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Julio Cortázar

January 28, 2023

"Cortázar" redirects here. For other uses, see Cortázar (disambiguation).

Julio Florencio Cortázar[1] (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984; American Spanish: [ˈxuljo korˈtasar] (listen)) was an Argentine, nationalized French novelist, short story writer, essayist, and translator. Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe.

Julio Cortázar
Cortázar in 1967
Born26 August 1914 (1914-08-26)
Ixelles, Belgium
Died12 February 1984(1984-02-12) (aged 69)
Paris, France
Resting placeMontparnasse Cemetery, Paris
OccupationWriter, translator
NationalityArgentine, French
GenreShort story, poetry, novel
Literary movementLatin American Boom
Notable worksHopscotch
Blow-up and Other Stories
Notable awardsPrix Médicis (France, 1974), Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence (Nicaragua, 1983)
Signature

He is considered one of the most innovative and original authors of his time, a master of history, poetic prose and short story in general and a creator of important novels that inaugurated a new way of making literature in the Hispanic world by breaking the classical molds through narratives that escaped temporal linearity.

He lived his childhood and adolescence and incipient maturity in Argentina and, after the 1950s, in Europe. He lived in Italy, Spain, and in Switzerland. In 1951, he settled in France for more than three decades and composed some of his works there.[2]

Early life

Julio Cortázar was born on 26 August 1914, in Ixelles,[3] a municipality of Brussels, Belgium. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.[4]

At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser Wilhelm II. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to Zürich where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French National), were waiting in neutral territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in Zürich, then Geneva, before moving for a short period to Barcelona. The Cortázars settled outside of Buenos Aires by the end of 1919.[5]

Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.[6] Cortázar spent most of his childhood in Banfield, a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its back yard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.[7] Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on 4 December 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of Jules Verne, whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine Plural (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".

Education and teaching career

 
Cortázar in his youth

Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.[8] According to biographer Montes-Bradley, Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of Chivilcoy, the other in Bolivar. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of sonnets, Presencia,[9] which he later repudiated, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.[10] In 1944, he became professor of French literature at the National University of Cuyo in Mendoza, but owing to political pressure from Peronists, he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.[11] In 1949 he published a play, Los Reyes (The Kings), based on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the University of California, Berkeley.[12]

Years in France

In 1951, Cortázar immigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for UNESCO as a translator. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in Saignon in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights in Latin America, and was a supporter of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua as well as Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution and Salvador Allende's socialist government in Chile.[13]

Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968[14] when he became involved with the Lithuanian writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker Ugnė Karvelis, whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,[15] although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. In 1981 he married Canadian writer Carol Dunlop. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.[16][17]

Death

Cortázar died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the cimetière du Montparnasse. The cause of his death was reported to be leukemia, though some sources state that he died from AIDS as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.[18][19]

Works

 
Cortázar photographed in Buenos Aires in December 1983, when he returned after 10 years of exile in France

Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as Bestiario (1951), Final del juego (1956), and Las armas secretas (1959). In 1967, English translations by Paul Blackburn of stories selected from these volumes were published by Pantheon Books as End of the Game and Other Stories; it was later re-titled Blow-up and Other Stories. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: Los premios (The Winners, 1960), Hopscotch (Rayuela, 1963), 62: A Model Kit (62 Modelo para Armar, 1968), and Libro de Manuel (A Manual for Manuel, 1973). Except for Los premios, which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by Gregory Rabassa. Two other novels, El examen and Divertimento, though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously.

The open-ended structure of Hopscotch, which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other Latin American writers, including José Lezama Lima, Giannina Braschi, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa.[citation needed] Cortázar's use of interior monologue and stream of consciousness owes much to James Joyce[20] and other modernists,[citation needed] but his main influences were Surrealism,[21] the French Nouveau roman[citation needed] and the improvisatory aesthetic of jazz.[22] This last interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the bebop saxophonist Charlie Parker.[23]

Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or libros-almanaque, La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos and Último Round, which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the almanaques del mensajero that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood.[24] One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute, which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille in a Volkswagen camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of Robinson Crusoe, Marguerite Yourcenar's novel Mémoires d'Hadrien, and the complete prose works of Edgar Allan Poe.[25]

Influence and legacy

 
Cortázar's grave in Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.

Michelangelo Antonioni's film Blowup (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer Sergio Larraín during a shoot outside of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.[26] Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, Jean-Luc Godard's Week End (1967).[27] The filmmaker Manuel Antín has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, Cartas de mamá, Circe and Intimidad de los parques.[28]

Chilean novelist Roberto Bolaño cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel The Savage Detectives: "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of Borges and Cortázar is obvious."[29]

Puerto Rican novelist Giannina Braschi used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel Yo-Yo Boing! (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.[30] Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in Rabih Alameddine's 1998 novel, Koolaids: The Art of War.

North American novelist Deena Metzger cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,[31] written twenty years after his death.

In Buenos Aires, a school, a public library, and a square in the Palermo neighborhood carry Cortázar's name.

Bibliography

Recording from the Library of Congress

  • Julio Cortazar reading from his own work

Filmography

  • La Cifra Impar, 1960. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Letters from Mother".
  • Circe, 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar.
  • El Perseguidor, 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".
  • Intimidad de los Parques, 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín.
  • Blow Up, 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".
  • Cortázar, 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer.
  • Cortázar, apuntes para un documental, documentary. Eduardo Montes-Bradley (Director), Soledad Liendo (Producer). Theatrical release 2002. DVD Release 2007.
  • Graffiti on YouTube, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González.
  • Graffiti, 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli [1][2]
  • "Mentiras Piadosas" (released in English as Made Up Memories), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short-story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar.
  • Hareau, Eliane; Sclavo, Lil (2018). El traductor, artífice reflexivo. Montevideo. ISBN 978-9974-93-195-4.

See also

References

  1. ^ Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.
  2. ^ . 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  3. ^ Cortázar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004
  4. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada Alrevés, 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 p. 25
  5. ^ Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.
  6. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada Alrevés, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, pp. 38 & 45,
  7. ^ Banfield is mentioned in the short story "Conducta en los velorios"[permanent dead link] from Historias de cronopios y de famas.
  8. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada. Alrevés, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, p. 343.
  9. ^ Conversaciones con Cortázar on YouTube Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).
  10. ^ Julio Cortázar – A fondo on YouTube TVE 1977.
  11. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada. Alrevés, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, pp. 118–119.
  12. ^ Illingworth, Dustin. "The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortázar's Berkeley Lectures". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  13. ^ Liukkonen, Petri. . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009.
  14. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada Alrevés, 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 pp. 245–252.
  15. ^ Mario Goloboff (1998). "Chap. 11: De otros lados". Julio Cortázar – La biografía. pp. 170–174. ISBN 950-731-205-6.
  16. ^ «Las cartas de Cortázar», article in the newspaper El Mundo (Madrid), 15 July 2012.
  17. ^ Julio Cortázar. Cartas, 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. ISBN 9505115938.
  18. ^ Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida clarin.com, 7 June 2001
  19. ^ «Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”», article in the newspaper ABC from 25 January 2009.
  20. ^ Julio Cortázar y James Joyce
  21. ^ Picón Garfield, Evelyn. Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?, 1975
  22. ^ "El jazz en la obra de Cortázar" 24 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, p. 41.
  23. ^ Doris Sommer, "Grammar Trouble for Cortázar", in Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 211.
  24. ^ Herráez, Miguel. Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada Alrevés, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, p. 242.
  25. ^ Biblioteca Julio Cortázar, Fundación Juan March.
  26. ^ "Fallece Sergio Larraín, el mítico fotógrafo chileno que renunció al mundo | Cultura". La Tercera. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  27. ^ Jean Franco, "Comic Stripping: Cortázar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in Critical Passions: Selected Essays, eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.
  28. ^ “No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortázar”, Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.
  29. ^ Roberto Bolaño, Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998–2003, trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.
  30. ^ Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172–186, SUNY, New York, 2005.
  31. ^ Deena Metzger, Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn, Red Hen Press, Pasadena CA, 2004
  32. ^ "La Puñalada/ El tango de la vuelta". EZR. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

Further reading

English

  • Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views). Bloom, Harold, 2005
  • Schmidt-Cruz, Cynthia (2004). Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortázar. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5955-3.
  • Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers). Bloom, Harold, 2004
  • Weiss, Jason (2003). The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94013-9.
  • Standish, Peter (2001). Understanding Julio Cortázar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature). University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-390-2.
  • Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortázar. Moran, Dominic, 2000
  • Critical Essays on Julio Cortázar. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999
  • Alonso, Carlos J. (1998). Julio Cortázar: new readings. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45210-6.
  • Stavans, Ilan (1996). Julio Cortázar: a study of the short fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-8293-1.
  • The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar. Axelrod, Mark, 1992
  • Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers. Weiss, Jason, 1991
  • Rodríguez-Luis, Julio (1991). The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortázar. New York: Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-0101-1.
  • Yovanovich, Gordana (1991). Julio Cortázar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5888-1.
  • Carter, E. Eugene (1986). Julio Cortázar: Life, Work and Criticism. Fredericton, Canada: York Press. ISBN 978-0-919966-52-9.
  • Peavler, Terry J. (1990). Julio Cortázar. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-8257-5.
  • Boldy, Steven (1980). The Novels of Julio Cortázar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23097-1.

Spanish

  • Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos... (Homenaje a Julio Cortázar) (1914-2014), Luis Aguilar-Monsalve, (2015)
  • Julio Cortázar. Una biografía revisada. Miguel Herráez, 2011
  • Discurso del Oso. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
  • Montes-Bradley, Eduardo (2005). Cortázar sin barba. Madrid: Random House Mondadori. pp. 394 Hard Cover. ISBN 84-8306-603-3.
  • Imagen de Julio Cortázar. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004
  • Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002
  • Otra flor amarilla: antología: homenaje a Julio Cortázar. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002
  • Julio Cortázar. Cristina Peri Rossi, 2000
  • Julio Cortázar. Alberto Cousté, 2001
  • Julio Cortázar. La biografía. Mario Goloboff, 1998
  • La mirada recíproca: estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar. Peter Fröhlicher, 1995
  • Hacia Cortázar: aproximaciones a su obra. Jaime Alazraki, 1994
  • Julio Cortázar: mundos y modos. Saúl Yurkiévich, 1994
  • Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992
  • Cortázar: el romántico en su observatorio. Rosario Ferré, 1991
  • Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar. Julia G Cruz, 1988
  • Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar: ensayos. Fernando Burgos, 1987
  • En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortázar. Jaime Alazraki, 1983
  • Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar. Carmen de Mora Valcárcel, 1982
  • Julio Cortázar. Pedro Lastra, 1981
  • Cortázar: metafísica y erotismo. Antonio Planells, 1979
  • Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975
  • Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar. David Lagmanovich, 1975
  • Cortázar y Carpentier. Mercedes Rein, 1974
  • Los mundos de Julio Cortázar. Malva E Filer, 1970
  • Hareau, Eliane; Sclavo, Lil (2018). El traductor, artífice reflexivo. Montevideo. ISBN 978-9974-93-195-4.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Julio Cortázar.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julio Cortázar.
  • Works by Julio Cortázar at Open Library
  • Jason Weiss (Fall 1984). "Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83". Paris Review. Fall 1984 (93).
  • Petri Liukkonen. "Julio Cortázar". Books and Writers
  • – Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
  • Julio Cortázar Literary Manuscripts, 1943-1982 - Benson Latin American Collection
  • Julio Cortázar interview 1979
  • Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover
  • Julio Cortázar lee fragmentos de su obra (In Spanish)
  • Julio Cortázar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay
  • The Library of Julio Cortázar Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
  • Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975

January 28, 2023
julio, cortázar, cortázar, redirects, here, other, uses, cortázar, disambiguation, julio, florencio, cortázar, august, 1914, february, 1984, american, spanish, ˈxuljo, korˈtasar, listen, argentine, nationalized, french, novelist, short, story, writer, essayist. Cortazar redirects here For other uses see Cortazar disambiguation Julio Florencio Cortazar 1 26 August 1914 12 February 1984 American Spanish ˈxuljo korˈtasar listen was an Argentine nationalized French novelist short story writer essayist and translator Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom Cortazar influenced an entire generation of Spanish speaking readers and writers in America and Europe Julio CortazarCortazar in 1967Born26 August 1914 1914 08 26 Ixelles BelgiumDied12 February 1984 1984 02 12 aged 69 Paris FranceResting placeMontparnasse Cemetery ParisOccupationWriter translatorNationalityArgentine FrenchGenreShort story poetry novelLiterary movementLatin American BoomNotable worksHopscotchBlow up and Other StoriesNotable awardsPrix Medicis France 1974 Ruben Dario Order of Cultural Independence Nicaragua 1983 SignatureHe is considered one of the most innovative and original authors of his time a master of history poetic prose and short story in general and a creator of important novels that inaugurated a new way of making literature in the Hispanic world by breaking the classical molds through narratives that escaped temporal linearity He lived his childhood and adolescence and incipient maturity in Argentina and after the 1950s in Europe He lived in Italy Spain and in Switzerland In 1951 he settled in France for more than three decades and composed some of his works there 2 Contents 1 Early life 2 Education and teaching career 3 Years in France 3 1 Death 4 Works 5 Influence and legacy 6 Bibliography 7 Recording from the Library of Congress 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11 1 English 11 2 Spanish 12 External linksEarly life EditJulio Cortazar was born on 26 August 1914 in Ixelles 3 a municipality of Brussels Belgium According to biographer Miguel Herraez his parents Julio Jose Cortazar and Maria Herminia Descotte were Argentine citizens and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium 4 At the time of Cortazar s birth Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser Wilhelm II After German troops arrived in Belgium Cortazar and his family moved to Zurich where Maria Herminia s parents Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte a French National were waiting in neutral territory The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland first in Zurich then Geneva before moving for a short period to Barcelona The Cortazars settled outside of Buenos Aires by the end of 1919 5 Cortazar s father left when Julio was six and the family had no further contact with him 6 Cortazar spent most of his childhood in Banfield a suburb south of Buenos Aires with his mother and younger sister The home in Banfield with its back yard was a source of inspiration for some of his stories 7 Despite this in a letter to Graciela M de Sola on 4 December 1963 he described this period of his life as full of servitude excessive touchiness terrible and frequent sadness He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading His mother who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself introduced her son to the works of Jules Verne whom Cortazar admired for the rest of his life In the magazine Plural issue 44 Mexico City May 1975 he wrote I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else s Education and teaching career Edit Cortazar in his youth Cortazar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18 He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Philosophy and Letters but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree 8 According to biographer Montes Bradley Cortazar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province one in the city of Chivilcoy the other in Bolivar In 1938 using the pseudonym of Julio Denis he self published a volume of sonnets Presencia 9 which he later repudiated saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say 10 In 1944 he became professor of French literature at the National University of Cuyo in Mendoza but owing to political pressure from Peronists he resigned the position in June 1946 He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Camara Argentina del Libro a trade organization 11 In 1949 he published a play Los Reyes The Kings based on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur In 1980 Cortazar delivered eight lectures at the University of California Berkeley 12 Years in France EditIn 1951 Cortazar immigrated to France where he lived and worked for the rest of his life though he traveled widely From 1952 onwards he worked intermittently for UNESCO as a translator He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in Saignon in the south of France where he also maintained a home In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights in Latin America and was a supporter of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua as well as Fidel Castro s Cuban revolution and Salvador Allende s socialist government in Chile 13 Cortazar had three long term romantic relationships with women The first was with Aurora Bernardez an Argentine translator whom he married in 1953 They separated in 1968 14 when he became involved with the Lithuanian writer editor translator and filmmaker Ugne Karvelis whom he never formally married and who reportedly stimulated Cortazar s interest in politics 15 although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963 the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life In 1981 he married Canadian writer Carol Dunlop After Dunlop s death in 1982 Aurora Bernardez accompanied Cortazar during his final illness and in accordance with his longstanding wishes inherited the rights to all his works 16 17 Death Edit Cortazar died in Paris in 1984 and is interred in the cimetiere du Montparnasse The cause of his death was reported to be leukemia though some sources state that he died from AIDS as a result of receiving a blood transfusion 18 19 Works Edit Cortazar photographed in Buenos Aires in December 1983 when he returned after 10 years of exile in France Cortazar wrote numerous short stories collected in such volumes as Bestiario 1951 Final del juego 1956 and Las armas secretas 1959 In 1967 English translations by Paul Blackburn of stories selected from these volumes were published by Pantheon Books as End of the Game and Other Stories it was later re titled Blow up and Other Stories Cortazar published four novels during his lifetime Los premios The Winners 1960 Hopscotch Rayuela 1963 62 A Model Kit 62 Modelo para Armar 1968 and Libro de Manuel A Manual for Manuel 1973 Except for Los premios which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan these novels have been translated into English by Gregory Rabassa Two other novels El examen and Divertimento though written before 1960 only appeared posthumously The open ended structure of Hopscotch which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non linear mode of reading has been praised by other Latin American writers including Jose Lezama Lima Giannina Braschi Carlos Fuentes Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Mario Vargas Llosa citation needed Cortazar s use of interior monologue and stream of consciousness owes much to James Joyce 20 and other modernists citation needed but his main influences were Surrealism 21 the French Nouveau roman citation needed and the improvisatory aesthetic of jazz 22 This last interest is reflected in the notable story El perseguidor The Pursuer which Cortazar based on the life of the bebop saxophonist Charlie Parker 23 Cortazar also published poetry drama and various works of non fiction In the 1960s working with the artist Jose Silva he created two almanac books or libros almanaque La vuelta al dia en ochenta mundos and Ultimo Round which combined various texts written by Cortazar with photographs engravings and other illustrations in the manner of the almanaques del mensajero that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood 24 One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute which relates partly in mock heroic style the couple s extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille in a Volkswagen camper nicknamed Fafner As a translator he completed Spanish language renderings of Robinson Crusoe Marguerite Yourcenar s novel Memoires d Hadrien and the complete prose works of Edgar Allan Poe 25 Influence and legacy Edit Cortazar s grave in Montparnasse Cemetery Paris Michelangelo Antonioni s film Blowup 1966 was inspired by Cortazar s story Las babas del diablo which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer Sergio Larrain during a shoot outside of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris 26 Cortazar s story La autopista del sur The Southern Thruway influenced another film of the 1960s Jean Luc Godard s Week End 1967 27 The filmmaker Manuel Antin has directed three films based on Cortazar stories Cartas de mama Circe and Intimidad de los parques 28 Chilean novelist Roberto Bolano cited Cortazar as a key influence on his novel The Savage Detectives To say that I m permanently indebted to the work of Borges and Cortazar is obvious 29 Puerto Rican novelist Giannina Braschi used Cortazar s story Las babas del diablo as a springboard for the chapter called Blow up in her bilingual novel Yo Yo Boing 1998 which features scenes with Cortazar s characters La Maga and Rocamadour 30 Cortazar is mentioned and spoken highly of in Rabih Alameddine s 1998 novel Koolaids The Art of War North American novelist Deena Metzger cites Cortazar as co author of her novel Doors A Fiction for Jazz Horn 31 written twenty years after his death In Buenos Aires a school a public library and a square in the Palermo neighborhood carry Cortazar s name Bibliography EditNovels Divertimento 1949 first published in 1986 El examen Final Exam 1950 first published in 1985 Los premios The Winners 1960 Rayuela Hopscotch 1963 62 modelo para armar 62 A Model Kit 1968 Libro de Manuel A Manual for Manuel 1973 Short story collections Bestiario 1951 Final del juego End of the Game 1956 Las armas secretas 1959 Historias de cronopios y de famas Cronopios and Famas 1962 Todos los fuegos el fuego All Fires the Fire 1966 Blow up and Other Stories 1968 a compilation of stories from Bestiario Final del juego and Las armas secretas in an English language translation Octaedro 1974 Alguien que anda por ahi 1977 Un tal Lucas A Certain Lucas 1979 Queremos tanto a Glenda We Love Glenda So Much 1980 Deshoras Unreasonable Hours 1982 Poetry Presencia Presence 1938 Los reyes The Kings 1949 Salvo el crepusculo Save Twilight 1997 expanded edition City Lights 2016 Other works La vuelta al dia en ochenta mundos Around the Day in Eighty Worlds 1967 Ultimo round Last Round 1969 Prosa del Observatorio From the Observatory 1972 Territorios Territories 1978 La Punalada El tango de la vuelta Stab 1979 with Pat Andrea 32 Los autonautas de la cosmopista Autonauts of the Cosmoroute 1983 Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce Nicaragua So Violently Sweet 1983 Julio Cortazar Al Termino del Polvo y el Sudor Biblioteca de Marcha Montevideo 1987 Essays by and about Julio Cortazar Diario de Andres Fava Diary of Andres Fava 1995 companion book to El examen Adios Robinson Goodbye Robinson 1995 radio text Imagen de John Keats Image of John Keats 1996 Cartas Letters Three volumes 2000 expanded version in five volumes 2012 Papeles inesperados Unexpected Papers 2009 Cartas a los Jonquieres Letters to the Jonquieres 2010 Clases de literatura Literature Class 2013 Graphic novel Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires 1975 Recording from the Library of Congress EditJulio Cortazar reading from his own workFilmography EditLa Cifra Impar 1960 Feature film by Manuel Antin based on Letters from Mother Circe 1963 Feature film by Manuel Antin based on Circe Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortazar El Perseguidor 1963 Feature film by Osias Wilenski based on El perseguidor Intimidad de los Parques 1965 Feature film by Manuel Antin Blow Up 1966 Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni based on Las Babas del diablo Cortazar 1994 Documentary directed by Tristan Bauer Cortazar apuntes para un documental documentary Eduardo Montes Bradley Director Soledad Liendo Producer Theatrical release 2002 DVD Release 2007 Graffiti on YouTube 2005 Short movie based on Julio Cortazar s short story Graffiti Directed by Pako Gonzalez Graffiti 2006 Short movie based on Julio Cortazar s short story Graffiti Directed by Vano Burduli 1 2 Mentiras Piadosas released in English as Made Up Memories 2009 Feature film by Diego Sabanes based on the short story The Health of the Sick and other short stories by Julio Cortazar Hareau Eliane Sclavo Lil 2018 El traductor artifice reflexivo Montevideo ISBN 978 9974 93 195 4 See also EditEtat second Sophie BohdanReferences Edit Montes Bradley Eduardo Cortazar sin barba Editorial Debate Random House Mondadori p 35 Madrid 2005 Julio Cortazar Pagina Oficial 25 March 2009 Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 12 February 2020 Cortazar sin barba by Eduardo Montes Bradley Random House Mondadori Editorial Debate Madrid 2004 Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 p 25 Montes Bradley Eduardo Cortazar sin barba Editorial Debate Random House Mondadori p 110 Madrid 2005 Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 pp 38 amp 45 Banfield is mentioned in the short story Conducta en los velorios permanent dead link from Historias de cronopios y de famas Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 p 343 Conversaciones con Cortazar on YouTube Omar Prego Muchnik Editores 1985 p 33 Julio Cortazar A fondo on YouTube TVE 1977 Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 pp 118 119 Illingworth Dustin The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortazar s Berkeley Lectures The Atlantic Retrieved 29 March 2017 Liukkonen Petri Julio Cortazar Books and Writers kirjasto sci fi Finland Kuusankoski Public Library Archived from the original on 28 April 2009 Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 pp 245 252 Mario Goloboff 1998 Chap 11 De otros lados Julio Cortazar La biografia pp 170 174 ISBN 950 731 205 6 Las cartas de Cortazar article in the newspaper El Mundo Madrid 15 July 2012 Julio Cortazar Cartas 3 2000 edition Alfaguara p 1785 ISBN 9505115938 Una nueva biografia sostiene que Cortazar habria muerto de sida clarin com 7 June 2001 Peri Rossi Cortazar murio de sida por una transfusion article in the newspaper ABC from 25 January 2009 Julio Cortazar y James Joyce Picon Garfield Evelyn Es Julio Cortazar un surrealista 1975 El jazz en la obra de Cortazar Archived 24 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine p 41 Doris Sommer Grammar Trouble for Cortazar in Proceed with Caution When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p 211 Herraez Miguel Julio Cortazar Una Biografia Revisada Alreves 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 p 242 Biblioteca Julio Cortazar Fundacion Juan March Fallece Sergio Larrain el mitico fotografo chileno que renuncio al mundo Cultura La Tercera 24 January 2012 Retrieved 9 February 2012 Jean Franco Comic Stripping Cortazar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction in Critical Passions Selected Essays eds Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman Durham NC Duke University Press 1999 p 416 No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortazar Pagina 12 21 March 2012 Roberto Bolano Between Parentheses Essays Articles and Speeches 1998 2003 trans Natasha Wimmer New York New Directions 2011 353 Debra A Castillo editor Redreaming America Toward a Bilingual American Culture Language Games by Ilan Stavans pp 172 186 SUNY New York 2005 Deena Metzger Doors A Fiction for Jazz Horn Red Hen Press Pasadena CA 2004 La Punalada El tango de la vuelta EZR Retrieved 23 July 2020 Further reading EditEnglish Edit Julio Cortazar Modern Critical Views Bloom Harold 2005 Schmidt Cruz Cynthia 2004 Mothers Lovers and Others the short stories of Julio Cortazar Albany N Y State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 5955 3 Julio Cortazar Bloom s Major Short Story Writers Bloom Harold 2004 Weiss Jason 2003 The Lights of Home a century of Latin American writers in Paris New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 94013 9 Standish Peter 2001 Understanding Julio Cortazar Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature University of South Carolina Press ISBN 978 1 57003 390 2 Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortazar Moran Dominic 2000 Critical Essays on Julio Cortazar Alazraki Jaime 1999 Alonso Carlos J 1998 Julio Cortazar new readings Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 45210 6 Stavans Ilan 1996 Julio Cortazar a study of the short fiction New York Twayne Publishers ISBN 0 8057 8293 1 The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac Beckett and Cortazar Axelrod Mark 1992 Writing at Risk Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers Weiss Jason 1991 Rodriguez Luis Julio 1991 The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic Borges and Cortazar New York Garland ISBN 978 0 8153 0101 1 Yovanovich Gordana 1991 Julio Cortazar s Character Mosaic reading the longer fiction Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 5888 1 Carter E Eugene 1986 Julio Cortazar Life Work and Criticism Fredericton Canada York Press ISBN 978 0 919966 52 9 Peavler Terry J 1990 Julio Cortazar Boston Twayne ISBN 0 8057 8257 5 Boldy Steven 1980 The Novels of Julio Cortazar Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 23097 1 Spanish Edit Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos Homenaje a Julio Cortazar 1914 2014 Luis Aguilar Monsalve 2015 Julio Cortazar Una biografia revisada Miguel Herraez 2011 Discurso del Oso children s book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga Libros del Zorro Rojo 2008 Montes Bradley Eduardo 2005 Cortazar sin barba Madrid Random House Mondadori pp 394 Hard Cover ISBN 84 8306 603 3 Imagen de Julio Cortazar Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk 2004 Julio Cortazar desde tres perspectivas Luisa Valenzuela 2002 Otra flor amarilla antologia homenaje a Julio Cortazar Universidad de Guadalajara 2002 Julio Cortazar Cristina Peri Rossi 2000 Julio Cortazar Alberto Couste 2001 Julio Cortazar La biografia Mario Goloboff 1998 La mirada reciproca estudios sobre los ultimos cuentos de Julio Cortazar Peter Frohlicher 1995 Hacia Cortazar aproximaciones a su obra Jaime Alazraki 1994 Julio Cortazar mundos y modos Saul Yurkievich 1994 Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortazar Zheyla Henriksen 1992 Cortazar el romantico en su observatorio Rosario Ferre 1991 Lo neofantastico en Julio Cortazar Julia G Cruz 1988 Los Ochenta mundos de Cortazar ensayos Fernando Burgos 1987 En busca del unicornio los cuentos de Julio Cortazar Jaime Alazraki 1983 Teoria y practica del cuento en los relatos de Cortazar Carmen de Mora Valcarcel 1982 Julio Cortazar Pedro Lastra 1981 Cortazar metafisica y erotismo Antonio Planells 1979 Es Julio Cortazar un surrealista Evelyn Picon Garfield 1975 Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortazar David Lagmanovich 1975 Cortazar y Carpentier Mercedes Rein 1974 Los mundos de Julio Cortazar Malva E Filer 1970 Hareau Eliane Sclavo Lil 2018 El traductor artifice reflexivo Montevideo ISBN 978 9974 93 195 4 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Julio Cortazar Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julio Cortazar Works by Julio Cortazar at Open Library Jason Weiss Fall 1984 Julio Cortazar The Art of Fiction No 83 Paris Review Fall 1984 93 Petri Liukkonen Julio Cortazar Books and Writers Julio Cortazar Collection Finding Aid Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division Julio Cortazar Literary Manuscripts 1943 1982 Benson Latin American Collection Julio Cortazar An Argentinean Master of Anti novel and Experimental Literature Books and texts written by Julio Cortazar A translated excerpt from Prose from the Observatory Julio Cortazar interview 1979 Julio Cortazar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover Julio Cortazar lee fragmentos de su obra In Spanish Julio Cortazar his readers and Paris Photo Essay The Library of Julio Cortazar Virtual visit to his private library in English and Spanish Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division s audio literary archive on November 20 1975 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Julio Cortazar amp oldid 1135197996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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