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Pathological lying

January 01, 1970

"Pseudologia fantastica" redirects here. For the song, see Pseudologia Fantastica (song).
"Mythomaniac" redirects here. For the TV series, see Mythomaniac (TV series).

Pathological lying, also known as mythomania (from Greek μυθομανία) and pseudologia fantastica (Latin for "fantastic pseudology"), is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or compulsive tendency to lie.[1][2][3][4] It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim of deceiving others, sometimes without a clear or apparent reason. Individuals who engage in pathological lying often claim to be unaware of the motivations behind their lies.[5][6][7][8][9]

Pathological lying
Other namesPseudologia fantastica, mythomania, compulsive lying
SpecialtyPsychiatry

In psychology and psychiatry, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether pathological lying should be classified as a distinct disorder or viewed as a symptom of other underlying conditions.[3][4] The lack of widely agreed-upon description or diagnostic criteria for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition.[4][7][8] However, efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data, aligning with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).[10] Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying, including stress, an attempt to shift locus of control to an internal one, and issues related to low self-esteem.[8][6][7][9] Some researchers have suggested a biopsychosocial-developmental model to explain this concept.[11] While theories have explored potential causes, the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined.

The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by G. Stanley Hall and in 1891 by Anton Delbrück.[1][3][9]

Definition edit

Curtis and Hart (2020) defined pathological lying as "a persistent, pervasive, and often compulsive pattern of excessive lying behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment of functioning in social, occupational, or other areas; causes marked distress; poses a risk to the self or others; and occurs for longer than 6 months" (p. 63).[10]

Characteristics edit

Defining characteristics of pathological lying include:

  • An internal motive for the behavior cannot be readily discerned clinically: e.g., long-lasting extortion or habitual spousal battery might cause a person to lie repeatedly, without the lying being a pathological symptom.[3]
  • The stories are presented in a way in which the liar is portrayed in a favourable manner. The liar "decorates their own person"[9][12] by telling stories that present them as the hero or the victim. For example, the person might be presented as being fantastically brave, as knowing or being related to many famous people, or as having great power, position, or wealth.

Some psychiatrists distinguish compulsive from pathological lying, while others consider them equivalent; yet others deny the existence of compulsive lying altogether; this remains an area of considerable controversy.[7][9][13]

Diagnosis edit

Pathological lying is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), although only as a symptom of other disorders such as antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders, not as a stand-alone diagnosis.[14] The ICD-10 disorder Haltlose personality disorder is strongly tied to pathological lying.[15]

It has been shown through lie detector tests that pathological liars exhibit arousal, stress, and guilt from their deception.[citation needed] This is different from psychopaths, who experience none of those reactions. People affected by antisocial disorder lie for external personal gain in the forms of money, sex, and power. Pathological lying is strictly internal. The difference between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and pathological liars is that BPD patients try to cope with their fear of abandonment, mistreatment, or rejection by making empty threats of suicide or false accusations of abandonment. Pathological liars do not feel rejected; they have high levels of self-assurance that help them lie successfully. Unlike those with histrionic personality, pathological liars are more verbally dramatic than sexually flamboyant. Narcissists think they have achieved perfection and are unempathetic to others. Pathological liars do not show these anti-social behaviors; they may lie because they think their life is not interesting enough.[14]

The only diagnosis in the current system where a symptom of purposeless, internally motivated deception occurs is specified as factitious disorder. This diagnosis deals with people who lie deliberately about having physical or psychological disorders. However, research or testing must be done to confirm the individual does not in fact have a physical or other disorder. This may become troublesome due to the fact that medical records are sealed to the public. People who pathologically lie tend to lie about their identities and history. Because the symptoms do not match up, the individual may go undiagnosed.[citation needed] They could well be diagnosed under the catch-all rubric of an unspecified personality disorder or even under "Other specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour" as this defines itself as "This category should be used for coding any specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour that cannot be classified under any one of the preceding headings".

Psychopathy edit

Pathological lying is in factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL).[16]

Pathological liars edit

Lying is the act of both knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement.[17] Normal lies are defensive and are told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible.[14] Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying. It is when an individual consistently lies for no obvious personal gain.[18]

There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If this continues to progress, lying could become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not limited to, fraud.[4][19]

Epidemiology edit

The average age of onset is before adulthood.[9] Individuals with the condition tend to have average verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities.[20] Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment, where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance. Its occurrence was found by the study to be equal in women and men.[12][14] Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy, abnormal EEG findings, ADHD, head trauma, or CNS infection.[14]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Hart CL, Curtis DA (7 September 2020). "What Is Pathological Lying". Psychology Today. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  2. ^ Griffith EE, Baranoski M, Dike CC (1 September 2005). "Pathological Lying Revisited". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 33 (3). American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law: 342–349. PMID 16186198. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Dike CC (June 1, 2008). . Psychiatric Times. 25 (7). Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d Curtis DA, Hart CL (December 2020). "Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity". Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice. 2 (2): 62–69. doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046. PMC 9176035. PMID 36101870.
  5. ^ Thom R, Teslyar P, Friedman R (2017). "Pseudologia Fantastica in the Emergency Department: A Case Report and Review of the Literature". Case Reports in Psychiatry. 2017: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2017/8961256. PMC 5442346. PMID 28573061.
  6. ^ a b Dike CC, Baranoski M, Griffith EE (2005). "Pathological lying revisited". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 33 (3): 342–349. PMID 16186198.
  7. ^ a b c d Treanor KE. Defining, understanding, and diagnosing pathological lying (pseudologia fantastica): an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying [Doctor of Psychology (Clinical) Thesis]. Wollongong, NSW: School of Psychology, University of Wollongong; 2012. Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3811/. Accessed December 2, 2019
  8. ^ a b c Grey JS, Durns T, Kious BM (May 2020). "Pseudologia Fantastica: An Elaborate Tale of Combat-related PTSD". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 26 (3): 241–245. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000462. PMID 32421295. S2CID 218691784.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice. American Psychological Association. 2022. ISBN 978-1-4338-3622-0.
  10. ^ a b Curtis D (June 22, 2020). "Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity". Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice. 2 (2): 62–69. doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046. PMC 9176035. PMID 36101870.
  11. ^ Curtis & Hart (August 2022). Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice (1 ed.). American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-4338-3622-0.
  12. ^ a b Healy MT, Healy W (2004) [1915]. Pathological lying, accusation and swindling: a study in forensic psychology. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. ISBN 978-1-4191-4030-3.[page needed]
  13. ^ "The Truth About Compulsive and Pathological Liars". Psychologia. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e King BH, Ford CV (January 1988). "Pseudologia fantastica". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 77 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05068.x. PMID 3279719. S2CID 221390958.
  15. ^ Kielholz, Arthur, Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4, "Weh' dem, der lügt! Beitrag zum Problem der Pseudologia phantastica"
  16. ^ Skeem JL, Polaschek DL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO (2011). "Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3): 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706. PMID 26167886. S2CID 8521465.
  17. ^ Lying. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved September 26, 2011
  18. ^ "When Does Compulsive Lying Become a Pathological Disorder". United We Care. March 12, 2021.
  19. ^ Dike CC (1 June 2008). "Pathological lying: symptom or disease? Living with no permanent motive or benefit". Psychiatric Times. 25 (7): 67–73. Gale A180555438.
  20. ^ Yong E (2018-03-12). "How Psychopaths See the World". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-07-16.

Further reading edit

  • Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C.L. (2022). Pathological Lying:Theory, Research, and Practice. American Psychological Association.
  • Curtis, D.A. (2023). Why Pathological Lying Is a Psychological Disorder
  • Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C. L. (2020). Pathological Lying: Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity
  • Hart CL; Curtis DA (2020). "What Is Pathological Lying?". Psychology Today
  • Hardie TJ, Reed A (July 1998). "Pseudologia fantastica, factitious disorder and impostership: a deception syndrome". Medicine, Science, and the Law. 38 (3): 198–201. doi:10.1177/002580249803800303. PMID 9717367. S2CID 9402077.
  • Newmark N, Adityanjee, Kay J (1999). "Pseudologia fantastica and factitious disorder: review of the literature and a case report". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 40 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90111-6. PMID 10080254.

External links edit

  • How to Spot a Pathological Liar - Master the Art of Unmasking Deception

January 01, 1970
pathological, lying, pseudologia, fantastica, redirects, here, song, pseudologia, fantastica, song, mythomaniac, redirects, here, series, mythomaniac, series, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, addi. Pseudologia fantastica redirects here For the song see Pseudologia Fantastica song Mythomaniac redirects here For the TV series see Mythomaniac TV series This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Pathological lying news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message Pathological lying also known as mythomania from Greek my8omania and pseudologia fantastica Latin for fantastic pseudology is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or compulsive tendency to lie 1 2 3 4 It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim of deceiving others sometimes without a clear or apparent reason Individuals who engage in pathological lying often claim to be unaware of the motivations behind their lies 5 6 7 8 9 Pathological lyingOther namesPseudologia fantastica mythomania compulsive lyingSpecialtyPsychiatry In psychology and psychiatry there is an ongoing debate regarding whether pathological lying should be classified as a distinct disorder or viewed as a symptom of other underlying conditions 3 4 The lack of widely agreed upon description or diagnostic criteria for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition 4 7 8 However efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data aligning with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM 10 Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying including stress an attempt to shift locus of control to an internal one and issues related to low self esteem 8 6 7 9 Some researchers have suggested a biopsychosocial developmental model to explain this concept 11 While theories have explored potential causes the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by G Stanley Hall and in 1891 by Anton Delbruck 1 3 9 Contents 1 Definition 2 Characteristics 3 Diagnosis 4 Psychopathy 5 Pathological liars 6 Epidemiology 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDefinition editCurtis and Hart 2020 defined pathological lying as a persistent pervasive and often compulsive pattern of excessive lying behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment of functioning in social occupational or other areas causes marked distress poses a risk to the self or others and occurs for longer than 6 months p 63 10 Characteristics editDefining characteristics of pathological lying include An internal motive for the behavior cannot be readily discerned clinically e g long lasting extortion or habitual spousal battery might cause a person to lie repeatedly without the lying being a pathological symptom 3 The stories are presented in a way in which the liar is portrayed in a favourable manner The liar decorates their own person 9 12 by telling stories that present them as the hero or the victim For example the person might be presented as being fantastically brave as knowing or being related to many famous people or as having great power position or wealth Some psychiatrists distinguish compulsive from pathological lying while others consider them equivalent yet others deny the existence of compulsive lying altogether this remains an area of considerable controversy 7 9 13 Diagnosis editPathological lying is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM although only as a symptom of other disorders such as antisocial narcissistic and histrionic personality disorders not as a stand alone diagnosis 14 The ICD 10 disorder Haltlose personality disorder is strongly tied to pathological lying 15 It has been shown through lie detector tests that pathological liars exhibit arousal stress and guilt from their deception citation needed This is different from psychopaths who experience none of those reactions People affected by antisocial disorder lie for external personal gain in the forms of money sex and power Pathological lying is strictly internal The difference between borderline personality disorder BPD and pathological liars is that BPD patients try to cope with their fear of abandonment mistreatment or rejection by making empty threats of suicide or false accusations of abandonment Pathological liars do not feel rejected they have high levels of self assurance that help them lie successfully Unlike those with histrionic personality pathological liars are more verbally dramatic than sexually flamboyant Narcissists think they have achieved perfection and are unempathetic to others Pathological liars do not show these anti social behaviors they may lie because they think their life is not interesting enough 14 The only diagnosis in the current system where a symptom of purposeless internally motivated deception occurs is specified as factitious disorder This diagnosis deals with people who lie deliberately about having physical or psychological disorders However research or testing must be done to confirm the individual does not in fact have a physical or other disorder This may become troublesome due to the fact that medical records are sealed to the public People who pathologically lie tend to lie about their identities and history Because the symptoms do not match up the individual may go undiagnosed citation needed They could well be diagnosed under the catch all rubric of an unspecified personality disorder or even under Other specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour as this defines itself as This category should be used for coding any specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour that cannot be classified under any one of the preceding headings Psychopathy editPathological lying is in factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist PCL 16 Pathological liars editLying is the act of both knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement 17 Normal lies are defensive and are told to avoid the consequences of truth telling They are often white lies that spare another s feelings reflect a pro social attitude and make civilized human contact possible 14 Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying It is when an individual consistently lies for no obvious personal gain 18 There are many consequences of being a pathological liar Due to lack of trust most pathological liars relationships and friendships fail If this continues to progress lying could become so severe as to cause legal problems including but not limited to fraud 4 19 Epidemiology editThe average age of onset is before adulthood 9 Individuals with the condition tend to have average verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities 20 Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance Its occurrence was found by the study to be equal in women and men 12 14 Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy abnormal EEG findings ADHD head trauma or CNS infection 14 See also editChild lying Compulsive behavior Confabulation Ganser syndrome Gaslighting Munchausen syndrome Psychological projection KleptomaniaReferences edit a b Hart CL Curtis DA 7 September 2020 What Is Pathological Lying Psychology Today Retrieved 11 November 2020 Griffith EE Baranoski M Dike CC 1 September 2005 Pathological Lying Revisited Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 33 3 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 342 349 PMID 16186198 Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 Retrieved 7 April 2019 a b c d Dike CC June 1 2008 Pathological Lying Symptom or Disease Psychiatric Times 25 7 Archived from the original on January 10 2013 Retrieved August 28 2009 a b c d Curtis DA Hart CL December 2020 Pathological Lying Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice 2 2 62 69 doi 10 1176 appi prcp 20190046 PMC 9176035 PMID 36101870 Thom R Teslyar P Friedman R 2017 Pseudologia Fantastica in the Emergency Department A Case Report and Review of the Literature Case Reports in Psychiatry 2017 1 5 doi 10 1155 2017 8961256 PMC 5442346 PMID 28573061 a b Dike CC Baranoski M Griffith EE 2005 Pathological lying revisited The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 33 3 342 349 PMID 16186198 a b c d Treanor KE Defining understanding and diagnosing pathological lying pseudologia fantastica an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying Doctor of Psychology Clinical Thesis Wollongong NSW School of Psychology University of Wollongong 2012 Available at https ro uow edu au theses 3811 Accessed December 2 2019 a b c Grey JS Durns T Kious BM May 2020 Pseudologia Fantastica An Elaborate Tale of Combat related PTSD Journal of Psychiatric Practice 26 3 241 245 doi 10 1097 PRA 0000000000000462 PMID 32421295 S2CID 218691784 a b c d e f Pathological Lying Theory Research and Practice American Psychological Association 2022 ISBN 978 1 4338 3622 0 a b Curtis D June 22 2020 Pathological Lying Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice 2 2 62 69 doi 10 1176 appi prcp 20190046 PMC 9176035 PMID 36101870 Curtis amp Hart August 2022 Pathological Lying Theory Research and Practice 1 ed American Psychological Association ISBN 978 1 4338 3622 0 a b Healy MT Healy W 2004 1915 Pathological lying accusation and swindling a study in forensic psychology Whitefish MT Kessinger ISBN 978 1 4191 4030 3 page needed The Truth About Compulsive and Pathological Liars Psychologia Retrieved 28 January 2017 a b c d e King BH Ford CV January 1988 Pseudologia fantastica Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77 1 1 6 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0447 1988 tb05068 x PMID 3279719 S2CID 221390958 Kielholz Arthur Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4 Weh dem der lugt Beitrag zum Problem der Pseudologia phantastica Skeem JL Polaschek DL Patrick CJ Lilienfeld SO 2011 Psychopathic Personality Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy Psychological Science in the Public Interest 12 3 95 162 doi 10 1177 1529100611426706 PMID 26167886 S2CID 8521465 Lying n d Dictionary com Unabridged Retrieved September 26 2011 When Does Compulsive Lying Become a Pathological Disorder United We Care March 12 2021 Dike CC 1 June 2008 Pathological lying symptom or disease Living with no permanent motive or benefit Psychiatric Times 25 7 67 73 Gale A180555438 Yong E 2018 03 12 How Psychopaths See the World The Atlantic Retrieved 2021 07 16 Further reading editCurtis D A amp Hart C L 2022 Pathological Lying Theory Research and Practice American Psychological Association Curtis D A 2023 Why Pathological Lying Is a Psychological Disorder Curtis D A amp Hart C L 2020 Pathological Lying Theoretical and Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity Hart CL Curtis DA 2020 What Is Pathological Lying Psychology Today Hardie TJ Reed A July 1998 Pseudologia fantastica factitious disorder and impostership a deception syndrome Medicine Science and the Law 38 3 198 201 doi 10 1177 002580249803800303 PMID 9717367 S2CID 9402077 Newmark N Adityanjee Kay J 1999 Pseudologia fantastica and factitious disorder review of the literature and a case report Comprehensive Psychiatry 40 2 89 95 doi 10 1016 S0010 440X 99 90111 6 PMID 10080254 External links editHow to Spot a Pathological Liar Master the Art of Unmasking Deception Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pathological lying amp oldid 1221178082, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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