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Wikipedia

L. Ron Hubbard

December 15, 2023

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was an American author and the founder of Scientology. A prolific writer of pulp science fiction and fantasy novels in his early career, in 1950 he authored Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and established organizations to promote and practice Dianetics techniques. Hubbard created Scientology in 1952 after losing the rights to his Dianetics book in bankruptcy. He would manage the Church of Scientology until his death in 1986.

L. Ron Hubbard
Hubbard in 1950
Born
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard

(1911-03-13)March 13, 1911
Tilden, Nebraska, U.S.
DiedJanuary 24, 1986(1986-01-24) (aged 74)
Creston, California, U.S.
Other namesLRH
EducationGeorge Washington University (dropped out)
Occupation
  • Author
Known forInventor of Scientology
Notable work
Criminal charges
Criminal penaltyFine of ₣35,000 and four years in prison (unserved)
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1933; div. 1947)​
​
​
(m. 1946; div. 1951)​
​
(m. 1952)​
Children7, including Ronald, Diana and Quentin
RelativesJamie DeWolf (great-grandson)
Military career
Service/branchUnited States Navy
Years of service
  • 1941–1945 (Active)
  • 1945–1950 (Reserve)
RankLieutenant
Commands heldUSS YP-422 and USS PC-815
Battles/wars
Awards
Signature

Born in Tilden, Nebraska, in 1911, Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena, Montana. While his father was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam in the late 1920s, Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific. In 1930, Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year. He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Grubb, who shared his interest in aviation.

Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II, where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times. The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital, being treated for a variety of complaints. In 1953, the first churches of Scientology were founded by Hubbard, and in 1954 a Scientology church in Los Angeles was founded, which became the Church of Scientology International. He also added organizational management strategies, principles of pedagogy, a theory of communication and prevention strategies for healthy living to the teachings of Scientology.[1] Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media, government and legal pressure in a number of countries. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as "Commodore" of the Sea Organization, an elite quasi-paramilitary group of Scientologists.

Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert after an unsuccessful attempt to take over the town of Clearwater, Florida. In 1978, Hubbard was convicted of fraud after he was tried in absentia by France. In the same year, eleven high-ranking members of Scientology were indicted on 28 charges for their role in the Church's Snow White Program, a systematic program of espionage against the United States government. One of the indicted was Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard; he himself was named an unindicted co-conspirator. Hubbard spent the remaining years of his life in seclusion, attended to by a small group of Scientology officials. Following his 1986 death, Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard's body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to "drop his body" to continue his research on another plane of existence. Though many of his autobiographical statements were fictitious, the Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms. Sociologist Stephen Kent has observed that Hubbard "likely presented a personality disorder known as malignant narcissism."[2]

Life

Before Dianetics

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1911 to 1950
See also: Scientology and psychiatry §  Hubbard's early encounters with psychiatry

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born on March 13, 1911,[3] the only child of Ledora May Waterbury (1885–1959), who had trained as a teacher, and Harry Ross Hubbard (1886–1975), a low-ranking United States Navy officer.[4][5] Like many military families of the era, the Hubbards repeatedly relocated around the United States and overseas.[6] After moving to Kalispell, Montana, they settled in Helena in 1913.[7] Hubbard's father rejoined the Navy in April 1917, during World War I, while his mother worked as a clerk for the state government.[8] After his father was posted to Guam, Hubbard and his mother traveled there with brief stop-overs in a couple of Chinese ports.[9][10][11] In high school, Hubbard contributed to the school paper,[12][13] but was dropped from enrollment due to failing grades.[14] After he failed the Naval Academy entrance examination,[15] Hubbard was enrolled in a Virginia Preparatory School to prepare him for a second attempt.[16] However, after complaining of eye strain, Hubbard was diagnosed with myopia, precluding any future enrollment in the Naval Academy.[14][17] As an adult, Hubbard would privately write to himself that his eyes had gone bad when he "used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy".[18]

Hubbard was sent to the Woodward School in D.C., as graduates qualified for admission to George Washington University without having to take the entrance exam. Hubbard graduated in June 1930 and entered GWU.[19][14][20][19] Academically, Hubbard did poorly and was repeatedly warned about bad grades,[14] but he contributed to the student newspaper and was active in the glider club.[19] In 1932, Hubbard organized a student trip to the Caribbean, but amid multiple misfortunes and insufficient funding, the passengers took to burning Hubbard in effigy and the trip was canceled by the ship's owners. Hubbard did not return to GWU the following year.[21]

 
 
Hubbard spoke of interactions with psychiatrists at both St. Elizabeth's psychiatric hospital in D.C. (top) and nearby Chestnut Lodge Sanitarium (bottom).

For much of the 1920s and 1930s, Hubbard lived in Washington D.C., and he would later claim to have interacted with multiple psychiatrists in the city.[22] Hubbard described encounters in 1923 and 1930 with navy psychiatrist Joseph Thompson.[23][24] Thompson was controversial within the American psychiatric community for his support of lay analysis, the practice of psychoanalysis by those without medical degrees. Hubbard also recalled interacting with William Alanson White, supervisor of the D.C. psychiatric hospital St. Elizabeth's.[25][26][27] According to Hubbard, both White and Thompson had regarded his athleticism and disinterest in psychology as signs of a good prognosis.[28] Hubbard later claimed to have been trained by both Thompson and White.[29] Hubbard also discussed his interactions at Chestnut Lodge, a D.C.-area facility specializing in schizophrenia, repeatedly complaining that their staff misdiagnosed an unnamed individual with the condition:

External videos
  Hubbard lecture on schizophrenia and his interactions at Chestnut Lodge

There's a place by the name of Walnut Lodge... They don't see anything humorous in that, by the way... They sent three people to see me and every one of them was under treatment -- and this was their staff! But anyway, very good people there, I'm sure... Didn't happen to meet any. Have some fine patients though! Anyway, they treat only schizophrenia. And so they take only schizophrenics. Now how do they get only schizophrenics? Well, anybody sent to Walnut Lodge is a classified schizophrenic. And they take somebody who is a dementia praecox unclassified or a more modern definition, a mania-depressive and they take him from Saint Elizabeth's and they take him over to Walnut Lodge and he goes onto the books as a schizophrenic. Why? Because Walnut Lodge takes only schizophrenics.[30]

Pre-war fiction

Main articles: Written works of L. Ron Hubbard and Excalibur (L. Ron Hubbard)
 
Hubbard's adventure story "Yukon Madness" which was published in 1935.

In 1933, Hubbard renewed a relationship with a fellow glider pilot, Margaret "Polly" Grubb[31] and the two were quickly married on April 13.[32] The following year, she gave birth to a son who was named Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, Jr., later nicknamed "Nibs".[33] A second child, Katherine May, was born two years later.[34] The Hubbards lived for a while in Laytonsville, Maryland, but were chronically short of money. In the spring of 1936, they moved to Bremerton, Washington. They lived there for a time with Hubbard's aunts and grandmother before finding a place of their own at nearby South Colby. According to one of his friends at the time, Robert MacDonald Ford, the Hubbards were "in fairly dire straits for money" but sustained themselves on the income from Hubbard's writing.[35][36]

Hubbard began a writing career and tried to write for mainstream publications. Hubbard soon found his niche in the pulp fiction magazines, becoming a prolific and prominent writer in the medium. From 1934 until 1940, Hubbard produced hundreds of short stories and novels.[37] Hubbard is remembered for his "prodigious output" across a variety of genres, including adventure fiction, aviation, travel, mysteries, westerns, romance, and science fiction.[38] His first full-length novel, Buckskin Brigades, was published in 1937.[39] The novel told the story of "Yellow Hair" a white man adopted into the Blackfeet tribe, with promotional material claiming the author had been a "bloodbrother" of the Blackfeet. The New York Times book review praised the book, writing "Mr. Hubbard has reversed a time-honored formula and has given a thriller to which, at the end of every chapter or so, another paleface bites the dust."[40]

 
Museum recreation of a 1930s dentist office; the setting where Hubbard reported having a "near-death experience".

On New Year's Day, 1938, Hubbard reportedly underwent a dental procedure and reacted to the anesthetic gas used in the procedure.[41] According to his account, this triggered a revelatory near-death experience. Allegedly inspired by this experience, Hubbard composed a manuscript, which was never published, with working titles of The One Command and Excalibur.[42][43] Hubbard sent telegrams to several book publishers, but nobody bought the manuscript.[44] Hubbard wrote to his wife:

Sooner or later Excalibur will be published... I have high hopes of smashing my name into history so violently that it will take a legendary form even if all books are destroyed. That goal is the real goal as far as I am concerned.[45]

Hubbard found greater success after being taken under the supervision of editor John W. Campbell, who published many of Hubbard's short stories and serialized novelettes in his magazines Unknown and Astounding Science Fiction.[46][47] Hubbard's novel Final Blackout told the story of a low-ranking British army officer who rises to become dictator of the United Kingdom.[48] In July 1940, Campbell magazine Unknown published a psychological horror by Hubbard titled Fear about an ethnologist who becomes paranoid that demons are out to get him – the work was well-received, drawing praise from Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, and others. In November and December 1940, Unknown serialized Hubbard novel Typewriter in the Sky about a pulp fiction writer whose friend becomes trapped inside one of his stories.[49]

Military career

Main article: Military career of L. Ron Hubbard
 
Hubbard (left) in 1943.

In 1941, Hubbard applied to join the United States Navy. His application was accepted, and he was commissioned as a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve on July 19, 1941. By November, he was posted to New York for training as an intelligence officer.[50] The day after Pearl Harbor, Hubbard was posted to the Phillipines and departed the US bound for Australia. But while in Australia awaiting transport to the Philippines, Hubbard was suddenly ordered back to the United States after being accused by the US Naval Attaché to Australia of sending blockade-runner Don Isidro "three thousand miles out of her way".[51][52]

 
 
Hubbard's first command was a yard patrol boat in Massachusetts (top), while his second was a West Coast sub-chaser (bottom). In both cases, Hubbard was relieved of command.

In June 1942, Hubbard was given command of a patrol boat at the Boston Navy Yard, but he was relieved after the yard commandant wrote that Hubbard was "not temperamentally fitted for independent command".[53] In 1943, Hubbard was given command of a submarine chaser, but only five hours into the shakedown cruise, Hubbard believed he had detected an enemy submarine. Hubbard and crew spent the next 68 hours engaged in combat. An investigation concluded that Hubbard had likely mistaken a "known magnetic deposit" for an enemy sub.[54][55][56] The following month, Hubbard unwittingly fired upon Mexican territory and was relieved of command.[57] In 1944, Hubbard served aboard the USS Algol before being transferred. The night before his departure, Hubbard reported the discovery of an attempted sabotage.[58][59]

In June 1942, Navy records indicate that Hubbard suffered "active conjunctivitis" and later "urethral discharges".[60] After being relieved of command of the sub-chaser, Hubbard began reporting sick, citing a variety of ailments, including ulcers, malaria, and back pains. In July 1943, Hubbard was admitted to the San Diego naval hospital for observation—he would remain there for months.[61] Years later, Hubbard would privately write to himself: "Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you."[18] On April 9, 1945, Hubbard again reported sick and was re-admitted to Oak Knoll Naval Hospital, Oakland.[62][63] He was discharged from the hospital on December 4, 1945.[64]

After the war

Main articles: Scientology and the occult, Affirmations (L. Ron Hubbard), and L. Ron Hubbard and psychiatry
 
Parsons in 1943.

After Hubbard chose to stay in California rather than return to his family in Washington state,[65] he moved into the Pasadena mansion of John "Jack" Whiteside Parsons, a rocket propulsion engineer and a leading follower of the English occultist Aleister Crowley.[66][67] Hubbard befriended Parsons and soon became sexually involved with Parsons's 21-year-old girlfriend, Sara "Betty" Northrup.[68] [69] Hubbard and Parsons collaborated on "Babalon Working", a sex magic ritual intended to summon an incarnation of Babalon, the supreme Goddess in Crowley's pantheon.[70]

During this period, Hubbard authored a document which has been called the "Affirmations", a series of statements relating to various physical, sexual, psychological and social issues that he was encountering in his life. The Affirmations appear to have been intended to be used as a form of self-hypnosis with the intention of resolving the author's psychological problems and instilling a positive mental attitude.[71][18]

 
 
Hubbard and Northrup aboard the schooner Blue Water II in June 1946 (left). The Church of Scientology has republished this photograph with Northrup (pictured right) airbrushed out.

Parsons, Hubbard and Sara invested nearly their entire savings — the vast majority contributed by Parsons and Sara — in a plan for Hubbard and Sara to buy yachts on the East Coast and sail them to the West Coast to sell. Hubbard had a different idea, writing to the U.S. Navy requesting permission to undertake a world cruise.[72] Parsons attempted to recover his money by obtaining an injunction to prevent Hubbard and Sara leaving the country or disposing of the remnants of his assets, but ultimately only received a $2,900 promissory note from Hubbard. Parsons returned home "shattered" and was forced to sell his mansion.[73][74]

 
Hubbard's novella "The Kingslayer" was reprinted in Two Complete Science-Adventure Books in 1950 after its original publication in a 1949 Hubbard collection.

On August 10, 1946, Hubbard married Sara, though he was still married to his first wife Polly. [75] Hubbard resumed his fiction writing to supplement his small disability allowance.[76] In August 1947, Hubbard returned to the pages of Astounding with a serialized novel "The End is Not Yet", about a young nuclear physicist who tries to stop a world takeover by building a new philosophical system.[77] In October 1947, the magazine began serializing Ole Doc Methuselah, the first in a series about the "Soldiers of Light", supremely skilled, extremely long-lived physicians. In February and March 1950, Campbell's Astounding serialized the Hubbard novel To the Stars about young engineer on interstellar trading starship who learns that months aboard ship amounts to centuries on Earth, making the ship his only remaining home after his first voyage.[47] During his time in California, Hubbard began acting as a sort of amateur stage hypnotist or "swami".[78][79]

Hubbard repeatedly wrote to the Veterans Administration (VA) asking for an increase in his war pension.[80] Finally, in October 1947, he wrote to request psychiatric treatment:

After trying and failing for two years to regain my equilibrium in civil life, I am utterly unable to approach anything like my own competence. My last physician informed me that it might be very helpful if I were to be examined and perhaps treated psychiatrically or even by a psychoanalyst. Toward the end of my service I avoided out of pride any mental examinations, hoping that time would balance a mind which I had every reason to suppose was seriously affected. I cannot account for nor rise above long periods of moroseness and suicidal inclinations, and have newly come to realize that I must first triumph above this before I can hope to rehabilitate myself at all. ... I cannot, myself, afford such treatment.
Would you please help me?[81]

The VA eventually did increase his pension,[82] but his money problems continued. In the summer of 1948, Hubbard was arrested by the San Luis Obispo sheriff on a charge of petty theft for passing a fraudulent check.[83] Beginning in June 1948, the nationally-syndicated wire service United Press ran a story on an American Legion-sponsored psychiatric ward in Savannah, Georgia, which sought to keep mentally-ill war veterans out of jail.[84][85] In late 1948, Hubbard and his second wife Sara moved from California to Savannah, Georgia, where he would later claim to have worked as a volunteer in a psychiatric clinic.[86] Hubbard claimed he had "processed an awful lot of Negroes"[87] and wrote of having observed a psychiatrist using the threat of institutionalization in a state hospital to solicit funds from a patient's husband.[88][89] In letters to friends sent from Savannah, Hubbard began to make the first public mentions of what was to become Dianetics.[86]

In the Dianetics era

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953

Inspired by science-fiction of his friend Robert Heinlein, Hubbard announced plans to write a book which would claim to "make supermen".[90] Hubbard announced to the public that there existed a superhuman condition which he called the state of "Clear". He claimed people in that state would have a perfectly functioning mind with an improved intelligence quotient (IQ) and photographic memory.[91] The "Clear" would be cured of physical ailments ranging from poor eyesight to the common cold, which Hubbard asserted were purely psychosomatic.[92][93][94]

 
Hubbard and Sara moved into a cottage at Bay Head, New Jersey, to finish writing Dianetics. The cottage at 666 East Avenue is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Hubbard's son Nibs later claimed the number '666' had special significance for his father.

To promote his upcoming book, Hubbard enlisted his longtime-editor John Campbell, who had a fascination with fringe psychologies and psychic powers.[95] Campbell invited Hubbard and Sara to move into a New Jersey cottage. Campbell, in turn, recruited an acquaintance, medical doctor Joseph Winter, to help promote the book. Campbell wrote Winter to extol Hubbard, claiming that Hubbard had worked with nearly 1000 cases and cured every single one.[96] The birth of Hubbard's second daughter Alexis Valerie, delivered by Winter on March 8, 1950, came in the middle of the preparations to launch Dianetics.[97]

The basic content of Dianetics was a retelling of Psychoanalytic theory geared for a mass market English-speaking audience. Like Freud, Hubbard taught that the brain recorded memories (or "engrams") which were stored in the unconscious mind (which Hubbbard restyled "the reactive mind"). Past memories could be triggered later in life, causing psychological, emotional, or even physical problems. By sharing their memories with a friendly listener (or "auditor"), a person could overcome their past pain and thus cure themselves. Through Dianetics, Hubbard claimed that most illnesses were psychosomatic and caused by engrams, including arthritis, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, coronary difficulties, eye trouble, bursitis, ulcers, sinusitis and migraine headaches. He further claimed that dianetic therapy could treat these illnesses, and also included cancer and diabetes as conditions that Dianetic research was focused on.[98]

 
Hubbard conducting a Dianetics seminar in Los Angeles in 1950.

Accompanied by an article in Astounding's May 1950 issue, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health was released on May 9.[99] Although Dianetics was poorly received by the press and the scientific and medical professions, the book was an immediate commercial success and sparked "a nationwide cult of incredible proportions".[100][101] Five hundred Dianetic auditing groups were set up across the United States,[100] and Hubbard established the "Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation".[102] Financial controls were lax, and Hubbard himself took large sums with no explanation of what he was doing with it.[103]

Dianetics lost public credibility on August 10 when a presentation by Hubbard before an audience of 6,000 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles failed disastrously.[104] He introduced a woman named Sonya Bianca and told the audience that as a result of undergoing Dianetic therapy she now possessed perfect recall, only for her to forget the color of Hubbard's necktie. A large part of the audience walked out, and the debacle was publicized by popular science writer Martin Gardner.[105][106] On September 3, psychologist Erich Fromm publicly derided Dianetics as a "mixture of some oversimplified truths, half truths and plain absurdities"; Fromm criticized the writing as "propagandistic" and likened it to the quack field of patent medicines.[107] By late-1950, Hubbard's foundations were in financial crisis. Hubbard's publisher Arthur Ceppos, his longtime promoter Joseph Campbell, and medical doctor-turned-Dianetics endorser Joseph Winter all resigned under acrimonious circumstances.[108][109]

In late-1950, Hubbard began an affair with employee Barbara Klowden, prompting Sara to start her own affair with Miles Hollister. On February 23, 1951, Sara and her lover consulted with a psychiatrist about Hubbard, who advised that Sara was in grave danger and Hubbard should be institutionalized. The trio telephoned the head of the Elizabeth foundation, to request funding for the hospitalization – that individual, Jack Maloney, informed Hubbard of the plans to institutionalize him.[110][111][112] That night, Hubbard and two trusted aides kidnapped Hubbard's one-year-old daughter Alexis and wife Sara and attempted unsuccessfully to find a doctor to examine Sara and declare her insane.[113] He let Sara go but took Alexis to Cuba. Hubbard denounced Sara and her lover to the FBI, portraying them in a letter as communist infiltrators -- an agent annotated his correspondence with the comment, "Appears mental".[114]

On April 12, Sara's story was published in the press, leading to headlines such as "Ron Hubbard Insane, Says His Wife".[115] Hubbard's first wife evidently saw the headlines and wrote to Sara on May 2 offering her support. "Ron is not normal... Your charges probably sound fantastic to the average person – but I've been through it – the beatings, threats on my life, all the sadistic traits you charge – twelve years of it."[116] In June, Sara finally secured the return of her daughter by agreeing to a settlement in which she signed a statement, written by Hubbard, declaring that she had been misrepresented in the press and that she had always believed he was "fine and brilliant man."[117]

 
 
Jersey
 
Los
Angeles
 
Wichita
 
Phoenix
 
Philadelphia
 
D.C.
 
class=notpageimage|
During the Dianetics and Scientology era, Hubbard regularly relocated across the country, living in Elizabeth, New Jersey (1950); Los Angeles (1950-51), Wichita (1951-52), Phoenix (1952-53), Philadelphia (December 1952), Camden, New Jersey (1953-55); and D.C. (1955-59). In 1959, after losing tax-exemption in the US, Hubbard relocated to England.

The Dianetics craze "burned itself out as quickly as it caught fire",[106] and the movement appeared to be on the edge of total collapse. However, it was temporarily saved by Don Purcell, a millionaire who agreed to support a new Foundation in Wichita, Kansas. In August 1951, Hubbard published Science of Survival. In that book, Hubbard introduced concepts as the immortal soul (or "Thetan") and past-life regressions (or "Whole Track Auditing"). The Wichita Foundation underwrote the costs of printing the book, but it recorded poor sales when first published, with only 1,250 copies of the first edition being printed.[118] The Wichita Foundation became financially nonviable after a court ruled that it was liable for the unpaid debts of its defunct predecessor in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The ruling prompted Purcell and the other directors of the Wichita Foundation to file for voluntary bankruptcy in February 1952.[119] Hubbard resigned immediately and accused Purcell of having been bribed by the American Medical Association to destroy Dianetics.[120] Hubbard emptied the Wichita foundation's bank accounts, in part through forgery.[121]

Pivot to Scientology

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953
See also: L. Ron Hubbard and starting a religion for money
 
Mary Sue Hubbard in 1957.

Having lost the rights to Dianetics, Hubbard created Scientology. At a convention in Wichita, Hubbard announced that he had discovered a new science beyond Dianetics which he called "Scientology". Whereas the goal of Dianetics had been to reach a superhuman state of "Clear", Scientology promised a chance to achieve god-like powers in a state called Operating Thetan. Hubbard introduced a device called an "electropsychometer" (or e-meter), which called for users to hold two metal cans[122] in their hands to measure changes in skin conductivity due to variance in sweat or grip. In 1906, Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung had famously used such a device in a study of word association.[123][124] Rather than a mundane biofeedback device, Hubbard presented the e-meter as having "an almost mystical power to reveal an individual's innermost thoughts".[125][126]

Hubbard married a staff member, 20-year-old Mary Sue Whipp, and the pair moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[127] Hubbard was joined by his 18-year-old son Nibs, who become a Scientology staff member and "professor".[128][129] Scientology was organized in a very different way from the decentralized Dianetics movement — The Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS) was the only official Scientology organization. Branches or "orgs" were organized as franchises, rather like a fast food restaurant chain. Each franchise holder was required to pay ten percent of income to Hubbard's central organization.[130] In July, Hubbard published "What to Audit" (later re-titled Scientology: A History of Man), which taught everyone has subconscious traumatic memories of their past lives as clams, sloths, and cavemen which cause neuroses and health problems. In November 1952, Hubbard published Scientology 8-80, followed up in December with Scientology 8-8008, which argued that the physical universe is the creation of the mind.[131]: 103 

"I'm going to send him back a letter. Uh... so... uh... you say you have some connection with the Prince of Darkness out there and you're very worried about this.
Who do you think I am?"

Hubbard in December 1952.[132]

In December, Hubbard gave a seventy-hour series of lectures in Philadelphia that was attended by 38 people in which he delved into the occult.[133] In the lectures, Hubbard connects rituals and the practice of Scientology to the magickal practices of Aleister Crowley, [134] recommending Crowley's book The Master Therion.[135] During the Philadelphia course, Hubbard joked that he was "the prince of darkness", which was met with laughter from the audience.[136] On December 16, 1952, Hubbard was arrested in the middle of a lecture for failing to return $9,000 withdrawn from the Wichita Foundation. He eventually settled the debt by paying $1,000 and returning a car belonging to Wichita financier Don Purcell.[137]

In April 1953, Hubbard proposed setting up a chain of "Spiritual Guidance Centers" as part of what he called "the religion angle".[138][139][140][141] On December 18, 1953, Hubbard incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.[142][143] The religious transformation was explained as a way to protect Scientologists from charges of practicing medicine without a license.[144] The idea may not have been new; Hubbard has been quoted as telling a science fiction convention in 1948: "Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wants to make a million dollars, the best way would be to start his own religion."[114][145][146][147]

In the Church of Scientology era

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1953 to 1967
See also: Scientology controversies § "Attack the Attacker" policy, and Scientology and psychiatry § Psychiatry as evil

By 1954, the IRS recognized the Church of Scientology of California as a tax-exempt organization and by 1966, the Washington, D.C. 'Founding Church of Scientology' received tax-exempt status nationwide. The Church of Scientology became a highly profitable enterprise for Hubbard,[148] as he was paid a percentage of the Church's gross income. By 1957 he was being paid about $250,000 (equivalent to US$2,604,858 in 2022).[149] His family grew, too, with Mary Sue giving birth to three more children—Quentin on January 6, 1954;[150] Suzette on February 13, 1955;[151] and Arthur on June 6, 1958.[152]

"The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass"

L. Ron Hubbard[153]

Hubbard was notorious for his policies of attacking his perceived enemies. Nibs recalled that Hubbard "only knew how to do one thing and that was to destroy people."[154] Hubbard told Scientologists to "Don't ever defend, always attack.", encouraging them to find or manufacture evidence and to file harassing lawsuits against enemies.[155] Any individual breaking away from Scientology and setting up his own group was to be shut down.[156] Most of the formerly independent Scientology and Dianetics groups were either driven out of business or were absorbed into Hubbard's organizations. Hubbard finally achieved victory over Don Purcell in 1954 when the latter, worn out by constant litigation, handed the copyrights of Dianetics back to Hubbard.[157]

After dealing with Purcell, Hubbard turned his attention to attacking psychiatrists, who he blamed for the backlash against Dianetics and Scientology.[158] In 1955, Hubbard authored a text titled: Brain-Washing: A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics which purported to be a secret manual linking Psychiatry and Communism written by a Soviet secret police chief.[159][160] Hubbard founded the "National Academy of American Psychology" which sought to issue a "loyalty oath" to psychologists and psychiatrists. Those who opposed the oath were to be labelled "Subversive psychiatrists", while those who merely refused to sign the oath would be labelled "Potentially Subversive".[161][162] Hubbard denounced psychiatric abuses, writing that psychoanalysis had been "superseded by tyrannous sadism, practiced by unprincipled men". Wrote Hubbard:

Today men who call themselves analysts are merrily sawing out patients' brains, shocking them with murderous drugs, striking them with high voltages, burying them underneath mounds of ice, placing them in restraints, 'sterilizing' them sexually and generally conducting themselves much as their patients would were they given the chance.

In 1956, Hubbard released Fundamentals of Thought, which teaches that life is a game and divides people into pieces, players, and game-makers. The following year, Hubbard published All About Radiation, which falsely claimed that radiation poisoning and even cancer can be cured by vitamins. In 1958, amid widespread interest in Bridey Murphy case, Hubbard authored Have You Lived Before This Life?, a collection of past life regressions.[163]

In 1958, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service withdrew the Washington, D.C., Church of Scientology's tax exemption after it found that Hubbard and his family were profiting unreasonably from Scientology's ostensibly non-profit income.[148] In the spring of 1959, Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor, an 18th-century English country house formerly owned by the Maharaja of Jaipur. The house became Hubbard's permanent residence and an international training center for Scientologists.[164]

That year Hubbard learned his son Nibs had resigned from the organization, citing financial difficulties. Hubbard regarded the departure as a betrayal.[165] Hubbard introduced "security checking",[155] a structured interrogation using the e-meter, to identify those he termed "potential trouble sources" and "suppressive persons". Members of the Church of Scientology were interrogated with the aid of E-meters and were asked questions such as "Have you ever practiced homosexuality?" and "Have you ever had unkind thoughts about L. Ron Hubbard?"[166]

Since its inception, Hubbard marketed Dianetics and Scientology through false medical claims. On January 4, 1963, US Food and Drug Administration agents raided American offices of the Church of Scientology, seizing over a hundred E-meters as illegal medical devices, thousands of pills being marketed as "radiation cures", and tons of literature that they accused of making false medical claims.[167][168][169][170] In November 1963 Victoria, Australia, the government opened an Inquiry into the Church, which stood was accused of brainwashing, blackmail, extortion and damaging the mental health of its members.[171] [172] Its report, published in October 1965, condemned every aspect of Scientology and Hubbard himself.[173] The report led to Scientology being banned in Victoria,[174] Western Australia and South Australia,[175] and led to more negative publicity around the world. Public perceptions of Scientology changed from "relatively harmless, if cranky" to an "evil, dangerous" group that performs hypnosis and brainwashing.[171] Scientology attracted increasingly unfavorable publicity across the English-speaking world.[176]

Hubbard took major new initiatives in the face of these challenges. By 1965, "Ethics Technology" was introduced to tighten internal discipline within Scientology. It required Scientologists to "disconnect" from any organization or individual—including family members—deemed to be disruptive or "suppressive".[177] Scientologists were also required to write "Knowledge Reports" on each other, reporting transgressions or misapplications of Scientology methods. Hubbard promulgated a long list of punishable "Misdemeanors", "Crimes", and "High Crimes".[178] At the start of March 1966, Hubbard created the Guardian's Office (GO), a new agency within the Church of Scientology that was headed by his wife Mary Sue.[179] It dealt with Scientology's external affairs, including public relations, legal actions and the gathering of intelligence on perceived threats.[180] As Scientology faced increasingly negative media attention, the GO retaliated with hundreds of writs for libel and slander; it issued more than forty on a single day.[181] Hubbard ordered his staff to find "lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence [sic] on [Scientology's] attackers".[182] The "fair game" policy was codified in 1967, which was applicable to anyone deemed an "enemy" of Scientology: "May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."[183][184]

External videos
  L. Ron Hubbard Interview in Rhodesia, May 1966

Newspapers and politicians in the UK pressed the British government for action against Scientology. In April 1966, hoping to form a remote "safe haven" for Scientology, Hubbard traveled to the southern African country Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Despite his attempts to curry favour with the local government, Rhodesia promptly refused to renew Hubbard's visa, compelling him to leave the country.[185]: 80–81  Finally, at the end of 1966, Hubbard acquired his own fleet of three ships.[66] In July 1968, the British Minister of Health announced that foreign Scientologists would no longer be permitted to enter the UK and Hubbard himself was excluded from the country as an "undesirable alien".[186][187] Further inquiries were launched in Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.[175]

In the Sea Org era

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1967 to 1975
See also: Xenu and Space opera in Scientology
 
Enroute to the volcanic island of Las Palmas, Hubbard wrote "OT III: The Wall of Fire", about the evil lord Xenu who uses hydrogen bombs and volcanoes to murder his enemies and imprison their souls on Earth. Beginning in 1967, new editions of Dianetics featured a volcano on the cover.

Hubbard purchased a ship in Las Palmas and founded the "Sea Org", a private navy of elite Scientologists. Hubbard set out to take command of the ship. Enroute, he wrote OT III, the esoteric story of Xenu.[188][189] In a letter to his wife Mary Sue,[190]: 58–59, 332–333  Hubbard said that, in order to assist his research, he was drinking alcohol and taking stimulants and depressants.[191] In OT III, Hubbard reveals the secrets of an immense disaster that had occurred "on this planet, and on the other seventy-five planets which form this Confederacy, seventy-five million years ago".[192] It teaches that Xenu, the leader of the Galactic Confederacy, had shipped billions of people to Earth and blown them up with hydrogen bombs, following which their traumatized spirits were stuck together at "implant stations", brainwashed with false memories and eventually became contained within human beings.[193]

When Hubbard established the Sea Org he publicly declared that he had relinquished his management responsibilities over the Church of Scientology. In fact, he received daily telex messages from Scientology organizations around the world reporting their statistics and income. The Church of Scientology sent him $15,000 a week along with millions of dollars that were transferred to bank accounts.[194] Church of Scientology couriers arrived regularly, conveying luxury food for Hubbard and his family or cash that had been smuggled from England to avoid currency export restrictions.[195][196] Hubbard's fleet began sailing from port to port in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic, rarely staying anywhere for longer than six weeks, as Hubbard claimed he was being pursued by enemies whose interference could lead to global chaos or nuclear war.[197]

External videos
  "The Shrinking World of L. Ron Hubbard", 1967 interview with Hubbard

Though Scientologists around the world were presented with a glamorous picture of life in the Sea Org and many applied to join Hubbard aboard the fleet, the reality was rather different.[198] Most of those joining had no nautical experience at all.[198] Mechanical difficulties and blunders by the crews led to a series of embarrassing incidents and near-disasters. Following one incident in which the rudder of the Royal Scotman was damaged during a storm, Hubbard ordered the ship's entire crew to be reduced to a "condition of liability" and wear gray rags tied to their arms.[199] The ship itself was treated the same way, with dirty tarpaulins tied around its funnel to symbolize its lower status. According to those aboard, conditions were appalling; the crew was worked to the point of exhaustion, given meager rations and forbidden to wash or change their clothes for several weeks.[200] Hubbard maintained a harsh disciplinary regime aboard the fleet, punishing mistakes by confining people in the Royal Scotman's bilge tanks without toilet facilities and with food provided in buckets.[201] At other times erring crew members were thrown overboard with Hubbard looking on and, occasionally, filming.[202] One member of the Sea Org recalled Hubbard punishing a little boy by confining him to the ship's chain locker.[203]

Aboard ship, Hubbard began dispatching teams of Sea Org members officers to search for historic evidence of his past lives; In 1973, he published Mission into Time about those searches.[204] Now having his own paramilitary force, orders to use R2-45 (killing someone with a .45 pistol) on specific individuals were published.[205][206] From about 1970, Hubbard was attended aboard ship by the children of Sea Org members, organized as the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO). They were mainly young girls dressed in hot pants and halter tops, who were responsible for running errands for Hubbard such as lighting his cigarettes, dressing him or relaying his verbal commands to other members of the crew.[207][208] In addition to his wife Mary Sue, he was accompanied by all four of his children by her, who were all members of the Sea Org and shared its rigors.[165]

After his prior failure in Rhodesia, Hubbard again tried to establish a safe haven in a friendly country, this time Greece.[209] The fleet stayed at the Greek island of Corfu for several months in 1968–1969. Hubbard, recently expelled from Britain, renamed the ships after Greek gods—the Royal Scotman was rechristened Apollo—and he praised the recently established military dictatorship.[195] Despite Hubbard's hopes, in March 1969 Hubbard and his ships were ordered to leave.[210]

 
The Scientology cross came into use in 1969. Given Hubbard's private affinity for Crowley and antipathy to Christianity; it has been suggested that the cross may have been inspired by Crowley's Rose Cross or might be a "crossed-out cross" (an anti-Christian symbol).

The practice of prominently displaying the cross in Scientology centers was instituted in 1969 following hostile press coverage where Scientology's status as a legitimate religion was being questioned.[211] In October 1969, The Sunday Times published an exposé by Australian journalist Alex Mitchell detailing Hubbard's occult experiences with Parsons and Aleister Crowley's teachings.[212][213] The Church responded with a statement, claiming without evidence Hubbard was sent in by the US Government to "break up Black Magic in America" and succeeded.[214]

In mid-1972, Hubbard again tried to find a safe haven, this time in Morocco, establishing contacts with the country's secret police and training senior policemen and intelligence agents in techniques for detecting subversives.[215] The program ended in failure when it became caught up in internal Moroccan politics, and Hubbard left the country hastily in December 1972.[216] After French prosecutors charged Hubbard with fraud and customs violations, Hubbard risked extradition to France.[190]: 94  In response, at the end of 1972, Hubbard left the Sea Org fleet temporarily, living incognito in Queens, New York.[217] Hubbard's health deteriorated significantly during this period, as he was a overweight chain-smoker, suffered from bursitis and had a prominent growth on his forehead.[218] In September 1973 when the threat of extradition had abated, Hubbard left New York, returning to his flagship. [219]

Hubbard suffered serious injuries in a motorcycle accident on the island of Tenerife in December 1973. In 1974, Hubbard established the Rehabilitation Project Force, a punishment program for Sea Org members who displeased him.[220] Hubbard's son Quentin reportedly found it difficult to adjust and attempted suicide in mid-1974.[221] Also in 1974, L. Ron Hubbard confessed to two top executives[222] that "People do not [leave Scientology] because of [their unconfessed sins], they leave because [they stop liking Scientology or stop believing it in]".[223] Hubbard warned "If any of this information ever became public, I would lose all control of the orgs and eventually Scientology as a whole."[224]

 
On July 8, 1977, after uncovering Operation Snow White, the FBI raided the Founding Church of Scientology in D.C. and seized thousands of documents revealing the scope of the Church's espionage operations.

Throughout this period, Hubbard was heavily involved in directing the activities of the Guardian's Office (GO), the legal bureau/intelligence agency.[225] In 1973, he instigated the "Snow White Program" and directed the GO to remove negative reports about Scientology from government files and track down their sources.[226] The GO carried out covert campaigns on his behalf such as Operation Bulldozer Leak, designed to convince authorities that Hubbard had no legal liability for the actions of the church. Hubbard was kept informed of these operations, including as the theft of medical records from a hospital, harassment of psychiatrists, and infiltrations of organizations such as the Better Business Bureau, the American Medical Association, and American Psychiatric Association, U.S. Department of Justice, and the Internal Revenue Service.[227] [228] Paulette Cooper, a freelance journalist and scientology critic, was subjected to at least at least 19 lawsuits, framed for sending bomb threats, and was urged to climb onto a dangerous 33rd-floor ledge by a roommate later believed to be a Guardian's Office agent.[229][230][230]: 129-136,167–168,286,376 [231][232]

In hiding

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1975 to 1986
 
 
Daytona Beach
 
D.C.
 
Sparks
 
 
 
 
Southern California
class=notpageimage|
In his final decade, Hubbard hid throughout the United States, moving from Florida to D.C., then to Southern California.
 
 
Culver
City
 
Hemet
 
Newport Beach
 
Creston
class=notpageimage|
Multiple locations where Hubbard was in hiding in Southern California.

After suffering a heart attack, Hubbard decided to relocate back to the United States. [233] In October 1975, Hubbard moved into a hotel suite in Daytona Beach while the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida, was secretly acquired as the location for the Sea Org "land base".[233] According to a former member of the Sea Organization pseudonymously named "Heidi Forrester", in late 1975 she met with a man fitting Hubbard's description who apparently performed a Crowleyite sex magick ritual called Dianism using her.[190]: 126-7 

On June 11, 1976, the FBI apprehended two Guardian's Office agents inside the US Courthouse in D.C., prompting Hubbard to move cross country to a safe house in California, and later a nearby ranch. On October 28, 1976, Las Vegas police discovered Hubbard's son Quentin Hubbard unconscious in his car with a hose connected to the tailpipe.[234] L. Ron Hubbard was furious at the news, shouting, "That stupid fucking kid! Look what he's done to me!"[235][236] Scientologists were told that Quentin had died from encephalitis.[237]

On July 8, 1977, the FBI carried out simultaneous raids on Guardian's Office locations in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.[238][239] They retrieved wiretap equipment, burglary tools and some 90,000 pages of incriminating documents.[240] On July 15, a week after the raid, Hubbard fled with Pat Broeker to Sparks, Nevada.

 
 
 
The distinctive logo designed by Hubbard has been constructed at Trementina (top) and at the ranch in Creston (middle) where Hubbard ultimately died. The logo is speculated to derive from the Kool cigarettes logo, Hubbard's preferred brand.[241]

On August 18, 1978, Hubbard suffered from a pulmonary embolism and fell into a coma, but recovered.[242][243] Hubbard summoned his personal auditor, David Mayo, to heal him.[244]

In August 1979, Hubbard saw his wife for the last time.[245] Hubbard was facing a possible indictment for his role in Operation Freakout, a campaign of attacks against journalist Paulette Cooper. In February 1980, Hubbard disappeared into deep cover in the company of two trusted messengers, Pat and Annie Broeker.[246][247] For the first few years of the 1980s, Hubbard and the Broekers touring the Pacific Northwest in a recreational vehicle, later residing in Southern California.[248] Hubbard returned to Science-Fiction, writing Battlefield Earth (1982) and Mission Earth, a ten-volume series published between 1985 and 1987.[249]

 
In OT VIII, Hubbard discusses the Antichrist, a Christian apocalyptic figure, depicted here with the devil whispering into his left ear as visualized by Italian renaissance painter Luca Signorelli.

In OT VIII, dated 1980, Hubbard explains the document is intended for circulation only after his death. In the document, Hubbard denounces the historic Jesus as "a lover of young boys" given to "uncontrollable bursts of temper".[250] Hubbard explains that "My mission could be said to fulfill the Biblical promise represented by this brief anti-Christ period."[251] This was corroborated by a 1983 interview where Hubbard's son Nibs explained that his father believed he was the Anti-Christ.[252][253]

External videos
  Nibs Hubbard testimony
Day 1 and Day 2
  Nibs Hubbard interviewed by Carol Randolph
  Jamie DeWolf reads grandfather Nibs's memoir

In December 1985, Hubbard allegedly attempted suicide by custom e-meter.[254] On January 17, 1986, Hubbard suffered a stroke; He died a week later.[255] His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered at sea.[256][257]

Sources and doctrines

 
 
Hubbard drew upon a diverse set of teachings to create his doctrine, incorporating elements from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (top) and the occult teachings of Aleister Crowley (bottom) among many other sources.

Hubbard has been described as an "eclectic and ingenious" religious innovator who cobbled together ideas from a diverse array of sources and traditions.[258] Hubbard explicitly cited Freud's psychoanalysis as a source for Dianetics and Scientology, renaming some terms.[259][260] Hubbard's wife Sara recalled him discussing biologist Richard Semon, who had coined the term "engram" which became a centerpiece of Dianetics.[260] Hubbard incorporated the 1920s psychoanalytic theory of birth trauma and taught his followers to maintain total silence during the birth process.[261][260] Hubbard explicitly credited Social Darwinism pioneer Herbert Spencer who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" -- Hubbard taught the 'one command' given to all life is to "survive" and later authored a book called Science of Survival.[260]

Hubbard cited author Alfred Korzybski as an influence; after two years observing patients at St. Elizabeth's psychiatric hospital in D.C. in collaboration with superintendent William Alanson White, Korzybski published a tome titled Science and Sanity outlining a doctrine he called "General Semantics".[262] After Korzybski founded an "Institute" to promote his teachings and began offering seminars, his ideas were incorporated into the science-fiction of Hubbard-associates Van Vogt and Heinlein, who envisioned futures where research into General Semantics had transformed some individuals into superhumans; Hubbard cited this fiction in a letter announcing the central principles of Dianetics: a book that promises to "make supermen".[90]

Through his exposure to both psychoanalysts and occultists, Hubbard drew inspiration from Eastern religions. Hubbard cited psychiatrist Joseph Thompson as teaching him the adage "If it's not true for you, it's not true.", a purportedly-Buddhist maxim which was later incorporated into Scientology.[263][264] Reincarnation, originally a dharmic doctrine, entered Western occultism through the works of Blavatsky and numerous others. Fifteen years after Blavatsky followers unveiled "The Bridge to Freedom", Hubbard announced "The Bridge to Total Freedom".

Hubbard's son Nibs said that Aleister Crowley was his father's most important source of inspiration, and scholar Hugh Urban has written extensively about the occult roots of Scientology.[265] Nibs Hubbard said in an interview in 1983:[266]

What a lot of people don't realize is that Scientology is black magic that is just spread out over a long time period. To perform black magic generally takes a few hours or, at most, a few weeks. But in Scientology it's stretched out over a lifetime, and so you don't see it.

Like Crowley, Hubbard identified himself with diabolical figures from the Book of Revelation. Just as Aleister Crowley taught a soul could temporarily leave their body through astral projection, Hubbard taught a thetan could journey outside the body by "going exterior".[267]

Hubbard also taught extensively about hypnosis and recommended a 1949 book on the subject.[268][260] Hubbard told of hypnotic implants, privately teaching human religions are the product of such implants. The use of hypnosis or trance to remember past lives was an extant practice in occult circles prior to Dianetics.[269] Crowley and Hubbard both placed emphasis on a Goddess figure, variously called Babalon, Hathor, or Diana – a name Hubbard gave to a ship and a daughter; the term Dianetics may have been inspired by the Goddess.[270] Crowley taught a sex magic ritual called karezza or Dianism which Hubbard is believed to have practiced.[270]

The e-meter was constructed by inventor Volney Mathison, who introduced it to Hubbard. Similar devices had been in use by psychiatrists and law enforcement for decades. Hubbard likened his own teachings about interstellar empires and invader forces to the early 20th-century fiction genre Space Opera.[271] Hubbard drew upon US Navy traditions in creating the Sea Org, and he once said the Commodore's Messenger Organization had been inspired by the Hitler Youth.[272]

False biographical claims

 
Hubbard claimed to have been wounded in combat, but was never awarded the Purple Heart (a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action).
Main article: Pseudobiography of L. Ron Hubbard

Throughout his lifespan, Hubbard made grossly exaggerated or outright false claims about his life. His estranged son Nibs reported that "Ninety-nine percent of what my father ever wrote or said about himself" was false. An acquaintance who knew Hubbard in Pasadena recalled recognizing Hubbard's epic autobiographical tales as being adapted from the writings of others.[273] In October 1984, an American judge issued a ruling, writing of Hubbard that "the evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background and achievements."[274] In his private "Affirmations", Hubbard wrote to himself:

You can tell all the romantic tales you wish... you know which ones were lies... You are gallant and dashing and need tell no lies at all. You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever. Stick to your true adventures. Or if you wish, as you will, tell adventures which happened to others – People accept them better.[275]

Hubbard described his grandfather as a "wealthy Western cattleman", but contemporary records show that Hubbard's grandfather, Lafayette Waterbury, was a veterinarian, not a rancher, and was not wealthy. Hubbard claimed to be a "blood brother" of the Native American Blackfeet tribe, but Hubbard lived over a hundred miles from the Blackfeet reservation and the tribe did not practice blood brotherhood.[276][277][7] Hubbard claimed to have been the youngest Eagle Scout in Boy Scouts history, but in fact the organization kept no records of the ages of Eagle Scouts.[278]

Hubbard claimed to have traveled to Manchuria, but his diary did not record it.[279] Hubbard claimed to be a graduate engineer, but in fact he earned poor grades at university, was placed on probation in September 1931 and dropped out altogether in the fall of 1932.[131]: 31 [280][131]: 31  Hubbard used the title 'Doctor', but his only doctorate was from a diploma mill. Hubbard claimed to have been crippled and blinded in combat, but records show he was never wounded and never received a Purple Heart (a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action). Hubbard's Navy service records indicate that he received only four campaign medals rather than the twenty-one claimed by Church biographies.[56]

Legacy

 
Hubbard's great-grandson, slam poet Jamie DeWolf.

Hubbard was survived by his wife Mary Sue and all of his children except his second son Quentin. His will provided a trust fund to support Mary Sue; her children Arthur, Diana and Suzette; and Katherine, the daughter of his first wife Polly.[281] He disinherited two of his other children.[282] L. Ron Hubbard, Jr. had become estranged, changed his name to "Ronald DeWolf" and, in 1982, sued unsuccessfully for control of his father's estate.[283] Alexis Valerie, Hubbard's daughter by his second wife Sara, had attempted to contact her father in 1971. She was rebuffed with the implied claim that her real father was Jack Parsons rather than Hubbard, and that her mother had been a Nazi spy during the war.[284] Both later accepted settlements when litigation was threatened.[282] In 2001, Diana and Suzette were reported to still be Church members, while Arthur had left and become an artist. Hubbard's great-grandson, Jamie DeWolf, is a noted slam poet.[285]

Opinions are divided about Hubbard's literary legacy. One sociologist argued that even at Hubbard's peak in the late 1930s, he was regarded as merely "a passable, familiar author but not one of the best", while by the late-1970s "the [science fiction] subculture wishes it could forget him" and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the "Golden Age" writers.[286] The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction argues that while Hubbard could not be considered a peer of the "prime movers" like Asimov, Heinlein, and Sprague de Camp, Hubbard could be classed with Van Vogt as "rogue members of the early Campbell pantheon".[48] Hubbard received various posthumous awards, having a street named after in him in Los Angeles and recognition of his birthday in Utah and New Jersey.[287][288][289][290]

 
Hubbard's beliefs and practices, drawn from a diverse set of sources, influenced numerous offshoots, splinter-groups, and new movements.

Hubbard's teachings led to numerous offshoots and splinter groups. In 1966, two former Scientologists founded the Process Church of the Final Judgment which mixed Hubbard's teachings with Satanism. In 1969, a group led by former Scientologists Charles Manson and Bruce M. Davis was arrested and later convicted for their role in a series of high-profile murders. In 1971, former Scientologist Werner Erhard founded EST, a notable large group awareness training. In 1998, Keith Raniere drew upon Hubbard's writings and Erhard's techinques to create the large group awarenesss training ESP, a forerunner to the group NXIVM. Raniere offered students a chance to reach a superhuman state called "Unified" and taught Hubbard's doctrine of "suppressive persons"; Raniere was ultimately sentenced to 120 years for a pattern of crimes, including the sexual exploitation of a child, sex trafficking of women, and conspiracy to commit forced labor.[291][292] In 2010, the Nation of Islam began introducing its followers to Hubbard's teachings, with leader Louis Farrakhan proclaiming "I thank God for Mr. L. Ron Hubbard!"[293][294]

In Scientology

After his death, Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard's body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to "drop his body" to continue his research.[295][296] The copyrights of his works and much of his estate were willed to the Church of Scientology.[297] According to the church, Hubbard's entire corpus of Scientology and Dianetics texts are etched onto steel tablets in a vault under a mountain, on top of which a Hubbard-designed logo has been bulldozed, intended to be visible from space.[298][299]

Hubbard's presence pervades Scientology, and his birthday is celebrated annually.[300] Every Church of Scientology maintains an office reserved for Hubbard, with a desk, chair and writing equipment, ready to be used.[297] Hubbard is regarded as the ultimate source of Scientology -- he is often referred to as simply "Source", and he has no successor.[301][302] Scientology has been described as "a movement focused on the figure of Hubbard".[303] Hubbard is presented as "the master of a multitude of disciplines" who performed extraordinary feats as a photographer, composer, scientist, therapist, explorer, navigator, philosopher, poet, artist, humanitarian, adventurer, soldier, scout, musician and many other fields of endeavor.[304] Busts and portraits of Hubbard are commonplace throughout Scientology organizations, and meetings involve a round of applause to Hubbard's portrait.[305]: 29–30 [306] In 2009, the American Religious Identification Survey found that 25,000 Americans identified as Scientologists.[307]

In popular culture

See also: Scientology in popular culture
External videos
  1980s advertisement for Dianetics
  "This is What Scientologists Actually Believe" clip from South Park, 2005
  "How Ayn Rand and L. Ron Hubbard Came Up With Their Big Ideas", Cracked, 2012
  "Black Scientologists", The Eric Andre Show, December 5, 2013
  Neurotology Music Video - SNL, satirizing the 1990 music video We Stand Tall
  "Hubbard meets Parsons" in Strange Angel episode Aeon, July 25, 2019

In the mid-1980s, the church began to promote Dianetics with a radio and television advertising blitz that was "virtually unprecedented in book circles".[308] In March 1988, Dianetics topped the best-seller lists nationwide through an organized campaign of mass bookbuying -- Booksellers reported patrons buying hundreds of copies at once and later receiving ostensibly-new books from the publisher with store price stickers already attached.[308] Hubbard's number of followers peaked in the early 1990s with roughly 100,000 scientologists worldwide.[309]

On November 21, 1997, the Fox network aired an episode of X-Files spinoff Millennium titled "Jose Chung's Doomsday Defense" which satirized Lafayette Ronald Hubbard's biography in an brief opening narration about a character named "Juggernaut Onan Goopta" who dreamt of becoming a neuroscientist only to discover that "his own brain could not comprehend basic biology".[310] The character switches to philosophy, but "while reading Kirkegaard's 'The Sickness unto Death', he became sick and nearly died"; After writing an entire book in a "single, feverish night" that changed the course of human history, the character began lecturing to standing room only crowds, "for he shrewdly refrained from providing chairs." In a satire of both Hubbard and George Santayana, the character explains that painful memories must be exterminated, saying "those who cannot forget their past, are condemned to repeat it." The character establishes an institute where patients are called 'doctors' and founds a religious order called Selfosophy staffed by an elite paramilitary inspired by the US Postal Service. We are told the character died of cancer or "molted his earthly encumbrance to pursue his Selfosophical research in another dimension".[311]

On February 8, 1998, Fox comedy The Simpsons broadcast "The Joy of Sect", satirizing Hubbard and Scientology when the family joins a group called the Movementarians ruled over by a figure called "The Leader" who physically resembles L. Ron Hubbard. The Movementarians' use of a 10-trillion-year commitment for its members alludes to the billion-year contract and both groups make extensive use of litigation.[312]

 
 
In 2015, Saturday Night Live satirized Hubbard, with cast member Bobby Moynihan (bottom) using similar costumes and staging as shown in historic footage of Hubbard (top). A caption reads "Died of Pink Eye", referencing Hubbard's wartime diagnosis of conjunctivitis.

In 2000, Hubbard's novel was adapted into a film called Battlefield Earth, starring long-time Scientology celebrity John Travolta. In 2001, a film titled The Profit parodied Scientology and Hubbard.[313] In 2005, animated comedy South Park aired the episode "Trapped in the Closet" in which protagonist Stan is believed to be the reincarnation of Hubbard. The episode broadcast the great secret behind the church—a condensed version of the Xenu story while an on-screen caption reads "This is what Scientologists actually believe".[314][315] Prior to the episode, the story was almost completely unknown in mainstream culture.[316]

Paul Thomas Anderson's 2012 film The Master features a religious leader named Lancaster Dodd, played by Philip Seymour Hoffman, who is based on Hubbard and shares a physical resemblance to him.[317][318][319][320] The film depicts a Navy washout with psychological issues who is unable to hold down steady employment after the war. Facing potential legal troubles, he flees California by stowing away on a ship captained by self-proclaimed nuclear physicist and philosopher Lancaster Dodd, leader of a movement called "The Cause".[321]

On December 5, 2013, The Eric Andre Show aired a comedy sketch titled "Black Scientologists" where André's character proclaims "Not a lot of people know this, but L. Ron Hubbard was a black man. His real name was L. Ron Hoyabembe!", while revealing an artist's conception of Hubbard wearing an afro. In April 2015, following the recent release of Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief, Saturday Night Live aired a music video featuring the "Church of Neurotology", a parody of Scientology's 1990 music video "We Stand Tall". Bobby Moynihan played a Hubbard-lookalike in the video.[322] From 2018 to 2019, the show Strange Angel dramatized the life of Jack Parsons. In the season 2 cliffhanger, actor Daniel Abeles played Hubbard; The series was never renewed.[323]

Select bibliography

Main article: L. Ron Hubbard bibliography
See also: Bibliography of Scientology and Written works of L. Ron Hubbard

Hubbard was a prolific writer and lecturer across a wide variety of genres. His works of fiction include several hundred short stories and many novels.[298] According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard produced some 65 million words on Dianetics and Scientology, contained in about 500,000 pages of written material, 3,000 recorded lectures and 100 films.[298]

Early Fiction
  • Buckskin Brigades (1937) recounts the story of a white man adopted by the Blackfeet tribe.
  • Slaves of Sleep (1939) features a man, cursed by an evil genie, who instead of sleeping must now enter an Arabian Nights-like world ruled over by an evil-genie queen.
  • Death's Deputy (1940) is the story of an accident-prone pilot who seemingly cannot be killed
  • Final Blackout (1940) tells the story of a low-ranking British army officer who rises to the role of dictator.
  • Fear (1951), a psychological thriller, follows a professor who, after an episode of missing time, becomes paranoid that demons are haunting him.
  • Typewriter in the Sky (1951) features protagonist Mike de Wolf who finds himself inside a story being written by friend Horace Hackett.
Dianetics and Scientology
  • Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (May 1950) introduced concepts like Engram, Reactive Mind, and the State of Clear.
  • Science of Survival (June 1951) introduced concepts like the tone scale, the Thetan, and past lives.
  • What to Audit (July 1952), later re-titled Scientology: A History of Man linked traumatic incidents throughout evolutionary history to modern health problems, for example, jaw trouble was said to result from unresolved trauma from having been a clam.
  • Scientology 8-80 and Scientology 8-8008 (November and December 1952) embraced the magical worldview, teaching that the physical universe is a creation of the mind.
  • The Fundamentals of Thought (1956) argued life is a game, describing some people as "pieces", others as "players", and an elite few as "game makers".
  • All About Radiation (1957) claimed radiation poisoning and cancer could be cured with vitamins.
  • Introduction to Scientology Ethics (1968) codified an authoritarian set of 'ethics conditions'.
  • Mission Into Time (1973) chronicled Hubbard's 1968 trip in the Mediterranean where he sought to find physical evidence of his past lives
Late fiction
  • Revolt in the Stars (1979), a screenplay version of the Xenu story
  • Battlefield Earth (1982), a novel set in the year 3000 when humanity has become an endangerous species, it tells the story of tribesman Johnny Goodboy Tyler who leads humanity in rebellion against the Psychlos, an evil alien race.
  • Mission Earth (1985–87), a ten-book series, posthumously published, about an invasion of Earth by aliens called the Voltarian.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dericquebourg, Régis (2017). "Scientology: From the Edges to the Core". Nova Religio. 20 (4): 5–12. doi:10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.5.
  2. ^ Lane, J., & Kent, S. A. (2008). "Malignant narcissism, L. Ron Hubbard, and Scientology's policies of narcissistic rage". Trans. as Politiques de rage et Narcissisme Malin. Criminologie, 41(2), 117-55.
  3. ^ Hall, Timothy L. American religious leaders, p. 175. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8160-4534-1
  4. ^ Miller 1987, p. 11.
  5. ^ Christensen 2005, p. 236.
  6. ^ Miller 1987, p. 23.
  7. ^ a b Christensen 2005, p. 237.
  8. ^ Miller 1987, p. 19.
  9. ^ Atack 1990, pp. 53–54.
  10. ^ Miller 1987, p. 31.
  11. ^ Lewis, James R. (2009). Scientology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195331493.
  12. ^ Miller 1987, p. 34.
  13. ^ Clarke, Peter, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 281. ISBN 9781134499700.
  14. ^ a b c d Ortega, Tony (February 24, 2015). "New government release contains a surprise: L. Ron Hubbard flunked out of high school, too!".
  15. ^ Wakefield, Margery. "Understanding Scientology / Chapter 2: L. Ron Hubbard – Messiah? Or Madman?". Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  16. ^ Miller 1987, p. 45.
  17. ^ Miller 1987, p. 46.
  18. ^ a b c Wright 2013, pp. 53–54.
  19. ^ a b c Miller 1987, p. 47.
  20. ^ Atack 1990, p. 59.
  21. ^ Atack 1990, p. 63.
  22. ^ 1922–1927,1929–1932
  23. ^ The Purpose of Human Evaluation (3) (1951)
  24. ^ Atack, Jon. "Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology". "Through his [Thompson's] friendship I attended many lectures given at Naval hospitals and generally became conversant with psychoanalysis as it had been exported from Austria by Freud" LRH's autobiographical notes for Peter Tompkins. Exhibit 500-I in CSI v. Armstrong, pp.7-8
  25. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (August 13, 1951). . Archived from the original on December 5, 2021 – via carolineletkeman.org.
  26. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (June 4, 1954). . Archived from the original on December 6, 2021 – via carolineletkeman.org.
  27. ^ Hubbard, L. R. (February 6, 1952). Dianetics: The Modern Miracle. LRH Recorded Lectures
  28. ^ "The… it was an interesting thing, for instance, to William Allen White. And Commander Thompson. Both of them, where I was concerned, that I wasn't very interested in sitting around figuring about this stuff and didn't seem to be terribly interested in the insane." - Lecture: "The Mind and the Tone Scale", 1954
  29. ^ . Refund and Reparation. June 12, 1954. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  30. ^ "Lecture: The Logics Methods of Thinking (2) – Decoding Scientology Propaganda".
  31. ^ Miller 1987, p. 59.
  32. ^ Miller 1987, p. 61.
  33. ^ Miller 1987, p. 64.
  34. ^ Miller 1987, p. 70.
  35. ^ Miller 1987, p. 74.
  36. ^ Miller 1987, p. 62.
  37. ^ . Galaxy Press. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  38. ^ Frenschkowski, Marco (July 1999). "L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. University of Marburg. 4 (1): 15. doi:10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3760. (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2015 – via CORE.
  39. ^ Staff (July 30, 1937). "Books Published Today". The New York Times. p. 17.
  40. ^ "The New York Times Book Review". July 1937.
  41. ^ Wright 2013, p. 29.
  42. ^ "'Going Clear': A New Book Delves Into Scientology". NPR. January 24, 2013.
  43. ^ "The History of Excalibur". lermanet.com.
  44. ^ Burks, Arthur J. (December 1961). "Yes, There Was A Book Called "Excalibur" By L. Ron Hubbard". The Aberee – via David S. Touretzky.
  45. ^ Letter from L. Ron Hubbard, October 1938, quoted in Miller 1987, p. 81
  46. ^ Miller 1987, p. 86.
  47. ^ a b Stableford, Brian (2004). Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8108-4938-9.
  48. ^ a b "SFE: Hubbard, L Ron".
  49. ^ Kent, Stephen A.; Raine, Susan (2017). Scientology in Popular Culture: Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3249-9.
  50. ^ Miller 1987, p. 97.
  51. ^ Ron The War Hero, Chris Owen
  52. ^ Hubbard would later claim that "for the next two or three years I'd run into officers, and they would say 'Hubbard? Hubbard? Hubbard? Are you the Hubbard that was in Australia?' And I'd say 'Yes.' And they's say 'Oh!' Kind of, you know, horrified, like they didn't know whether they should quite talk to me or not, you know? Terrible man." The Key Words (Buttons) of Scientology Clearing (a lecture given on July 21, 1958).
  53. ^ Atack 1990, p. 74.
  54. ^ "Battle Report – Submission of", A16-3(3)/PC815, Vice Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher, Commander NW Sea Frontier, June 8, 1943; Image of document
  55. ^ Miller 1987, p. 105.
  56. ^ a b Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "The Making of L. Ron Hubbard: Creating the Mystique". Los Angeles Times. A38:1.
  57. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religion : Chapter Two : Creating the Mystique : Hubbard's image was crafted of truth, distorted by myth". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  58. ^ Atack 1990, p. 81.
  59. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 108–109.
  60. ^ Owen argues that Hubbard likely suffered from venereal disease, writing: "Sulfa drugs were used in treatment but in excess could cause bloody urine, something which Hubbard's shipmate Thomas Moulton saw him passing on at least one occasion. Hubbard himself later complained about the amount of sulfa he had been fed in the Navy. Former Scientology spokesman Robert Vaughn Young claims that Hubbard's private papers refer to him having caught gonorrhoea from a girlfriend named Fern, which forced him to secretly take sulfa."
  61. ^ Miller 1987, p. 107.
  62. ^ Miller 1987, p. 110.
  63. ^ Miller 1987, p. 112.
  64. ^ Owen, Chris (2019). "Crippled and blinded". Ron The War Hero: The True Story of L Ron Hubbard's Calamitous Military Career. Silvertail Books. ISBN 9781909269897 – via David S. Touretzky.
  65. ^ Miller 1987, p. 125.
  66. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). "The Apostate: Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  67. ^ Miller 1987, p. 113.
  68. ^ Miller 1987, p. 117.
  69. ^ Parson letter to Crowley: "[Hubbard] is a gentleman; he has red hair, green eyes, is honest and intelligent, and we have become great friends. He moved in with me about two months ago, and although Betty and I are still friendly, she has transferred her sexual affection to Ron. Although he has no formal training in Magick, he has an extraordinary amount of experience and understanding in the field. From some of his experiences I deduced that he is in direct touch with some higher intelligence, possibly his Guardian Angel. He describes his Angel as a beautiful winged woman with red hair whom he calls the Empress and who has guided him through his life and saved him many times. He is the most Thelemic person I have ever met and is in complete accord with our own principles." as quoted in Symonds, John. The Great Beast: the life and magick of Aleister Crowley, p. 392. London: Macdonald and Co., 1971. ISBN 0-356-03631-6
  70. ^ Urban, Hugh B. (2006). Magia sexualis: sex, magic, and liberation in modern Western esotericism. University of California Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-520-24776-5.
  71. ^ "Your eyes are getting progressively better. They became bad when you used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy. You have no reason to keep them bad.", "Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you. You are free of the Navy.", "You can tell all the romantic tales you wish. ... But you know which ones were lies ... You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever. Stick to your true adventures.", "Masturbation does not injure or make insane. Your parents were in error. Everyone masturbates." -- Hubbard's Affirmations
  72. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 268.
  73. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 270.
  74. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 269.
  75. ^ Miller 1987, p. 134.
  76. ^ Streeter 2008, p. 210.
  77. ^ Miller, 134
  78. ^ Ortega, Tony (January 30, 2015). "Another Secret Lives leak: L. Ron Hubbard enjoyed humiliating people under hypnosis".
  79. ^ Miller 1987, p. 231.
  80. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 125, 128, 131.
  81. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron, letter to Veterans Administration, October 15, 1947; quoted in Miller 1987, p. 137
  82. ^ Miller 1987, p. 139.
  83. ^ Miller 1987, p. 142.
  84. ^ e.g. The Herald-News (Passaic, New Jersey) June 10, 1948, Ventura County Star-Free Press June 23, 1948, Spokane Chronicle (Spokane, Washington)Sep 29, 1948
  85. ^
    • Gerecht, Ash (May 23, 1948). "Don't put the Insane in Jail, part 1 of 2". The Atlanta Journal.
    • Gerecht, Ash (May 23, 1948). "Don't put the Insane in Jail, part 2 of 2". The Atlanta Journal.
  86. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 143.
  87. ^ PDC43
  88. ^ "Article: Today's Terrorism – Decoding Scientology Propaganda". I well recall a conversation I had with a Dr. [Abraham Hyrman] Center in Savannah, Georgia, in 1949. It well expresses the arrogance and complete contempt for law and order of the psychiatrist. A man had just called to inquire after his wife who was "under treatment" in Center's hospital. Center asked him, "Do you have the money...? That's right, thirty thousand... well you better get it or I'll have to send your dear wife to the state institution and you know what will happen then!" I was there doing work on charity patients the local psychiatrists wouldn't touch. Center had forgotten I was in the room.
  89. ^ Abraham Hyman Center per Biographical Directory of Fellows & Members of the American Psychiatric Association, 1950
  90. ^ a b Ortega, Tony (November 8, 2014). "The Heinlein Letters: What L. Ron Hubbard's close friends really thought of him". The Underground Bunker. Retrieved January 14, 2020. Letter to Heinlein: "Well, you didn't specify in your book what actual reformation took place in the society to make supermen. Got to thinking about it other day. The system is Excalibur. It makes nul A's."
  91. ^ Streeter 2008, pp. 210–211.
  92. ^ Miller, Timothy (1995). America's Alternative Religions. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 385–386. ISBN 978-0-7914-2398-1. OCLC 30476551.
  93. ^ Atack 1990, p. 108.
  94. ^ "The TIME Vault: December 22, 1952". Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  95. ^ Luckhurst, Roger (2005). Science Fiction. Malden, MA: Polity. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7456-2893-6.
  96. ^ Miller 1987, p. 149: "With cooperation from some institutions, some psychiatrists, [Hubbard] has worked on all types of cases. Institutionalized schizophrenics, apathies, manics, depressives, perverts, stuttering, neuroses—in all, nearly 1000 cases. But just a brief sampling of each type; he doesn't have proper statistics in the usual sense. But he has one statistic. He has cured every patient he worked with. He has cured ulcers, arthritis, asthma."
  97. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Chapter 9". www.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  98. ^ Christensen, Dorthe Refslund (June 24, 2016). "Rethinking Scientology A Thorough Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986". Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. doi:10.5840/asrr201662323.
  99. ^ Atack 1990, p. 107.
  100. ^ a b Staff (August 21, 1950). "Dianetics book review; Best Seller". Newsweek
  101. ^ Gardner 1986, p. 265.
  102. ^ Miller 1987, p. 152.
  103. ^ O'Brien 1966, p. 27.
  104. ^ Whitehead 1987, p. 67.
  105. ^ Gardner 1986, p. 270.
  106. ^ a b "Martin Gardner Evaluates Dianetics".
  107. ^ Fromm, Erich. ""Dianetics" – For Seekers of Prefabricated Happiness" (PDF). opus4.kobv.de. But perhaps the most unfortunate element in Dianetics is the way it is written. The mixture of some oversimplified truths, half truths and plain absurdities, the propagandistic technique of impressing the reader with the greatness, infallibility and newness of the author's system, the promise of unheard of results attained by the simple means of following Dianetics is a technique which has had most unfortunate results in the fields of patent medicines and politics; applied to psychology and psychiatry it will not be less harmful.
  108. ^ Atack 1990, p. 115.
  109. ^ Miller 1987, p. 181.
  110. ^ "Sara Northrup Hubbard – Complaint for Divorce".
  111. ^ Hubbard letter to the Attorney General dated May 1951: "Feb. 25 she [Sara] flew to San Francisco and my general managers Jack Maloney in New Jersey received a phone call from her and Miles Hollister and a psychiatrist named Meyer Zelig in San Francisco that I had gone insane and that they needed money to incarcerate me quickly."
  112. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (May 14, 1951). "Letter: L. Ron Hubbard to the Attorney General". scientology-research.org.
  113. ^ Atack 1990, p. 117.
  114. ^ a b Methvin, Eugene H. (May 1990). "Scientology: Anatomy of a Frightening Cult". Reader's Digest. pp. 16.
  115. ^ Staff (April 24, 1951). "Ron Hubbard Insane, Says His Wife". San Francisco Chronicle
  116. ^ Bent Corydon, L. Ron Hubbard: Madman or Messiah?, pp. 281–282 (Lyle Stuart, 1987)
  117. ^ Quoted in Miller 1987, p. 192
  118. ^ Atack 1990, p. 122.
  119. ^ Miller 1987, p. 199.
  120. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 71.
  121. ^ "1982 CW Scientology Hearings - Ron DeWolf - Day 1". May 5, 1982. 1962 seconds – via YouTube.
  122. ^ Initially, the user held emptied soup or juice cans with the paper labels removed. Later versions of electrodes had abandoned food cans, however Hubbard continued to use the term "cans" to refer to the handheld metal electrodes.
  123. ^ Urban 2012, p. 49.
  124. ^ Peterson & Jung 1907.
  125. ^ Miller 1987, p. 204.
  126. ^ Powers, Ormund (October 23, 1952). "One Man's Lake County". Orlando Morning Sentinel – via Newspapers.com.
  127. ^ Miller 1987, p. 202.
  128. ^ Miller 1987, p. 207.
  129. ^ Miller 1987, p. 232.
  130. ^ Tucker 1989, p. 304.
  131. ^ a b c Malko, George (1970). Scientology: The Now Religion. Delacorte Press. OL 5444962M.
  132. ^ Ortega, Tony (January 28, 2018). "Sunday Scientology sermon: L. Ron Hubbard on freeing kids from their bodies".
  133. ^ Miller 1987, p. 210.
  134. ^ Urban 2012.
  135. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). Studies in Contemporary Religion: The Church of Scientology (1 ed.). United States: Signature Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-56085-139-4. Retrieved May 15, 2015. In an off-the-cuff remark during the Philadelphia Lectures in 1952 (PDC Lecture 18), Hubbard referred to "my friend Aleister Crowley." This reference would have to be one of literary allusion, as Crowley and Hubbard never met. He obviously had read some of Crowley's writings and makes reference to one of the more famous passages in Crowley's vast writings and his idea that the essence of the magical act was the intention with which it was accomplished. Crowley went on to illustrate magic with a mundane example, an author's intention in writing a book.
  136. ^ Many, Nancy (2009). My Billion Year Contract: Memoir of a Former Scientologist. BookBaby. p. 203. ISBN 9780982590409. OL 25424752M.
  137. ^ Atack 1990, p. 135.
  138. ^ Streeter 2008, p. 215.
  139. ^ Miller 1987, p. 213.
  140. ^ Westbrook, Donald A. (2018). Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 84. We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name. Perhaps we could call it a Spiritual Guidance Center. Think up its name, will you. And we could put in nice desks and our boys in neat blue with diplomas on the walls and 1. knock psychotherapy into history and 2. make enough money to shine up my operating scope and 3. keep the HAS solvent. It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle. In my opinion, we couldn't get worse public opinion than we have had or have less customers with what we've got to sell.
  141. ^ L Ron Hubbard letter to Helen O'Brien dated April 10, 1953
  142. ^ Also incorporated were Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering
  143. ^ Williams, Ian. The Alms Trade: Charities, Past, Present and Future, p. 127. New York: Cosimo, 2007. ISBN 978-1-60206-753-0
  144. ^ "[T]here is little doubt but what this stroke will remove Scientology from the target area of overt and covert attacks by the medical profession, who see their pills, scalpels, and appendix-studded incomes threatened ... [Scientologists] can avoid the recent fiasco in which a Pasadena practitioner is reported to have spent 10 days in that city's torture chamber for "practicing medicine without a license.", Staff (April 1954). "Three Churches Are Given Charters in New Jersey". The Aberree, volume 1, issue 1, p. 4
  145. ^ Lawrence, Sara. (April 18, 2006) "The Secrets of Scientology". The Independent. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  146. ^ Staff. (April 5, 1976). . Time. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  147. ^ Underdown, James (2018). "'I Was There...': Harlan Ellison Witnesses the Birth of Scientology". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (6): 10.
  148. ^ a b Atack 1990, p. 142.
  149. ^ Miller 1987, p. 227.
  150. ^ Miller 1987, p. 214.
  151. ^ Miller 1987, p. 221.
  152. ^ Miller 1987, p. 230.
  153. ^ quoted in Atack 1990, p. 139
  154. ^ "1982 CW Scientology Hearings - Ron DeWolf - Day 1". May 5, 1982. 2070 seconds – via YouTube.
  155. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 239.
  156. ^ Atack 1990, p. 139.
  157. ^ Atack 1990, p. 138.
  158. ^ "When Scientology was in trouble in 1955, L. Ron Hubbard told prosecutor he was a 'psychologist'". tonyortega.org. February 21, 2016.
  159. ^ Paul F. Boller (1989). They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-505541-2. brain washing hubbard 1936.
  160. ^ The purported author is Lavrentiy Beria
  161. ^ "THE ANDERSON REPORT: CHAPTER 28". www.cs.cmu.edu.
  162. ^ "DOX: Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's nutty scheme to strong-arm America's psychologists « The Underground Bunker". tonyortega.org.
  163. ^ The LRH Study Tapes 1972
  164. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 74.
  165. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 236.
  166. ^ Atack 1990, p. 150.
  167. ^ Barrett 2001, p. 461; Lewis 2009a, pp. 6–7; Melton 2009, p. 24; Urban 2011, p. 63; Bigliardi 2016, pp. 667–668; Thomas 2021, p. 47.
  168. ^ Miller 1987, p. 228.
  169. ^ Wright 2013, p. 90.
  170. ^ Owen, Chris (July 11, 2019). "Scientology and the FDA: The conspiracy that never wa". The Underground Bunker.
  171. ^ a b Wallis 1977, p. 215.
  172. ^ Miller 1987, p. 250.
  173. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 252–253.
  174. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 193.
  175. ^ a b Wallis 1977, p. 196.
  176. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 192.
  177. ^ Atack 1990, p. 155.
  178. ^ Atack 1990, p. 156.
  179. ^ Atack 1990, p. 161.
  180. ^ Atack 1990, p. 165.
  181. ^ Atack 1990, p. 189.
  182. ^ Atack 1990, p. 160.
  183. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. "Penalties for Lower Conditions". HCO Policy Letter of October 18, 1967, Issue IV. Quoted in Atack 1990, pp. 175–176
  184. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 144–145.
  185. ^ Reitman, Janet (2011). Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618883028. OCLC 651912263. OL 24881847M.
  186. ^ Atack 1990, p. 183.
  187. ^ Kenneth Robinson
  188. ^ Miller 1987, p. 266
  189. ^ OT III says "In December 1967 I knew someone had to take the plunge", but the material was publicized well before this.
  190. ^ a b c Corydon, Bent (1987). L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 0818404442. (alternative link)
  191. ^ "I'm drinking lots of rum and popping pinks and greys" -Correspondence to Mary Sue Hubbard as quoted in Corydon p. 59
  192. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. "Ron's Journal '67", quoted in Atack 1990, p. 173.
  193. ^ Atack 1990, p. 32.
  194. ^ Miller 1987, p. 299.
  195. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 290.
  196. ^ Miller 1987, p. 300.
  197. ^ Quoted in Miller 1987, p. 297
  198. ^ a b Atack 1990, p. 177.
  199. ^ Miller 1987, p. 285.
  200. ^ Miller 1987, p. 286.
  201. ^ Atack 1990, p. 180.
  202. ^ Atack 1990, p. 186.
  203. ^ Secret Lives "He put this 4-and-a-half year old little boy - Derek Greene - into the chain locker for two days and two nights. It's a closed metal container, it's wet, it's full of water and seaweed, it smells bad. But Derek was sitting up, on the chain, in this place, on his own, in the dark, for two days and two nights. He was not allowed to go to the potty. I mean he had to go in the chain locker on his own, soil himself. He was given food. And I never went near it, the chain locker while he was in there, but people heard him crying. That is sheer, total brutality. That is child abuse."
  204. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. Mission into Time, p. 7. Copenhagen: AOSH DK Publications Department A/S, 1973. ISBN 87-87347-56-3
  205. ^ On March 6, 1968, Hubbard issued an internal memo titled "Racket Exposed", in which he denounced twelve people as "Enemies of mankind, the planet and all life", and ordered that "Any Sea Org member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2-45."Wallis 1977, p. 154 The memo was subsequently reproduced, with another name added, in the Church of Scientology's internal journal, The Auditor.
  206. ^ "Racket Exposed". The Auditor. No. 35. 1968. [List of names] are hereby declared Suppressive Persons ... 3. They are declared Enemies of mankind, the planet and all life. 4. They are fair game. 5. No amnesty may ever cover them. 6. If they ever come to a Qual Division they are to be run on reverse processes. 7. Any Sea Organization member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2-45.
  207. ^ Miller 1987, p. 301.
  208. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religion : Life With L. Ron Hubbard". Los Angeles Times, retrieved February 20, 2011.
  209. ^ Miller 1987, p. 310.
  210. ^ Miller 1987, p. 296.
  211. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (1999). "HCO Policy Letter of February 1969: Religion". (PDF). Los Angeles: Church of Scientology of California. p. 196. ISBN 0-88404-031-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2019. Any staff who are trained at any level as auditors (but not in AOs) are to be clothed in the traditioned ministerial black suit, black vest white collar silver cross for ordinary org wear.
  212. ^ Ortega, Tony (September 28, 2013). "Blood Relation, Blood Ritual: A Hubbard Family Occult Mystery". The Underground Bunker.
  213. ^ Mitchell, Alexander (October 5, 1969). . The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2019.
  214. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Chapter 7". December 1969: "Hubbard broke up black magic in America . . . because he was well known as a writer and philosopher and had friends among the physicists, he was sent in to handle the situation [of black magic being practised in a house in Pasadena occupied by nuclear physicists]. He went to live at the house and investigated the black magic rites and the general situation and found them very bad . . . Hubbard's mission was successful far beyond anyone's expectations. The house was torn down. Hubbard rescued a girl they were using. The black magic group was dispersed and never recovered."
  215. ^ Miller 1987, p. 311.
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  217. ^ Miller 1987, p. 314.
  218. ^ Miller 1987, p. 316.
  219. ^ Miller 1987, p. 318.
  220. ^ Atack 1990, p. 206.
  221. ^ Miller 1987, p. 325.
  222. ^ Bill Franks and David Mayo
  223. ^ "A person does not blow due Overts or Witholds. He blows only due to ARC BKs."
  224. ^ Interview with Bill Franks, June 2010
  225. ^ Beresford, David (February 7, 1980). "Snow White's dirty tricks". London: The Guardian
  226. ^ Miller 1987, p. 317–318.
  227. ^ Marshall, John (January 24, 1980). "The Scientology Papers: Hubbard still gave orders, records show". Globe and Mail.
  228. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 75.
  229. ^ Marshall, John (January 25, 1980). "Files show spy reported woman's intimate words". Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  230. ^ a b Ortega, Tony (2015). The Unbreakable Miss Lovely. London: Silvertail Books. ISBN 9781511639378.
  231. ^ Staff (November 1, 1982). "Redondo couple, N.Y. writer named in Scientology lawsuit". Daily Breeze.
  232. ^ Paulette Cooper (May 8, 1982). . Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
  233. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 334.
  234. ^ Clark County Coroner. Report of Investigation, Case #1003–76.
  235. ^ Miller 1987, p. 344.
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  237. ^ Atack 1990, p. 214.
  238. ^ Marro, Anthony (July 9, 1977). "Federal Agents Raid Scientology Church: Offices in Two Cities Are Searched for Allegedly Stolen I.R.S. Files" (PDF). New York Times.
  239. ^ Robinson, Timothy S. (July 6, 1978). "FBI Raid on L.A. Scientologists Upheld". Washington Post.
  240. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/07/14/scientology-raid-yielded-alleged-burglary-tools/a5ede310-9c3e-4c37-a3ba-fad95cffaea7/
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  242. ^ Atack 1990, p. 256.
  243. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Timeline".
  244. ^ "Interview with David Mayo".
  245. ^ Atack 1990, p. 258.
  246. ^ Atack 1990, p. 259.
  247. ^ Miller 1987, p. 364.
  248. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. (June 24, 1990). The Mind Behind the Religion : Chapter Four : The Final Days : Deep in hiding, Hubbard kept tight grip on the church." Los Angeles Times, retrieved February 8, 2011.
  249. ^ Queen, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Gardiner H. Encyclopedia of American religious history, Volume 1, p. 493. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8160-6660-5
  250. ^ "UP THE BRIDGE: We finally reach 'OT 8' — but was its first version really a hoax? – The Underground Bunker". tonyortega.org.
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  273. ^ "The Bare-Faced Messiah Interviews : Interview with Nieson Himmel, Los Angeles, 14 August 1986" – via David Touretzky. He claimed he was in England, in the "Royal Museum", going down this hall, and three scientists came walking out of an office, spotted him, grabbed him and took him into office and started measuring his skull, saying this was a perfect example of whatever it was and then pushing him out without a word. I said, "gee, that's a hell of a great story, except I think I read that in George Bernard Shaw." Another time he told a story of being in the Aleutians in command of a destroyer and came near some ice foes and a polar bear jumped onto the ship chasing everyone around. It's another good story that Cory Ford wrote in his book about the Aleutians.
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Works cited

Further reading

  • Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. from the original on May 25, 2014.

External links

December 15, 2023
hubbard, lafayette, ronald, hubbard, march, 1911, january, 1986, american, author, founder, scientology, prolific, writer, pulp, science, fiction, fantasy, novels, early, career, 1950, authored, dianetics, modern, science, mental, health, established, organiza. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard March 13 1911 January 24 1986 was an American author and the founder of Scientology A prolific writer of pulp science fiction and fantasy novels in his early career in 1950 he authored Dianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health and established organizations to promote and practice Dianetics techniques Hubbard created Scientology in 1952 after losing the rights to his Dianetics book in bankruptcy He would manage the Church of Scientology until his death in 1986 L Ron HubbardHubbard in 1950BornLafayette Ronald Hubbard 1911 03 13 March 13 1911Tilden Nebraska U S DiedJanuary 24 1986 1986 01 24 aged 74 Creston California U S Other namesLRHEducationGeorge Washington University dropped out OccupationAuthorKnown forInventor of ScientologyNotable workDianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health 1950 Battlefield Earth 1982 Criminal chargesPetty theft 1948 Fraud in absentia 1978 Criminal penaltyFine of 35 000 and four years in prison unserved SpousesMargaret Polly Grubb m 1933 div 1947 wbr Sara Northrup Hollister m 1946 div 1951 wbr Mary Sue Whipp m 1952 wbr Children7 including Ronald Diana and QuentinRelativesJamie DeWolf great grandson Military careerService wbr branchUnited States NavyYears of service1941 1945 Active 1945 1950 Reserve RankLieutenantCommands heldUSS YP 422 and USS PC 815Battles warsWorld War II Pacific TheaterAwardsNavy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon American Defense Service Medal Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory MedalSignatureBorn in Tilden Nebraska in 1911 Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena Montana While his father was posted to the U S naval base on Guam in the late 1920s Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific In 1930 Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Grubb who shared his interest in aviation Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital being treated for a variety of complaints In 1953 the first churches of Scientology were founded by Hubbard and in 1954 a Scientology church in Los Angeles was founded which became the Church of Scientology International He also added organizational management strategies principles of pedagogy a theory of communication and prevention strategies for healthy living to the teachings of Scientology 1 Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media government and legal pressure in a number of countries During the late 1960s and early 1970s Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as Commodore of the Sea Organization an elite quasi paramilitary group of Scientologists Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert after an unsuccessful attempt to take over the town of Clearwater Florida In 1978 Hubbard was convicted of fraud after he was tried in absentia by France In the same year eleven high ranking members of Scientology were indicted on 28 charges for their role in the Church s Snow White Program a systematic program of espionage against the United States government One of the indicted was Hubbard s wife Mary Sue Hubbard he himself was named an unindicted co conspirator Hubbard spent the remaining years of his life in seclusion attended to by a small group of Scientology officials Following his 1986 death Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard s body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to drop his body to continue his research on another plane of existence Though many of his autobiographical statements were fictitious the Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms Sociologist Stephen Kent has observed that Hubbard likely presented a personality disorder known as malignant narcissism 2 Contents 1 Life 1 1 Before Dianetics 1 1 1 Pre war fiction 1 1 2 Military career 1 1 3 After the war 1 2 In the Dianetics era 1 3 Pivot to Scientology 1 4 In the Church of Scientology era 1 5 In the Sea Org era 1 6 In hiding 2 Sources and doctrines 3 False biographical claims 4 Legacy 4 1 In Scientology 4 2 In popular culture 5 Select bibliography 6 See also 7 References 8 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External linksLifeBefore Dianetics Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1911 to 1950 See also Scientology and psychiatry Hubbard s early encounters with psychiatry Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born on March 13 1911 3 the only child of Ledora May Waterbury 1885 1959 who had trained as a teacher and Harry Ross Hubbard 1886 1975 a low ranking United States Navy officer 4 5 Like many military families of the era the Hubbards repeatedly relocated around the United States and overseas 6 After moving to Kalispell Montana they settled in Helena in 1913 7 Hubbard s father rejoined the Navy in April 1917 during World War I while his mother worked as a clerk for the state government 8 After his father was posted to Guam Hubbard and his mother traveled there with brief stop overs in a couple of Chinese ports 9 10 11 In high school Hubbard contributed to the school paper 12 13 but was dropped from enrollment due to failing grades 14 After he failed the Naval Academy entrance examination 15 Hubbard was enrolled in a Virginia Preparatory School to prepare him for a second attempt 16 However after complaining of eye strain Hubbard was diagnosed with myopia precluding any future enrollment in the Naval Academy 14 17 As an adult Hubbard would privately write to himself that his eyes had gone bad when he used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy 18 Hubbard was sent to the Woodward School in D C as graduates qualified for admission to George Washington University without having to take the entrance exam Hubbard graduated in June 1930 and entered GWU 19 14 20 19 Academically Hubbard did poorly and was repeatedly warned about bad grades 14 but he contributed to the student newspaper and was active in the glider club 19 In 1932 Hubbard organized a student trip to the Caribbean but amid multiple misfortunes and insufficient funding the passengers took to burning Hubbard in effigy and the trip was canceled by the ship s owners Hubbard did not return to GWU the following year 21 nbsp nbsp Hubbard spoke of interactions with psychiatrists at both St Elizabeth s psychiatric hospital in D C top and nearby Chestnut Lodge Sanitarium bottom For much of the 1920s and 1930s Hubbard lived in Washington D C and he would later claim to have interacted with multiple psychiatrists in the city 22 Hubbard described encounters in 1923 and 1930 with navy psychiatrist Joseph Thompson 23 24 Thompson was controversial within the American psychiatric community for his support of lay analysis the practice of psychoanalysis by those without medical degrees Hubbard also recalled interacting with William Alanson White supervisor of the D C psychiatric hospital St Elizabeth s 25 26 27 According to Hubbard both White and Thompson had regarded his athleticism and disinterest in psychology as signs of a good prognosis 28 Hubbard later claimed to have been trained by both Thompson and White 29 Hubbard also discussed his interactions at Chestnut Lodge a D C area facility specializing in schizophrenia repeatedly complaining that their staff misdiagnosed an unnamed individual with the condition External videos nbsp Hubbard lecture on schizophrenia and his interactions at Chestnut LodgeThere s a place by the name of Walnut Lodge They don t see anything humorous in that by the way They sent three people to see me and every one of them was under treatment and this was their staff But anyway very good people there I m sure Didn t happen to meet any Have some fine patients though Anyway they treat only schizophrenia And so they take only schizophrenics Now how do they get only schizophrenics Well anybody sent to Walnut Lodge is a classified schizophrenic And they take somebody who is a dementia praecox unclassified or a more modern definition a mania depressive and they take him from Saint Elizabeth s and they take him over to Walnut Lodge and he goes onto the books as a schizophrenic Why Because Walnut Lodge takes only schizophrenics 30 Pre war fiction Main articles Written works of L Ron Hubbard and Excalibur L Ron Hubbard nbsp Hubbard s adventure story Yukon Madness which was published in 1935 In 1933 Hubbard renewed a relationship with a fellow glider pilot Margaret Polly Grubb 31 and the two were quickly married on April 13 32 The following year she gave birth to a son who was named Lafayette Ronald Hubbard Jr later nicknamed Nibs 33 A second child Katherine May was born two years later 34 The Hubbards lived for a while in Laytonsville Maryland but were chronically short of money In the spring of 1936 they moved to Bremerton Washington They lived there for a time with Hubbard s aunts and grandmother before finding a place of their own at nearby South Colby According to one of his friends at the time Robert MacDonald Ford the Hubbards were in fairly dire straits for money but sustained themselves on the income from Hubbard s writing 35 36 Hubbard began a writing career and tried to write for mainstream publications Hubbard soon found his niche in the pulp fiction magazines becoming a prolific and prominent writer in the medium From 1934 until 1940 Hubbard produced hundreds of short stories and novels 37 Hubbard is remembered for his prodigious output across a variety of genres including adventure fiction aviation travel mysteries westerns romance and science fiction 38 His first full length novel Buckskin Brigades was published in 1937 39 The novel told the story of Yellow Hair a white man adopted into the Blackfeet tribe with promotional material claiming the author had been a bloodbrother of the Blackfeet The New York Times book review praised the book writing Mr Hubbard has reversed a time honored formula and has given a thriller to which at the end of every chapter or so another paleface bites the dust 40 nbsp Museum recreation of a 1930s dentist office the setting where Hubbard reported having a near death experience On New Year s Day 1938 Hubbard reportedly underwent a dental procedure and reacted to the anesthetic gas used in the procedure 41 According to his account this triggered a revelatory near death experience Allegedly inspired by this experience Hubbard composed a manuscript which was never published with working titles of The One Command and Excalibur 42 43 Hubbard sent telegrams to several book publishers but nobody bought the manuscript 44 Hubbard wrote to his wife Sooner or later Excalibur will be published I have high hopes of smashing my name into history so violently that it will take a legendary form even if all books are destroyed That goal is the real goal as far as I am concerned 45 Hubbard found greater success after being taken under the supervision of editor John W Campbell who published many of Hubbard s short stories and serialized novelettes in his magazines Unknown and Astounding Science Fiction 46 47 Hubbard s novel Final Blackout told the story of a low ranking British army officer who rises to become dictator of the United Kingdom 48 In July 1940 Campbell magazine Unknown published a psychological horror by Hubbard titled Fear about an ethnologist who becomes paranoid that demons are out to get him the work was well received drawing praise from Ray Bradbury Isaac Asimov and others In November and December 1940 Unknown serialized Hubbard novel Typewriter in the Sky about a pulp fiction writer whose friend becomes trapped inside one of his stories 49 Military career Main article Military career of L Ron Hubbard nbsp Hubbard left in 1943 In 1941 Hubbard applied to join the United States Navy His application was accepted and he was commissioned as a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve on July 19 1941 By November he was posted to New York for training as an intelligence officer 50 The day after Pearl Harbor Hubbard was posted to the Phillipines and departed the US bound for Australia But while in Australia awaiting transport to the Philippines Hubbard was suddenly ordered back to the United States after being accused by the US Naval Attache to Australia of sending blockade runner Don Isidro three thousand miles out of her way 51 52 nbsp nbsp Hubbard s first command was a yard patrol boat in Massachusetts top while his second was a West Coast sub chaser bottom In both cases Hubbard was relieved of command In June 1942 Hubbard was given command of a patrol boat at the Boston Navy Yard but he was relieved after the yard commandant wrote that Hubbard was not temperamentally fitted for independent command 53 In 1943 Hubbard was given command of a submarine chaser but only five hours into the shakedown cruise Hubbard believed he had detected an enemy submarine Hubbard and crew spent the next 68 hours engaged in combat An investigation concluded that Hubbard had likely mistaken a known magnetic deposit for an enemy sub 54 55 56 The following month Hubbard unwittingly fired upon Mexican territory and was relieved of command 57 In 1944 Hubbard served aboard the USS Algol before being transferred The night before his departure Hubbard reported the discovery of an attempted sabotage 58 59 In June 1942 Navy records indicate that Hubbard suffered active conjunctivitis and later urethral discharges 60 After being relieved of command of the sub chaser Hubbard began reporting sick citing a variety of ailments including ulcers malaria and back pains In July 1943 Hubbard was admitted to the San Diego naval hospital for observation he would remain there for months 61 Years later Hubbard would privately write to himself Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you 18 On April 9 1945 Hubbard again reported sick and was re admitted to Oak Knoll Naval Hospital Oakland 62 63 He was discharged from the hospital on December 4 1945 64 After the war Main articles Scientology and the occult Affirmations L Ron Hubbard and L Ron Hubbard and psychiatry nbsp Parsons in 1943 After Hubbard chose to stay in California rather than return to his family in Washington state 65 he moved into the Pasadena mansion of John Jack Whiteside Parsons a rocket propulsion engineer and a leading follower of the English occultist Aleister Crowley 66 67 Hubbard befriended Parsons and soon became sexually involved with Parsons s 21 year old girlfriend Sara Betty Northrup 68 69 Hubbard and Parsons collaborated on Babalon Working a sex magic ritual intended to summon an incarnation of Babalon the supreme Goddess in Crowley s pantheon 70 During this period Hubbard authored a document which has been called the Affirmations a series of statements relating to various physical sexual psychological and social issues that he was encountering in his life The Affirmations appear to have been intended to be used as a form of self hypnosis with the intention of resolving the author s psychological problems and instilling a positive mental attitude 71 18 nbsp nbsp Hubbard and Northrup aboard the schooner Blue Water II in June 1946 left The Church of Scientology has republished this photograph with Northrup pictured right airbrushed out Parsons Hubbard and Sara invested nearly their entire savings the vast majority contributed by Parsons and Sara in a plan for Hubbard and Sara to buy yachts on the East Coast and sail them to the West Coast to sell Hubbard had a different idea writing to the U S Navy requesting permission to undertake a world cruise 72 Parsons attempted to recover his money by obtaining an injunction to prevent Hubbard and Sara leaving the country or disposing of the remnants of his assets but ultimately only received a 2 900 promissory note from Hubbard Parsons returned home shattered and was forced to sell his mansion 73 74 nbsp Hubbard s novella The Kingslayer was reprinted in Two Complete Science Adventure Books in 1950 after its original publication in a 1949 Hubbard collection On August 10 1946 Hubbard married Sara though he was still married to his first wife Polly 75 Hubbard resumed his fiction writing to supplement his small disability allowance 76 In August 1947 Hubbard returned to the pages of Astounding with a serialized novel The End is Not Yet about a young nuclear physicist who tries to stop a world takeover by building a new philosophical system 77 In October 1947 the magazine began serializing Ole Doc Methuselah the first in a series about the Soldiers of Light supremely skilled extremely long lived physicians In February and March 1950 Campbell s Astounding serialized the Hubbard novel To the Stars about young engineer on interstellar trading starship who learns that months aboard ship amounts to centuries on Earth making the ship his only remaining home after his first voyage 47 During his time in California Hubbard began acting as a sort of amateur stage hypnotist or swami 78 79 Hubbard repeatedly wrote to the Veterans Administration VA asking for an increase in his war pension 80 Finally in October 1947 he wrote to request psychiatric treatment After trying and failing for two years to regain my equilibrium in civil life I am utterly unable to approach anything like my own competence My last physician informed me that it might be very helpful if I were to be examined and perhaps treated psychiatrically or even by a psychoanalyst Toward the end of my service I avoided out of pride any mental examinations hoping that time would balance a mind which I had every reason to suppose was seriously affected I cannot account for nor rise above long periods of moroseness and suicidal inclinations and have newly come to realize that I must first triumph above this before I can hope to rehabilitate myself at all I cannot myself afford such treatment Would you please help me 81 The VA eventually did increase his pension 82 but his money problems continued In the summer of 1948 Hubbard was arrested by the San Luis Obispo sheriff on a charge of petty theft for passing a fraudulent check 83 Beginning in June 1948 the nationally syndicated wire service United Press ran a story on an American Legion sponsored psychiatric ward in Savannah Georgia which sought to keep mentally ill war veterans out of jail 84 85 In late 1948 Hubbard and his second wife Sara moved from California to Savannah Georgia where he would later claim to have worked as a volunteer in a psychiatric clinic 86 Hubbard claimed he had processed an awful lot of Negroes 87 and wrote of having observed a psychiatrist using the threat of institutionalization in a state hospital to solicit funds from a patient s husband 88 89 In letters to friends sent from Savannah Hubbard began to make the first public mentions of what was to become Dianetics 86 In the Dianetics era Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953 Inspired by science fiction of his friend Robert Heinlein Hubbard announced plans to write a book which would claim to make supermen 90 Hubbard announced to the public that there existed a superhuman condition which he called the state of Clear He claimed people in that state would have a perfectly functioning mind with an improved intelligence quotient IQ and photographic memory 91 The Clear would be cured of physical ailments ranging from poor eyesight to the common cold which Hubbard asserted were purely psychosomatic 92 93 94 nbsp Hubbard and Sara moved into a cottage at Bay Head New Jersey to finish writing Dianetics The cottage at 666 East Avenue is now on the National Register of Historic Places Hubbard s son Nibs later claimed the number 666 had special significance for his father To promote his upcoming book Hubbard enlisted his longtime editor John Campbell who had a fascination with fringe psychologies and psychic powers 95 Campbell invited Hubbard and Sara to move into a New Jersey cottage Campbell in turn recruited an acquaintance medical doctor Joseph Winter to help promote the book Campbell wrote Winter to extol Hubbard claiming that Hubbard had worked with nearly 1000 cases and cured every single one 96 The birth of Hubbard s second daughter Alexis Valerie delivered by Winter on March 8 1950 came in the middle of the preparations to launch Dianetics 97 The basic content of Dianetics was a retelling of Psychoanalytic theory geared for a mass market English speaking audience Like Freud Hubbard taught that the brain recorded memories or engrams which were stored in the unconscious mind which Hubbbard restyled the reactive mind Past memories could be triggered later in life causing psychological emotional or even physical problems By sharing their memories with a friendly listener or auditor a person could overcome their past pain and thus cure themselves Through Dianetics Hubbard claimed that most illnesses were psychosomatic and caused by engrams including arthritis dermatitis allergies asthma coronary difficulties eye trouble bursitis ulcers sinusitis and migraine headaches He further claimed that dianetic therapy could treat these illnesses and also included cancer and diabetes as conditions that Dianetic research was focused on 98 nbsp Hubbard conducting a Dianetics seminar in Los Angeles in 1950 Accompanied by an article in Astounding s May 1950 issue Dianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health was released on May 9 99 Although Dianetics was poorly received by the press and the scientific and medical professions the book was an immediate commercial success and sparked a nationwide cult of incredible proportions 100 101 Five hundred Dianetic auditing groups were set up across the United States 100 and Hubbard established the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation 102 Financial controls were lax and Hubbard himself took large sums with no explanation of what he was doing with it 103 Dianetics lost public credibility on August 10 when a presentation by Hubbard before an audience of 6 000 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles failed disastrously 104 He introduced a woman named Sonya Bianca and told the audience that as a result of undergoing Dianetic therapy she now possessed perfect recall only for her to forget the color of Hubbard s necktie A large part of the audience walked out and the debacle was publicized by popular science writer Martin Gardner 105 106 On September 3 psychologist Erich Fromm publicly derided Dianetics as a mixture of some oversimplified truths half truths and plain absurdities Fromm criticized the writing as propagandistic and likened it to the quack field of patent medicines 107 By late 1950 Hubbard s foundations were in financial crisis Hubbard s publisher Arthur Ceppos his longtime promoter Joseph Campbell and medical doctor turned Dianetics endorser Joseph Winter all resigned under acrimonious circumstances 108 109 In late 1950 Hubbard began an affair with employee Barbara Klowden prompting Sara to start her own affair with Miles Hollister On February 23 1951 Sara and her lover consulted with a psychiatrist about Hubbard who advised that Sara was in grave danger and Hubbard should be institutionalized The trio telephoned the head of the Elizabeth foundation to request funding for the hospitalization that individual Jack Maloney informed Hubbard of the plans to institutionalize him 110 111 112 That night Hubbard and two trusted aides kidnapped Hubbard s one year old daughter Alexis and wife Sara and attempted unsuccessfully to find a doctor to examine Sara and declare her insane 113 He let Sara go but took Alexis to Cuba Hubbard denounced Sara and her lover to the FBI portraying them in a letter as communist infiltrators an agent annotated his correspondence with the comment Appears mental 114 On April 12 Sara s story was published in the press leading to headlines such as Ron Hubbard Insane Says His Wife 115 Hubbard s first wife evidently saw the headlines and wrote to Sara on May 2 offering her support Ron is not normal Your charges probably sound fantastic to the average person but I ve been through it the beatings threats on my life all the sadistic traits you charge twelve years of it 116 In June Sara finally secured the return of her daughter by agreeing to a settlement in which she signed a statement written by Hubbard declaring that she had been misrepresented in the press and that she had always believed he was fine and brilliant man 117 nbsp nbsp Jersey nbsp Los Angeles nbsp Wichita nbsp Phoenix nbsp Philadelphia nbsp D C nbsp class notpageimage During the Dianetics and Scientology era Hubbard regularly relocated across the country living in Elizabeth New Jersey 1950 Los Angeles 1950 51 Wichita 1951 52 Phoenix 1952 53 Philadelphia December 1952 Camden New Jersey 1953 55 and D C 1955 59 In 1959 after losing tax exemption in the US Hubbard relocated to England The Dianetics craze burned itself out as quickly as it caught fire 106 and the movement appeared to be on the edge of total collapse However it was temporarily saved by Don Purcell a millionaire who agreed to support a new Foundation in Wichita Kansas In August 1951 Hubbard published Science of Survival In that book Hubbard introduced concepts as the immortal soul or Thetan and past life regressions or Whole Track Auditing The Wichita Foundation underwrote the costs of printing the book but it recorded poor sales when first published with only 1 250 copies of the first edition being printed 118 The Wichita Foundation became financially nonviable after a court ruled that it was liable for the unpaid debts of its defunct predecessor in Elizabeth New Jersey The ruling prompted Purcell and the other directors of the Wichita Foundation to file for voluntary bankruptcy in February 1952 119 Hubbard resigned immediately and accused Purcell of having been bribed by the American Medical Association to destroy Dianetics 120 Hubbard emptied the Wichita foundation s bank accounts in part through forgery 121 Pivot to Scientology Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953 See also L Ron Hubbard and starting a religion for money nbsp Mary Sue Hubbard in 1957 Having lost the rights to Dianetics Hubbard created Scientology At a convention in Wichita Hubbard announced that he had discovered a new science beyond Dianetics which he called Scientology Whereas the goal of Dianetics had been to reach a superhuman state of Clear Scientology promised a chance to achieve god like powers in a state called Operating Thetan Hubbard introduced a device called an electropsychometer or e meter which called for users to hold two metal cans 122 in their hands to measure changes in skin conductivity due to variance in sweat or grip In 1906 Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung had famously used such a device in a study of word association 123 124 Rather than a mundane biofeedback device Hubbard presented the e meter as having an almost mystical power to reveal an individual s innermost thoughts 125 126 Hubbard married a staff member 20 year old Mary Sue Whipp and the pair moved to Phoenix Arizona 127 Hubbard was joined by his 18 year old son Nibs who become a Scientology staff member and professor 128 129 Scientology was organized in a very different way from the decentralized Dianetics movement The Hubbard Association of Scientologists HAS was the only official Scientology organization Branches or orgs were organized as franchises rather like a fast food restaurant chain Each franchise holder was required to pay ten percent of income to Hubbard s central organization 130 In July Hubbard published What to Audit later re titled Scientology A History of Man which taught everyone has subconscious traumatic memories of their past lives as clams sloths and cavemen which cause neuroses and health problems In November 1952 Hubbard published Scientology 8 80 followed up in December with Scientology 8 8008 which argued that the physical universe is the creation of the mind 131 103 I m going to send him back a letter Uh so uh you say you have some connection with the Prince of Darkness out there and you re very worried about this Who do you think I am Hubbard in December 1952 132 In December Hubbard gave a seventy hour series of lectures in Philadelphia that was attended by 38 people in which he delved into the occult 133 In the lectures Hubbard connects rituals and the practice of Scientology to the magickal practices of Aleister Crowley 134 recommending Crowley s book The Master Therion 135 During the Philadelphia course Hubbard joked that he was the prince of darkness which was met with laughter from the audience 136 On December 16 1952 Hubbard was arrested in the middle of a lecture for failing to return 9 000 withdrawn from the Wichita Foundation He eventually settled the debt by paying 1 000 and returning a car belonging to Wichita financier Don Purcell 137 In April 1953 Hubbard proposed setting up a chain of Spiritual Guidance Centers as part of what he called the religion angle 138 139 140 141 On December 18 1953 Hubbard incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden New Jersey 142 143 The religious transformation was explained as a way to protect Scientologists from charges of practicing medicine without a license 144 The idea may not have been new Hubbard has been quoted as telling a science fiction convention in 1948 Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous If a man really wants to make a million dollars the best way would be to start his own religion 114 145 146 147 In the Church of Scientology era Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1953 to 1967 See also Scientology controversies Attack the Attacker policy and Scientology and psychiatry Psychiatry as evil By 1954 the IRS recognized the Church of Scientology of California as a tax exempt organization and by 1966 the Washington D C Founding Church of Scientology received tax exempt status nationwide The Church of Scientology became a highly profitable enterprise for Hubbard 148 as he was paid a percentage of the Church s gross income By 1957 he was being paid about 250 000 equivalent to US 2 604 858 in 2022 149 His family grew too with Mary Sue giving birth to three more children Quentin on January 6 1954 150 Suzette on February 13 1955 151 and Arthur on June 6 1958 152 The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win The law can be used very easily to harass L Ron Hubbard 153 Hubbard was notorious for his policies of attacking his perceived enemies Nibs recalled that Hubbard only knew how to do one thing and that was to destroy people 154 Hubbard told Scientologists to Don t ever defend always attack encouraging them to find or manufacture evidence and to file harassing lawsuits against enemies 155 Any individual breaking away from Scientology and setting up his own group was to be shut down 156 Most of the formerly independent Scientology and Dianetics groups were either driven out of business or were absorbed into Hubbard s organizations Hubbard finally achieved victory over Don Purcell in 1954 when the latter worn out by constant litigation handed the copyrights of Dianetics back to Hubbard 157 After dealing with Purcell Hubbard turned his attention to attacking psychiatrists who he blamed for the backlash against Dianetics and Scientology 158 In 1955 Hubbard authored a text titled Brain Washing A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics which purported to be a secret manual linking Psychiatry and Communism written by a Soviet secret police chief 159 160 Hubbard founded the National Academy of American Psychology which sought to issue a loyalty oath to psychologists and psychiatrists Those who opposed the oath were to be labelled Subversive psychiatrists while those who merely refused to sign the oath would be labelled Potentially Subversive 161 162 Hubbard denounced psychiatric abuses writing that psychoanalysis had been superseded by tyrannous sadism practiced by unprincipled men Wrote Hubbard Today men who call themselves analysts are merrily sawing out patients brains shocking them with murderous drugs striking them with high voltages burying them underneath mounds of ice placing them in restraints sterilizing them sexually and generally conducting themselves much as their patients would were they given the chance In 1956 Hubbard released Fundamentals of Thought which teaches that life is a game and divides people into pieces players and game makers The following year Hubbard published All About Radiation which falsely claimed that radiation poisoning and even cancer can be cured by vitamins In 1958 amid widespread interest in Bridey Murphy case Hubbard authored Have You Lived Before This Life a collection of past life regressions 163 In 1958 the U S Internal Revenue Service withdrew the Washington D C Church of Scientology s tax exemption after it found that Hubbard and his family were profiting unreasonably from Scientology s ostensibly non profit income 148 In the spring of 1959 Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor an 18th century English country house formerly owned by the Maharaja of Jaipur The house became Hubbard s permanent residence and an international training center for Scientologists 164 That year Hubbard learned his son Nibs had resigned from the organization citing financial difficulties Hubbard regarded the departure as a betrayal 165 Hubbard introduced security checking 155 a structured interrogation using the e meter to identify those he termed potential trouble sources and suppressive persons Members of the Church of Scientology were interrogated with the aid of E meters and were asked questions such as Have you ever practiced homosexuality and Have you ever had unkind thoughts about L Ron Hubbard 166 Since its inception Hubbard marketed Dianetics and Scientology through false medical claims On January 4 1963 US Food and Drug Administration agents raided American offices of the Church of Scientology seizing over a hundred E meters as illegal medical devices thousands of pills being marketed as radiation cures and tons of literature that they accused of making false medical claims 167 168 169 170 In November 1963 Victoria Australia the government opened an Inquiry into the Church which stood was accused of brainwashing blackmail extortion and damaging the mental health of its members 171 172 Its report published in October 1965 condemned every aspect of Scientology and Hubbard himself 173 The report led to Scientology being banned in Victoria 174 Western Australia and South Australia 175 and led to more negative publicity around the world Public perceptions of Scientology changed from relatively harmless if cranky to an evil dangerous group that performs hypnosis and brainwashing 171 Scientology attracted increasingly unfavorable publicity across the English speaking world 176 Hubbard took major new initiatives in the face of these challenges By 1965 Ethics Technology was introduced to tighten internal discipline within Scientology It required Scientologists to disconnect from any organization or individual including family members deemed to be disruptive or suppressive 177 Scientologists were also required to write Knowledge Reports on each other reporting transgressions or misapplications of Scientology methods Hubbard promulgated a long list of punishable Misdemeanors Crimes and High Crimes 178 At the start of March 1966 Hubbard created the Guardian s Office GO a new agency within the Church of Scientology that was headed by his wife Mary Sue 179 It dealt with Scientology s external affairs including public relations legal actions and the gathering of intelligence on perceived threats 180 As Scientology faced increasingly negative media attention the GO retaliated with hundreds of writs for libel and slander it issued more than forty on a single day 181 Hubbard ordered his staff to find lurid blood sex crime actual evidence sic on Scientology s attackers 182 The fair game policy was codified in 1967 which was applicable to anyone deemed an enemy of Scientology May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist May be tricked sued or lied to or destroyed 183 184 External videos nbsp L Ron Hubbard Interview in Rhodesia May 1966Newspapers and politicians in the UK pressed the British government for action against Scientology In April 1966 hoping to form a remote safe haven for Scientology Hubbard traveled to the southern African country Rhodesia now Zimbabwe Despite his attempts to curry favour with the local government Rhodesia promptly refused to renew Hubbard s visa compelling him to leave the country 185 80 81 Finally at the end of 1966 Hubbard acquired his own fleet of three ships 66 In July 1968 the British Minister of Health announced that foreign Scientologists would no longer be permitted to enter the UK and Hubbard himself was excluded from the country as an undesirable alien 186 187 Further inquiries were launched in Canada New Zealand and South Africa 175 In the Sea Org era Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1967 to 1975 See also Xenu and Space opera in Scientology nbsp Enroute to the volcanic island of Las Palmas Hubbard wrote OT III The Wall of Fire about the evil lord Xenu who uses hydrogen bombs and volcanoes to murder his enemies and imprison their souls on Earth Beginning in 1967 new editions of Dianetics featured a volcano on the cover Hubbard purchased a ship in Las Palmas and founded the Sea Org a private navy of elite Scientologists Hubbard set out to take command of the ship Enroute he wrote OT III the esoteric story of Xenu 188 189 In a letter to his wife Mary Sue 190 58 59 332 333 Hubbard said that in order to assist his research he was drinking alcohol and taking stimulants and depressants 191 In OT III Hubbard reveals the secrets of an immense disaster that had occurred on this planet and on the other seventy five planets which form this Confederacy seventy five million years ago 192 It teaches that Xenu the leader of the Galactic Confederacy had shipped billions of people to Earth and blown them up with hydrogen bombs following which their traumatized spirits were stuck together at implant stations brainwashed with false memories and eventually became contained within human beings 193 When Hubbard established the Sea Org he publicly declared that he had relinquished his management responsibilities over the Church of Scientology In fact he received daily telex messages from Scientology organizations around the world reporting their statistics and income The Church of Scientology sent him 15 000 a week along with millions of dollars that were transferred to bank accounts 194 Church of Scientology couriers arrived regularly conveying luxury food for Hubbard and his family or cash that had been smuggled from England to avoid currency export restrictions 195 196 Hubbard s fleet began sailing from port to port in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic rarely staying anywhere for longer than six weeks as Hubbard claimed he was being pursued by enemies whose interference could lead to global chaos or nuclear war 197 External videos nbsp The Shrinking World of L Ron Hubbard 1967 interview with HubbardThough Scientologists around the world were presented with a glamorous picture of life in the Sea Org and many applied to join Hubbard aboard the fleet the reality was rather different 198 Most of those joining had no nautical experience at all 198 Mechanical difficulties and blunders by the crews led to a series of embarrassing incidents and near disasters Following one incident in which the rudder of the Royal Scotman was damaged during a storm Hubbard ordered the ship s entire crew to be reduced to a condition of liability and wear gray rags tied to their arms 199 The ship itself was treated the same way with dirty tarpaulins tied around its funnel to symbolize its lower status According to those aboard conditions were appalling the crew was worked to the point of exhaustion given meager rations and forbidden to wash or change their clothes for several weeks 200 Hubbard maintained a harsh disciplinary regime aboard the fleet punishing mistakes by confining people in the Royal Scotman s bilge tanks without toilet facilities and with food provided in buckets 201 At other times erring crew members were thrown overboard with Hubbard looking on and occasionally filming 202 One member of the Sea Org recalled Hubbard punishing a little boy by confining him to the ship s chain locker 203 Aboard ship Hubbard began dispatching teams of Sea Org members officers to search for historic evidence of his past lives In 1973 he published Mission into Time about those searches 204 Now having his own paramilitary force orders to use R2 45 killing someone with a 45 pistol on specific individuals were published 205 206 From about 1970 Hubbard was attended aboard ship by the children of Sea Org members organized as the Commodore s Messenger Organization CMO They were mainly young girls dressed in hot pants and halter tops who were responsible for running errands for Hubbard such as lighting his cigarettes dressing him or relaying his verbal commands to other members of the crew 207 208 In addition to his wife Mary Sue he was accompanied by all four of his children by her who were all members of the Sea Org and shared its rigors 165 After his prior failure in Rhodesia Hubbard again tried to establish a safe haven in a friendly country this time Greece 209 The fleet stayed at the Greek island of Corfu for several months in 1968 1969 Hubbard recently expelled from Britain renamed the ships after Greek gods the Royal Scotman was rechristened Apollo and he praised the recently established military dictatorship 195 Despite Hubbard s hopes in March 1969 Hubbard and his ships were ordered to leave 210 nbsp The Scientology cross came into use in 1969 Given Hubbard s private affinity for Crowley and antipathy to Christianity it has been suggested that the cross may have been inspired by Crowley s Rose Cross or might be a crossed out cross an anti Christian symbol The practice of prominently displaying the cross in Scientology centers was instituted in 1969 following hostile press coverage where Scientology s status as a legitimate religion was being questioned 211 In October 1969 The Sunday Times published an expose by Australian journalist Alex Mitchell detailing Hubbard s occult experiences with Parsons and Aleister Crowley s teachings 212 213 The Church responded with a statement claiming without evidence Hubbard was sent in by the US Government to break up Black Magic in America and succeeded 214 In mid 1972 Hubbard again tried to find a safe haven this time in Morocco establishing contacts with the country s secret police and training senior policemen and intelligence agents in techniques for detecting subversives 215 The program ended in failure when it became caught up in internal Moroccan politics and Hubbard left the country hastily in December 1972 216 After French prosecutors charged Hubbard with fraud and customs violations Hubbard risked extradition to France 190 94 In response at the end of 1972 Hubbard left the Sea Org fleet temporarily living incognito in Queens New York 217 Hubbard s health deteriorated significantly during this period as he was a overweight chain smoker suffered from bursitis and had a prominent growth on his forehead 218 In September 1973 when the threat of extradition had abated Hubbard left New York returning to his flagship 219 Hubbard suffered serious injuries in a motorcycle accident on the island of Tenerife in December 1973 In 1974 Hubbard established the Rehabilitation Project Force a punishment program for Sea Org members who displeased him 220 Hubbard s son Quentin reportedly found it difficult to adjust and attempted suicide in mid 1974 221 Also in 1974 L Ron Hubbard confessed to two top executives 222 that People do not leave Scientology because of their unconfessed sins they leave because they stop liking Scientology or stop believing it in 223 Hubbard warned If any of this information ever became public I would lose all control of the orgs and eventually Scientology as a whole 224 nbsp On July 8 1977 after uncovering Operation Snow White the FBI raided the Founding Church of Scientology in D C and seized thousands of documents revealing the scope of the Church s espionage operations Throughout this period Hubbard was heavily involved in directing the activities of the Guardian s Office GO the legal bureau intelligence agency 225 In 1973 he instigated the Snow White Program and directed the GO to remove negative reports about Scientology from government files and track down their sources 226 The GO carried out covert campaigns on his behalf such as Operation Bulldozer Leak designed to convince authorities that Hubbard had no legal liability for the actions of the church Hubbard was kept informed of these operations including as the theft of medical records from a hospital harassment of psychiatrists and infiltrations of organizations such as the Better Business Bureau the American Medical Association and American Psychiatric Association U S Department of Justice and the Internal Revenue Service 227 228 Paulette Cooper a freelance journalist and scientology critic was subjected to at least at least 19 lawsuits framed for sending bomb threats and was urged to climb onto a dangerous 33rd floor ledge by a roommate later believed to be a Guardian s Office agent 229 230 230 129 136 167 168 286 376 231 232 In hiding Main article Life of L Ron Hubbard from 1975 to 1986 nbsp nbsp Daytona Beach nbsp D C nbsp Sparks nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Southern Californiaclass notpageimage In his final decade Hubbard hid throughout the United States moving from Florida to D C then to Southern California nbsp nbsp CulverCity nbsp Hemet nbsp Newport Beach nbsp Crestonclass notpageimage Multiple locations where Hubbard was in hiding in Southern California After suffering a heart attack Hubbard decided to relocate back to the United States 233 In October 1975 Hubbard moved into a hotel suite in Daytona Beach while the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater Florida was secretly acquired as the location for the Sea Org land base 233 According to a former member of the Sea Organization pseudonymously named Heidi Forrester in late 1975 she met with a man fitting Hubbard s description who apparently performed a Crowleyite sex magick ritual called Dianism using her 190 126 7 On June 11 1976 the FBI apprehended two Guardian s Office agents inside the US Courthouse in D C prompting Hubbard to move cross country to a safe house in California and later a nearby ranch On October 28 1976 Las Vegas police discovered Hubbard s son Quentin Hubbard unconscious in his car with a hose connected to the tailpipe 234 L Ron Hubbard was furious at the news shouting That stupid fucking kid Look what he s done to me 235 236 Scientologists were told that Quentin had died from encephalitis 237 On July 8 1977 the FBI carried out simultaneous raids on Guardian s Office locations in Los Angeles and Washington D C 238 239 They retrieved wiretap equipment burglary tools and some 90 000 pages of incriminating documents 240 On July 15 a week after the raid Hubbard fled with Pat Broeker to Sparks Nevada nbsp nbsp nbsp The distinctive logo designed by Hubbard has been constructed at Trementina top and at the ranch in Creston middle where Hubbard ultimately died The logo is speculated to derive from the Kool cigarettes logo Hubbard s preferred brand 241 On August 18 1978 Hubbard suffered from a pulmonary embolism and fell into a coma but recovered 242 243 Hubbard summoned his personal auditor David Mayo to heal him 244 In August 1979 Hubbard saw his wife for the last time 245 Hubbard was facing a possible indictment for his role in Operation Freakout a campaign of attacks against journalist Paulette Cooper In February 1980 Hubbard disappeared into deep cover in the company of two trusted messengers Pat and Annie Broeker 246 247 For the first few years of the 1980s Hubbard and the Broekers touring the Pacific Northwest in a recreational vehicle later residing in Southern California 248 Hubbard returned to Science Fiction writing Battlefield Earth 1982 and Mission Earth a ten volume series published between 1985 and 1987 249 nbsp In OT VIII Hubbard discusses the Antichrist a Christian apocalyptic figure depicted here with the devil whispering into his left ear as visualized by Italian renaissance painter Luca Signorelli In OT VIII dated 1980 Hubbard explains the document is intended for circulation only after his death In the document Hubbard denounces the historic Jesus as a lover of young boys given to uncontrollable bursts of temper 250 Hubbard explains that My mission could be said to fulfill the Biblical promise represented by this brief anti Christ period 251 This was corroborated by a 1983 interview where Hubbard s son Nibs explained that his father believed he was the Anti Christ 252 253 External videos nbsp Nibs Hubbard testimony Day 1 and Day 2 nbsp Nibs Hubbard interviewed by Carol Randolph nbsp Jamie DeWolf reads grandfather Nibs s memoirIn December 1985 Hubbard allegedly attempted suicide by custom e meter 254 On January 17 1986 Hubbard suffered a stroke He died a week later 255 His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered at sea 256 257 Sources and doctrines nbsp nbsp Hubbard drew upon a diverse set of teachings to create his doctrine incorporating elements from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud top and the occult teachings of Aleister Crowley bottom among many other sources Hubbard has been described as an eclectic and ingenious religious innovator who cobbled together ideas from a diverse array of sources and traditions 258 Hubbard explicitly cited Freud s psychoanalysis as a source for Dianetics and Scientology renaming some terms 259 260 Hubbard s wife Sara recalled him discussing biologist Richard Semon who had coined the term engram which became a centerpiece of Dianetics 260 Hubbard incorporated the 1920s psychoanalytic theory of birth trauma and taught his followers to maintain total silence during the birth process 261 260 Hubbard explicitly credited Social Darwinism pioneer Herbert Spencer who coined the phrase survival of the fittest Hubbard taught the one command given to all life is to survive and later authored a book called Science of Survival 260 Hubbard cited author Alfred Korzybski as an influence after two years observing patients at St Elizabeth s psychiatric hospital in D C in collaboration with superintendent William Alanson White Korzybski published a tome titled Science and Sanity outlining a doctrine he called General Semantics 262 After Korzybski founded an Institute to promote his teachings and began offering seminars his ideas were incorporated into the science fiction of Hubbard associates Van Vogt and Heinlein who envisioned futures where research into General Semantics had transformed some individuals into superhumans Hubbard cited this fiction in a letter announcing the central principles of Dianetics a book that promises to make supermen 90 Through his exposure to both psychoanalysts and occultists Hubbard drew inspiration from Eastern religions Hubbard cited psychiatrist Joseph Thompson as teaching him the adage If it s not true for you it s not true a purportedly Buddhist maxim which was later incorporated into Scientology 263 264 Reincarnation originally a dharmic doctrine entered Western occultism through the works of Blavatsky and numerous others Fifteen years after Blavatsky followers unveiled The Bridge to Freedom Hubbard announced The Bridge to Total Freedom Hubbard s son Nibs said that Aleister Crowley was his father s most important source of inspiration and scholar Hugh Urban has written extensively about the occult roots of Scientology 265 Nibs Hubbard said in an interview in 1983 266 What a lot of people don t realize is that Scientology is black magic that is just spread out over a long time period To perform black magic generally takes a few hours or at most a few weeks But in Scientology it s stretched out over a lifetime and so you don t see it Like Crowley Hubbard identified himself with diabolical figures from the Book of Revelation Just as Aleister Crowley taught a soul could temporarily leave their body through astral projection Hubbard taught a thetan could journey outside the body by going exterior 267 Hubbard also taught extensively about hypnosis and recommended a 1949 book on the subject 268 260 Hubbard told of hypnotic implants privately teaching human religions are the product of such implants The use of hypnosis or trance to remember past lives was an extant practice in occult circles prior to Dianetics 269 Crowley and Hubbard both placed emphasis on a Goddess figure variously called Babalon Hathor or Diana a name Hubbard gave to a ship and a daughter the term Dianetics may have been inspired by the Goddess 270 Crowley taught a sex magic ritual called karezza or Dianism which Hubbard is believed to have practiced 270 The e meter was constructed by inventor Volney Mathison who introduced it to Hubbard Similar devices had been in use by psychiatrists and law enforcement for decades Hubbard likened his own teachings about interstellar empires and invader forces to the early 20th century fiction genre Space Opera 271 Hubbard drew upon US Navy traditions in creating the Sea Org and he once said the Commodore s Messenger Organization had been inspired by the Hitler Youth 272 False biographical claims nbsp Hubbard claimed to have been wounded in combat but was never awarded the Purple Heart a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action Main article Pseudobiography of L Ron HubbardThroughout his lifespan Hubbard made grossly exaggerated or outright false claims about his life His estranged son Nibs reported that Ninety nine percent of what my father ever wrote or said about himself was false An acquaintance who knew Hubbard in Pasadena recalled recognizing Hubbard s epic autobiographical tales as being adapted from the writings of others 273 In October 1984 an American judge issued a ruling writing of Hubbard that the evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history background and achievements 274 In his private Affirmations Hubbard wrote to himself You can tell all the romantic tales you wish you know which ones were lies You are gallant and dashing and need tell no lies at all You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever Stick to your true adventures Or if you wish as you will tell adventures which happened to others People accept them better 275 Hubbard described his grandfather as a wealthy Western cattleman but contemporary records show that Hubbard s grandfather Lafayette Waterbury was a veterinarian not a rancher and was not wealthy Hubbard claimed to be a blood brother of the Native American Blackfeet tribe but Hubbard lived over a hundred miles from the Blackfeet reservation and the tribe did not practice blood brotherhood 276 277 7 Hubbard claimed to have been the youngest Eagle Scout in Boy Scouts history but in fact the organization kept no records of the ages of Eagle Scouts 278 Hubbard claimed to have traveled to Manchuria but his diary did not record it 279 Hubbard claimed to be a graduate engineer but in fact he earned poor grades at university was placed on probation in September 1931 and dropped out altogether in the fall of 1932 131 31 280 131 31 Hubbard used the title Doctor but his only doctorate was from a diploma mill Hubbard claimed to have been crippled and blinded in combat but records show he was never wounded and never received a Purple Heart a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action Hubbard s Navy service records indicate that he received only four campaign medals rather than the twenty one claimed by Church biographies 56 Legacy nbsp Hubbard s great grandson slam poet Jamie DeWolf Hubbard was survived by his wife Mary Sue and all of his children except his second son Quentin His will provided a trust fund to support Mary Sue her children Arthur Diana and Suzette and Katherine the daughter of his first wife Polly 281 He disinherited two of his other children 282 L Ron Hubbard Jr had become estranged changed his name to Ronald DeWolf and in 1982 sued unsuccessfully for control of his father s estate 283 Alexis Valerie Hubbard s daughter by his second wife Sara had attempted to contact her father in 1971 She was rebuffed with the implied claim that her real father was Jack Parsons rather than Hubbard and that her mother had been a Nazi spy during the war 284 Both later accepted settlements when litigation was threatened 282 In 2001 Diana and Suzette were reported to still be Church members while Arthur had left and become an artist Hubbard s great grandson Jamie DeWolf is a noted slam poet 285 Opinions are divided about Hubbard s literary legacy One sociologist argued that even at Hubbard s peak in the late 1930s he was regarded as merely a passable familiar author but not one of the best while by the late 1970s the science fiction subculture wishes it could forget him and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the Golden Age writers 286 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction argues that while Hubbard could not be considered a peer of the prime movers like Asimov Heinlein and Sprague de Camp Hubbard could be classed with Van Vogt as rogue members of the early Campbell pantheon 48 Hubbard received various posthumous awards having a street named after in him in Los Angeles and recognition of his birthday in Utah and New Jersey 287 288 289 290 nbsp Hubbard s beliefs and practices drawn from a diverse set of sources influenced numerous offshoots splinter groups and new movements Hubbard s teachings led to numerous offshoots and splinter groups In 1966 two former Scientologists founded the Process Church of the Final Judgment which mixed Hubbard s teachings with Satanism In 1969 a group led by former Scientologists Charles Manson and Bruce M Davis was arrested and later convicted for their role in a series of high profile murders In 1971 former Scientologist Werner Erhard founded EST a notable large group awareness training In 1998 Keith Raniere drew upon Hubbard s writings and Erhard s techinques to create the large group awarenesss training ESP a forerunner to the group NXIVM Raniere offered students a chance to reach a superhuman state called Unified and taught Hubbard s doctrine of suppressive persons Raniere was ultimately sentenced to 120 years for a pattern of crimes including the sexual exploitation of a child sex trafficking of women and conspiracy to commit forced labor 291 292 In 2010 the Nation of Islam began introducing its followers to Hubbard s teachings with leader Louis Farrakhan proclaiming I thank God for Mr L Ron Hubbard 293 294 In Scientology After his death Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard s body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to drop his body to continue his research 295 296 The copyrights of his works and much of his estate were willed to the Church of Scientology 297 According to the church Hubbard s entire corpus of Scientology and Dianetics texts are etched onto steel tablets in a vault under a mountain on top of which a Hubbard designed logo has been bulldozed intended to be visible from space 298 299 Hubbard s presence pervades Scientology and his birthday is celebrated annually 300 Every Church of Scientology maintains an office reserved for Hubbard with a desk chair and writing equipment ready to be used 297 Hubbard is regarded as the ultimate source of Scientology he is often referred to as simply Source and he has no successor 301 302 Scientology has been described as a movement focused on the figure of Hubbard 303 Hubbard is presented as the master of a multitude of disciplines who performed extraordinary feats as a photographer composer scientist therapist explorer navigator philosopher poet artist humanitarian adventurer soldier scout musician and many other fields of endeavor 304 Busts and portraits of Hubbard are commonplace throughout Scientology organizations and meetings involve a round of applause to Hubbard s portrait 305 29 30 306 In 2009 the American Religious Identification Survey found that 25 000 Americans identified as Scientologists 307 In popular culture See also Scientology in popular culture External videos nbsp 1980s advertisement for Dianetics nbsp This is What Scientologists Actually Believe clip from South Park 2005 nbsp How Ayn Rand and L Ron Hubbard Came Up With Their Big Ideas Cracked 2012 nbsp Black Scientologists The Eric Andre Show December 5 2013 nbsp Neurotology Music Video SNL satirizing the 1990 music video We Stand Tall nbsp Hubbard meets Parsons in Strange Angel episode Aeon July 25 2019In the mid 1980s the church began to promote Dianetics with a radio and television advertising blitz that was virtually unprecedented in book circles 308 In March 1988 Dianetics topped the best seller lists nationwide through an organized campaign of mass bookbuying Booksellers reported patrons buying hundreds of copies at once and later receiving ostensibly new books from the publisher with store price stickers already attached 308 Hubbard s number of followers peaked in the early 1990s with roughly 100 000 scientologists worldwide 309 On November 21 1997 the Fox network aired an episode of X Files spinoff Millennium titled Jose Chung s Doomsday Defense which satirized Lafayette Ronald Hubbard s biography in an brief opening narration about a character named Juggernaut Onan Goopta who dreamt of becoming a neuroscientist only to discover that his own brain could not comprehend basic biology 310 The character switches to philosophy but while reading Kirkegaard s The Sickness unto Death he became sick and nearly died After writing an entire book in a single feverish night that changed the course of human history the character began lecturing to standing room only crowds for he shrewdly refrained from providing chairs In a satire of both Hubbard and George Santayana the character explains that painful memories must be exterminated saying those who cannot forget their past are condemned to repeat it The character establishes an institute where patients are called doctors and founds a religious order called Selfosophy staffed by an elite paramilitary inspired by the US Postal Service We are told the character died of cancer or molted his earthly encumbrance to pursue his Selfosophical research in another dimension 311 On February 8 1998 Fox comedy The Simpsons broadcast The Joy of Sect satirizing Hubbard and Scientology when the family joins a group called the Movementarians ruled over by a figure called The Leader who physically resembles L Ron Hubbard The Movementarians use of a 10 trillion year commitment for its members alludes to the billion year contract and both groups make extensive use of litigation 312 nbsp nbsp In 2015 Saturday Night Live satirized Hubbard with cast member Bobby Moynihan bottom using similar costumes and staging as shown in historic footage of Hubbard top A caption reads Died of Pink Eye referencing Hubbard s wartime diagnosis of conjunctivitis In 2000 Hubbard s novel was adapted into a film called Battlefield Earth starring long time Scientology celebrity John Travolta In 2001 a film titled The Profit parodied Scientology and Hubbard 313 In 2005 animated comedy South Park aired the episode Trapped in the Closet in which protagonist Stan is believed to be the reincarnation of Hubbard The episode broadcast the great secret behind the church a condensed version of the Xenu story while an on screen caption reads This is what Scientologists actually believe 314 315 Prior to the episode the story was almost completely unknown in mainstream culture 316 Paul Thomas Anderson s 2012 film The Master features a religious leader named Lancaster Dodd played by Philip Seymour Hoffman who is based on Hubbard and shares a physical resemblance to him 317 318 319 320 The film depicts a Navy washout with psychological issues who is unable to hold down steady employment after the war Facing potential legal troubles he flees California by stowing away on a ship captained by self proclaimed nuclear physicist and philosopher Lancaster Dodd leader of a movement called The Cause 321 On December 5 2013 The Eric Andre Show aired a comedy sketch titled Black Scientologists where Andre s character proclaims Not a lot of people know this but L Ron Hubbard was a black man His real name was L Ron Hoyabembe while revealing an artist s conception of Hubbard wearing an afro In April 2015 following the recent release of Going Clear Scientology and the Prison of Belief Saturday Night Live aired a music video featuring the Church of Neurotology a parody of Scientology s 1990 music video We Stand Tall Bobby Moynihan played a Hubbard lookalike in the video 322 From 2018 to 2019 the show Strange Angel dramatized the life of Jack Parsons In the season 2 cliffhanger actor Daniel Abeles played Hubbard The series was never renewed 323 Select bibliographyMain article L Ron Hubbard bibliographySee also Bibliography of Scientology and Written works of L Ron Hubbard Hubbard was a prolific writer and lecturer across a wide variety of genres His works of fiction include several hundred short stories and many novels 298 According to the Church of Scientology Hubbard produced some 65 million words on Dianetics and Scientology contained in about 500 000 pages of written material 3 000 recorded lectures and 100 films 298 Early FictionBuckskin Brigades 1937 recounts the story of a white man adopted by the Blackfeet tribe Slaves of Sleep 1939 features a man cursed by an evil genie who instead of sleeping must now enter an Arabian Nights like world ruled over by an evil genie queen Death s Deputy 1940 is the story of an accident prone pilot who seemingly cannot be killed Final Blackout 1940 tells the story of a low ranking British army officer who rises to the role of dictator Fear 1951 a psychological thriller follows a professor who after an episode of missing time becomes paranoid that demons are haunting him Typewriter in the Sky 1951 features protagonist Mike de Wolf who finds himself inside a story being written by friend Horace Hackett Dianetics and ScientologyDianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health May 1950 introduced concepts like Engram Reactive Mind and the State of Clear Science of Survival June 1951 introduced concepts like the tone scale the Thetan and past lives What to Audit July 1952 later re titled Scientology A History of Man linked traumatic incidents throughout evolutionary history to modern health problems for example jaw trouble was said to result from unresolved trauma from having been a clam Scientology 8 80 and Scientology 8 8008 November and December 1952 embraced the magical worldview teaching that the physical universe is a creation of the mind The Fundamentals of Thought 1956 argued life is a game describing some people as pieces others as players and an elite few as game makers All About Radiation 1957 claimed radiation poisoning and cancer could be cured with vitamins Introduction to Scientology Ethics 1968 codified an authoritarian set of ethics conditions Mission Into Time 1973 chronicled Hubbard s 1968 trip in the Mediterranean where he sought to find physical evidence of his past livesLate fictionRevolt in the Stars 1979 a screenplay version of the Xenu story Battlefield Earth 1982 a novel set in the year 3000 when humanity has become an endangerous species it tells the story of tribesman Johnny Goodboy Tyler who leads humanity in rebellion against the Psychlos an evil alien race Mission Earth 1985 87 a ten book series posthumously published about an invasion of Earth by aliens called the Voltarian See also nbsp Biography portalTimeline of L Ron Hubbard Joseph Smith creator of Mormonism Helena Blavatsky creator of Theosophy Mary Baker Eddy creator of Christian Science Wallace Fard Muhammad creator of the Nation of IslamReferences Dericquebourg Regis 2017 Scientology From the Edges to the Core Nova Religio 20 4 5 12 doi 10 1525 nr 2017 20 4 5 Lane J amp Kent S A 2008 Malignant narcissism L Ron Hubbard and Scientology s policies of narcissistic rage Trans as Politiques de rage et Narcissisme Malin Criminologie 41 2 117 55 Hall Timothy L American religious leaders p 175 New York Infobase Publishing 2003 ISBN 978 0 8160 4534 1 Miller 1987 p 11 Christensen 2005 p 236 Miller 1987 p 23 a b Christensen 2005 p 237 Miller 1987 p 19 Atack 1990 pp 53 54 Miller 1987 p 31 Lewis James R 2009 Scientology New York NY Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195331493 Miller 1987 p 34 Clarke Peter ed 2004 Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements Routledge p 281 ISBN 9781134499700 a b c d Ortega Tony February 24 2015 New government release contains a surprise L Ron Hubbard flunked out of high school too Wakefield Margery Understanding Scientology Chapter 2 L Ron Hubbard Messiah Or Madman Retrieved July 25 2016 Miller 1987 p 45 Miller 1987 p 46 a b c Wright 2013 pp 53 54 a b c Miller 1987 p 47 Atack 1990 p 59 Atack 1990 p 63 1922 1927 1929 1932 The Purpose of Human Evaluation 3 1951 Atack Jon Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology Through his Thompson s friendship I attended many lectures given at Naval hospitals and generally became conversant with psychoanalysis as it had been exported from Austria by Freud LRH s autobiographical notes for Peter Tompkins Exhibit 500 I in CSI v Armstrong pp 7 8 L Ron Hubbard August 13 1951 Lecture The Purpose of Human Evaluation 1 Archived from the original on December 5 2021 via carolineletkeman org L Ron Hubbard June 4 1954 Lecture Know to Sex Scale The Mind and the Tone Scale Archived from the original on December 6 2021 via carolineletkeman org Hubbard L R February 6 1952 Dianetics The Modern Miracle LRH Recorded Lectures The it was an interesting thing for instance to William Allen White And Commander Thompson Both of them where I was concerned that I wasn t very interested in sitting around figuring about this stuff and didn t seem to be terribly interested in the insane Lecture The Mind and the Tone Scale 1954 Letter Scientology executive John Galusha to FBI Refund and Reparation June 12 1954 Archived from the original on November 29 2021 Retrieved July 26 2023 Lecture The Logics Methods of Thinking 2 Decoding Scientology Propaganda Miller 1987 p 59 Miller 1987 p 61 Miller 1987 p 64 Miller 1987 p 70 Miller 1987 p 74 Miller 1987 p 62 About L Ron Hubbard Master Storyteller Galaxy Press Archived from the original on July 11 2011 Retrieved February 8 2011 Frenschkowski Marco July 1999 L Ron Hubbard and Scientology An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature PDF Marburg Journal of Religion University of Marburg 4 1 15 doi 10 17192 mjr 1999 4 3760 Archived PDF from the original on April 27 2021 Retrieved May 13 2015 via CORE Staff July 30 1937 Books Published Today The New York Times p 17 The New York Times Book Review July 1937 Wright 2013 p 29 Going Clear A New Book Delves Into Scientology NPR January 24 2013 The History of Excalibur lermanet com Burks Arthur J December 1961 Yes There Was A Book Called Excalibur By L Ron Hubbard The Aberee via David S Touretzky Letter from L Ron Hubbard October 1938 quoted in Miller 1987 p 81 Miller 1987 p 86 a b Stableford Brian 2004 Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature Lanham MD Scarecrow Press p 164 ISBN 978 0 8108 4938 9 a b SFE Hubbard L Ron Kent Stephen A Raine Susan 2017 Scientology in Popular Culture Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 4408 3249 9 Miller 1987 p 97 Ron The War Hero Chris Owen Hubbard would later claim that for the next two or three years I d run into officers and they would say Hubbard Hubbard Hubbard Are you the Hubbard that was in Australia And I d say Yes And they s say Oh Kind of you know horrified like they didn t know whether they should quite talk to me or not you know Terrible man The Key Words Buttons of Scientology Clearing a lecture given on July 21 1958 Atack 1990 p 74 Battle Report Submission of A16 3 3 PC815 Vice Adm Frank Jack Fletcher Commander NW Sea Frontier June 8 1943 Image of document Miller 1987 p 105 a b Sappell Joel Welkos Robert June 24 1990 The Making of L Ron Hubbard Creating the Mystique Los Angeles Times A38 1 Sappell Joel Welkos Robert W June 24 1990 The Mind Behind the Religion Chapter Two Creating the Mystique Hubbard s image was crafted of truth distorted by myth Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 25 2022 Atack 1990 p 81 Miller 1987 pp 108 109 Owen argues that Hubbard likely suffered from venereal disease writing Sulfa drugs were used in treatment but in excess could cause bloody urine something which Hubbard s shipmate Thomas Moulton saw him passing on at least one occasion Hubbard himself later complained about the amount of sulfa he had been fed in the Navy Former Scientology spokesman Robert Vaughn Young claims that Hubbard s private papers refer to him having caught gonorrhoea from a girlfriend named Fern which forced him to secretly take sulfa Miller 1987 p 107 Miller 1987 p 110 Miller 1987 p 112 Owen Chris 2019 Crippled and blinded Ron The War Hero The True Story of L Ron Hubbard s Calamitous Military Career Silvertail Books ISBN 9781909269897 via David S Touretzky Miller 1987 p 125 a b Wright Lawrence February 14 2011 The Apostate Paul Haggis vs the Church of Scientology The New Yorker Retrieved February 8 2011 Miller 1987 p 113 Miller 1987 p 117 Parson letter to Crowley Hubbard is a gentleman he has red hair green eyes is honest and intelligent and we have become great friends He moved in with me about two months ago and although Betty and I are still friendly she has transferred her sexual affection to Ron Although he has no formal training in Magick he has an extraordinary amount of experience and understanding in the field From some of his experiences I deduced that he is in direct touch with some higher intelligence possibly his Guardian Angel He describes his Angel as a beautiful winged woman with red hair whom he calls the Empress and who has guided him through his life and saved him many times He is the most Thelemic person I have ever met and is in complete accord with our own principles as quoted in Symonds John The Great Beast the life and magick of Aleister Crowley p 392 London Macdonald and Co 1971 ISBN 0 356 03631 6 Urban Hugh B 2006 Magia sexualis sex magic and liberation in modern Western esotericism University of California Press p 137 ISBN 978 0 520 24776 5 Your eyes are getting progressively better They became bad when you used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy You have no reason to keep them bad Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you You are free of the Navy You can tell all the romantic tales you wish But you know which ones were lies You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever Stick to your true adventures Masturbation does not injure or make insane Your parents were in error Everyone masturbates Hubbard s Affirmations Pendle 2005 p 268 Pendle 2005 p 270 Pendle 2005 p 269 Miller 1987 p 134 Streeter 2008 p 210 Miller 134 Ortega Tony January 30 2015 Another Secret Lives leak L Ron Hubbard enjoyed humiliating people under hypnosis Miller 1987 p 231 Miller 1987 pp 125 128 131 Hubbard L Ron letter to Veterans Administration October 15 1947 quoted in Miller 1987 p 137 Miller 1987 p 139 Miller 1987 p 142 e g The Herald News Passaic New Jersey June 10 1948 Ventura County Star Free Press June 23 1948 Spokane Chronicle Spokane Washington Sep 29 1948 Gerecht Ash May 23 1948 Don t put the Insane in Jail part 1 of 2 The Atlanta Journal Gerecht Ash May 23 1948 Don t put the Insane in Jail part 2 of 2 The Atlanta Journal a b Miller 1987 p 143 PDC43 Article Today s Terrorism Decoding Scientology Propaganda I well recall a conversation I had with a Dr Abraham Hyrman Center in Savannah Georgia in 1949 It well expresses the arrogance and complete contempt for law and order of the psychiatrist A man had just called to inquire after his wife who was under treatment in Center s hospital Center asked him Do you have the money That s right thirty thousand well you better get it or I ll have to send your dear wife to the state institution and you know what will happen then I was there doing work on charity patients the local psychiatrists wouldn t touch Center had forgotten I was in the room Abraham Hyman Center per Biographical Directory of Fellows amp Members of the American Psychiatric Association 1950 a b Ortega Tony November 8 2014 The Heinlein Letters What L Ron Hubbard s close friends really thought of him The Underground Bunker Retrieved January 14 2020 Letter to Heinlein Well you didn t specify in your book what actual reformation took place in the society to make supermen Got to thinking about it other day The system is Excalibur It makes nul A s Streeter 2008 pp 210 211 Miller Timothy 1995 America s Alternative Religions Albany State University of New York Press pp 385 386 ISBN 978 0 7914 2398 1 OCLC 30476551 Atack 1990 p 108 The TIME Vault December 22 1952 Retrieved July 25 2016 Luckhurst Roger 2005 Science Fiction Malden MA Polity p 74 ISBN 978 0 7456 2893 6 Miller 1987 p 149 With cooperation from some institutions some psychiatrists Hubbard has worked on all types of cases Institutionalized schizophrenics apathies manics depressives perverts stuttering neuroses in all nearly 1000 cases But just a brief sampling of each type he doesn t have proper statistics in the usual sense But he has one statistic He has cured every patient he worked with He has cured ulcers arthritis asthma Bare Faced Messiah Chapter 9 www cs cmu edu Retrieved September 18 2023 Christensen Dorthe Refslund June 24 2016 Rethinking Scientology A Thorough Analysis of L Ron Hubbard s Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology 1950 1986 Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review doi 10 5840 asrr201662323 Atack 1990 p 107 a b Staff August 21 1950 Dianetics book review Best Seller Newsweek Gardner 1986 p 265 Miller 1987 p 152 O Brien 1966 p 27 Whitehead 1987 p 67 Gardner 1986 p 270 a b Martin Gardner Evaluates Dianetics Fromm Erich Dianetics For Seekers of Prefabricated Happiness PDF opus4 kobv de But perhaps the most unfortunate element in Dianetics is the way it is written The mixture of some oversimplified truths half truths and plain absurdities the propagandistic technique of impressing the reader with the greatness infallibility and newness of the author s system the promise of unheard of results attained by the simple means of following Dianetics is a technique which has had most unfortunate results in the fields of patent medicines and politics applied to psychology and psychiatry it will not be less harmful Atack 1990 p 115 Miller 1987 p 181 Sara Northrup Hubbard Complaint for Divorce Hubbard letter to the Attorney General dated May 1951 Feb 25 she Sara flew to San Francisco and my general managers Jack Maloney in New Jersey received a phone call from her and Miles Hollister and a psychiatrist named Meyer Zelig in San Francisco that I had gone insane and that they needed money to incarcerate me quickly Hubbard L Ron May 14 1951 Letter L Ron Hubbard to the Attorney General scientology research org Atack 1990 p 117 a b Methvin Eugene H May 1990 Scientology Anatomy of a Frightening Cult Reader s Digest pp 16 Staff April 24 1951 Ron Hubbard Insane Says His Wife San Francisco Chronicle Bent Corydon L Ron Hubbard Madman or Messiah pp 281 282 Lyle Stuart 1987 Quoted in Miller 1987 p 192 Atack 1990 p 122 Miller 1987 p 199 Streissguth 1995 p 71 1982 CW Scientology Hearings Ron DeWolf Day 1 May 5 1982 1962 seconds via YouTube Initially the user held emptied soup or juice cans with the paper labels removed Later versions of electrodes had abandoned food cans however Hubbard continued to use the term cans to refer to the handheld metal electrodes Urban 2012 p 49 Peterson amp Jung 1907 Miller 1987 p 204 Powers Ormund October 23 1952 One Man s Lake County Orlando Morning Sentinel via Newspapers com Miller 1987 p 202 Miller 1987 p 207 Miller 1987 p 232 Tucker 1989 p 304 a b c Malko George 1970 Scientology The Now Religion Delacorte Press OL 5444962M Ortega Tony January 28 2018 Sunday Scientology sermon L Ron Hubbard on freeing kids from their bodies Miller 1987 p 210 Urban 2012 Melton J Gordon 2000 Studies in Contemporary Religion The Church of Scientology 1 ed United States Signature Books p 67 ISBN 978 1 56085 139 4 Retrieved May 15 2015 In an off the cuff remark during the Philadelphia Lectures in 1952 PDC Lecture 18 Hubbard referred to my friend Aleister Crowley This reference would have to be one of literary allusion as Crowley and Hubbard never met He obviously had read some of Crowley s writings and makes reference to one of the more famous passages in Crowley s vast writings and his idea that the essence of the magical act was the intention with which it was accomplished Crowley went on to illustrate magic with a mundane example an author s intention in writing a book Many Nancy 2009 My Billion Year Contract Memoir of a Former Scientologist BookBaby p 203 ISBN 9780982590409 OL 25424752M Atack 1990 p 135 Streeter 2008 p 215 Miller 1987 p 213 Westbrook Donald A 2018 Among the Scientologists History Theology and Praxis Oxford Oxford University Press p 84 We don t want a clinic We want one in operation but not in name Perhaps we could call it a Spiritual Guidance Center Think up its name will you And we could put in nice desks and our boys in neat blue with diplomas on the walls and 1 knock psychotherapy into history and 2 make enough money to shine up my operating scope and 3 keep the HAS solvent It is a problem of practical business I await your reaction on the religion angle In my opinion we couldn t get worse public opinion than we have had or have less customers with what we ve got to sell L Ron Hubbard letter to Helen O Brien dated April 10 1953 Also incorporated were Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering Williams Ian The Alms Trade Charities Past Present and Future p 127 New York Cosimo 2007 ISBN 978 1 60206 753 0 T here is little doubt but what this stroke will remove Scientology from the target area of overt and covert attacks by the medical profession who see their pills scalpels and appendix studded incomes threatened Scientologists can avoid the recent fiasco in which a Pasadena practitioner is reported to have spent 10 days in that city s torture chamber for practicing medicine without a license Staff April 1954 Three Churches Are Given Charters in New Jersey The Aberree volume 1 issue 1 p 4 Lawrence Sara April 18 2006 The Secrets of Scientology The Independent Retrieved February 17 2011 Staff April 5 1976 Religion A Sci Fi Faith Time Retrieved February 17 2011 Underdown James 2018 I Was There Harlan Ellison Witnesses the Birth of Scientology Skeptical Inquirer 42 6 10 a b Atack 1990 p 142 Miller 1987 p 227 Miller 1987 p 214 Miller 1987 p 221 Miller 1987 p 230 quoted in Atack 1990 p 139 1982 CW Scientology Hearings Ron DeWolf Day 1 May 5 1982 2070 seconds via YouTube a b Miller 1987 p 239 Atack 1990 p 139 Atack 1990 p 138 When Scientology was in trouble in 1955 L Ron Hubbard told prosecutor he was a psychologist tonyortega org February 21 2016 Paul F Boller 1989 They Never Said It A Book of Fake Quotes Misquotes and Misleading Attributions Oxford University Press USA p 5 ISBN 978 0 19 505541 2 brain washing hubbard 1936 The purported author is Lavrentiy Beria THE ANDERSON REPORT CHAPTER 28 www cs cmu edu DOX Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard s nutty scheme to strong arm America s psychologists The Underground Bunker tonyortega org The LRH Study Tapes 1972 Streissguth 1995 p 74 a b Miller 1987 p 236 Atack 1990 p 150 Barrett 2001 p 461 Lewis 2009a pp 6 7 Melton 2009 p 24 Urban 2011 p 63 Bigliardi 2016 pp 667 668 Thomas 2021 p 47 Miller 1987 p 228 Wright 2013 p 90 Owen Chris July 11 2019 Scientology and the FDA The conspiracy that never wa The Underground Bunker a b Wallis 1977 p 215 Miller 1987 p 250 Miller 1987 pp 252 253 Wallis 1977 p 193 a b Wallis 1977 p 196 Wallis 1977 p 192 Atack 1990 p 155 Atack 1990 p 156 Atack 1990 p 161 Atack 1990 p 165 Atack 1990 p 189 Atack 1990 p 160 Hubbard L Ron Penalties for Lower Conditions HCO Policy Letter of October 18 1967 Issue IV Quoted in Atack 1990 pp 175 176 Wallis 1977 p 144 145 Reitman Janet 2011 Inside Scientology The Story of America s Most Secretive Religion Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 9780618883028 OCLC 651912263 OL 24881847M Atack 1990 p 183 Kenneth Robinson Miller 1987 p 266 OT III says In December 1967 I knew someone had to take the plunge but the material was publicized well before this a b c Corydon Bent 1987 L Ron Hubbard Messiah or Madman Lyle Stuart ISBN 0818404442 alternative link I m drinking lots of rum and popping pinks and greys Correspondence to Mary Sue Hubbard as quoted in Corydon p 59 Hubbard L Ron Ron s Journal 67 quoted in Atack 1990 p 173 Atack 1990 p 32 Miller 1987 p 299 a b Miller 1987 p 290 Miller 1987 p 300 Quoted in Miller 1987 p 297 a b Atack 1990 p 177 Miller 1987 p 285 Miller 1987 p 286 Atack 1990 p 180 Atack 1990 p 186 Secret Lives He put this 4 and a half year old little boy Derek Greene into the chain locker for two days and two nights It s a closed metal container it s wet it s full of water and seaweed it smells bad But Derek was sitting up on the chain in this place on his own in the dark for two days and two nights He was not allowed to go to the potty I mean he had to go in the chain locker on his own soil himself He was given food And I never went near it the chain locker while he was in there but people heard him crying That is sheer total brutality That is child abuse Hubbard L Ron Mission into Time p 7 Copenhagen AOSH DK Publications Department A S 1973 ISBN 87 87347 56 3 On March 6 1968 Hubbard issued an internal memo titled Racket Exposed in which he denounced twelve people as Enemies of mankind the planet and all life and ordered that Any Sea Org member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2 45 Wallis 1977 p 154 The memo was subsequently reproduced with another name added in the Church of Scientology s internal journal The Auditor Racket Exposed The Auditor No 35 1968 List of names are hereby declared Suppressive Persons 3 They are declared Enemies of mankind the planet and all life 4 They are fair game 5 No amnesty may ever cover them 6 If they ever come to a Qual Division they are to be run on reverse processes 7 Any Sea Organization member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2 45 Miller 1987 p 301 Sappell Joel Welkos Robert June 24 1990 The Mind Behind the Religion Life With L Ron Hubbard Los Angeles Times retrieved February 20 2011 Miller 1987 p 310 Miller 1987 p 296 Hubbard L Ron 1999 HCO Policy Letter of February 1969 Religion An Encyclopedia of Scientology Policy PDF Los Angeles Church of Scientology of California p 196 ISBN 0 88404 031 3 Archived from the original PDF on September 22 2019 Any staff who are trained at any level as auditors but not in AOs are to be clothed in the traditioned ministerial black suit black vest white collar silver cross for ordinary org wear Ortega Tony September 28 2013 Blood Relation Blood Ritual A Hubbard Family Occult Mystery The Underground Bunker Mitchell Alexander October 5 1969 Scientology Revealed for the first time The odd beginning of Ron Hubbard s career The Sunday Times Archived from the original on March 9 2019 Bare Faced Messiah Chapter 7 December 1969 Hubbard broke up black magic in America because he was well known as a writer and philosopher and had friends among the physicists he was sent in to handle the situation of black magic being practised in a house in Pasadena occupied by nuclear physicists He went to live at the house and investigated the black magic rites and the general situation and found them very bad Hubbard s mission was successful far beyond anyone s expectations The house was torn down Hubbard rescued a girl they were using The black magic group was dispersed and never recovered Miller 1987 p 311 Miller 1987 p 312 Miller 1987 p 314 Miller 1987 p 316 Miller 1987 p 318 Atack 1990 p 206 Miller 1987 p 325 Bill Franks and David Mayo A person does not blow due Overts or Witholds He blows only due to ARC BKs Interview with Bill Franks June 2010 Beresford David February 7 1980 Snow White s dirty tricks London The Guardian Miller 1987 p 317 318 Marshall John January 24 1980 The Scientology Papers Hubbard still gave orders records show Globe and Mail Streissguth 1995 p 75 Marshall John January 25 1980 Files show spy reported woman s intimate words Globe and Mail Retrieved July 14 2019 a b Ortega Tony 2015 The Unbreakable Miss Lovely London Silvertail Books ISBN 9781511639378 Staff November 1 1982 Redondo couple N Y writer named in Scientology lawsuit Daily Breeze Paulette Cooper May 8 1982 The 1982 Clearwater Hearings Day 4 Archived from the original on January 3 2007 Retrieved February 12 2007 a b Miller 1987 p 334 Clark County Coroner Report of Investigation Case 1003 76 Miller 1987 p 344 Sappell Joel Robert W Welkos June 24 1990 The Mind Behind the Religion Life With L Ron Hubbard Aides indulged his eccentricities and egotism Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 19 2011 Atack 1990 p 214 Marro Anthony July 9 1977 Federal Agents Raid Scientology Church Offices in Two Cities Are Searched for Allegedly Stolen I R S Files PDF New York Times Robinson Timothy S July 6 1978 FBI Raid on L A Scientologists Upheld Washington Post https www washingtonpost com archive politics 1977 07 14 scientology raid yielded alleged burglary tools a5ede310 9c3e 4c37 a3ba fad95cffaea7 Ortega Tony February 6 2012 Scientology s Secret Vaults A Rare Interview With a Former Member of Hush Hush CST The Village Voice Atack 1990 p 256 Bare Faced Messiah Timeline Interview with David Mayo Atack 1990 p 258 Atack 1990 p 259 Miller 1987 p 364 Sappell Joel Welkos Robert W June 24 1990 The Mind Behind the Religion Chapter Four The Final Days Deep in hiding Hubbard kept tight grip on the church Los Angeles Times retrieved February 8 2011 Queen Edward L Prothero Stephen R Shattuck Gardiner H Encyclopedia of American religious history Volume 1 p 493 New York Infobase Publishing 2009 ISBN 978 0 8160 6660 5 UP THE BRIDGE We finally reach OT 8 but was its first version really a hoax The Underground Bunker tonyortega org Wakefield Margery 1991 What Christians Need to Know about Scientology David Touretzky Ortega Tony December 16 2017 L Ron Hubbard s son was troubled but don t discount him entirely few knew his father better Urban Hugh B 2006 Fair Game Secrecy Security and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America Journal of the American Academy of Religion 2 74 Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard s caretaker and friend Steve Sarge Pfauth 1945 2016 the Underground Bunker Church of Scientology L Ron Hubbard s death Image of Death Certificate Retrieved on June 15 2012 Lindsey Robert Times Special To the New York January 29 1986 L Ron Hubbard Dies of Stroke Founder of Church of Scientology The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved June 20 2023 Miller 1987 p 375 Urban 2012 An eclectic and ingenious religious entrepreneur Hubbard assembled a wide array of philosophical occult spiritual and science fiction elements cobbling them together into a unique new and surprisingly successful synthesis In Hubbard s religious bricolage occult elements drawn from Crowley were indeed one important element but neither more nor less important than the many others drawn from pop psychology Eastern religions science fiction and a host of goods available in the 1950s spiritual marketplace e g Freud s unconscious mind became Hubbard s reactive mind a b c d e Atack Jon Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology via spaink net The first edition of Dianetics featured a dust jacket advertisement for psychoanalyst Nandor Fodor s book on the trauma of birth and pre natal conditioning Westbrook Donald A November 1 2018 Among the Scientologists History Theology and Praxis Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 066498 5 via Google Books Wright One of Thompson s maxims was If it s not true for you it s not true He told young Hubbard that the statement had come from Gautama Siddhartha the Buddha It made an impression on Hubbard Wright 2013 p 22 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine LRH Birthday event Hubbard talks about Snake Thompson YouTube Black magic is the inner core of Scientology Penthouse interview 1983 Sonnenschein Allan June 1983 Scientology Through the Eyes of L Ron Hubbard Jr Penthouse Archived from the original on August 1 2023 alternative link Urban 2012 p 107 Hypnotism Comes of Age 1949 by Bernard Wolfe How We Remember Our Past Lives 1946 a b Atack Jon Hubbard and the Occult via spaink net SOURCE CODE Actual things L Ron Hubbard said on this date in history the Underground Bunker Now all this sounds very Space Opera ish and that sort of thing and I m sorry for it but I am not one to quibble about the truth Miller 1987 p 323 I once asked him why he chose young girls as messengers He said it was an idea he had picked up from Nazi Germany He said Hitler was a madman but nevertheless a genius in his own right and the Nazi Youth was one of the smartest ideas he ever had With young people you had a blank slate and you could write anything you wanted on it and it would be your writing That was his idea to take young people and mould them into little Hubbards He said he had girls because women were more loyal than men The Bare Faced Messiah Interviews Interview with Nieson Himmel Los Angeles 14 August 1986 via David Touretzky He claimed he was in England in the Royal Museum going down this hall and three scientists came walking out of an office spotted him grabbed him and took him into office and started measuring his skull saying this was a perfect example of whatever it was and then pushing him out without a word I said gee that s a hell of a great story except I think I read that in George Bernard Shaw Another time he told a story of being in the Aleutians in command of a destroyer and came near some ice foes and a polar bear jumped onto the ship chasing everyone around It s another good story that Cory Ford wrote in his book about the Aleutians Miller 1987 pp 370 71 Appendix 2 The Affirmations of L Ron Hubbard PDF mncriticalthinking com 2016 Sappell Joel Welkos Robert June 24 1990 The Making of L Ron Hubbard Staking a Claim to Blood Brotherhood Los Angeles Times A38 5 McDowell Michael Brown Nathan Robert 2009 World Religions at your Fingertips Penguin p 275 ISBN 9781592578467 OL 23831136M Retrieved January 8 2016 Atack 1990 p 50 Atack 1990 p 57 Wallis 1977 p 18 Staff February 7 1986 Hubbard Left Most of Estate to Scientology Church Executor Appointed The Associated Press a b Atack 1990 p 356 Lamont 1986 p 154 Miller 1987 p 306 Lattin Don February 12 2001 Scientology Founder s Family Life Far From What He Preached San Francisco Chronicle retrieved February 12 2011 Bainbridge William Sims Science and Religion The Case of Scientology in Bromley David G Hammond Phillip E eds The Future of new religious movements p 63 Macon GA Mercer University Press 1987 ISBN 978 0 86554 238 9 Times Los Angeles March 31 2015 How Scientology got L A to name street after L Ron Hubbard Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 25 2016 Tribune Pamela Manson The Salt Lake West Valley City recognizes L Ron Hubbard Day Retrieved July 25 2016 N J approves more than 100 school religious holidays April 11 2016 Retrieved July 25 2016 N J Now Has More Than 100 School Religious Holidays You May Not Know About April 12 2016 Retrieved July 25 2016 Moynihan Colin June 19 2019 Nxivm s Keith Raniere Convicted in Trial Exposing Sex Cult s Inner Workings The New York Times NXIVM Leader Keith Raniere Sentenced to 120 Years in Prison for Racketeering and Sex Trafficking Offenses Department of Justice October 27 2020 Retrieved July 2 2021 Gray Eliza October 5 2012 Thetans and Bowties The Mothership of All Alliances Scientology and the Nation of Islam The New Republic Minister Farrakhan talks about the Church of Scientology and Dianetics YouTube Petrowsky Marc 1998 Sects Cults and Spiritual Communities A Sociological Analysis Westport Conn Praeger p 144 ISBN 978 0 275 95860 2 Atack 1990 p 354 a b Reitman Janet February 23 2006 Inside Scientology Rolling Stone Archived from the original on April 30 2009 a b c Gallagher Eugene V Ashcraft Michael 2006 African Diaspora Traditions and Other American Innovations Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America Vol 5 Westport Conn Greenwood Publishing Group p 172 ISBN 978 0 275 98717 6 35 31 28 6 N 104 34 20 2 W Google maps Ortega Tony March 13 2023 Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard s 112th birthday What s your favorite tall tale of his per Lonnie D Kliever Rothstein 2007 p 24 per Mikael Rothstein Rothstein 2007 p 21 Westbrook Donald A 2017 Researching Scientology and Scientologists in the United States Methods and Conclusions In Lewis James R Hellesoy Kjersti eds Handbook of Scientology Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Brill ISBN 9789004330542 My Scientology Movie at 59 00 Defections court fights test Scientology Associated Press November 1 2009 Retrieved February 14 2011 a b The Scientology Story Los Angeles Times series by Joel Sappell and Robert W Welkos Part 5 The Making of a Best Selling Author June 28 1990 archive Eber Hailey May 10 2019 Scientology Is Looking Abroad for New Stars and Vulnerable Recruits LAmag Culture Food Fashion News amp Los Angeles Chamberlain Adam 2012 Back to Frank Black Fourth Horseman Press p 350 ISBN 9780988392281 Zaccuri Alessandro 2000 Citazioni pericolose il cinema come critica letteraria Dangerous Quotes Cinema as Literary Criticism in Italian Fazi Editore p 259 ISBN 8881121417 Hunt Martin Celebrity Critics of Scientology Simpsons TV show FACTnet Archived from the original on January 13 2012 Retrieved October 24 2007 Steve Persall August 24 2001 Real problems with a fictional movie St Petersburg Times Arp Robert ed December 11 2006 South Park and Philosophy You Know I Learned Something Today William Irwin Series Editor Blackwell Publishing The Blackwell Philosophy amp Pop Culture Series pp 27 59 60 118 120 132 137 138 140 224 ISBN 978 1 4051 6160 2 Trapped in the Closet South Park November 16 2005 Bornstein Kate September 20 2023 A Queer and Pleasant Danger A Memoir Beacon Press ISBN 9780807001653 Yamato Jen June 10 2010 Will Scientologists Declare War on Paul Thomas Anderson s The Master Film com RealNetworks Retrieved June 2 2011 Brown Lane December 3 2010 So This New Paul Thomas Anderson Movie Is Definitely About Scientology Right NYMag com New York Media Holdings Retrieved June 5 2011 Brown Lane March 17 2010 Universal Passes on Paul Thomas Anderson s Scientology Movie NYMag com New York Media Holdings Retrieved June 5 2011 Pilkington Ed April 26 2011 Church of Scientology snaps up Hollywood film studio Guardian co uk Guardian News and Media Limited Retrieved June 12 2011 How Did Scientology Influence The Master ABC News Saturday Night Live s genius spoof of Scientology Lyrics and images The Underground Bunker tonyortega org Ortega Tony July 31 2019 Strange Angel goes there teases Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard at season end The Underground Bunker Works citedAtack Jon 1990 A Piece of Blue Sky Scientology Dianetics and L Ron Hubbard Exposed Lyle Stuart Books ISBN 081840499X OL 9429654M Barrett David V 2001 The New Believers A Survey of Sects Cults and Alternative Religions London Cassell and Co ISBN 978 0304355921 OL 3999281M Bigliardi Stefano 2016 New Religious Movements Technology and Science The Conceptualization of the E Meter in Scientology Teachings Zygon 51 3 661 683 doi 10 1111 zygo 12281 Bromley David G 2009 Making Sense of Scientology Prophetic Contractual Religion In Lewis James R ed Scientology Oxford University Press pp 83 102 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195331493 003 0005 ISBN 9780199852321 OL 16943235M Christensen Dorthe Refslund 2005 Inventing L Ron Hubbard On the Construction and Maintenance of the Hagiographic Mythology of Scientology s Founder In Lewis James R Petersen Jasper Aagaard eds Controversial New Religions 1st ed Oxford University Press pp 227 258 doi 10 1093 019515682X 003 0011 ISBN 9780195156836 OCLC 53398162 Evans Christopher Cults of Unreason New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 1974 ISBN 0 374 13324 7 OCLC 863421 Gardner Martin 1986 Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science Dover Publications ISBN 978 0 486 20394 2 OCLC 18598918 OL 22475247M Lamont Stewart 1986 Religion Inc The Church of Scientology Harrap ISBN 978 0 245 54334 0 OCLC 23079677 OL 2080316M Lewis James R 2009a Introduction In Lewis James R ed Scientology Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 3 14 ISBN 978 0 19 5331 49 3 Melton J Gordon Encyclopedic handbook of cults in America Taylor amp Francis 1992 ISBN 978 0 8153 1140 9 Melton Gordon March 19 2009 Lewis James R ed Scientology New York Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 1953 3149 3 Retrieved November 23 2020 Miller Russell 1987 Bare faced Messiah The True Story of L Ron Hubbard Henry Holt and Company ISBN 0805006540 OCLC 17481843 OL 26305813M O Brien Helen 1966 Dianetics in Limbo A Documentary About Immortality Whitmore Publishing OCLC 4797460 Pendle George 2005 Strange Angel The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons Harcourt ISBN 015100997X OCLC 55149255 OL 7362552M Peterson Frederick Jung C G July 1907 Psycho physical Investigations with the Galvanometer and Pneumograph in Normal and Insane Individuals Brain Oxford University Press 30 2 153 218 doi 10 1093 brain 30 2 153 hdl 11858 00 001M 0000 002C 1710 9 ISSN 0006 8950 Archived from the original on March 13 2020 via Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Rolph Cecil Hewitt 1973 Believe What You Like What Happened Between the Scientologists and the National Association for Mental Health Deutsch ISBN 978 0 233 96375 4 OCLC 815558 Rothstein Mikael 2007 Scientology scripture and sacred traditions In Lewis James R Hammer Olav eds The invention of sacred tradition Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 86479 4 OCLC 154706390 Streeter Michael 2008 Behind closed doors the power and influence of secret societies New Holland Publishers ISBN 9781845379377 OCLC 231589690 OL 25446794M Streissguth Thomas 1995 Charismatic cult leaders The Oliver Press ISBN 978 1 881508 18 2 OCLC 30892074 Thomas Aled 2021 Free Zone Scientology Contesting the Boundaries of a New Religion London Bloomsbury ISBN 978 1 350 18254 7 Tucker Ruth A 1989 Another Gospel Cults Alternative Religions and the New Age Movement Zondervan ISBN 0310259371 OL 9824980M Urban Hugh B 2011 The Church of Scientology A History of a New Religion Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691146089 Urban Hugh B 2012 The Occult Roots of Scientology L Ron Hubbard Aleister Crowley and the Origins of a Controversial New Religion In Bogdan Henrik Starr Martin P eds Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 335 68 ISBN 978 0 19 986309 9 OCLC 820009842 Wallis Roy 1977 The Road to Total Freedom A Sociological Analysis of Scientology Columbia University Press ISBN 0231042000 OL 4596322M Whitehead Harriet 1987 Renunciation and reformulation a study of conversion in an American sect Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 1849 5 OCLC 14002616 OL 2722663M Winter Joseph A 1951 A Doctor s Report on Dianetics Theory and Therapy Julian Press ISBN 0517564211 OCLC 1572759 Wright Lawrence 2013 Going Clear Scientology Hollywood and the Prison of Belief Alfred A Knopf ISBN 9780307700667 OL 25424776M Further readingBehar Richard May 6 1991 Scientology The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power Time Archived from the original on May 25 2014 External linksL Ron Hubbard at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Data from Wikidata Official website nbsp Biographical documentation from The New Yorker Operation Clambake Critical material on Hubbard and Scientology U S Government FBI Files for Hubbard via The Smoking Gun Frenschkowski Marco L Ron Hubbard and Scientology An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature Marburg Journal of Religion Vol 1 No 1 July 1999 ISSN 1612 2941 L Ron Hubbard at IMDb L Ron Hubbard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Hubbard L Ron at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Hubbard L Ron Archived October 4 2018 at the Wayback Machine at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title L Ron Hubbard amp oldid 1189959117, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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