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Geoffrey Leech

March 07, 2023

Geoffrey Neil Leech FBA (16 January 1936 – 19 August 2014) was a specialist in English language and linguistics. He was the author, co-author, or editor of over 30 books and over 120 published papers.[1] His main academic interests were English grammar, corpus linguistics, stylistics, pragmatics, and semantics.

Geoffrey Leech
Born16 January 1936
Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England
Died19 August 2014 (2014-08-20) (aged 78)
Lancaster, Lancashire, England
Academic background

Life and career

Leech was born in Gloucester, England on 16 January 1936. He was educated at Tewkesbury Grammar School, Gloucestershire, and at University College London (UCL), where he was awarded a BA (1959) and PhD (1968). He began his teaching career at UCL, where he was influenced by Randolph Quirk and Michael Halliday as senior colleagues. He spent 1964-5 as a Harkness Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA. In 1969 Leech moved to Lancaster University, UK, where he was Professor of English Linguistics from 1974 to 2001. In 2002 he became Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics and English Language,[2] Lancaster University. He was a Fellow of the British Academy, an Honorary Fellow of UCL and of Lancaster University, a Member of the Academia Europaea and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and an honorary doctor of three universities, most recently of Charles University, Prague (2012). He died in Lancaster, England on 19 August 2014.[3]

Research and publication

Leech's most important research contributions are the following:

English grammar

Leech contributed to three team projects resulting in large-scale descriptive reference grammars of English, all published as lengthy single-volume works: A Grammar of Contemporary English (with Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum and Jan Svartvik, 1972); A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (with Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum and Jan Svartvik, 1985); and the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (LGSWE) (with Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan, 1999). These grammars have been broadly regarded as providing an authoritative "standard" account of English grammar, although the rather traditional framework employed has also been criticised — e.g. by Huddleston and Pullum (2002) in their Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.

Corpus linguistics

Inspired by the corpus-building work of Randolph Quirk at UCL,[4] soon after his arrival at Lancaster, Leech pioneered computer corpus development.[5] He initiated the first electronic corpus of British English, completed in 1978 as the [Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus|Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen] (LOB) Corpus.[6] Later, in the 1990s, he took a leading role in the compilation of the British National Corpus (BNC). The Lancaster research group that he co-founded (UCREL[7]) also developed programs for the annotation of corpora: especially corpus taggers and parsers.[8] The term treebank, now generally applied to a parsed corpus, was coined by Leech in the 1980s.[9] The LGSWE grammar (1999) was systematically based on corpus analysis. Leech's more recent corpus research has centred on grammatical change in recent and contemporary English.[10]

Stylistics

Leech has written extensively on the stylistics of literary texts. The two stylistic works for which he is best known are A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969)[11] and Style in Fiction (1981; 2nd edn. 2007),[12] co-authored with Mick Short. The latter book won the PALA25 Silver Jubilee Prize for "the most influential book in stylistics" since 1980.[13] The approach Leech has taken to literary style relies heavily on the concept of foregrounding,[14] a term derived from P. L. Garvin's translation of the Czech term aktualisace, referring to the psychological prominence (against the background of ordinary language) of artistic effects in literature.[15] In Leech's account, foregrounding in poetry is based on deviation from linguistic norms, which may take the form of unexpected irregularity (as in Dylan Thomas's A grief ago) as well as unexpected regularity (or parallelism – as in I kissed thee ere I killed thee from Othello). Further, Leech has distinguished three levels of deviation:[16]

  • primary deviation: deviation against the background of general linguistic norms;
  • secondary deviation: deviation against the norms of conventional poetic regularity, as in metrical variation and run-on lines in verse;
  • tertiary deviation: deviation against norms established within a literary text.[17]

Semantics

Leech's interest in semantics was strong in the period up to 1980, when it gave way to his interest in pragmatics. His PhD thesis at London University was on the semantics of place, time and modality in English, and was subsequently published under the title Towards a Semantic Description of English (1969). At a more popular level, he published Semantics (1974, 1981),[18] in which the seven types of meaning discussed in Chapter 2 have been widely cited:

  • 1. Conceptual (or logical) meaning - the meaning of an utterance as defined by linguistic analysis of morphology, phonology, syntax and semantics. (others call this designative, denotative, descriptive, or cognitive meaning)
    • Constituent structure: Conceptual meaning is composed of smaller units.
    • Contrastive features: Any conceptual meaning and the units that compose it are defined by what something is, as opposed to what it is not.
  • 2. Connotative meaning - the parts that the communication is referring to, which are outside the communication itself.
  • 3. Social meaning - the meaning derived from the situation in which the communication was created.
  • 4. Affective meaning - the personal meaning given by the person receiving or analyzing the communication as it affects them.
  • 5. Reflected meaning - the meaning obtained when a communication's original meaning is overshadowed by taboo.
  • 6. Collocative meaning - the meaning created by idioms, figure of speech, or patterns of common usage with some words but not others, which change a words original conceptual meaning.
  • 7. Thematic (associative) meaning - the meaning by rhetoric choices such as emphasis through location at the beginning or end of a communication, by the choice of the active or passive tense, and the effect of the choice of other nearby words.

These are sometimes compared to Roman Jakobson's six communication functions: Connative (requesting an action or response), emotive (communication of emotions), referential (communicating facts and opinions), Phatic (communication handshakes, acknowledgment, politeness etc.), poetic function, and meta-linguistic functions (self referring to the communication itself).

Pragmatics

In the 1970s and 1980s Leech took a part in the development of pragmatics as a newly emerging subdiscipline of linguistics deeply influenced by the ordinary-language philosophers J. L. Austin, J. R. Searle and H. P. Grice. In his main book on the subject, Principles of Pragmatics (1983),[19] he argued for a general account of pragmatics based on regulative principles following the model of Grice's (1975) Cooperative principle (CP), with its constitutive maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. The part of the book that has had most influence is that dealing with the Principle of Politeness, seen as a principle having constituent maxims like Grice's CP. The politeness maxims Leech distinguished are: the Tact Maxim, Generosity Maxim, Approbation Maxim, Modesty Maxim, Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim. This Gricean treatment of politeness has been much criticised: for example, it has been criticised for being "expansionist" (adding new maxims to the Gricean model) rather than "reductionist" (reducing Grice's four maxims to a smaller number, as in Relevance theory, where the Maxim of Relation, or principle of relevance, is the only one that survives).[20][21] Leech is also criticised for allowing the addition of new maxims to be unconstrained (in defiance of Occam's Razor), and for his postulation of an "absolute politeness" which does not vary according to situation, whereas most politeness theorists maintain that politeness cannot be identified out of context. In his article "Politeness: Is there an East-West divide?" (2007),[22][23] Leech addresses these criticisms and presents a revision of his politeness model.

Selected publications

  • G. N. Leech (1966), English in Advertising, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 210
  • G. N. Leech (1969), A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 240
  • G. N. Leech (1971), Meaning and the English Verb, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 132 (2nd and 3rd editions: 1987, 2004)
  • R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik (1972), A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Longman, pp.xii + 1120
  • G. Leech (1974), Semantics, London: Penguin, pp.xii + 386 (2nd edition, entitled Semantics: the Study of Meaning, 1981)
  • G. Leech and J. Svartvik (1975), A Communicative Grammar of English, London: Longman, pp. 324 (2nd and 3rd editions: 1994, 2002)
  • G. N. Leech and M. H. Short (1981), Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose, London: Longman, pp. xiv + 402 (2nd edition, 2007)
  • G. Leech, M. Deuchar, R. Hoogenraad (1982), English Grammar for Today, London: Macmillan
  • G. Leech, (1983), Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 250
  • R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik (1985), A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, London: Longman pp. xii + 1779
  • R. Garside, G. Leech and G. Sampson (eds.) (1987), The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-based Approach, London: Longman, pp. viii + 196
  • G. Leech, G. Myers and J. Thomas (eds.) (1995), Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Mark-up and Application. London: Longman, pp.xii + 260
  • R. Garside, G. Leech and A.McEnery (eds.) (1997), Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora, London: Longman, pp.x + 281
  • D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E. Finegan (1999), Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, London: Longman, pp.xxviii+1204
  • D. Biber, S. Conrad and G. Leech (2002), Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman, pp.viii+487
  • J. Svartvik and G. Leech (2006) English – One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. xvi+287.
  • G. Leech (2008) Language in Literature: Style and Foregrounding. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, pp. xii+222.
  • G. Leech, M. Hundt, C. Mair and N. Smith (2009) Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xxx+341.
  • G. Leech (2014), The Pragmatics of Politeness, Oxford University Press. pp. 343.

References

  1. ^ http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/doc_library/linguistics/leechg/cv.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ . Ling.lancs.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  3. ^ Hardie, Andrew (20 August 2014). "In memory: Professor Geoffrey Leech". ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  4. ^ "UCL Survey of English Usage". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  5. ^ Leech, G. and S. Johansson (2009), "The coming of ICAME", ICAME Journal, 33, 5–20.
  6. ^ "ICAME". ICAME. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  7. ^ "UCREL home page, Lancaster UK". Ucrel.lancs.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  8. ^ Garside, R., G. Leech and A. McEnery (eds.) (1997), Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora, London: Longman, pp. x + 281
  9. ^ Sampson, G. (2003), "Reflections of a dendrographer". In A. Wilson, P. Rayson and T. McEnery (eds.) Corpus Linguistics by the Lune: A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 157–184
  10. ^ G. Leech, M. Hundt, C. Mair and N. Smith (2009) Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xxx+341
  11. ^ G. N. Leech (1969), A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 240
  12. ^ G. N. Leech and M. H. Short (1981), Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose, London: Longman, pp. xiv + 402 (2nd edition, 2007)
  13. ^ "Resources". PALA. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  14. ^ van Peer W. Stylistics and Psychology: Investigations of Foregrounding. London: Croom Helm
  15. ^ Garvin, P. (ed. and trans.) (1958) A Prague School Reader on Aesthetics, Literary Structure and Style. Washington: Georgetown University Press
  16. ^ Leech, G. (2008) Language in Literature: Style and Foregrounding. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, pp. xii+222
  17. ^ c.f. Levin, S. R. (1965) "Internal and external deviation in poetry", Word 21, 225–237, on internal deviation
  18. ^ G. Leech (1974), Semantics, London: Penguin, pp.xii + 386 (2nd edition, entitled Semantics: the Study of Meaning, 1981)
  19. ^ G. Leech, (1983), Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman, pp.xiv + 250
  20. ^ Gu, Yueguo (1990) "Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese". Journal of Pragmatics, 3, 237–257.
  21. ^ Huang, Yan (2007) Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  22. ^ Leech, Geoffrey (2007) "Politeness: Is there an East-West divide?", Journal of Politeness Research, 3.2, 167–206.
  23. ^ Spencer-Oatey (2005: 97) on absolute politeness.

External links

  • ling.lancs.ac.uk
  • lancaster.ac.uk Geoffrey Neil Leech – An Academic Autobiography (PDF)
  • lancs.ac.uk CV (PDF)

March 07, 2023
geoffrey, leech, geoffrey, neil, leech, january, 1936, august, 2014, specialist, english, language, linguistics, author, author, editor, over, books, over, published, papers, main, academic, interests, were, english, grammar, corpus, linguistics, stylistics, p. Geoffrey Neil Leech FBA 16 January 1936 19 August 2014 was a specialist in English language and linguistics He was the author co author or editor of over 30 books and over 120 published papers 1 His main academic interests were English grammar corpus linguistics stylistics pragmatics and semantics Geoffrey LeechBorn16 January 1936Gloucester Gloucestershire EnglandDied19 August 2014 2014 08 20 aged 78 Lancaster Lancashire EnglandAcademic background Contents 1 Life and career 2 Research and publication 2 1 English grammar 2 2 Corpus linguistics 2 3 Stylistics 2 4 Semantics 2 5 Pragmatics 3 Selected publications 4 References 5 External linksLife and career EditLeech was born in Gloucester England on 16 January 1936 He was educated at Tewkesbury Grammar School Gloucestershire and at University College London UCL where he was awarded a BA 1959 and PhD 1968 He began his teaching career at UCL where he was influenced by Randolph Quirk and Michael Halliday as senior colleagues He spent 1964 5 as a Harkness Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA In 1969 Leech moved to Lancaster University UK where he was Professor of English Linguistics from 1974 to 2001 In 2002 he became Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics and English Language 2 Lancaster University He was a Fellow of the British Academy an Honorary Fellow of UCL and of Lancaster University a Member of the Academia Europaea and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and an honorary doctor of three universities most recently of Charles University Prague 2012 He died in Lancaster England on 19 August 2014 3 Research and publication EditLeech s most important research contributions are the following English grammar Edit Leech contributed to three team projects resulting in large scale descriptive reference grammars of English all published as lengthy single volume works A Grammar of Contemporary English with Randolph Quirk Sidney Greenbaum and Jan Svartvik 1972 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language with Randolph Quirk Sidney Greenbaum and Jan Svartvik 1985 and the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English LGSWE with Douglas Biber Stig Johansson Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan 1999 These grammars have been broadly regarded as providing an authoritative standard account of English grammar although the rather traditional framework employed has also been criticised e g by Huddleston and Pullum 2002 in their Cambridge Grammar of the English Language Corpus linguistics Edit Inspired by the corpus building work of Randolph Quirk at UCL 4 soon after his arrival at Lancaster Leech pioneered computer corpus development 5 He initiated the first electronic corpus of British English completed in 1978 as the Lancaster Oslo Bergen Corpus Lancaster Oslo Bergen LOB Corpus 6 Later in the 1990s he took a leading role in the compilation of the British National Corpus BNC The Lancaster research group that he co founded UCREL 7 also developed programs for the annotation of corpora especially corpus taggers and parsers 8 The term treebank now generally applied to a parsed corpus was coined by Leech in the 1980s 9 The LGSWE grammar 1999 was systematically based on corpus analysis Leech s more recent corpus research has centred on grammatical change in recent and contemporary English 10 Stylistics Edit Leech has written extensively on the stylistics of literary texts The two stylistic works for which he is best known are A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry 1969 11 and Style in Fiction 1981 2nd edn 2007 12 co authored with Mick Short The latter book won the PALA25 Silver Jubilee Prize for the most influential book in stylistics since 1980 13 The approach Leech has taken to literary style relies heavily on the concept of foregrounding 14 a term derived from P L Garvin s translation of the Czech term aktualisace referring to the psychological prominence against the background of ordinary language of artistic effects in literature 15 In Leech s account foregrounding in poetry is based on deviation from linguistic norms which may take the form of unexpected irregularity as in Dylan Thomas s A grief ago as well as unexpected regularity or parallelism as in I kissed thee ere I killed thee from Othello Further Leech has distinguished three levels of deviation 16 primary deviation deviation against the background of general linguistic norms secondary deviation deviation against the norms of conventional poetic regularity as in metrical variation and run on lines in verse tertiary deviation deviation against norms established within a literary text 17 Semantics Edit Leech s interest in semantics was strong in the period up to 1980 when it gave way to his interest in pragmatics His PhD thesis at London University was on the semantics of place time and modality in English and was subsequently published under the title Towards a Semantic Description of English 1969 At a more popular level he published Semantics 1974 1981 18 in which the seven types of meaning discussed in Chapter 2 have been widely cited 1 Conceptual or logical meaning the meaning of an utterance as defined by linguistic analysis of morphology phonology syntax and semantics others call this designative denotative descriptive or cognitive meaning Constituent structure Conceptual meaning is composed of smaller units Contrastive features Any conceptual meaning and the units that compose it are defined by what something is as opposed to what it is not 2 Connotative meaning the parts that the communication is referring to which are outside the communication itself 3 Social meaning the meaning derived from the situation in which the communication was created 4 Affective meaning the personal meaning given by the person receiving or analyzing the communication as it affects them 5 Reflected meaning the meaning obtained when a communication s original meaning is overshadowed by taboo 6 Collocative meaning the meaning created by idioms figure of speech or patterns of common usage with some words but not others which change a words original conceptual meaning 7 Thematic associative meaning the meaning by rhetoric choices such as emphasis through location at the beginning or end of a communication by the choice of the active or passive tense and the effect of the choice of other nearby words These are sometimes compared to Roman Jakobson s six communication functions Connative requesting an action or response emotive communication of emotions referential communicating facts and opinions Phatic communication handshakes acknowledgment politeness etc poetic function and meta linguistic functions self referring to the communication itself Pragmatics Edit In the 1970s and 1980s Leech took a part in the development of pragmatics as a newly emerging subdiscipline of linguistics deeply influenced by the ordinary language philosophers J L Austin J R Searle and H P Grice In his main book on the subject Principles of Pragmatics 1983 19 he argued for a general account of pragmatics based on regulative principles following the model of Grice s 1975 Cooperative principle CP with its constitutive maxims of Quantity Quality Relation and Manner The part of the book that has had most influence is that dealing with the Principle of Politeness seen as a principle having constituent maxims like Grice s CP The politeness maxims Leech distinguished are the Tact Maxim Generosity Maxim Approbation Maxim Modesty Maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim This Gricean treatment of politeness has been much criticised for example it has been criticised for being expansionist adding new maxims to the Gricean model rather than reductionist reducing Grice s four maxims to a smaller number as in Relevance theory where the Maxim of Relation or principle of relevance is the only one that survives 20 21 Leech is also criticised for allowing the addition of new maxims to be unconstrained in defiance of Occam s Razor and for his postulation of an absolute politeness which does not vary according to situation whereas most politeness theorists maintain that politeness cannot be identified out of context In his article Politeness Is there an East West divide 2007 22 23 Leech addresses these criticisms and presents a revision of his politeness model Selected publications EditG N Leech 1966 English in Advertising London Longman pp xiv 210 G N Leech 1969 A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry London Longman pp xiv 240 G N Leech 1971 Meaning and the English Verb London Longman pp xiv 132 2nd and 3rd editions 1987 2004 R Quirk S Greenbaum G Leech and J Svartvik 1972 A Grammar of Contemporary English London Longman pp xii 1120 G Leech 1974 Semantics London Penguin pp xii 386 2nd edition entitled Semantics the Study of Meaning 1981 G Leech and J Svartvik 1975 A Communicative Grammar of English London Longman pp 324 2nd and 3rd editions 1994 2002 G N Leech and M H Short 1981 Style in Fiction A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose London Longman pp xiv 402 2nd edition 2007 G Leech M Deuchar R Hoogenraad 1982 English Grammar for Today London Macmillan G Leech 1983 Principles of Pragmatics London Longman pp xiv 250 R Quirk S Greenbaum G Leech and J Svartvik 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language London Longman pp xii 1779 R Garside G Leech and G Sampson eds 1987 The Computational Analysis of English A Corpus based Approach London Longman pp viii 196 G Leech G Myers and J Thomas eds 1995 Spoken English on Computer Transcription Mark up and Application London Longman pp xii 260 R Garside G Leech and A McEnery eds 1997 Corpus Annotation Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora London Longman pp x 281 D Biber S Johansson G Leech S Conrad and E Finegan 1999 Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English London Longman pp xxviii 1204 D Biber S Conrad and G Leech 2002 Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English London Longman pp viii 487 J Svartvik and G Leech 2006 English One Tongue Many Voices Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan pp xvi 287 G Leech 2008 Language in Literature Style and Foregrounding Harlow England Pearson Longman pp xii 222 G Leech M Hundt C Mair and N Smith 2009 Change in Contemporary English A Grammatical Study Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp xxx 341 G Leech 2014 The Pragmatics of Politeness Oxford University Press pp 343 References Edit http www lancs ac uk fass doc library linguistics leechg cv pdf bare URL PDF Professor Geoffrey Leech Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University Ling lancs ac uk Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 Retrieved 15 August 2014 Hardie Andrew 20 August 2014 In memory Professor Geoffrey Leech ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science Retrieved 21 August 2014 UCL Survey of English Usage Ucl ac uk Retrieved 15 August 2014 Leech G and S Johansson 2009 The coming of ICAME ICAME Journal 33 5 20 ICAME ICAME Retrieved 15 August 2014 UCREL home page Lancaster UK Ucrel lancs ac uk Retrieved 15 August 2014 Garside R G Leech and A McEnery eds 1997 Corpus Annotation Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora London Longman pp x 281 Sampson G 2003 Reflections of a dendrographer In A Wilson P Rayson and T McEnery eds Corpus Linguistics by the Lune A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang pp 157 184 G Leech M Hundt C Mair and N Smith 2009 Change in Contemporary English A Grammatical Study Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp xxx 341 G N Leech 1969 A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry London Longman pp xiv 240 G N Leech and M H Short 1981 Style in Fiction A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose London Longman pp xiv 402 2nd edition 2007 Resources PALA Retrieved 15 August 2014 van Peer W Stylistics and Psychology Investigations of Foregrounding London Croom Helm Garvin P ed and trans 1958 A Prague School Reader on Aesthetics Literary Structure and Style Washington Georgetown University Press Leech G 2008 Language in Literature Style and Foregrounding Harlow England Pearson Longman pp xii 222 c f Levin S R 1965 Internal and external deviation in poetry Word 21 225 237 on internal deviation G Leech 1974 Semantics London Penguin pp xii 386 2nd edition entitled Semantics the Study of Meaning 1981 G Leech 1983 Principles of Pragmatics London Longman pp xiv 250 Gu Yueguo 1990 Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese Journal of Pragmatics 3 237 257 Huang Yan 2007 Pragmatics Oxford Oxford University Press Leech Geoffrey 2007 Politeness Is there an East West divide Journal of Politeness Research 3 2 167 206 Spencer Oatey 2005 97 on absolute politeness External links Editling lancs ac uk lancaster ac uk Geoffrey Neil Leech An Academic Autobiography PDF lancs ac uk CV PDF Portals United Kingdom Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geoffrey Leech amp oldid 1132604004, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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