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Wikipedia

Lancaster, Lancashire

January 26, 2023

This article is about the historical city. For the local government district, see City of Lancaster. For other uses, see Lancaster (disambiguation).

Lancaster (/ˈlæŋkəstər/,[2][3][4][5] /ˈlænkæs-/)[6] is a city and the county town of Lancashire, England, standing on the River Lune. Its population of 52,234 compares with one of 138,375 in the wider City of Lancaster local government district.[7] The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family. The Duchy of Lancaster still holds large estates on behalf of Charles III, who is also Duke of Lancaster. Its long history is marked by Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Priory Church, Lancaster Cathedral and the Ashton Memorial. It is the seat of Lancaster University and has a campus of the University of Cumbria. The Port of Lancaster played a big role in the city's growth, but for many years the outport of Glasson Dock has become the main shipping facility.

Lancaster

Clockwise from top left: Lancaster Town Hall, Lancaster Priory and Castle, Ashton Memorial, Lancaster Cathedral, Queen Victoria Statue and Lancaster from Lune Bridge.
Lancaster
Shown within the City of Lancaster district
Lancaster
Location within Lancashire
Population52,234 [1]
DemonymLancastrian
OS grid referenceSD475615
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLANCASTER
Postcode districtLA1, LA2
Dialling code01524
PoliceLancashire
FireLancashire
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Lancashire
54°02′56″N 02°48′05″W / 54.04889°N 2.80139°W / 54.04889; -2.80139Coordinates: 54°02′56″N 02°48′05″W / 54.04889°N 2.80139°W / 54.04889; -2.80139

History

See also: History of Lancashire

The name of the city first appeared in the Domesday Book of 1086, as Loncastre, where "Lon" refers to the River Lune and "castre" (from the Old English cæster and Latin castrum for "fort") to the Roman fort that stood on the site.[8]

Roman and Saxon eras

 
Roman bath house on Castle Hill

A Roman fort was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where Lancaster Castle now stands, possibly as early as the 60s CE, based on Roman coin evidence.[9][10] Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years.[11] It was rebuilt in stone about 102 CE.[12] The fort name is known only in a shortened form; the only evidence is a Roman milestone found 4 miles outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L – 4 miles,[13] and that its name began with an L. The fort was perhaps named Lunium.[14][unreliable source]

Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street. There was presumably a bath-house with the 4th-century fort. The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of the Gallic Emperor Postumus, dating from 262 to 266 CE. The 3rd-century fort was garrisoned by the ala Sebosiana and numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium.[15]

The ancient Wery Wall was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th-century fort, which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd-century one, while retaining the same orientation. The later fort is the only example in north-west Britain of a 4th-century type, with massive curtain-wall and projecting bastions typical of the Saxon Shore or Wales. Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west-coast attacks and the disaster in the Carausian Revolt of 296 CE, which followed from those under Albinus in 197 CE.

The fort at its largest extent covered 9–10 acres (4–4 ha).[16] Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until the end of Roman occupation of Britain.[17] Church Street and some of St Leonard's Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to the fort at Over Burrow.[18]

Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation for the period, it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited. It lay on the fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and over time may have passed from one to the other.[19] Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today's Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s. The Anglo-Saxon runic "Cynibald's cross" found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century. Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under Wilfrid.[20]

Medieval

 
Lancaster in 1728

After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Lancaster fell under the control of William I, as stated in the Domesday Book of 1086, which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document. The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster.[21] By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to Roger de Poitou. The document also suggests the monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066.[21]

Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I. Its first charter, dated 12 June 1193, was from John, Count of Mortain, who later became King of England.[22]

 
Lancaster from the south in 1825

Lancaster Castle, partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I, stands on the site of a Roman garrison. During The Great Raid of 1322, damage was done to the castle by Robert the Bruce, though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower, which has been named "John o' Gaunt's Chair".[23] In 1322 the Scots burnt the town. It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot. Again in 1389, after the Battle of Otterburn, it was destroyed by the Scots.[23] Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle (the Lancaster Assizes) sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London, earning Lancaster the nickname, "the Hanging Town".[24] It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the Reformation – at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the Lancaster Martyrs stands by the city centre.

 
Lancaster in the 19th century

The traditional emblem of the House of Lancaster is the Red Rose of Lancaster, similar to that of the House of York with a white rose. The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and York in the 15th century. This erupted into a civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses.

More recently the term "Wars of the Roses" has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from Lancashire and Yorkshire. It is also applied to the annual Roses Tournament between Lancaster and York universities.[25]

 
St George's Quay

Lancaster gained a first charter in 1193[26] as a market town and borough, but had to await city status until 1937.[27] Many central buildings and ones along St George's Quay date from the 18th century, as the port became one of the UK's busiest and the fourth most important in the UK slave trade.[23] Among prominent Lancaster slave-traders were Dodshon Foster,[28] Thomas Hinde and his eponymous son.[29] However, Lancaster's role as a major port ceased as the river began to silt up.[26] Morecambe, Glasson Dock and Sunderland Point took over as outports for brief periods. Heysham Port has now eclipsed all those on the Lune.

Recent history

Lancaster is mainly a service-oriented city. Products include animal feed, textiles, chemicals, livestock, paper, synthetic fibre, farm machinery, HGV trailers and mineral fibres. In recent years, a high-tech sector has emerged from Information Technology and Communications firms investing in the city.

A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of Bowerham Barracks in 1880.[30] The Phoenix Street drill hall was completed in 1894.[31]

In March 2004, Lancaster was granted Fairtrade City status.[32]

Lancaster was home to the European headquarters of Reebok. After merging with Adidas, Reebok moved to Bolton and Stockport in 2007.[33]

In May 2015 Queen Elizabeth II visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the Duchy of Lancaster.[34]

Governance

 
Lancaster Town Hall, Dalton Square

The former City and Municipal Borough of Lancaster and the Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham along with other authorities merged in 1974 to form the City of Lancaster district within the shire county of Lancashire. This was given city status in the United Kingdom and Lancaster City Council is the local governing body for the district. Lancaster is an unparished area and has no separate council. It is divided into wards such as Bulk, Castle, Ellel, John O'Gaunt (named after John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster), Scotforth East, Scotforth West, Skerton East, Skerton West, and University and Scotforth Rural.

Political representation

Most of the city lies in the Lancaster and Fleetwood constituency for elections of Members of Parliament to the House of Commons. The current MP for Lancaster and Fleetwood is Cat Smith of the Labour Party. The Skerton part of the city lies in the Morecambe and Lunesdale constituency represented by David Morris of the Conservative Party.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

In the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, the city council was under the control of the Morecambe Bay Independents (MBIs), who campaigned for an independent Morecambe council. In 2003, their influence waned and Labour became the largest party on the council. They formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and Greens. At the May 2007 local elections, Labour lost ground to the Greens in Lancaster and the MBIs in Morecambe, resulting in no overall control, with all parties represented in a PR administration. The 2011 elections saw Labour emerge as the largest party. They reached a joint administrative arrangement with the Greens.

The 2019 Lancaster City Council election results put no party in overall control. The council is run by a coalition of Labour, Green, Eco-Socialist Independent and Liberal Democrat councillors, supported by the Independent Group, with Conservatives and MBIs in opposition. The cabinet consists of 4 Labour, 4 Green, 1 Eco-Socialist, 1 Independent Group. At 10 seats, Lancaster has one of the country's largest Green Party representations.

Geography

Lancaster is Lancashire's northernmost city, three miles (4.8 km) inland from Morecambe Bay on the River Lune (from which comes its name), and the Lancaster Canal. It becomes hillier from the Lune Valley eastwards, with Williamson Hill in the north-west a notable peak at 109 m (358 ft).

Built-up area

Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham have been identified by the Office for National Statistics as forming the Lancaster/Morecambe Built-up area, with a population of 97,150 in 2011.[35]

Green belt

Main article: North West Green Belt

There is a small portion of green belt on the northern fringe of Lancaster, covering the area into Carnforth and helping to prevent further urban expansion towards nearby Morecambe, Hest Bank, Slyne and Bolton-le-Sands.[36]

Transport

Road

 
King Street, with the castle in the background

The M6 motorway passes to the east of Lancaster with junctions 33 and 34 to the south and north. The A6 road, one of the main historic north–south roads in England, leads south to Preston, Chorley and Manchester and north to Carnforth, Kendal, Penrith and Carlisle. It currently runs from Luton, Bedfordshire, to Carlisle, Cumbria. In passing through Lancaster it gives access to nearby Carnforth, Kendal and Garstang. The Bay Gateway opened in 2016, linking Heysham and the M6 with a dual carriageway.[37]

Lancaster's main bus operator is Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire, with a network of services from Lancaster bus station throughout the Lancaster District and frequent services to more distant places such as Kendal, Keswick, Kirkby Lonsdale, Preston and Blackpool. There are frequent buses to Lancaster University, with the No. 1 and No. 1A services running every 10–15 minutes using double-deckers, with less frequent services 4, 41 and 42.[38]

Other routes are covered by Kirkby Lonsdale Coach Hire, including the 582 to Kirkby Lonsdale, Settle and Skipton and the 89 to Knott End-on-Sea.

Rail

 
Lancaster railway station
class=notpageimage|
  Railway station
  Site of former railway station

Lancaster is served by the West Coast Main Line, which runs through Lancaster railway station. The station was formerly named Lancaster Castle, to differentiate it from Lancaster Green Ayre on the Leeds–Morecambe line, which closed in 1966. There are through train services to and from London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Barrow-in-Furness, with a local service to Morecambe.

The long-term aim of the city council is to open a railway station serving the university and south Lancaster, although this is not feasible in the short or medium term with current levels of demand.[39] The Caton–Morecambe section of the former North Western railway is now used as a cycle path.

Water and air

Main article: Port of Lancaster

Historically, the Port of Lancaster gained importance in the 18th century. In 1750 the Lancaster Port Commission was established to develop the port. However, in more recent years, shipping visits Glasson Dock, where the Port commission is now based.[40]

The Lancaster Canal and River Lune pass through the city.

The nearest airports are Manchester, Liverpool and Blackpool.

Cycling

In 2005, Lancaster was one of six English towns chosen to be cycling demonstration towns to promote cycling as a means of transport.[41]

Education

 
Lancaster Royal Grammar School

At Bailrigg south of the city is Lancaster University, a research university founded in the 1960s with an annual income of about £319 million,[42] 3,000 staff and 17,415 registered students. Its business school is one of two in the country to gain a six-star research rating.[43] Its physics department rated #1 in the United Kingdom in 2008.[44][45] InfoLab21 at the university is a Centre of Excellence for Information and Communication Technologies.[46] LEC (Lancaster Environment Centre) has over 200 staff and shares premises with the government-funded CEH. In 2017 it was rated 21st nationally for research in The Times Higher league table. For teaching, it gained the highest Gold ranking for quality in the 2017 government TEF, and in 2018 was ranked 9th for its teaching by The Independent[47] and 9th by The Guardian.[48] The Times Higher placed it 137th worldwide for research and 58th worldwide for arts and humanities.[49] Lancaster University was named International University of the Year by The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide in 2020.[50] It has campuses in Malaysia, China and Ghana and plans one in Leipzig, Germany.[50]

Lancaster is also home to a campus of the University of Cumbria – more centrally located on the site of the former St Martin's College – which was inaugurated in 2007. It provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the arts, social sciences, business, teacher training, health care and nursing.

Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College, in the former Royal Albert Hospital building on Ashton Road, is an independent girls' school, providing education in a Muslim tradition.[51]

Further education

Secondary schools

Primary schools

  • Lancaster Steiner School
  • Scotforth St Pauls CofE Primary School
  • Moorside Primary School
  • St Bernadette's Catholic Primary School
  • Bowerham Primary School
  • The Cathedral Catholic Primary School
  • Dallas Road Community Primary School
  • Willow Lane (formerly Marsh) Community Primary School
  • Castle View (formerly Ridge) Community Primary School
  • Lancaster Christ Church CofE Primary School
  • St Joseph's Catholic Primary School
  • Skerton St Lukes CofE Primary School
  • Lancaster Ryelands Primary School

Special Educational Needs (SEN) Schools

  • The Loyne
  • Morecambe Road School

Culture

 
Lune Millennium Bridge
 
Penny's Hospital almshouses

Lancaster has a range of historic buildings and venues, having retained many fine examples of Georgian architecture. Lancaster Castle, the Priory Church of St. Mary and the Edwardian Ashton Memorial are among the sites of historical importance. Its many museums include Lancaster City Museum, Maritime Museum, the Cottage Museum,[53] and Judges' Lodgings Museum.

Lancaster Friends Meeting House dating from 1708, is the longest continual Quaker meeting site in the world, with an original building built in 1677. George Fox, founder of Quakerism, was near the site several times in the 1660s and spent two years imprisoned in Lancaster Castle.[54] The meeting house holds regular Quaker meetings and a wide range of cultural activities including adult learning, meditation, art classes, music and political meetings. The Lancaster Grand Theatre is another historic cultural venue, under its many names. It has played a major part in social and cultural life since it was built in 1782.[55]

 
Lancaster Castle

Lancaster is known nationally for its Arts scene.[56] There are 600 business and organisations in the region involved directly or indirectly in arts and culture.[57]

In 2009 several major arts bodies based in the district formed a consortium called Lancaster Arts Partners (LAP) to champion strategic development of arts activities in Lancaster District.[58] Notable partners include Ludus Dance,[59] More Music,[60] the Dukes[61] among others. LAP curates and promotes "Lancaster First Fridays", a monthly multi-disciplinary mini-festival under its brand "Lancaster Arts City".

Lancaster University has a public arts organisation, part of LAP, known as Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University. Its programmes include Lancaster's Nuffield Theatre, one of the largest professional studio theatres in Europe, the Peter Scott Gallery, with the most significant collection of Royal Lancastrian ceramics in Britain, and the Lancaster International Concerts Series, drawing nationally and internationally renowned classical and world-music artists.[62]

The gallery in the Storey Creative Industries Centre is now programmed and run by Lancaster City Council. In 2013 the previous incumbent organisation "The Storey Gallery" moved out of the building and reformed as "Storey G2".[63] The Storey Creative Industries Centre is also home to Lancaster's Litfest, which runs an annual literature festival. In the summer months Williamson Park hosts outdoor performances, including a Dukes "Play in the Park", which over the past 26 years has attracted 460,000 people, as the UK's biggest outdoor walkabout theatre event.[64]

Lancaster is known as the Northern City of Ale, with almost 30 pubs serving cask ale.[65][66] The pubs include the White Cross, Three Mariners, Borough and Water Witch.[65] There are two cask ale breweries: Lancaster Brewery and a microbrewery run by the Borough. There is a local CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale) branch at Lunesdale.[67]

The Lancaster Grand Theatre and the Dukes are notable venues for live performance, as are the Yorkshire House (currently closed), Jailors Barrel, The John O' Gaunt and The Bobbin. Throughout the year events are held in and around the city, such as the Lancaster Music Festival, Lancaster Jazz Festival, and Chinese New Year celebrations in the city centre.[68]

Every November the city hosts a daylight and art festival entitled "Light Up Lancaster",[69] which includes a prominent fireworks display.[70]

Lancaster still has two city-centre cinemas; Vue and the Dukes playhouse. The 1930s art deco Regal Cinema closed in 2006.[71] The Gregson Centre is also known for small film screenings and cultural events.

Art and literature

John Henderson (c.1770-1853) painted many views of the town. One of these together with a poetical illustration (which relates to the treacherous sands of Morecambe Bay) by Letitia Elizabeth Landon was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833[72]

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Lancaster, a poetical illustration by L. E. L.

Sport

 
Giant Axe Ground, Home of Lancaster City F.C.

Lancaster's main football team, Lancaster City, plays in the Northern Premier League Premier Division having won promotion as champions of Division One North in 2016–2017. It plays its home matches at the Giant Axe, which can take 3,500 (513 seated) and was formed in 1911 originally as Lancaster Town F.C. Lancaster City has been seven-times Lancashire FA Challenge cup winners and in 2010-11 won the Northern Premier League President's cup for a second time. Lancaster John O' Gaunt Rowing Club is the fifth-oldest surviving rowing club in the UK, outside the universities.[73] It competes nationally at regattas and heads races run by British Rowing. The clubhouse stands next to the weir at Skerton.

The city entertains contestants in the Lancaster International Youth Games, a multi-sport 'Olympic' style event featuring competitors from Lancaster's twin towns: Rendsburg (Germany), Perpignan (France), Viana do Castelo (Portugal), Aalborg (Denmark), Almere (Netherlands), Lublin (Poland) and Växjö (Sweden).[citation needed]

Lancaster Cricket Club is sited near the River Lune. It has two senior teams that participate in the Palace Shield. Rugby union is a popular sport in the area, with the local clubs being Vale of Lune RUFC and Lancaster CATS.

Lancaster is home to the Golf Centre, Lansil Golf Club, Forest Hills and Lancaster Golf Club. It also has a Lancaster Amateur Swimming and Waterpolo Club that competes in the north-west. It trains at Salt Ayre and at Lancaster University Sports Centre. Lancaster is home to a senior UK team. Water polo is also popular in the area.[citation needed]

The local athletics track near the Salt Ayre Sports Centre is home to both Lancaster and Morecambe AC. It regularly fields athletes across disciplines including track and field, cross country, road and fell running. It competes in several local and national leagues including the Young Athletics League, the Northern Athletics League and the local Mid Lancs League (Cross-Country in Winter, and Track and Field in Summer).[citation needed]

Music

The city's semi-professional Haffner Orchestra has a reputation for classical music. It performs in the Ashton Hall in the city centre and at Lancaster University.

During parades and festivals it is common to see two other long standing musical groups perform, Lancaster City Brass, which is the oldest remaining brass band in the city celebrating its 75th anniversary in 2021 and Batala who recently completed 15 years of Samba Regge drumming.

Lancaster has been producing successful bands and musicians since the 1990s, notably the drummer Keith Baxter of 3 Colours Red and folk-metal band Skyclad, who also featured Lancaster guitarist Dave Pugh, and the thrash metal band D.A.M., who were all from Lancaster, recording two albums for the Noise International label, with Dave Pugh appearing on the second.

The all-girl punk-rock band Angelica used the Lancaster Musicians' Co-operative, the main rehearsal and recording studio in the area.

The city has also produced many other musicians, including singer and songwriter John Waite, who first became known as lead singer of The Babys and had a solo #1 hit in the US, "Missing You". As part of the band Bad English, John Waite also had a #1 hit in the Billboard top hundred in the 1970s called "When I See You Smile". Additionally, Paul James, better known as The Rev, former guitarist of English punk band Towers of London who is now in the band Day 21 and plays guitar live on tour for The Prodigy; Chris Acland, drummer of the early 1990s shoegaze band Lush; Tom English, drummer of North East indie band Maxïmo Park and Steve Kemp, drummer of the indie band Hard-Fi.

Lancaster continues to produce bands and musicians such as singer-songwriter Jay Diggins, and acts like The Lovely Eggs, receiving considerable national radio play and press coverage in recent years. More recently, Lancaster locals Massive Wagons signed to Nottingham-based independent label Earache Records. The city is also the founding home of the dance-music sound systems Rhythm Method and ACME Bass Company. Pioneers in the field of the free party, these two systems and others forged strong representations of the genre in the North West of England in the 1990s.

Since 2006, Lancaster Library has hosted regular music events under the Get it Loud in Libraries initiative. Musicians such as The Wombats, The Thrills, Kate Nash, Adele and Bat for Lashes have taken part.[74] Get It Loud in Libraries has gained national exposure, featuring on The One Show on BBC1 and having gigs reviewed in Observer Music Monthly, NME and Art Rocker.[75]

Notable popular music venues include The Dukes, The Grand Theatre, The Gregson Centre, The Bobbin, The Pub and The Yorkshire House,[76] which since 2006 has hosted such acts as John Renbourn, Polly Paulusma, Marissa Nadler, Baby Dee, Diane Cluck, Alasdair Roberts, Jesca Hoop, Lach, Jack Lewis, Tiny Ruins and 2008 Mercury Prize nominees Rachel Unthank and the Winterset. Other venues include the Dalton Rooms, the Park Hotel and The Hall, China Street. These host Lancaster's diverse music culture, such as the Lancaster Speakeasy[77] or Stylus.[78]

The Lancaster Jazz and Lancaster Music Festivals are respectively held every September and October, at venues throughout the city. In 2013 the headline jazz act was The Neil Cowley Trio, performing at The Dukes, whilst one of the Lancaster Music Festival headline acts was Jay Diggins at the Dalton Rooms.[79]

Media

Heart North Lancashire & Cumbria (formerly "The Bay") has been a commercial radio station for north Lancashire and south Cumbria. Its studios are based at St George's Quay in the city and it broadcasts on three frequencies: 96.9 FM (Lancaster), 102.3 FM (Windermere) and 103.2 FM (Kendal). It is now part of the Manchester-based Heart North West.[citation needed]

Beyond Radio is a voluntary, non-profit community radio station for Lancaster and Morecambe and broadcasts on 103.5FM and online.[80] Operated by Proper Community Media (Lancaster) Ltd, the station and broadcasts 24 hours a day from The Old Bowling Pavilion in Palatine Avenue Park, Bowerham. It took over from Diversity FM, a community radio station run by Lancaster and District YMCA, which had closed in April 2012.

Lancaster University has its own student radio station, Bailrigg FM, broadcasting on 87.7 FM, and an online student-run television station called LA1:TV (formerly LUTube.tv)[81] and a student-run newspaper named SCAN.[82]

The city is home to the film production company A1 Pictures, which founded the independent film brand Capture.[citation needed]

Commercially available newspapers include the tabloids The Lancaster Guardian and The Visitor (mainly targeted at residents of Morecambe). Both are based on the White Lund Industrial Estate in Morecambe. Virtual Lancaster, founded in 1999, is a non-commercial volunteer-led resource website also featuring local news, events and visitor information.

Places of interest

 
Ashton Memorial, Williamson Park

Notable people

Arts and entertainment

Business

  • Henry Cort (c. 1741–1800) – English ironmaster and inventor, was probably born in Lancaster.
  • James Crosby (born 1956) – chief executive of HBOS until 2006, attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.
  • Thomas Edmondson (1792–1851) – businessman and inventor of the Edmondson railway ticket, was born in Lancaster.
  • Robert Gillow (1704–1772) was the founder of Gillows of Lancaster, an English furniture manufacturer.[83]
  • Sir Ronald Halstead (1927–2021) – chair and Chief Executive of the Beecham Group in 1984–1985 and Deputy Chair of British Steel in 1986–1994 was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.
  • James Williamson (1842–1930) – businessman and politician who created Williamson Park and Ashton memorial, was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.

Crime

  • Lauren Jeska (born 1974) – a transgender athlete, was convicted of the attempted murder of an official, Ralph Knibbs.[84]
  • Buck Ruxton (1899–1936) – marital murderer, resided and practised medicine at 2 Dalton Square.

Politics and journalism

Science and humanities

  • J. L. Austin (1911–1960) – philosopher and developer of the theory of speech acts, was born in Lancaster.
  • John Ambrose Fleming (1849–1945) – electrical engineer and physicist, was born in Lancaster.
  • Edward Frankland (1825–1899) – chemist who originated the concept of valence, was born near Lancaster and educated at LRGS.
  • Jaroslav Krejčí (1916–2014) – Czech-British sociologist, was a professor at the University of Lancaster and died in Lancaster.
  • Geoffrey Leech (1936–2014) – linguistics researcher, was a professor at the University of Lancaster and died in Lancaster.
  • Richard Owen (1804–1892) – biologist who coined the term "dinosaur", lived in Brock Street.
  • William Turner (1832–1916) – anatomist and academic, was born in Lancaster.
  • Paul Wellings (born 1953) – ecologist, served as a professor and Vice-Chancellor of Lancaster University.
  • Emily Williamson (1855–1936), English philanthropist and co-founder of the RSPB, was born in Lancaster.[85]
  • Gavin Wood (born 1980) – co-founded and headed Ethereum.

Sport

  • Michael Allen (1933–1995) – international cricketer, died in Lancaster.
  • Arthur Bate (1908–1993) – professional footballer, died in Lancaster.
  • James Beattie (born 1978) – professional footballer, was born in Lancaster.
  • Harold Douthwaite (1900–1972) – first-class cricketer, was born and died in Lancaster.
  • Scott Durant (born 1988) – Olympic gold medal-winning rower, was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
  • Trevor Glover (born 1951) – first-class cricketer and rugby union player, was born in Lancaster.
  • William Gregson (1877–1963) – first-class cricketer, died in Lancaster.
  • Sarah Illingworth (born 1963) – international cricketer (New Zealand), was born in Lancaster.
  • Edward Jackson (1849–1926) – first-class cricketer, was born in Lancaster.
  • John Jackson (1841–1906) – first-class cricketer, was born in Lancaster.
  • Scott McTominay (born 1996) – professional footballer currently with Manchester United, was born in Lancaster.
  • John Pinch (1870–1946) – international rugby union player, was born and died in Lancaster.
  • Jason Queally (born 1970) – Olympic gold medal-winning cyclist, was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School.
  • Matt Rogerson (born 1993) – professional Rugby Union player currently with London Irish, was born in Lancaster
  • Fred Shinton (1883–1923) – professional footballer, died in Lancaster.
  • Alan Warriner-Little (born 1962) – champion darts player, was born in Lancaster.

Twinned cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

Lancaster is twinned with:[86]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lancaster City has nine wards (Bulk, Duke, Castle, Skerton East and West, Scotforth East and West, University and John O'Gaunt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314090716/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/lancaster-e07000121#sthash.sGUu3f28.LVIHxslk.dpbs Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine] 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Lancaster - Dictionary Definition". Vocabulary.com. from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  3. ^ "LANCASTER • DICTIONARY ONE.COM • Definition of Lancaster". www.dictionaryone.com. from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  4. ^ "Lancaster definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Definition of Lancaster | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  6. ^ Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane; Jones, Daniel, eds. (2006). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-68086-8.
  7. ^ Evans, Jacqueline. "Lancashire's Population, 2011". Lancashire County Council. Lancashire County Council. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  8. ^ Eilert Ekwall, 'The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Placenames' (1960), 4th edition, p. 285.
  9. ^ Shotter, p. 5.
  10. ^ I. A. Richmond: Excavations on the Site of the Roman Fort at Lancaster (1950) [1] 6 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Shotter, p. 9.
  12. ^ Shotter, p. 10.
  13. ^ Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, Colin (1979). The Place-Names of Roman Britain. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 382. ISBN 0713420774.
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Bibliography

  • Shotter, David (2001), "Roman Lancaster: Site and Settlement", A History of Lancaster, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 3–31, ISBN 0-7486-1466-4
  • White, Andrew (2001), "Continuity, Charter, Castle and County Town, 400–1500", A History of Lancaster, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 33–72, ISBN 0-7486-1466-4

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lancaster, Lancashire.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lancaster, Lancashire.
  • Lancaster City Council – Homepage of Lancaster City Council
  • Regional Europe - Lancaster
  • Visit Lancaster Website – Tourism Website for Lancaster

January 26, 2023
lancaster, lancashire, this, article, about, historical, city, local, government, district, city, lancaster, other, uses, lancaster, disambiguation, lancaster, city, county, town, lancashire, england, standing, river, lune, population, compares, with, wider, c. This article is about the historical city For the local government district see City of Lancaster For other uses see Lancaster disambiguation Lancaster ˈ l ae ŋ k e s t er 2 3 4 5 ˈ l ae n k ae s 6 is a city and the county town of Lancashire England standing on the River Lune Its population of 52 234 compares with one of 138 375 in the wider City of Lancaster local government district 7 The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family The Duchy of Lancaster still holds large estates on behalf of Charles III who is also Duke of Lancaster Its long history is marked by Lancaster Castle Lancaster Priory Church Lancaster Cathedral and the Ashton Memorial It is the seat of Lancaster University and has a campus of the University of Cumbria The Port of Lancaster played a big role in the city s growth but for many years the outport of Glasson Dock has become the main shipping facility LancasterClockwise from top left Lancaster Town Hall Lancaster Priory and Castle Ashton Memorial Lancaster Cathedral Queen Victoria Statue and Lancaster from Lune Bridge LancasterShown within the City of Lancaster districtShow map of the City of Lancaster districtLancasterLocation within LancashireShow map of LancashirePopulation52 234 1 DemonymLancastrianOS grid referenceSD475615DistrictLancasterShire countyLancashireRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLANCASTERPostcode districtLA1 LA2Dialling code01524PoliceLancashireFireLancashireAmbulanceNorth WestUK ParliamentLancaster and FleetwoodMorecambe and LunesdaleList of places UK England Lancashire 54 02 56 N 02 48 05 W 54 04889 N 2 80139 W 54 04889 2 80139 Coordinates 54 02 56 N 02 48 05 W 54 04889 N 2 80139 W 54 04889 2 80139 Contents 1 History 1 1 Roman and Saxon eras 1 2 Medieval 1 3 Recent history 2 Governance 2 1 Political representation 3 Geography 3 1 Built up area 3 2 Green belt 4 Transport 4 1 Road 4 2 Rail 4 3 Water and air 4 4 Cycling 5 Education 5 1 Further education 5 2 Secondary schools 5 3 Primary schools 6 Culture 6 1 Art and literature 7 Sport 8 Music 9 Media 10 Places of interest 11 Notable people 11 1 Arts and entertainment 11 2 Business 11 3 Crime 11 4 Politics and journalism 11 5 Science and humanities 11 6 Sport 12 Twinned cities 13 See also 14 References 14 1 Bibliography 15 External linksHistory EditSee also History of Lancashire The name of the city first appeared in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Loncastre where Lon refers to the River Lune and castre from the Old English caester and Latin castrum for fort to the Roman fort that stood on the site 8 Roman and Saxon eras Edit Roman bath house on Castle Hill A Roman fort was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where Lancaster Castle now stands possibly as early as the 60s CE based on Roman coin evidence 9 10 Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years 11 It was rebuilt in stone about 102 CE 12 The fort name is known only in a shortened form the only evidence is a Roman milestone found 4 miles outside Lancaster with an inscription ending L MP IIII meaning from L 4 miles 13 and that its name began with an L The fort was perhaps named Lunium 14 unreliable source Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street There was presumably a bath house with the 4th century fort The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of the Gallic Emperor Postumus dating from 262 to 266 CE The 3rd century fort was garrisoned by the ala Sebosiana and numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium 15 The ancient Wery Wall was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th century fort which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd century one while retaining the same orientation The later fort is the only example in north west Britain of a 4th century type with massive curtain wall and projecting bastions typical of the Saxon Shore or Wales Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west coast attacks and the disaster in the Carausian Revolt of 296 CE which followed from those under Albinus in 197 CE The fort at its largest extent covered 9 10 acres 4 4 ha 16 Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until the end of Roman occupation of Britain 17 Church Street and some of St Leonard s Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to the fort at Over Burrow 18 Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century Despite a lack of documentation for the period it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited It lay on the fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and over time may have passed from one to the other 19 Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today s Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s The Anglo Saxon runic Cynibald s cross found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under Wilfrid 20 Medieval Edit Lancaster in 1728 After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 Lancaster fell under the control of William I as stated in the Domesday Book of 1086 which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster 21 By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to Roger de Poitou The document also suggests the monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066 21 Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I Its first charter dated 12 June 1193 was from John Count of Mortain who later became King of England 22 Lancaster from the south in 1825 Lancaster Castle partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I stands on the site of a Roman garrison During The Great Raid of 1322 damage was done to the castle by Robert the Bruce though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower which has been named John o Gaunt s Chair 23 In 1322 the Scots burnt the town It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot Again in 1389 after the Battle of Otterburn it was destroyed by the Scots 23 Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612 It was said that the court based in the castle the Lancaster Assizes sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London earning Lancaster the nickname the Hanging Town 24 It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the Reformation at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the Lancaster Martyrs stands by the city centre Lancaster in the 19th century The traditional emblem of the House of Lancaster is the Red Rose of Lancaster similar to that of the House of York with a white rose The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and York in the 15th century This erupted into a civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses More recently the term Wars of the Roses has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from Lancashire and Yorkshire It is also applied to the annual Roses Tournament between Lancaster and York universities 25 St George s Quay Lancaster gained a first charter in 1193 26 as a market town and borough but had to await city status until 1937 27 Many central buildings and ones along St George s Quay date from the 18th century as the port became one of the UK s busiest and the fourth most important in the UK slave trade 23 Among prominent Lancaster slave traders were Dodshon Foster 28 Thomas Hinde and his eponymous son 29 However Lancaster s role as a major port ceased as the river began to silt up 26 Morecambe Glasson Dock and Sunderland Point took over as outports for brief periods Heysham Port has now eclipsed all those on the Lune Recent history Edit Lancaster is mainly a service oriented city Products include animal feed textiles chemicals livestock paper synthetic fibre farm machinery HGV trailers and mineral fibres In recent years a high tech sector has emerged from Information Technology and Communications firms investing in the city A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of Bowerham Barracks in 1880 30 The Phoenix Street drill hall was completed in 1894 31 In March 2004 Lancaster was granted Fairtrade City status 32 Lancaster was home to the European headquarters of Reebok After merging with Adidas Reebok moved to Bolton and Stockport in 2007 33 In May 2015 Queen Elizabeth II visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the Duchy of Lancaster 34 Governance EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Lancaster Town Hall Dalton Square The former City and Municipal Borough of Lancaster and the Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham along with other authorities merged in 1974 to form the City of Lancaster district within the shire county of Lancashire This was given city status in the United Kingdom and Lancaster City Council is the local governing body for the district Lancaster is an unparished area and has no separate council It is divided into wards such as Bulk Castle Ellel John O Gaunt named after John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster Scotforth East Scotforth West Skerton East Skerton West and University and Scotforth Rural Political representation Edit Most of the city lies in the Lancaster and Fleetwood constituency for elections of Members of Parliament to the House of Commons The current MP for Lancaster and Fleetwood is Cat Smith of the Labour Party The Skerton part of the city lies in the Morecambe and Lunesdale constituency represented by David Morris of the Conservative Party Before Brexit it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency In the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century the city council was under the control of the Morecambe Bay Independents MBIs who campaigned for an independent Morecambe council In 2003 their influence waned and Labour became the largest party on the council They formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and Greens At the May 2007 local elections Labour lost ground to the Greens in Lancaster and the MBIs in Morecambe resulting in no overall control with all parties represented in a PR administration The 2011 elections saw Labour emerge as the largest party They reached a joint administrative arrangement with the Greens The 2019 Lancaster City Council election results put no party in overall control The council is run by a coalition of Labour Green Eco Socialist Independent and Liberal Democrat councillors supported by the Independent Group with Conservatives and MBIs in opposition The cabinet consists of 4 Labour 4 Green 1 Eco Socialist 1 Independent Group At 10 seats Lancaster has one of the country s largest Green Party representations Geography EditLancaster is Lancashire s northernmost city three miles 4 8 km inland from Morecambe Bay on the River Lune from which comes its name and the Lancaster Canal It becomes hillier from the Lune Valley eastwards with Williamson Hill in the north west a notable peak at 109 m 358 ft Built up area Edit Lancaster Morecambe and Heysham have been identified by the Office for National Statistics as forming the Lancaster Morecambe Built up area with a population of 97 150 in 2011 35 Green belt Edit Main article North West Green Belt There is a small portion of green belt on the northern fringe of Lancaster covering the area into Carnforth and helping to prevent further urban expansion towards nearby Morecambe Hest Bank Slyne and Bolton le Sands 36 Transport EditRoad Edit King Street with the castle in the background The M6 motorway passes to the east of Lancaster with junctions 33 and 34 to the south and north The A6 road one of the main historic north south roads in England leads south to Preston Chorley and Manchester and north to Carnforth Kendal Penrith and Carlisle It currently runs from Luton Bedfordshire to Carlisle Cumbria In passing through Lancaster it gives access to nearby Carnforth Kendal and Garstang The Bay Gateway opened in 2016 linking Heysham and the M6 with a dual carriageway 37 Lancaster s main bus operator is Stagecoach Cumbria amp North Lancashire with a network of services from Lancaster bus station throughout the Lancaster District and frequent services to more distant places such as Kendal Keswick Kirkby Lonsdale Preston and Blackpool There are frequent buses to Lancaster University with the No 1 and No 1A services running every 10 15 minutes using double deckers with less frequent services 4 41 and 42 38 Other routes are covered by Kirkby Lonsdale Coach Hire including the 582 to Kirkby Lonsdale Settle and Skipton and the 89 to Knott End on Sea Rail Edit Lancaster railway station Lancaster Castle Lancaster Green Ayre Lancaster Greaves Scale Hallclass notpageimage Railway station Site of former railway station Lancaster is served by the West Coast Main Line which runs through Lancaster railway station The station was formerly named Lancaster Castle to differentiate it from Lancaster Green Ayre on the Leeds Morecambe line which closed in 1966 There are through train services to and from London Glasgow Edinburgh Birmingham Manchester Leeds and Barrow in Furness with a local service to Morecambe The long term aim of the city council is to open a railway station serving the university and south Lancaster although this is not feasible in the short or medium term with current levels of demand 39 The Caton Morecambe section of the former North Western railway is now used as a cycle path Water and air Edit Main article Port of Lancaster Historically the Port of Lancaster gained importance in the 18th century In 1750 the Lancaster Port Commission was established to develop the port However in more recent years shipping visits Glasson Dock where the Port commission is now based 40 The Lancaster Canal and River Lune pass through the city The nearest airports are Manchester Liverpool and Blackpool Cycling Edit In 2005 Lancaster was one of six English towns chosen to be cycling demonstration towns to promote cycling as a means of transport 41 Education Edit Lancaster University Lancaster Royal Grammar School At Bailrigg south of the city is Lancaster University a research university founded in the 1960s with an annual income of about 319 million 42 3 000 staff and 17 415 registered students Its business school is one of two in the country to gain a six star research rating 43 Its physics department rated 1 in the United Kingdom in 2008 44 45 InfoLab21 at the university is a Centre of Excellence for Information and Communication Technologies 46 LEC Lancaster Environment Centre has over 200 staff and shares premises with the government funded CEH In 2017 it was rated 21st nationally for research in The Times Higher league table For teaching it gained the highest Gold ranking for quality in the 2017 government TEF and in 2018 was ranked 9th for its teaching by The Independent 47 and 9th by The Guardian 48 The Times Higher placed it 137th worldwide for research and 58th worldwide for arts and humanities 49 Lancaster University was named International University of the Year by The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide in 2020 50 It has campuses in Malaysia China and Ghana and plans one in Leipzig Germany 50 Lancaster is also home to a campus of the University of Cumbria more centrally located on the site of the former St Martin s College which was inaugurated in 2007 It provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the arts social sciences business teacher training health care and nursing Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College in the former Royal Albert Hospital building on Ashton Road is an independent girls school providing education in a Muslim tradition 51 Further education Edit Lancaster and Morecambe CollegeSecondary schools Edit Lancaster Royal Grammar School and Lancaster Girls Grammar School are selective entry grammar schools In 2016 both were rated by the Sunday Timesin the top 50 UK schools based on student achievement 52 Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy Our Lady s Catholic College Central Lancaster High School Skerton Community High School now closed Primary schools Edit Lancaster Steiner School Scotforth St Pauls CofE Primary School Moorside Primary School St Bernadette s Catholic Primary School Bowerham Primary School The Cathedral Catholic Primary School Dallas Road Community Primary School Willow Lane formerly Marsh Community Primary School Castle View formerly Ridge Community Primary School Lancaster Christ Church CofE Primary School St Joseph s Catholic Primary School Skerton St Lukes CofE Primary School Lancaster Ryelands Primary SchoolSpecial Educational Needs SEN Schools The Loyne Morecambe Road SchoolCulture Edit Lancaster Cathedral Lancaster City Museum Market Square Lune Millennium Bridge Penny s Hospital almshouses Lancaster has a range of historic buildings and venues having retained many fine examples of Georgian architecture Lancaster Castle the Priory Church of St Mary and the Edwardian Ashton Memorial are among the sites of historical importance Its many museums include Lancaster City Museum Maritime Museum the Cottage Museum 53 and Judges Lodgings Museum Lancaster Friends Meeting House dating from 1708 is the longest continual Quaker meeting site in the world with an original building built in 1677 George Fox founder of Quakerism was near the site several times in the 1660s and spent two years imprisoned in Lancaster Castle 54 The meeting house holds regular Quaker meetings and a wide range of cultural activities including adult learning meditation art classes music and political meetings The Lancaster Grand Theatre is another historic cultural venue under its many names It has played a major part in social and cultural life since it was built in 1782 55 Lancaster Castle Lancaster is known nationally for its Arts scene 56 There are 600 business and organisations in the region involved directly or indirectly in arts and culture 57 In 2009 several major arts bodies based in the district formed a consortium called Lancaster Arts Partners LAP to champion strategic development of arts activities in Lancaster District 58 Notable partners include Ludus Dance 59 More Music 60 the Dukes 61 among others LAP curates and promotes Lancaster First Fridays a monthly multi disciplinary mini festival under its brand Lancaster Arts City Lancaster University has a public arts organisation part of LAP known as Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University Its programmes include Lancaster s Nuffield Theatre one of the largest professional studio theatres in Europe the Peter Scott Gallery with the most significant collection of Royal Lancastrian ceramics in Britain and the Lancaster International Concerts Series drawing nationally and internationally renowned classical and world music artists 62 The gallery in the Storey Creative Industries Centre is now programmed and run by Lancaster City Council In 2013 the previous incumbent organisation The Storey Gallery moved out of the building and reformed as Storey G2 63 The Storey Creative Industries Centre is also home to Lancaster s Litfest which runs an annual literature festival In the summer months Williamson Park hosts outdoor performances including a Dukes Play in the Park which over the past 26 years has attracted 460 000 people as the UK s biggest outdoor walkabout theatre event 64 Lancaster is known as the Northern City of Ale with almost 30 pubs serving cask ale 65 66 The pubs include the White Cross Three Mariners Borough and Water Witch 65 There are two cask ale breweries Lancaster Brewery and a microbrewery run by the Borough There is a local CAMRA Campaign for Real Ale branch at Lunesdale 67 The Lancaster Grand Theatre and the Dukes are notable venues for live performance as are the Yorkshire House currently closed Jailors Barrel The John O Gaunt and The Bobbin Throughout the year events are held in and around the city such as the Lancaster Music Festival Lancaster Jazz Festival and Chinese New Year celebrations in the city centre 68 Every November the city hosts a daylight and art festival entitled Light Up Lancaster 69 which includes a prominent fireworks display 70 Lancaster still has two city centre cinemas Vue and the Dukes playhouse The 1930s art deco Regal Cinema closed in 2006 71 The Gregson Centre is also known for small film screenings and cultural events Art and literature Edit John Henderson c 1770 1853 painted many views of the town One of these together with a poetical illustration which relates to the treacherous sands of Morecambe Bay by Letitia Elizabeth Landon was published in Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1833 72 Wikisource has original text related to this article Lancaster a poetical illustration by L E L Sport Edit Giant Axe Ground Home of Lancaster City F C Lancaster s main football team Lancaster City plays in the Northern Premier League Premier Division having won promotion as champions of Division One North in 2016 2017 It plays its home matches at the Giant Axe which can take 3 500 513 seated and was formed in 1911 originally as Lancaster Town F C Lancaster City has been seven times Lancashire FA Challenge cup winners and in 2010 11 won the Northern Premier League President s cup for a second time Lancaster John O Gaunt Rowing Club is the fifth oldest surviving rowing club in the UK outside the universities 73 It competes nationally at regattas and heads races run by British Rowing The clubhouse stands next to the weir at Skerton The city entertains contestants in the Lancaster International Youth Games a multi sport Olympic style event featuring competitors from Lancaster s twin towns Rendsburg Germany Perpignan France Viana do Castelo Portugal Aalborg Denmark Almere Netherlands Lublin Poland and Vaxjo Sweden citation needed Lancaster Cricket Club is sited near the River Lune It has two senior teams that participate in the Palace Shield Rugby union is a popular sport in the area with the local clubs being Vale of Lune RUFC and Lancaster CATS Lancaster is home to the Golf Centre Lansil Golf Club Forest Hills and Lancaster Golf Club It also has a Lancaster Amateur Swimming and Waterpolo Club that competes in the north west It trains at Salt Ayre and at Lancaster University Sports Centre Lancaster is home to a senior UK team Water polo is also popular in the area citation needed The local athletics track near the Salt Ayre Sports Centre is home to both Lancaster and Morecambe AC It regularly fields athletes across disciplines including track and field cross country road and fell running It competes in several local and national leagues including the Young Athletics League the Northern Athletics League and the local Mid Lancs League Cross Country in Winter and Track and Field in Summer citation needed Music EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The city s semi professional Haffner Orchestra has a reputation for classical music It performs in the Ashton Hall in the city centre and at Lancaster University During parades and festivals it is common to see two other long standing musical groups perform Lancaster City Brass which is the oldest remaining brass band in the city celebrating its 75th anniversary in 2021 and Batala who recently completed 15 years of Samba Regge drumming Lancaster has been producing successful bands and musicians since the 1990s notably the drummer Keith Baxter of 3 Colours Red and folk metal band Skyclad who also featured Lancaster guitarist Dave Pugh and the thrash metal band D A M who were all from Lancaster recording two albums for the Noise International label with Dave Pugh appearing on the second The all girl punk rock band Angelica used the Lancaster Musicians Co operative the main rehearsal and recording studio in the area The city has also produced many other musicians including singer and songwriter John Waite who first became known as lead singer of The Babys and had a solo 1 hit in the US Missing You As part of the band Bad English John Waite also had a 1 hit in the Billboard top hundred in the 1970s called When I See You Smile Additionally Paul James better known as The Rev former guitarist of English punk band Towers of London who is now in the band Day 21 and plays guitar live on tour for The Prodigy Chris Acland drummer of the early 1990s shoegaze band Lush Tom English drummer of North East indie band Maximo Park and Steve Kemp drummer of the indie band Hard Fi Lancaster continues to produce bands and musicians such as singer songwriter Jay Diggins and acts like The Lovely Eggs receiving considerable national radio play and press coverage in recent years More recently Lancaster locals Massive Wagons signed to Nottingham based independent label Earache Records The city is also the founding home of the dance music sound systems Rhythm Method and ACME Bass Company Pioneers in the field of the free party these two systems and others forged strong representations of the genre in the North West of England in the 1990s Since 2006 Lancaster Library has hosted regular music events under the Get it Loud in Libraries initiative Musicians such as The Wombats The Thrills Kate Nash Adele and Bat for Lashes have taken part 74 Get It Loud in Libraries has gained national exposure featuring on The One Show on BBC1 and having gigs reviewed in Observer Music Monthly NME and Art Rocker 75 Notable popular music venues include The Dukes The Grand Theatre The Gregson Centre The Bobbin The Pub and The Yorkshire House 76 which since 2006 has hosted such acts as John Renbourn Polly Paulusma Marissa Nadler Baby Dee Diane Cluck Alasdair Roberts Jesca Hoop Lach Jack Lewis Tiny Ruins and 2008 Mercury Prize nominees Rachel Unthank and the Winterset Other venues include the Dalton Rooms the Park Hotel and The Hall China Street These host Lancaster s diverse music culture such as the Lancaster Speakeasy 77 or Stylus 78 The Lancaster Jazz and Lancaster Music Festivals are respectively held every September and October at venues throughout the city In 2013 the headline jazz act was The Neil Cowley Trio performing at The Dukes whilst one of the Lancaster Music Festival headline acts was Jay Diggins at the Dalton Rooms 79 Media EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Heart North Lancashire amp Cumbria formerly The Bay has been a commercial radio station for north Lancashire and south Cumbria Its studios are based at St George s Quay in the city and it broadcasts on three frequencies 96 9 FM Lancaster 102 3 FM Windermere and 103 2 FM Kendal It is now part of the Manchester based Heart North West citation needed Beyond Radio is a voluntary non profit community radio station for Lancaster and Morecambe and broadcasts on 103 5FM and online 80 Operated by Proper Community Media Lancaster Ltd the station and broadcasts 24 hours a day from The Old Bowling Pavilion in Palatine Avenue Park Bowerham It took over from Diversity FM a community radio station run by Lancaster and District YMCA which had closed in April 2012 Lancaster University has its own student radio station Bailrigg FM broadcasting on 87 7 FM and an online student run television station called LA1 TV formerly LUTube tv 81 and a student run newspaper named SCAN 82 The city is home to the film production company A1 Pictures which founded the independent film brand Capture citation needed Commercially available newspapers include the tabloids The Lancaster Guardian and The Visitor mainly targeted at residents of Morecambe Both are based on the White Lund Industrial Estate in Morecambe Virtual Lancaster founded in 1999 is a non commercial volunteer led resource website also featuring local news events and visitor information Places of interest Edit Ashton Memorial Williamson Park Ashton Memorial Duke s Playhouse Lancaster Grand Theatre Greaves Park The Judges Lodgings Lancaster Castle Lancaster Cathedral Lancaster City Museum Lancaster Priory Lancaster Royal Grammar School Lancaster Town Hall Lune Millennium Bridge Quayside Maritime Museum Queen Victoria Memorial Ruskin Library at Lancaster University The Gregson Centre Storey Gallery Westfield War Memorial Village Williamson ParkNotable people EditArts and entertainment Edit Joe Abercrombie born 1974 fantasy writer and film editor was born in Lancaster and attended LRGS Cherith Baldry born 1947 children s and fantasy writer was born in Lancaster Laurence Binyon 1869 1943 poet and dramatist was born in Lancaster Hubert Henry Norsworthy 1885 1961 organist and composer died in Lancaster Mabel Pakenham Walsh 1937 2013 artist was born in Lancaster Jon Richardson born 1982 comedian grew up in Lancaster and attended LRGS Thomas Thompson 1880 1951 writer and broadcaster John Waite born 1952 rock musician was born in Lancaster Dustin Demri Burns born 1978 actor writer and comedian Keith Wilkinson television news reporter was born in LancasterBusiness Edit Henry Cort c 1741 1800 English ironmaster and inventor was probably born in Lancaster James Crosby born 1956 chief executive of HBOS until 2006 attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School Thomas Edmondson 1792 1851 businessman and inventor of the Edmondson railway ticket was born in Lancaster Robert Gillow 1704 1772 was the founder of Gillows of Lancaster an English furniture manufacturer 83 Sir Ronald Halstead 1927 2021 chair and Chief Executive of the Beecham Group in 1984 1985 and Deputy Chair of British Steel in 1986 1994 was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School James Williamson 1842 1930 businessman and politician who created Williamson Park and Ashton memorial was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School Crime Edit Lauren Jeska born 1974 a transgender athlete was convicted of the attempted murder of an official Ralph Knibbs 84 Buck Ruxton 1899 1936 marital murderer resided and practised medicine at 2 Dalton Square Politics and journalism Edit Henry D Gilpin 1801 1860 Attorney General of the United States was born in Lancaster Erik de Mauny 1920 1997 foreign correspondent died in Lancaster Sir Lancelot Sanderson 1863 1944 Conservative MP and judge died in Lancaster Science and humanities Edit J L Austin 1911 1960 philosopher and developer of the theory of speech acts was born in Lancaster John Ambrose Fleming 1849 1945 electrical engineer and physicist was born in Lancaster Edward Frankland 1825 1899 chemist who originated the concept of valence was born near Lancaster and educated at LRGS Jaroslav Krejci 1916 2014 Czech British sociologist was a professor at the University of Lancaster and died in Lancaster Geoffrey Leech 1936 2014 linguistics researcher was a professor at the University of Lancaster and died in Lancaster Richard Owen 1804 1892 biologist who coined the term dinosaur lived in Brock Street William Turner 1832 1916 anatomist and academic was born in Lancaster Paul Wellings born 1953 ecologist served as a professor and Vice Chancellor of Lancaster University Emily Williamson 1855 1936 English philanthropist and co founder of the RSPB was born in Lancaster 85 Gavin Wood born 1980 co founded and headed Ethereum Sport Edit Michael Allen 1933 1995 international cricketer died in Lancaster Arthur Bate 1908 1993 professional footballer died in Lancaster James Beattie born 1978 professional footballer was born in Lancaster Harold Douthwaite 1900 1972 first class cricketer was born and died in Lancaster Scott Durant born 1988 Olympic gold medal winning rower was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School Trevor Glover born 1951 first class cricketer and rugby union player was born in Lancaster William Gregson 1877 1963 first class cricketer died in Lancaster Sarah Illingworth born 1963 international cricketer New Zealand was born in Lancaster Edward Jackson 1849 1926 first class cricketer was born in Lancaster John Jackson 1841 1906 first class cricketer was born in Lancaster Scott McTominay born 1996 professional footballer currently with Manchester United was born in Lancaster John Pinch 1870 1946 international rugby union player was born and died in Lancaster Jason Queally born 1970 Olympic gold medal winning cyclist was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School Matt Rogerson born 1993 professional Rugby Union player currently with London Irish was born in Lancaster Fred Shinton 1883 1923 professional footballer died in Lancaster Alan Warriner Little born 1962 champion darts player was born in Lancaster Twinned cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom Lancaster is twinned with 86 Aalborg Denmark 87 Lublin Poland 88 Perpignan France 89 Rendsburg Germany Vaxjo SwedenSee also Edit Lancashire portalSt John the Evangelist s Church Lancaster St Thomas Church Lancaster Christ Church Lancaster Duke of Lancaster Duchy of Lancaster Lancaster power stations Lancaster BomberReferences Edit Lancaster City has nine wards Bulk Duke Castle Skerton East and West Scotforth East and West University and John O Gaunt https web archive org web 20160314090716 http www ukcensusdata com lancaster e07000121 sthash sGUu3f28 LVIHxslk dpbs Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Lancaster Dictionary Definition Vocabulary com Archived from the original on 29 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 LANCASTER DICTIONARY ONE COM Definition of Lancaster www dictionaryone com Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 Retrieved 16 January 2014 Lancaster definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary www collinsdictionary com Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 Retrieved 25 November 2019 Definition of Lancaster Dictionary com www dictionary com Archived from the original on 24 November 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Roach Peter Hartman James Setter Jane Jones Daniel eds 2006 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 17th ed Cambridge CUP ISBN 978 0 521 68086 8 Evans Jacqueline Lancashire s Population 2011 Lancashire County Council Lancashire County Council Archived from the original on 30 April 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Eilert Ekwall The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Placenames 1960 4th edition p 285 Shotter p 5 I A Richmond Excavations on the Site of the Roman Fort at Lancaster 1950 1 Archived 6 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Shotter p 9 Shotter p 10 Rivet A L F Smith Colin 1979 The Place Names of Roman Britain London B T Batsford p 382 ISBN 0713420774 Map etc Retrieved 11 July 2020 Archived from the original on 13 July 2020 Retrieved 11 July 2020 Birley CW XXXIX p 222 full citation needed Shotter p 14 Shotter p 27 Ratledge David The Roman Road from Lancaster to Burrow in Lonsdale Roman Roads Research Association Archived from the original on 13 January 2021 Retrieved 26 March 2021 White 2001 p 33 White p 34 a b White p 57 White p 35 a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Lancaster Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 148 149 Lancaster Castle www capitalpunishmentuk org Archived from the original on 8 April 2018 Retrieved 24 July 2010 Students celebrate STUDENTS CELEBRATE AS LANCASTER TRIUMPHS IN WAR OF THE ROSES the National Student Archived from the original on 10 August 2010 Retrieved 24 July 2010 a b Lancaster Timeline www timetravel britain com Archived from the original on 12 July 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Former Mayors of the City of Lancaster Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 Andrew White 2003 Lancaster A History Phillimore amp Co p 63 Schofield M M 1976 The Slave Trade from Lancashire and Cheshire ports outside Liverpool c 1750 1790 PDF Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 126 30 72 Archived PDF from the original on 11 May 2021 Retrieved 12 May 2021 Army King s Own Royal Regiment Lancaster Regimental Depot BBC Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 9 November 2014 Records of the 1st 5th Battalion 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January 2019 Bailrigg Garden Village and South Lancaster Growth PDF Archived PDF from the original on 25 May 2018 Retrieved 24 May 2018 Lancaster Port Commission www lancasterport org Lancaster Port Commission Archived from the original on 2 March 2021 Retrieved 15 May 2021 My Word Press Website Just another WordPress site Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 Anon University of Lancaster Annual Report University of Lancaster Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 Retrieved 19 April 2020 RAE 2008 Business amp Management Studies Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 University Lancaster Physics Lancaster University Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 Retrieved 25 April 2009 RAE 2008 physics results TheGuardian com 18 December 2008 Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 Retrieved 12 December 2016 Business www lancaster ac uk Archived from the original on 24 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 These are the best universities in 2018 The Independent 26 April 2017 Archived from the original on 29 September 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2019 University league tables 2018 The Guardian Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2019 Lancaster University Times Higher Education THE 9 September 2019 Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 Retrieved 3 July 2017 a b Lancaster named International University of the Year www lancaster ac uk Archived from the original on 7 March 2020 Retrieved 9 February 2020 Jamea Al Kauthar Girls Islamic College Lancaster UK Jamea Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 200 invalid request www lrgs org uk Council Lancashire County The Cottage Museum Archived from the original on 15 June 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Friends Meeting House Lancaster Church Chapel in Lancaster Lancaster Visit Lancashire Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 History Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Arts boss praises city s culture Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Economic Impact Study Executive Summary Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 About Us 18 March 2016 Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Ludus Dance Dance Classes in Lancaster Dance School Lancaster Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 More Music Education amp Music Charity More Music Morecambe Archived from the original on 14 June 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Lancaster Theatre and Cinema Laleham Archived from the original on 24 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 About Us Welcome to Lancaster Arts Archived from the original on 10 August 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Storey G2 About StoreyG2 previously known as Storey Gallery www storeyg2 org uk Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Pidd Helen 4 July 2013 Lancaster s Dukes theatre the great outdoors TheGuardian com Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 Retrieved 12 December 2016 a b Price Chris Lancaster Northern City of Ale www northerncityofale co uk Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 20 August 2016 City centre cask ale trail is 16m Holy Grail www lancasterguardian co uk Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Lunesdale CAMRA Home Page www lunesdalecamra org uk Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Lancaster Chinese New Year Festival Lancaster Business Improvement District Joins Us for Chinese New Year 2016 Light Up Lancaster May 2016 Archived 14 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine ianjackson 12 March 2012 Lancaster Fireworks Spectacular 2012 webarchive nationalarchives gov uk Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 Lancaster Guardian Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1832 poetical illustration Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1833 Fisher Son amp Co Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1832 picture Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1833 Fisher Son amp Co British Rowing Almanack and ARA Year Book 2003 Hammersmith London The Amateur Rowing Association 2003 pp 351 352 355 356 ISBN 978 0 7146 5251 1 Lancashire County Library and Information Service Get it Loud in Lancaster Music Library Lancashire County Council Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 Retrieved 26 February 2008 Lancaster Music Library Get It Loud Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 Retrieved 23 March 2009 The Yorkshire House Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 Retrieved 24 March 2008 Lancaster Speakeasy www facebook com Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Facebook www facebook com Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 Retrieved 22 March 2013 Tina 9 October 2013 Lancaster Music Festival Something for Everyone Archived from the original on 13 August 2016 Retrieved 4 July 2016 Online broadcasting Beyond Radio Archived 6 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine LA1TV LA1TV Archived from the original on 28 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twinned with French towns Archant Community Media Ltd Archived from the original on 5 July 2013 Retrieved 11 July 2013 Bibliography Edit Shotter David 2001 Roman Lancaster Site and Settlement A History of Lancaster Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 3 31 ISBN 0 7486 1466 4 White Andrew 2001 Continuity Charter Castle and County Town 400 1500 A History of Lancaster Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press pp 33 72 ISBN 0 7486 1466 4External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lancaster Lancashire Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lancaster Lancashire Lancaster City Council Homepage of Lancaster City Council Ordnance survey map of Lancaster circa 1890 Regional Europe Lancaster Visit Lancaster Website Tourism Website for Lancaster Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lancaster Lancashire amp oldid 1131651403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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