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Language policy

May 20, 2023

Language policy is an interdisciplinary academic field. Some scholars such as Joshua Fishman and Ofelia García consider it as part of sociolinguistics. On the other hand, other scholars such as Bernard Spolsky, Robert B. Kaplan and Joseph Lo Bianco argue that language policy is a branch of applied linguistics.

As a field, language policy used to be known as language planning and is related to other fields such as language ideology, language revitalization, language education, among others.

Definitions

Language policy has been defined in a number of ways. According to Kaplan and Baldauf (1997), "A language policy is a body of ideas, laws, regulations, rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the societies, group or system" (p. xi[1]). Lo Bianco defines the field as "a situated activity, whose specific history and local circumstances influence what is regarded as a language problem, and whose political dynamics determine which language problems are given policy treatment” (p. 152).[2] McCarty (2011) defines language policy as "a complex sociocultural process [and as] modes of human interaction, negotiation, and production mediated by relations of power. The 'policy' in these processes resides in their language-regulating power; that is, the ways in which they express normative claims about legitimate and illegitimate language forms and uses, thereby governing language statuses and uses" (p. 8).[3]

Overview

Language policy is broad, but it can be categorized into three components. Spolsky (2004) argues, "A useful first step is to distinguish between the three components of the language policy of a speech community: (1) its language practices – the habitual pattern of selecting among the varieties that make up its linguistic repertoire; (2) its language beliefs or ideology – the beliefs about language and language use; and (3) any specific efforts to modify or influence that practice by any kind of language intervention, planning, or management" (p. 5).[4]

The traditional scope of language policy concerns language regulation. This refers to what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used, cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages.

Implementation

The implementation of language policy varies from one State to another. This may be explained by the fact that language policy is often based on contingent historical reasons.[5] Likewise, States also differ as to the degree of explicitness with which they implement a given language policy. The French Toubon law is a good example of explicit language policy. The same may be said for the Charter of the French Language in Quebec.[6]

Scholars such as Tollefson argue that language policy can create inequality, "language planning-policy means the institutionalization of language as a basis for distinctions among social groups (classes). That is, language policy is one mechanism for locating language within social structure so that language determines who has access to political power and economic resources. Language policy is one mechanism by which dominant groups establish hegemony in language use" (p. 16).[7]

Many countries have a language policy designed to favor or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened. Indeed, whilst the existence of linguistic minorities within their jurisdiction has often been considered to be a potential threat to internal cohesion, States also understand that providing language rights to minorities may be more in their long term interest, as a means of gaining citizens' trust in the central government.[8]

The preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity in today's world is a major concern to many scientists, artists, writers, politicians, leaders of linguistic communities, and defenders of linguistic human rights. More than half of the 6000 languages currently spoken in the world are estimated to be in danger of disappearing during the 21st century. Many factors affect the existence and usage of any given human language, including the size of the native speaking population, its use in formal communication, and the geographical dispersion and the socio-economic weight of its speakers. National language policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of some of these factors.

For example, according to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Native tongue title and language rights should be promoted. The government ought to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages of Australia. We must change the linguistic landscape of Whyalla and elsewhere. Signs should be in both English and the local indigenous language. We ought to acknowledge intellectual property of indigenous knowledge including language, music and dance."[9]

There are many ways in which language policies can be categorized. It was elaborated by Université Laval sociolinguist Jacques Leclerc for the French-language Web site L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde put on line by the CIRAL in 1999.[10] The collecting, translating and classifying of language policies started in 1988 and culminated in the publishing of Recueil des législations linguistiques dans le monde (vol. I to VI) at Presses de l'Université Laval in 1994. The work, containing some 470 language laws, and the research leading to publication, were subsidised by the Office québécois de la langue française.[11] In April 2008, the Web site presented the linguistic portrait and language policies in 354 States or autonomous territories in 194 recognised countries.[12]

Language regulators

See also

Directions of language policies:

Some case studies:

References

  1. ^ Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (1997). Language planning from practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  2. ^ Hornberger, Nancy H.; McKay, Sandra L. (2010). Sociolinguistics and language education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. pp. 143–176.
  3. ^ McCarty, Teresa (2011). Ethnography of Language Policy. New York: Routledge.
  4. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2004). Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  5. ^ Id., at page 23
  6. ^ Van der Jeught, S., EU Language Law (2015), Europa Law Publishing: Groningen, 15 et seq.
  7. ^ Tollefson, James W. (1989). Planning language, planning inequality: Language policy in the community. London: Longman.
  8. ^ Arzoz, X., 'The Nature of Language Rights'. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (2007): 13.
  9. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, "Stop, revive and survive", The Australian Higher Education, June 6, 2012.
  10. ^ (French) Leclerc, Jacques. "Index par politiques linguistiques" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, December 2003.
  11. ^ Leclerc, Jacques. "Historique du site du CIRAL au TLFQ" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, August 16, 2007 (in French).
  12. ^ Leclerc, Jacques. "Page d'accueil" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, 2007 (in French).

Bibliography

  • Tollefson, J. W. (1991). Planning language, planning inequality: Language policy in the community. London: Longman.
  • Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spolsky, B. (2009). Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Johnson, D. C. (2013). Language policy. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Cooper, R. L. (1989). Language planning and social change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zein, S. (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Michele Gazzola,Torsten Templin, Bengt-Arne Wickström, (2018), Language Policy and Linguistic Justice, Springer.
  • Shohamy, Elana (2006). Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. London: Routledge.
  • Hult, F.M., & Johnson, D.C. (Eds.) (2015). Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN 978-1-118-30838-7.
  • Crawford, James (2000). Language Policy Website.
  • Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2012). Language and identity policies in the 'glocal' age. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Autonòmics.
  • Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2013). Language policy and planning as an interdisciplinary field: Towards a complexity approach, Current Issues in Language Planning, Volume 14, 2013 - Issue 3-04.
  • Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2019). From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-9168-316-2.
  • Kadochnikov, D. (2016). Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2016. pp. 538–580.
  • Spolsky, Bernard (2012). The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Silva, Diego B. (2019). Language policy in Oceania. Alfa, Rev. Linguíst. 63 (2).
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad and Walsh, Michael 2011.'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures', Australian Journal of Linguistics 31.

External links

May 20, 2023
language, policy, interdisciplinary, academic, field, some, scholars, such, joshua, fishman, ofelia, garcía, consider, part, sociolinguistics, other, hand, other, scholars, such, bernard, spolsky, robert, kaplan, joseph, bianco, argue, that, language, policy, . Language policy is an interdisciplinary academic field Some scholars such as Joshua Fishman and Ofelia Garcia consider it as part of sociolinguistics On the other hand other scholars such as Bernard Spolsky Robert B Kaplan and Joseph Lo Bianco argue that language policy is a branch of applied linguistics As a field language policy used to be known as language planning and is related to other fields such as language ideology language revitalization language education among others Contents 1 Definitions 2 Overview 3 Implementation 4 Language regulators 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksDefinitions EditLanguage policy has been defined in a number of ways According to Kaplan and Baldauf 1997 A language policy is a body of ideas laws regulations rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the societies group or system p xi 1 Lo Bianco defines the field as a situated activity whose specific history and local circumstances influence what is regarded as a language problem and whose political dynamics determine which language problems are given policy treatment p 152 2 McCarty 2011 defines language policy as a complex sociocultural process and as modes of human interaction negotiation and production mediated by relations of power The policy in these processes resides in their language regulating power that is the ways in which they express normative claims about legitimate and illegitimate language forms and uses thereby governing language statuses and uses p 8 3 Overview EditLanguage policy is broad but it can be categorized into three components Spolsky 2004 argues A useful first step is to distinguish between the three components of the language policy of a speech community 1 its language practices the habitual pattern of selecting among the varieties that make up its linguistic repertoire 2 its language beliefs or ideology the beliefs about language and language use and 3 any specific efforts to modify or influence that practice by any kind of language intervention planning or management p 5 4 The traditional scope of language policy concerns language regulation This refers to what a government does either officially through legislation court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages Implementation EditThe implementation of language policy varies from one State to another This may be explained by the fact that language policy is often based on contingent historical reasons 5 Likewise States also differ as to the degree of explicitness with which they implement a given language policy The French Toubon law is a good example of explicit language policy The same may be said for the Charter of the French Language in Quebec 6 Scholars such as Tollefson argue that language policy can create inequality language planning policy means the institutionalization of language as a basis for distinctions among social groups classes That is language policy is one mechanism for locating language within social structure so that language determines who has access to political power and economic resources Language policy is one mechanism by which dominant groups establish hegemony in language use p 16 7 Many countries have a language policy designed to favor or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened Indeed whilst the existence of linguistic minorities within their jurisdiction has often been considered to be a potential threat to internal cohesion States also understand that providing language rights to minorities may be more in their long term interest as a means of gaining citizens trust in the central government 8 The preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity in today s world is a major concern to many scientists artists writers politicians leaders of linguistic communities and defenders of linguistic human rights More than half of the 6000 languages currently spoken in the world are estimated to be in danger of disappearing during the 21st century Many factors affect the existence and usage of any given human language including the size of the native speaking population its use in formal communication and the geographical dispersion and the socio economic weight of its speakers National language policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of some of these factors For example according to Ghil ad Zuckermann Native tongue title and language rights should be promoted The government ought to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages of Australia We must change the linguistic landscape of Whyalla and elsewhere Signs should be in both English and the local indigenous language We ought to acknowledge intellectual property of indigenous knowledge including language music and dance 9 There are many ways in which language policies can be categorized It was elaborated by Universite Laval sociolinguist Jacques Leclerc for the French language Web site L amenagement linguistique dans le monde put on line by the CIRAL in 1999 10 The collecting translating and classifying of language policies started in 1988 and culminated in the publishing of Recueil des legislations linguistiques dans le monde vol I to VI at Presses de l Universite Laval in 1994 The work containing some 470 language laws and the research leading to publication were subsidised by the Office quebecois de la langue francaise 11 In April 2008 the Web site presented the linguistic portrait and language policies in 354 States or autonomous territories in 194 recognised countries 12 Language regulators EditList of language regulators Academie francaise The Academy of the Hebrew Language Accademia della Crusca Akademio de Esperanto Association of Spanish Language Academies Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language Serbia Montenegro Republika Srpska Bord na Gaidhlig Gaelic in Scotland Commission on the Filipino Language Philippines Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia Dutch Language Union Foras na Gaeilge Irish Institut d Estudis Catalans Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan Indonesia Norwegian Language Council Office quebecois de la langue francaise Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg Breton in Brittany Pan South African Language Board Real Academia Espanola Swedish Language Council Welsh Language CommissionerSee also EditLinguistic diversity Linguistic rights Cultural hegemony Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation Economics of language Grimm s law Language change Language movement Language planning Language politics Language reform Language revitalization Language tax Language death Cross border language National language Native Tongue Title Official language Official script Regional language Street name controversy International Mother Language Day International Year of Languages 2008 Languages in censusesDirections of language policies Linguistic imperialism Linguistic purism Language secessionismSome case studies Europe European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Belgium Language legislation in Belgium Croatia Croatian linguistic purism Finland Finland s language strife France Language policy in France Germany Germanization Hungary Magyarization Italy Italianization Latvia Language policy in Latvia Poland Polonization Russia and Soviet Union Russification Education in the Soviet Union Slovakia Language law of Slovakia Slovakization Spain Language policies of Francoist Spain Ukraine Ukrainization Wales Welsh Not Arab world Arabization Bangladesh Bengali language movement Canada Official bilingualism in Canada Official Languages Act Canada India Anti Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Pakistan Urdu movement United States English only movementReferences Edit Kaplan Robert B Baldauf Richard B 1997 Language planning from practice to theory Clevedon Multilingual Matters Hornberger Nancy H McKay Sandra L 2010 Sociolinguistics and language education Bristol Multilingual Matters pp 143 176 McCarty Teresa 2011 Ethnography of Language Policy New York Routledge Spolsky Bernard 2004 Language Policy Cambridge Cambridge University Press Id at page 23 Van der Jeught S EU Language Law 2015 Europa Law Publishing Groningen 15 et seq Tollefson James W 1989 Planning language planning inequality Language policy in the community London Longman Arzoz X The Nature of Language Rights Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 2007 13 Zuckermann Ghil ad Stop revive and survive The Australian Higher Education June 6 2012 French Leclerc Jacques Index par politiques linguistiques in L amenagement linguistique dans le monde Quebec TLFQ Universite Laval December 2003 Leclerc Jacques Historique du site du CIRAL au TLFQ in L amenagement linguistique dans le monde Quebec TLFQ Universite Laval August 16 2007 in French Leclerc Jacques Page d accueil in L amenagement linguistique dans le monde Quebec TLFQ Universite Laval 2007 in French Bibliography EditTollefson J W 1991 Planning language planning inequality Language policy in the community London Longman Spolsky B 2004 Language policy Cambridge Cambridge University Press Spolsky B 2009 Language management Cambridge Cambridge University Press Johnson D C 2013 Language policy London Palgrave MacMillan Cooper R L 1989 Language planning and social change Cambridge Cambridge University Press Zein S 2020 Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia New York and London Routledge Ginsburgh V Weber S Eds 2016 The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language London Palgrave Macmillan Michele Gazzola Torsten Templin Bengt Arne Wickstrom 2018 Language Policy and Linguistic Justice Springer Shohamy Elana 2006 Language Policy Hidden Agendas and New Approaches London Routledge Hult F M amp Johnson D C Eds 2015 Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning A Practical Guide Malden MA Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 118 30838 7 Crawford James 2000 Language Policy Website Bastardas Boada Albert 2012 Language and identity policies in the glocal age Barcelona Institut d Estudis Autonomics Bastardas Boada Albert 2013 Language policy and planning as an interdisciplinary field Towards a complexity approach Current Issues in Language Planning Volume 14 2013 Issue 3 04 Bastardas Boada Albert 2019 From language shift to language revitalization and sustainability A complexity approach to linguistic ecology Barcelona Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona ISBN 978 84 9168 316 2 Kadochnikov D 2016 Languages Regional Conflicts and Economic Development Russia In Ginsburgh V Weber S Eds The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language London Palgrave Macmillan 2016 pp 538 580 Spolsky Bernard 2012 The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy Cambridge University Press Silva Diego B 2019 Language policy in Oceania Alfa Rev Linguist 63 2 Zuckermann Ghil ad and Walsh Michael 2011 Stop Revive Survive Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures Australian Journal of Linguistics 31 External links EditLanguage Policy Division of the Council of Europe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Language policy amp oldid 1144781673, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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