYSA N NInChI 1S 2N3 Pb c2 1 3 2 q2 1 2Key ISEQAARZRCDNJH UHFFFAOYSA NSMILES N N N Pb N N N PropertiesChemical formula Pb N3 2Molar mass 291 2 g mol 1Appearance White powderDensity 4 71 g cm3Melting point 190 C 374 F 463 K decomposes 2 explodes at 350 C 1 Solubility in water 2 3 g 100 mL 18 C 9 0 g 100 mL 70 C 1 Solubility Very soluble in acetic acid Insoluble in ammonia solution 1 NH4OH 2 ThermochemistryStd enthalpy offormation DfH 298 462 3 kJ mol 1 Explosive dataShock sensitivity HighFriction sensitivity HighDetonation velocity 5180 m sHazardsOccupational safety and health OHS OSH Main hazards Harmful explosiveGHS labelling Pictograms 3 Signal word DangerHazard statements H200 H302 H332 H360 H373 H410 3 NFPA 704 fire diamond 4 304Autoignitiontemperature 350 C 662 F 623 K Related compoundsOther cations Potassium azide Sodium azide Copper II azideRelated compounds Hydrazoic acidExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Preparation and handling 2 Production history 3 Explosive characteristics 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksPreparation and handling EditLead II azide is prepared by the reaction of sodium azide and lead II nitrate in aqueous solution 5 Lead II acetate can also be used 6 7 Thickeners such as dextrin or polyvinyl alcohol are often added to the solution to stabilize the precipitated product In fact it is normally shipped in a dextrinated solution that lowers its sensitivity 8 Production history EditLead azide in its pure form was first prepared by Theodor Curtius in 1891 Due to sensitivity and stability concerns the dextrinated form of lead azide MIL L 3055 was developed in the 1920s and 1930s with large scale production by DuPont Co beginning in 1932 9 Detonator development during World War II resulted in the need for a form of lead azide with a more brisant output RD 1333 lead azide MIL DTL 46225 a version of lead azide with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a precipitating agent was developed to meet that need The Vietnam War saw an accelerated need for lead azide and it was during this time that Special Purpose Lead Azide MIL L 14758 was developed the US government also began stockpiling lead azide in large quantities After the Vietnam War the use of lead azide dramatically decreased Due to the size of the US stockpile the manufacture of lead azide in the US ceased completely by the early 1990s In the 2000s concerns about the age and stability of stockpiled lead azide led the US government to investigate methods to dispose of its stockpiled lead azide and obtain new manufacturers 10 Explosive characteristics EditLead azide is highly sensitive and usually handled and stored under water in insulated rubber containers It will explode after a fall of around 150 mm 6 in or in the presence of a static discharge of 7 millijoules Its detonation velocity is around 5 180 m s 17 000 ft s 11 Ammonium acetate and sodium dichromate are used to destroy small quantities of lead azide 12 Lead azide has immediate deflagration to detonation transition DDT meaning that even small amounts undergo full detonation after being hit by flame or static electricity citation needed Lead azide reacts with copper zinc cadmium or alloys containing these metals to form other azides For example copper azide is even more explosive and too sensitive to be used commercially 13 Lead azide was a component of the six 22 5 6 mm caliber Devastator rounds fired from a Rohm RG 14 revolver by John Hinckley Jr in his assassination attempt on U S President Ronald Reagan on March 30 1981 The rounds consisted of lead azide centers with lacquer sealed aluminum tips designed to explode upon impact A strong probability exists that the bullet which struck White House press secretary James Brady in the head exploded The remaining bullets that hit people including the shot that hit President Reagan did not explode 14 15 See also EditLead styphnateReferences Edit a b c d Pradyot Patnaik 2003 Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals The McGraw Hill Companies Inc ISBN 0 07 049439 8 a b CID 61600 from PubChem a b Safety Data Sheet of Electronic Detonators Division 1 4 PDF ocsresponds com Owen Oil Tools LP 2014 03 21 Retrieved 2014 06 09 Keller J J 1978 Hazardous Materials Guide Suppl Issue 4 Abel Guerrero Jacques Boileau Claude Fauquignon Bernard Hueber Hans H Meyer 2009 Explosives Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a10 143 pub2 l LambdaSyn Synthese von Bleiazid www lambdasyn org Verneker V R Pai Forsyth Arthur C 1968 Mechanism for controlling the reactivity of lead azide The Journal of Physical Chemistry 72 111 115 doi 10 1021 j100847a021 Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Fedoroff Basil T Henry A Aaronson Earl F Reese Oliver E Sheffield George D Clift 1960 Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items Vol 1 US Army Research and Development Command TACOM ARDEC Fair Harry David Walker Raymond F 1977 Energetic Materials Technology of the Inorganic Azides Vol 2 Plenum Press Lewis T 2005 Rolling stock safety assurance railway safety IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance Vol 2005 IEE p 18 doi 10 1049 ic 20050419 ISBN 0 86341 574 1 Thurman James T 2017 Practical Bomb Scene Investigation Third Edition 3rd ed Milton CRC Press ISBN 978 1 351 85761 1 OCLC 982451395 Primary Initiating Explosives www tpub com Retrieved 2017 02 13 Lazari Gerasimi Stamatatos Theocharis C Raptopoulou Catherine P Psycharis Vassilis Pissas Michael Perlepes Spyros P Boudalis Athanassios K 2009 04 13 A metamagnetic 2D copper II azide complex with 1D ferromagnetism and a hysteretic spin flop transition Dalton Transactions 17 3215 3221 doi 10 1039 B823423J ISSN 1477 9234 PMID 19421623 Earley Pete Babcock Charles April 4 1981 The Exploding Bullets Washington Post Taubman Philip Times Special To the New York 1981 04 03 Explosive Bullet Struck Reagan F b i Discovers The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 05 18 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lead II azide National Pollutant Inventory Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lead II azide amp oldid 1177040506, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
