Phaseolus
Phaseolus (bean, wild bean)[2] is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica.[3][4]
| Phaseolus | |
|---|---|
| P. vulgaris | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Subtribe: | Phaseolinae |
| Genus: | Phaseolus L. (1753) |
| Type species | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | |
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean).[5][6] Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.
Ecology edit
Phaseolus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including common swift, garden dart, ghost moth Hypercompe albicornis, H. icasia and the nutmeg.
Etymology edit
The generic name Phaseolus was introduced by Linnaeus in 1753,[7] from the Latin faseolus, a possible diminutive of phasēlus, in turn borrowed from Greek φάσηλος / phasolus of unknown origin.[8][9] The Ancient Greeks probably referred to any bean in a pod as phasolus,[10] which at the time, in Europe, were only of Asian origin. Later, when the common bean was introduced into Europe via Columbian exchange in the 16th Century, the meaning of the term extended to the New World beans.
Taxonomy edit
Previous classifications placed a number of other well-known legume species in this genus, but they were subsequently reassigned to the genus Vigna, sometimes necessitating a change of species name. For example, older literature refers to the mung bean as Phaseolus aureus, whereas more modern sources classify it as Vigna radiata. Similarly, the snail bean Vigna caracalla was discovered in 1753 and in 1970 moved from Phaseolus to Vigna. The modern understanding of Phaseolus indicates a genus endemic only to the New World.[3]
Species edit
Species have been organized into eight groups based on phylogenetic clades:[11][12][13]
- Phaseolus angustissimus A. Gray
- Phaseolus filiformis—slimjim bean
- Phaseolus carterae
Leptostachyus group
- Phaseolus leptostachyus
- Phaseolus macvaughii
- Phaseolus micranthus
Lunatus group
- Phaseolus augusti
- Phaseolus bolivianus
- Phaseolus lunatus—lima bean, butter bean
- Phaseolus pachyrrhizoides
- Phaseolus viridis
- Phaseolus mollis
Pauciflorus group
- Phaseolus pauciflorus
- Phaseolus parvulus
- Phaseolus perplexus
- Phaseolus pluriflorus
- Phaseolus tenellus
Pedicellatus group
- Phaseolus altimontanus
- Phaseolus dasycarpus
- Phaseolus esperanzae
- Phaseolus grayanus
- Phaseolus laxiflorus
- Phaseolus neglectus
- Phaseolus pedicellatus
- Phaseolus texensis
Polystachios group
- Phaseolus albinervus
- Phaseolus jaliscanus
- Phaseolus juquilensis
- Phaseolus maculatus—spotted bean
- Phaseolus marechalii
- Phaseolus polystachios
- Phaseolus reticulatus
- Phaseolus ritensis
- Phaseolus smilacifolius
Tuerckheimii group
- Phaseolus chiapasanus
- Phaseolus gladiolatus
- Phaseolus hintonii
- Phaseolus oligospermus
- Phaseolus tuerckheimii
- Phaseolus xanthrotrichus
- Phaseolus zimapanensis
Vulgaris group
- Phaseolus acutifolius—tepary bean
- Phaseolus albescens
- Phaseolus coccineus—runner bean
- Phaseolus costaricensis
- Phaseolus dumosus—year bean
- Phaseolus parvifolius
- Phaseolus persistentus
- Phaseolus vulgaris—common bean, French bean, black bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, green bean
Uncategorized
- Phaseolus amblyosepalus
- Phaseolus anisotrichos
- Phaseolus brevicalyx
- Phaseolus chacoensis
- Phaseolus cibellii
- Phaseolus galactoides
- Phaseolus glabellus
- Phaseolus leucanthus
- Phaseolus macrolepis
- Phaseolus massaiensis
- Phaseolus microcarpus
- Phaseolus nelsonii
- Phaseolus oaxacanus
- Phaseolus plagiocylix
- Phaseolus polymorphus
- Phaseolus sonorensis
- Phaseolus vulcanicus
Allergenicity edit
The Phaseolus plant has an OPALS plant allergy scale rating of 4 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden. Leaves can cause skin rash and old plants often carry rust.[14]
References edit
- ^ Phaseolus L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ "Phaseolus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b Delgado-Salinas, A.; Thulin, M.; Pasquet, R.; Weeden, N.; Lavin, M. (2011). "Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera". American Journal of Botany. 98 (10): 1694–715. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100069. PMID 21980163.
- ^ Freytag, George F.; Debouck, Daniel G. (2002). Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the genus Phaseolus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in North America, Mexico and Central America. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. ISBN 1889878111. OCLC 249436749.
- ^ Rosales-Serna, R.; Hernández-Delgado, S.; González-Paz, M.; Acosta-Gallegos, J. A.; Mayek-Pérez, N. (2005). "Genetic Relationships and Diversity Revealed by AFLP Markers in Mexican Common Bean Bred Cultivars". Crop Science. 45 (5): 1951. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.0582.
- ^ Bitocchi, Elena; Rau, Domenico; Bellucci, Elisa; Rodriguez, Monica; Murgia, Maria L.; Gioia, Tania; Santo, Debora; Nanni, Laura; Attene, Giovanna (2017-05-08). "Beans (Phaseolus ssp.) as a Model for Understanding Crop Evolution". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 722. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00722. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5420584. PMID 28533789.
- ^ Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2:623, cited in Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolus'
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolin'
- ^ φάσηλος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Heinrich F.; Wilkins D. (2014). "Beans, boats and archaeobotany: A new translation of 'phasolus' or why the romans ate neither kidney beans nor cowpeas". Palaeohistoria. 55/56 (2013/2014): 149–176. S2CID 58931881. [1]
- ^ ILDIS Version 10.01
- ^ Delgado-Salinas, Alfonso; Bibler, Ryan; Lavin, Matt (2006-10-01). "Phylogeny of the Genus Phaseolus (Leguminosae): A Recent Diversification in an Ancient Landscape". Systematic Botany. 31 (4): 779–791. doi:10.1600/036364406779695960. ISSN 0363-6445. S2CID 14832239.
- ^ Delgado-Salinas, Alfonso; Turley, Tom; Richman, Adam; Lavin, Matt (July 1999). "Phylogenetic Analysis of the Cultivated and Wild Species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae)". Systematic Botany. 24 (3): 438. doi:10.2307/2419699. ISSN 0363-6445. JSTOR 2419699.
- ^ Ogren, Thomas Leo (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 9781607744917.