For example, the holotype for the butterfly Plebejus idas longinus is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering.
A holotype is not necessarily "typical" of that taxon, although ideally it is. Sometimes just a fragment of an organism is the holotype, particularly in the case of a fossil. For example, the holotype of Pelorosaurus humerocristatus (Duriatitan), a large herbivorous dinosaur from the early Jurassic period, is a fossil leg bone stored at the Natural History Museum in London. Even if a better specimen is subsequently found, the holotype is not superseded.
Under the ICN, an additional and clarifying type could be designated an epitype under article 9.8, where the original material is demonstrably ambiguous or insufficient.
A conserved type (ICN article 14.3) is sometimes used to correct a problem with a name which has been misapplied; this specimen replaces the original holotype.
In the absence of a holotype, another type may be selected, out of a range of different kinds of type, depending on the case, a lectotype or a neotype.
For example, in both the ICN and the ICZN a neotype is a type that was later appointed in the absence of the original holotype. Additionally, under the ICZN the commission is empowered to replace a holotype with a neotype, when the holotype turns out to lack important diagnostic features needed to distinguish the species from its close relatives. For example, the crocodile-like archosaurian reptile Parasuchus hislopiLydekker, 1885 was described based on a premaxillaryrostrum (part of the snout), but this is no longer sufficient to distinguish Parasuchus from its close relatives. This made the name Parasuchus hislopi a nomen dubium. Indian-American paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee proposed that a new type specimen, a complete skeleton, be designated.[1] The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature considered the case and agreed to replace the original type specimen with the proposed neotype.[2]
The procedures for the designation of a new type specimen when the original is lost come into play for some recent, high-profile species descriptions in which the specimen designated as the holotype was a living individual that was allowed to remain in the wild (e.g. a new species of capuchin monkey, genus Cebus,[3]Marleyimyia xylocopae, or the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala[4]). In such a case, there is no actual type specimen available for study, and the possibility exists that—should there be any perceived ambiguity in the identity of the species—subsequent authors can invoke various clauses in the ICZN Code that allow for the designation of a neotype. Article 75.3.7 of the ICZN[5] requires that the designation of a neotype must be accompanied by "a statement that the neotype is, or immediately upon publication has become, the property of a recognized scientific or educational institution, cited by name, that maintains a research collection, with proper facilities for preserving name-bearing types, and that makes them accessible for study", but there is no such requirement for a holotype.
^Case 3165, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 58:1 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 30 March 2001.
^Opinion 2045, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60:2 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, 30 June 2003.
^Mendes Pontes, A.R., Malta A. and Asfora, P.H. 2006. A new species of capuchin monkey, genus Cebus Erxleben (Cebidae, Primates): found at the very brink of extinction in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre. Zootaxa 1200: 1-12.
^Sinha, A.,Datta, A., Madhusudan, M. D. and Mishra, C. (2004). "The Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala: a new species from western Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India". International Journal of Primatology volume: 26 issue: 977 pages: 989.
^International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 75.3.7
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holotypes.
BOA Photographs of type specimens of Neotropical Rhopalocera.
January 26, 2023
holotype, holotype, single, physical, example, illustration, organism, known, have, been, used, when, species, lower, ranked, taxon, formally, described, either, single, such, physical, example, illustration, several, examples, explicitly, designated, holotype. A holotype is a single physical example or illustration of an organism known to have been used when the species or lower ranked taxon was formally described It is either the single such physical example or illustration or one of several examples but explicitly designated as the holotype Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ICZN a holotype is one of several kinds of name bearing types In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants ICN and ICZN the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept Holotype with red type label affixed Holotype of Marocaster coronatus MHNT For example the holotype for the butterfly Plebejus idas longinus is a preserved specimen of that subspecies held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University In botany an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering A holotype is not necessarily typical of that taxon although ideally it is Sometimes just a fragment of an organism is the holotype particularly in the case of a fossil For example the holotype of Pelorosaurus humerocristatus Duriatitan a large herbivorous dinosaur from the early Jurassic period is a fossil leg bone stored at the Natural History Museum in London Even if a better specimen is subsequently found the holotype is not superseded Contents 1 Replacements for holotypes 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksReplacements for holotypes Edit Modern holotype label for Encarsia accenta Under the ICN an additional and clarifying type could be designated an epitype under article 9 8 where the original material is demonstrably ambiguous or insufficient A conserved type ICN article 14 3 is sometimes used to correct a problem with a name which has been misapplied this specimen replaces the original holotype In the absence of a holotype another type may be selected out of a range of different kinds of type depending on the case a lectotype or a neotype For example in both the ICN and the ICZN a neotype is a type that was later appointed in the absence of the original holotype Additionally under the ICZN the commission is empowered to replace a holotype with a neotype when the holotype turns out to lack important diagnostic features needed to distinguish the species from its close relatives For example the crocodile like archosaurian reptile Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker 1885 was described based on a premaxillary rostrum part of the snout but this is no longer sufficient to distinguish Parasuchus from its close relatives This made the name Parasuchus hislopi a nomen dubium Indian American paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee proposed that a new type specimen a complete skeleton be designated 1 The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature considered the case and agreed to replace the original type specimen with the proposed neotype 2 The procedures for the designation of a new type specimen when the original is lost come into play for some recent high profile species descriptions in which the specimen designated as the holotype was a living individual that was allowed to remain in the wild e g a new species of capuchin monkey genus Cebus 3 Marleyimyia xylocopae or the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala 4 In such a case there is no actual type specimen available for study and the possibility exists that should there be any perceived ambiguity in the identity of the species subsequent authors can invoke various clauses in the ICZN Code that allow for the designation of a neotype Article 75 3 7 of the ICZN 5 requires that the designation of a neotype must be accompanied by a statement that the neotype is or immediately upon publication has become the property of a recognized scientific or educational institution cited by name that maintains a research collection with proper facilities for preserving name bearing types and that makes them accessible for study but there is no such requirement for a holotype See also EditAllotype zoology Genetypes genetic sequence data from type specimens Paratype Type biology Type speciesReferences Edit Case 3165 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 58 1 Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine 30 March 2001 Opinion 2045 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 2 Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine 30 June 2003 Mendes Pontes A R Malta A and Asfora P H 2006 A new species of capuchin monkey genus Cebus Erxleben Cebidae Primates found at the very brink of extinction in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre Zootaxa 1200 1 12 Sinha A Datta A Madhusudan M D and Mishra C 2004 The Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala a new species from western Arunachal Pradesh northeastern India International Journal of Primatology volume 26 issue 977 pages 989 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Art 75 3 7External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holotypes BOA Photographs of type specimens of Neotropical Rhopalocera Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Holotype amp oldid 1117933702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
