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It Happened One Night

March 13, 2023

For the album by Holly Cole, see It Happened One Night (album).

It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The screenplay by Robert Riskin is based on the August 1933 short story "Night Bus" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a "pre-Code" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPPDA began rigidly enforcing the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. It Happened One Night was released just four months prior to that enforcement.[4]

It Happened One Night
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFrank Capra
Screenplay byRobert Riskin
Based on"Night Bus"
by Samuel Hopkins Adams
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyJoseph Walker
Edited byGene Havlick
Music by
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • February 22, 1934 (1934-02-22)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$325,000[2]
Box office$2 million (worldwide rentals)[3]

It has garnered critical acclaim and is widely hailed one of the greatest films ever made. It Happened One Night is the first of only three films (along with One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs) to win all five major Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the US National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5][6] In 2013, the film underwent an extensive restoration by Sony Pictures.[7][8]

Plot

Spoiled heiress Ellen "Ellie" Andrews has eloped with pilot and fortune-hunter King Westley against the wishes of her extremely wealthy father, Alexander Andrews, who wants to have the marriage annulled because he knows that Westley is really interested only in Ellie's money. Jumping ship in Florida, Ellie runs away and boards a Greyhound bus to New York City to reunite with her husband. She meets fellow passenger Peter Warne, a newspaper reporter who recently lost his job. Soon, Peter recognizes her and gives her a choice. If she gives him an exclusive on her story, he will help her reunite with Westley. If not, he will tell her father where she is. Ellie agrees to help.

As they go through several adventures, Ellie loses her initial disdain for Peter and they begin to fall in love. When the bus breaks down and they begin hitchhiking, they fail to secure a ride until Ellie displays a shapely leg to Danker, the next driver. When they stop en route, Danker tries to steal their luggage but Peter chases him down and seizes his Model T. Near the end of their journey, Ellie confesses her love to Peter. The owners of the motel in which they stay notice that Peter's car is gone and then expel Ellie. Believing Peter has deserted her, Ellie telephones her father, who agrees to let her marry Westley. Meanwhile, Peter has obtained money from his editor to marry Ellie but he misses her on the road. Although Ellie has no desire to be with Westley, she believes that Peter has betrayed her for the reward money and so agrees to have a second, formal wedding with Westley.

On the wedding day, she finally reveals the whole story to her father. When Peter comes to Ellie's home, Andrews offers him the reward money, but Peter insists on being paid only his expenses, a paltry $39.60 for items that he had been forced to sell to buy gasoline. When Andrews presses Peter for an explanation of his odd behavior and demands to know if he loves her, Peter first tries to dodge the questions but then admits that he loves Ellie and storms out. Westley arrives for his wedding via an autogyro, but at the ceremony, Andrews reveals to his daughter Peter's refusal of the reward money and tells her that her car is waiting by the back gate in case she changes her mind. At the last minute, just before she says "I do", she decides not to go through with the wedding. Ellie dumps Westley at the altar, bolts for her car, and drives away as the newsreel cameras crank.

A few days later, Andrews is working at his desk when Westley calls to tell him that he will take the financial settlement and not contest the annulment. His executive assistant brings him a telegram from Peter: "What's holding up the annulment, you slowpoke? The walls of Jericho are toppling!" That is a reference to a makeshift wall made of a blanket hung over a rope that was tied across the rooms separating the beds they had slept in, in order to give them each privacy while traveling together. With the annulment in hand, Andrews sends the reply, "Let 'em topple."

The last scene has Peter's battered Model T parked in a motor court in Glen Falls, Michigan. The mom-and-pop owners talk and wonder why, on such a warm night, the newlyweds (he had seen the marriage license) wanted a clothesline, an extra blanket, and the little tin trumpet that he had gotten for them. As they look at the cabin, the toy trumpet sounds a fanfare, the blanket falls to the floor, and the lights in the cabin go out.

Cast

Uncredited roles

Production

Casting

 
The hitchhiking scene

Neither Gable nor Colbert was the first choice to play the lead roles. Miriam Hopkins rejected the part of Ellie. Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy were then offered the roles, but both turned down the script. Loy later noted that the final story as filmed bore little resemblance to the script that she and Montgomery had been given.[9] Margaret Sullavan also rejected the part.[10] Constance Bennett was willing to accept the role if she could produce the film herself but Columbia Pictures would not agree to that condition. Bette Davis then wanted the role[11] but she was under contract with Warner Brothers and Jack L. Warner refused to lend her.[12] Carole Lombard was unable to accept because Columbia's proposed filming schedule would conflict with her work on Bolero at Paramount.[13] Loretta Young also turned it down.[14]

Harry Cohn suggested Colbert, who initially turned down the role.[15] Her first film, For the Love of Mike (1927), had been directed by Capra and was such a disaster that neither wanted to work with the other again.[16][17] Later, she agreed to the role only if her salary was doubled to $50,000 and if her scenes were completed in four weeks so that she could take a planned vacation.[18]

According to Hollywood legend, Gable was lent to Columbia Pictures, then considered a minor studio, as punishment for refusing a role at his own studio. That tale has been partially refuted by more recent biographies. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer did not have a project ready for Gable and the studio was paying him his contracted salary of $2,000 per week whether he worked or not. Louis B. Mayer lent him to Columbia for $2,500 per week, hence netting MGM $500 per week while he was gone.[19] Capra, however, insisted that Gable was a reluctant participant in the film.[20]

Filming

Filming began in a tense atmosphere as Gable and Colbert were dissatisfied with the quality of the script. Capra understood their dissatisfaction and let screenwriter Robert Riskin rewrite it.[19] Colbert continued to show her displeasure on the set. She also initially balked at pulling up her skirt to entice a passing driver to provide a ride, complaining that it was unladylike. Upon seeing the chorus girl who was brought in as her body double, an outraged Colbert told the director, "Get her out of here. I'll do it. That's not my leg!"[21] Capra claimed that Colbert "had many little tantrums, motivated by her antipathy toward me," however, "she was wonderful in the part."[21] Part of the film was made on Thousand Oaks Boulevard in Thousand Oaks, California.[22]

Restoration

In 2013 It Happened One Night was digitally restored. A new wet-gate master was produced by Sony Colorworks for scanning at 4K. The images were digitally treated at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches, and other artifacts. Care was taken to preserve the original look of the film.[23]

Reception

 
Frame from the film's trailer

After filming was done, Colbert complained to her friend, "I just finished the worst picture in the world".[21][24] Columbia appeared to have low expectations for the film and did not mount much of an advertising campaign for it.[25] Initial reviews were generally positive, Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times called it "a good piece of fiction, which, with all its feverish stunts, is blessed with bright dialogue and a good quota of relatively restrained scenes". Hall described Colbert's performance as "engaging and lively" and Gable as "excellent".[26] Variety reported that it was "without a particularly strong plot" but "manages to come through in a big way, due to the acting, dialog, situations and directing".[27] Film Daily praised it as "a lively yarn, fast-moving, plenty humorous, racy enough to be tantalizing, and yet perfectly decorous".[28] The New York Herald Tribune called it "lively and amusing".[29] John Mosher of The New Yorker panned it as "pretty much nonsense and quite dreary" which was probably the review Capra had in mind when he recalled in his autobiography that "sophisticated" critics had dismissed the film.[30][31] Despite the positive reviews, the film was only moderately successful in its initial run. After it was released to secondary movie houses, ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury.[29] It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit until the late 1980's.[32] During its initial release, the film earned $1 million in theater rentals from the United States and Canada.[33]

Rotten Tomatoes compiled 95 reviews of the film to form a 99% "Certified Fresh" score and an average rating of 9.2/10. The consensus reads, "Capturing its stars and director at their finest, It Happened One Night remains unsurpassed by the countless romantic comedies it has inspired".[34] In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the ceremony since she felt she would not win and planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry Cohn sent someone to "drag her off" the train, which had not departed, to take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip.[35]

Academy Awards

The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934:

It Happened One Night was the first film to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Writing). As of 2022, only two other films have achieved this feat: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975 and The Silence of the Lambs in 1991.[36] It Happened One Night was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975.

On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500, who donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy.[37] In June of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's but attracted no bids.[38]

Others

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Influence

It Happened One Night made an immediate impact on the public. In one scene, Gable undresses for bed, taking off his shirt to reveal that he is bare-chested. An urban legend claims that, as a result, sales of men's undershirts declined noticeably.[45] The movie also prominently features a Greyhound bus in the story, spurring interest in bus travel nationwide.[46]

The unpublished memoirs of animator Friz Freleng mention that this was one of his favorite films. It Happened One Night has a few interesting parallels with, and may have even inspired certain characteristics of, the cartoon character Bugs Bunny, who made his first appearance six years later, and who Freleng helped develop. In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character "Doc," an imaginary character named "Bugs Dooley" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does.[47]

Remakes and adaptations

The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals Eve Knew Her Apples (1945) starring Ann Miller and You Can't Run Away from It (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell.[48]

It Happened One Night was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the March 20, 1939 broadcast of Lux Radio Theatre, with Colbert and Gable reprising their roles.[49] The screenplay was also adapted as a radio play for the January 28, 1940, broadcast of The Campbell Playhouse, starring Orson Welles (Mr. Andrews), William Powell (Peter Grant) and Miriam Hopkins (Ellie Andrews).[50][51]

It Happened One Night has been adapted into numerous Indian films. These include three Hindi adaptations: Chori Chori (1956), Nau Do Gyarah (1957) and Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991),[52] one Bengali adaptation Chaoa Paoa (1959),[53] two Tamil adaptations: Chandrodayam (1966) and Kadhal Rojavae (2000),[52][54] and one Kannada adaptation Hudugaata (2007).[55]

In popular culture

The 1937 Laurel and Hardy comedy Way Out West parodied the famous hitchhiking scene with Stan Laurel managing to stop a stage coach using the same technique.[56] Mel Brooks's film Spaceballs (1987) parodies the wedding scene. As she walks down the aisle to wed Prince Valium, Princess Vespa (Daphne Zuniga) is told by King Roland (Dick Van Patten) that Lone Starr (Bill Pullman) forsook the reward for the princess's return and only asked to be reimbursed for the cost of the trip.[57]

Other films have used familiar plot points from It Happened One Night. In Bandits (2001), Joe Blake (Bruce Willis) erects a blanket partition between motel room beds out of respect for Kate Wheeler's (Cate Blanchett's) privacy. He remarks that he saw people do the same thing in an old movie.[58] In Sex and the City 2, Carrie and Mr. Big watch the film (specifically the hitchhiking scene) in a hotel; later in the film Carrie uses the idea which she got from the film to get a taxi in the Middle East.

In "The Bogman of Letchmoor Heath", the second episode of the horror/comedy television series She-Wolf of London (1990–1991), lead characters Randi Wallace (Kate Hodge) and Ian Matheson (Neil Dickson) rent a motel room, and, uncomfortable with the lack of privacy afforded, Ian stretches a bed sheet like a curtain between the two beds. Ian makes reference to It Happened One Night but Randi is unfamiliar with the film, remarking that she would rather "read a book".

Beginning in January 2014, the comic 9 Chickweed Lane tied a story arc to It Happened One Night when one of the characters, Lt. William O'Malley, is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of It Happened One Night and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ "'It Happened One Night' (A)." August 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine British Board of Film Classification, March 13, 1934; retrieved November 18, 2014.
  2. ^ Rudy Behlmer, Behind the Scenes, Samuel French, 1990 p. 37
  3. ^ "Wall St. Researchers' Cheery Tone". Variety. November 7, 1962. p. 7.
  4. ^ Brown 1995, p. 118.
  5. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress, Washington, DC. from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  6. ^ "National Film Registry." March 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress. Retrieved: October 28, 2011.
  7. ^ "Restoring the Frank Capra Classic, It Happened One Night". July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine CreativeCOW.net. Retrieved: April 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "Colorworks completes brilliant 4K restoration of Frank Capra classic 'It Happened One Night'". April 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Shoot, November 18, 2013. Retrieved: April 16, 2014.
  9. ^ Kotsabilas-Davis and Loy 1987, p. 94. Note: Loy described the first script she saw as "one of the worst [that] she had ever read."
  10. ^ Wiley and Bona 1987, p. 54.
  11. ^ Weems, Erik. It Happened One Night – Frank Capra. April 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine eeweems.com, April 2013. Retrieved: April 1, 2015.
  12. ^ Chandler 2006, p. 102.
  13. ^ McBride 1992, p. 303.
  14. ^ "Loretta Young 1999." flickr.com. Retrieved: November 14, 2007.
  15. ^ Karney 1995, p. 252.
  16. ^ Tapert 1998, p. 172.
  17. ^ McBride 2011, pp. 304, 307.
  18. ^ . Britannica Presents: All About Oscar. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013.
  19. ^ a b Harris 2002, pp. 112–114.
  20. ^ Capra 1971, p. 164.
  21. ^ a b c Pace, Eric. "Claudette Colbert, unflappable heroine of screwball comedies, is dead at 92." February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, July 31, 1996, p. D21.
  22. ^ Bidwell, Carol A. (1989). The Conejo Valley: Old and New Frontiers. Windsor Publications. p. 112. ISBN 9780897812993.
  23. ^ "Capra's classic 'It Happened One Night' restored in 4K". Randi Altman's PostPerspective. November 18, 2013. from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  24. ^ "Review: 'It Happened One Night'." February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine moviediva.com, April 2005. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  25. ^ Tueth, p. 20.
  26. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (February 23, 1934). "Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable in a Merry Jaunt From Miami to New York". The New York Times. from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  27. ^ "It Happened One Night". Variety. New York. February 27, 1934. p. 17.
  28. ^ "It Happened One Night". Film Daily. New York. February 23, 1934. p. 6.
  29. ^ a b Mizejewski, p. 11.
  30. ^ Mosher, John C. (March 3, 1934). "The New Yorker". New York. p. 67.
  31. ^ Mizejewski, p. 12.
  32. ^ McBride 1992, pp. 308–309.
  33. ^ Joseph McBride, Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success University Press of Mississippi, 1992 p 309
  34. ^ "It Happened One Night (1934)". from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
  35. ^ Sharon Fink. "Oscars: The Evolution of Fashion." St. Petersburg Times, February 24, 2007.
  36. ^ "Awards." January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Retrieved: September 4, 2009.
  37. ^ McKittrick, Rosemary. "Gable's Gold: Auction cashes in on Hollywood idol." March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine liveauctiontalk.com. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  38. ^ Story, Paula (8 June 1997). "Marilyn Monroe’s gown draws $57,000 at Christie’s auction". APNews.com. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  39. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF). American Film Institute. (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  40. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs" (PDF). American Film Institute. (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  41. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  42. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  43. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)" (PDF). American Film Institute. (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  44. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10: Top 10 Romantic Comedy". American Film Institute. from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  45. ^ "The shirt off his back." September 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine snopes.com, May 10, 2014. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  46. ^ "Historical Timeline." December 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Greyhound. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  47. ^ Dirks, Tim. "Review: 'It Happened One Night'." filmsite.org. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  48. ^ Dirks, Tim. "It Happened One Night (1934) ." Filmsite Movie Reviews. Retrieved: November 17, 2011.
  49. ^ Si Steinhauser (March 20, 1939). "Kyser's Boss is Appreciative So Kay Gets Unexpected Raise". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 9. from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  50. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse: It Happened One Night". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. January 28, 1940. from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  51. ^ "Sunday Radio Programs – Today's Best Bets". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York). January 28, 1940. p. 6B. from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  52. ^ a b Guy, Randor (September 11, 2014). "It happened to be a hit!". The Hindu. from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  53. ^ "Watch: Five iconic Suchitra Sen scenes from her best movies". Firstpost. January 17, 2014. from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  54. ^ Padmanabhan, Savitha (January 21, 2000). "Film Review:Kadhal Rojavae". The Hindu. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  55. ^ . Sify. June 10, 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  56. ^ "Way Out West (1937)." October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Filmsite Review. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  57. ^ Crick 2009, p. 158.
  58. ^ Granger, Susan. "Bandits." January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine All Reviews, 2001. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  59. ^ McEldowney, Brooke. "9 Chickweed Lane". April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine gocomics.com. Retrieved: April 29, 2014.

Bibliography

  • Brown, Gene. Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present. New York: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0-02-860429-6.
  • Capra, Frank. Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971. ISBN 0-306-80771-8.
  • Chandler, Charlotte. The Girl Who Walked Home Alone: Bette Davis, A Personal Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 0-7432-6208-5.
  • Crick, Robert Alan. The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4326-0.
  • Harris, Warren G. Clark Gable, A Biography. London: Aurum Press, 2002. ISBN 1-85410-904-9.
  • Hirschnor, Joel. Rating the Movie Stars for Home Video, TV and Cable. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International Limited, 1983. ISBN 0-88176-152-4.
  • Karney, Robyn. Chronicle of the Cinema, 100 Years of the Movies. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1995. ISBN 0-7513-3001-9.
  • Kotsabilas-Davis, James and Myrna Loy. Being and Becoming. New York: Primus, Donald I. Fine Inc., 1987. ISBN 1-55611-101-0.
  • McBride, Joseph. Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success. New York: Touchstone Books, 1992. ISBN 0-671-79788-3.
  • Mizejewski, Linda. It Happened One Night. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4443-1016-0.
  • Michael, Paul, ed. The Great Movie Book: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best-loved Films of the Sound Era. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1980. ISBN 0-13-363663-1.
  • Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934–1941. Edison, New Jersey: BBS Publishing Corporation, 1985. ISBN 978-0-88365-922-9.
  • Tapert, Annette (1998). The Power of Glamour : The Women Who Defined the Magic of Stardom. New York : Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-70376-2.
  • Tueth, Michael V. Reeling with Laughter: American Film Comedies—from Anarchy to Mockumentary. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-81088-367-3.
  • Wiley, Mason and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987. ISBN 0-345-34453-7.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to It Happened One Night.
  • It Happened One Night essay by Ian Scott on the National Film Registry website [1]
  • It Happened One Night essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pp. 222–224 [2]
  • It Happened One Night at IMDb
  • It Happened One Night at the TCM Movie Database
  • It Happened One Night at the American Film Institute Catalog
  • It Happened One Night at Rotten Tomatoes
  • It Happened One Night at Filmsite.org
  • It Happened One Night at Virtual History
  • Six Screen Plays by Robert Riskin, Edited and Introduced by Pat McGilligan, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 – Free Online – UC Press E-Books Collection
  • It Happened One Night: All Aboard! an essay by Farran Smith Nehme at the Criterion Collection

Streaming audio

Awards
Preceded by
First film to achieve this
 "Big Five" Academy Award winner Succeeded by
Preceded by
First film to achieve this
 Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded by

March 13, 2023
happened, night, album, holly, cole, album, 1934, code, american, romantic, comedy, film, with, elements, screwball, comedy, directed, produced, frank, capra, collaboration, with, harry, cohn, which, pampered, socialite, claudette, colbert, tries, from, under,. For the album by Holly Cole see It Happened One Night album It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co produced by Frank Capra in collaboration with Harry Cohn in which a pampered socialite Claudette Colbert tries to get out from under her father s thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter Clark Gable The screenplay by Robert Riskin is based on the August 1933 short story Night Bus by Samuel Hopkins Adams which provided the shooting title Classified as a pre Code production the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPPDA began rigidly enforcing the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934 It Happened One Night was released just four months prior to that enforcement 4 It Happened One NightTheatrical release posterDirected byFrank CapraScreenplay byRobert RiskinBased on Night Bus by Samuel Hopkins AdamsProduced byFrank CapraHarry CohnStarringClark GableClaudette ColbertCinematographyJoseph WalkerEdited byGene HavlickMusic byHoward JacksonLouis SilversDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease dateFebruary 22 1934 1934 02 22 Running time105 minutes 1 CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget 325 000 2 Box office 2 million worldwide rentals 3 It has garnered critical acclaim and is widely hailed one of the greatest films ever made It Happened One Night is the first of only three films along with One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest and The Silence of the Lambs to win all five major Academy Awards Best Picture Best Director Best Actor Best Actress and Best Adapted Screenplay In 1993 it was selected for preservation in the US National Film Registry by the Library of Congress being deemed culturally historically or aesthetically significant 5 6 In 2013 the film underwent an extensive restoration by Sony Pictures 7 8 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Casting 3 2 Filming 3 3 Restoration 4 Reception 4 1 Academy Awards 4 2 Others 5 Influence 6 Remakes and adaptations 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 External linksPlot EditSpoiled heiress Ellen Ellie Andrews has eloped with pilot and fortune hunter King Westley against the wishes of her extremely wealthy father Alexander Andrews who wants to have the marriage annulled because he knows that Westley is really interested only in Ellie s money Jumping ship in Florida Ellie runs away and boards a Greyhound bus to New York City to reunite with her husband She meets fellow passenger Peter Warne a newspaper reporter who recently lost his job Soon Peter recognizes her and gives her a choice If she gives him an exclusive on her story he will help her reunite with Westley If not he will tell her father where she is Ellie agrees to help As they go through several adventures Ellie loses her initial disdain for Peter and they begin to fall in love When the bus breaks down and they begin hitchhiking they fail to secure a ride until Ellie displays a shapely leg to Danker the next driver When they stop en route Danker tries to steal their luggage but Peter chases him down and seizes his Model T Near the end of their journey Ellie confesses her love to Peter The owners of the motel in which they stay notice that Peter s car is gone and then expel Ellie Believing Peter has deserted her Ellie telephones her father who agrees to let her marry Westley Meanwhile Peter has obtained money from his editor to marry Ellie but he misses her on the road Although Ellie has no desire to be with Westley she believes that Peter has betrayed her for the reward money and so agrees to have a second formal wedding with Westley On the wedding day she finally reveals the whole story to her father When Peter comes to Ellie s home Andrews offers him the reward money but Peter insists on being paid only his expenses a paltry 39 60 for items that he had been forced to sell to buy gasoline When Andrews presses Peter for an explanation of his odd behavior and demands to know if he loves her Peter first tries to dodge the questions but then admits that he loves Ellie and storms out Westley arrives for his wedding via an autogyro but at the ceremony Andrews reveals to his daughter Peter s refusal of the reward money and tells her that her car is waiting by the back gate in case she changes her mind At the last minute just before she says I do she decides not to go through with the wedding Ellie dumps Westley at the altar bolts for her car and drives away as the newsreel cameras crank A few days later Andrews is working at his desk when Westley calls to tell him that he will take the financial settlement and not contest the annulment His executive assistant brings him a telegram from Peter What s holding up the annulment you slowpoke The walls of Jericho are toppling That is a reference to a makeshift wall made of a blanket hung over a rope that was tied across the rooms separating the beds they had slept in in order to give them each privacy while traveling together With the annulment in hand Andrews sends the reply Let em topple The last scene has Peter s battered Model T parked in a motor court in Glen Falls Michigan The mom and pop owners talk and wonder why on such a warm night the newlyweds he had seen the marriage license wanted a clothesline an extra blanket and the little tin trumpet that he had gotten for them As they look at the cabin the toy trumpet sounds a fanfare the blanket falls to the floor and the lights in the cabin go out Cast EditClark Gable as Peter Warne a recently fired newspaper reporter Claudette Colbert as Ellen Ellie Andrews a spoiled heiress of millions Walter Connolly as Alexander Andrews Ellie s millionaire father Roscoe Karns as Oscar Shapeley an annoying bus passenger who tries to pick up Ellie Jameson Thomas as King Westley Ellie s fiance or husband a pilot and fortune hunter Alan Hale as Danker the singing car driver who wants to steal the suitcase Arthur Hoyt as Zeke a motel owner Blanche Friderici as Zeke s wife Charles C Wilson as Joe Gordon newspaper editor and Peter s bossUncredited rolesErnie Adams as the Bag Thief Irving Bacon as Gas Station Attendant George Breakston as Boy Bus Passenger whose mother collapsed Ward Bond as Bus Driver 1 Eddy Chandler as Bus Driver 2 Mickey Daniels as a Vendor on bus Bess Flowers as Agnes Gordon s Secretary Harry Holman as the Auto Camp Manager at the end of the film Claire McDowell as the collapsed Mother in the bus Harry Todd as the Flagman at railroad crossing Maidel Turner as the Auto Camp Manager s Wife Wallis Clark as Lovington Frank Yaconelli as Tony Dolores Fuller as childProduction EditCasting Edit The hitchhiking scene Neither Gable nor Colbert was the first choice to play the lead roles Miriam Hopkins rejected the part of Ellie Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy were then offered the roles but both turned down the script Loy later noted that the final story as filmed bore little resemblance to the script that she and Montgomery had been given 9 Margaret Sullavan also rejected the part 10 Constance Bennett was willing to accept the role if she could produce the film herself but Columbia Pictures would not agree to that condition Bette Davis then wanted the role 11 but she was under contract with Warner Brothers and Jack L Warner refused to lend her 12 Carole Lombard was unable to accept because Columbia s proposed filming schedule would conflict with her work on Bolero at Paramount 13 Loretta Young also turned it down 14 Harry Cohn suggested Colbert who initially turned down the role 15 Her first film For the Love of Mike 1927 had been directed by Capra and was such a disaster that neither wanted to work with the other again 16 17 Later she agreed to the role only if her salary was doubled to 50 000 and if her scenes were completed in four weeks so that she could take a planned vacation 18 According to Hollywood legend Gable was lent to Columbia Pictures then considered a minor studio as punishment for refusing a role at his own studio That tale has been partially refuted by more recent biographies Metro Goldwyn Mayer did not have a project ready for Gable and the studio was paying him his contracted salary of 2 000 per week whether he worked or not Louis B Mayer lent him to Columbia for 2 500 per week hence netting MGM 500 per week while he was gone 19 Capra however insisted that Gable was a reluctant participant in the film 20 Filming Edit Filming began in a tense atmosphere as Gable and Colbert were dissatisfied with the quality of the script Capra understood their dissatisfaction and let screenwriter Robert Riskin rewrite it 19 Colbert continued to show her displeasure on the set She also initially balked at pulling up her skirt to entice a passing driver to provide a ride complaining that it was unladylike Upon seeing the chorus girl who was brought in as her body double an outraged Colbert told the director Get her out of here I ll do it That s not my leg 21 Capra claimed that Colbert had many little tantrums motivated by her antipathy toward me however she was wonderful in the part 21 Part of the film was made on Thousand Oaks Boulevard in Thousand Oaks California 22 Restoration Edit In 2013 It Happened One Night was digitally restored A new wet gate master was produced by Sony Colorworks for scanning at 4K The images were digitally treated at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt tears scratches and other artifacts Care was taken to preserve the original look of the film 23 Reception Edit Frame from the film s trailer After filming was done Colbert complained to her friend I just finished the worst picture in the world 21 24 Columbia appeared to have low expectations for the film and did not mount much of an advertising campaign for it 25 Initial reviews were generally positive Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times called it a good piece of fiction which with all its feverish stunts is blessed with bright dialogue and a good quota of relatively restrained scenes Hall described Colbert s performance as engaging and lively and Gable as excellent 26 Variety reported that it was without a particularly strong plot but manages to come through in a big way due to the acting dialog situations and directing 27 Film Daily praised it as a lively yarn fast moving plenty humorous racy enough to be tantalizing and yet perfectly decorous 28 The New York Herald Tribune called it lively and amusing 29 John Mosher of The New Yorker panned it as pretty much nonsense and quite dreary which was probably the review Capra had in mind when he recalled in his autobiography that sophisticated critics had dismissed the film 30 31 Despite the positive reviews the film was only moderately successful in its initial run After it was released to secondary movie houses ticket sales became brisk especially in smaller towns where the film s characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury 29 It turned out to be a major box office smash easily Columbia s biggest hit until the late 1980 s 32 During its initial release the film earned 1 million in theater rentals from the United States and Canada 33 Rotten Tomatoes compiled 95 reviews of the film to form a 99 Certified Fresh score and an average rating of 9 2 10 The consensus reads Capturing its stars and director at their finest It Happened One Night remains unsurpassed by the countless romantic comedies it has inspired 34 In 1935 after her Academy Award nomination Colbert decided not to attend the ceremony since she felt she would not win and planned to take a cross country railroad trip After she was named the winner studio chief Harry Cohn sent someone to drag her off the train which had not departed to take her to the ceremony Colbert arrived wearing a two piece traveling suit which she had had the Paramount Pictures costume designer Travis Banton make for her trip 35 Academy Awards Edit The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934 Award Result WinnerOutstanding Production Won Frank Capra and Harry Cohn for Columbia Pictures Best Director Won Frank CapraBest Actor Won Clark GableBest Actress Won Claudette ColbertBest Adaptation Won Robert RiskinIt Happened One Night was the first film to win the Big Five Academy Awards Best Picture Best Director Best Actor Best Actress and Best Writing As of 2022 update only two other films have achieved this feat One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest in 1975 and The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 36 It Happened One Night was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest in 1975 On December 15 1996 Gable s Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for 607 500 who donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy 37 In June of the following year Colbert s Oscar was offered for auction by Christie s but attracted no bids 38 Others Edit The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists 1998 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 35 39 2000 AFI s 100 Years 100 Laughs 8 40 2002 AFI s 100 Years 100 Passions 38 41 2005 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes Ellie Andrews Well I proved once and for all that the limb is mightier than the thumb Nominated 42 2007 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition 46 43 2008 AFI s 10 Top 10 Romantic Comedy 3 44 Influence EditIt Happened One Night made an immediate impact on the public In one scene Gable undresses for bed taking off his shirt to reveal that he is bare chested An urban legend claims that as a result sales of men s undershirts declined noticeably 45 The movie also prominently features a Greyhound bus in the story spurring interest in bus travel nationwide 46 The unpublished memoirs of animator Friz Freleng mention that this was one of his favorite films It Happened One Night has a few interesting parallels with and may have even inspired certain characteristics of the cartoon character Bugs Bunny who made his first appearance six years later and who Freleng helped develop In the film a minor character Oscar Shapely continually calls the Gable character Doc an imaginary character named Bugs Dooley is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full as Bugs does 47 Remakes and adaptations EditThe film has inspired a number of remakes including the musicals Eve Knew Her Apples 1945 starring Ann Miller and You Can t Run Away from It 1956 starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon which was directed and produced by Dick Powell 48 It Happened One Night was adapted as a one hour radio play on the March 20 1939 broadcast of Lux Radio Theatre with Colbert and Gable reprising their roles 49 The screenplay was also adapted as a radio play for the January 28 1940 broadcast of The Campbell Playhouse starring Orson Welles Mr Andrews William Powell Peter Grant and Miriam Hopkins Ellie Andrews 50 51 It Happened One Night has been adapted into numerous Indian films These include three Hindi adaptations Chori Chori 1956 Nau Do Gyarah 1957 and Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin 1991 52 one Bengali adaptation Chaoa Paoa 1959 53 two Tamil adaptations Chandrodayam 1966 and Kadhal Rojavae 2000 52 54 and one Kannada adaptation Hudugaata 2007 55 In popular culture EditThe 1937 Laurel and Hardy comedy Way Out West parodied the famous hitchhiking scene with Stan Laurel managing to stop a stage coach using the same technique 56 Mel Brooks s film Spaceballs 1987 parodies the wedding scene As she walks down the aisle to wed Prince Valium Princess Vespa Daphne Zuniga is told by King Roland Dick Van Patten that Lone Starr Bill Pullman forsook the reward for the princess s return and only asked to be reimbursed for the cost of the trip 57 Other films have used familiar plot points from It Happened One Night In Bandits 2001 Joe Blake Bruce Willis erects a blanket partition between motel room beds out of respect for Kate Wheeler s Cate Blanchett s privacy He remarks that he saw people do the same thing in an old movie 58 In Sex and the City 2 Carrie and Mr Big watch the film specifically the hitchhiking scene in a hotel later in the film Carrie uses the idea which she got from the film to get a taxi in the Middle East In The Bogman of Letchmoor Heath the second episode of the horror comedy television series She Wolf of London 1990 1991 lead characters Randi Wallace Kate Hodge and Ian Matheson Neil Dickson rent a motel room and uncomfortable with the lack of privacy afforded Ian stretches a bed sheet like a curtain between the two beds Ian makes reference to It Happened One Night but Randi is unfamiliar with the film remarking that she would rather read a book Beginning in January 2014 the comic 9 Chickweed Lane tied a story arc to It Happened One Night when one of the characters Lt William O Malley is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne As he sneaks through German occupied France several plot points run parallel to that of It Happened One Night and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews 59 See also EditList of Academy Award records List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nomineesReferences Edit It Happened One Night A Archived August 2 2020 at the Wayback Machine British Board of Film Classification March 13 1934 retrieved November 18 2014 Rudy Behlmer Behind the Scenes Samuel French 1990 p 37 Wall St Researchers Cheery Tone Variety November 7 1962 p 7 Brown 1995 p 118 Complete National Film Registry Listing Library of Congress Washington DC Archived from the original on December 17 2014 Retrieved May 1 2020 National Film Registry Archived March 28 2013 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress Retrieved October 28 2011 Restoring the Frank Capra Classic It Happened One Night Archived July 9 2017 at the Wayback Machine CreativeCOW net Retrieved April 16 2014 Colorworks completes brilliant 4K restoration of Frank Capra classic It Happened One Night Archived April 19 2014 at the Wayback Machine Shoot November 18 2013 Retrieved April 16 2014 Kotsabilas Davis and Loy 1987 p 94 Note Loy described the first script she saw as one of the worst that she had ever read Wiley and Bona 1987 p 54 Weems Erik It Happened One Night Frank Capra Archived April 17 2007 at the Wayback Machine eeweems com April 2013 Retrieved April 1 2015 Chandler 2006 p 102 McBride 1992 p 303 Loretta Young 1999 flickr com Retrieved November 14 2007 Karney 1995 p 252 Tapert 1998 p 172 McBride 2011 pp 304 307 sfn error no target CITEREFMcBride2011 help 1934 Best Picture Britannica Presents All About Oscar Archived from the original on October 2 2013 a b Harris 2002 pp 112 114 Capra 1971 p 164 a b c Pace Eric Claudette Colbert unflappable heroine of screwball comedies is dead at 92 Archived February 13 2009 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times July 31 1996 p D21 Bidwell Carol A 1989 The Conejo Valley Old and New Frontiers Windsor Publications p 112 ISBN 9780897812993 Capra s classic It Happened One Night restored in 4K Randi Altman s PostPerspective November 18 2013 Archived from the original on March 23 2016 Retrieved September 3 2018 Review It Happened One Night Archived February 6 2007 at the Wayback Machine moviediva com April 2005 Retrieved December 7 2009 Tueth p 20 Hall Mordaunt February 23 1934 Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable in a Merry Jaunt From Miami to New York The New York Times Archived from the original on July 16 2018 Retrieved June 22 2015 It Happened One Night Variety New York February 27 1934 p 17 It Happened One Night Film Daily New York February 23 1934 p 6 a b Mizejewski p 11 Mosher John C March 3 1934 The New Yorker New York p 67 Mizejewski p 12 McBride 1992 pp 308 309 Joseph McBride Frank Capra The Catastrophe of Success University Press of Mississippi 1992 p 309 It Happened One Night 1934 Archived from the original on June 5 2020 Retrieved February 19 2019 via www rottentomatoes com Sharon Fink Oscars The Evolution of Fashion St Petersburg Times February 24 2007 Awards Archived January 11 2012 at the Wayback Machine awardsdatabase oscars org Retrieved September 4 2009 McKittrick Rosemary Gable s Gold Auction cashes in on Hollywood idol Archived March 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine liveauctiontalk com Retrieved December 7 2009 Story Paula 8 June 1997 Marilyn Monroe s gown draws 57 000 at Christie s auction APNews com Retrieved 2 January 2023 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies PDF American Film Institute Archived PDF from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved July 17 2016 AFI s 100 Years 100 Laughs PDF American Film Institute Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved July 17 2016 AFI s 100 Years 100 Passions PDF American Film Institute Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2016 Retrieved July 17 2016 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes Nominees PDF Archived PDF from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved July 17 2016 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition PDF American Film Institute Archived PDF from the original on June 6 2013 Retrieved July 17 2016 AFI s 10 Top 10 Top 10 Romantic Comedy American Film Institute Archived from the original on June 15 2016 Retrieved July 17 2016 The shirt off his back Archived September 28 2019 at the Wayback Machine snopes com May 10 2014 Retrieved December 7 2009 Historical Timeline Archived December 8 2012 at the Wayback Machine Greyhound Retrieved October 14 2011 Dirks Tim Review It Happened One Night filmsite org Retrieved December 7 2009 Dirks Tim It Happened One Night 1934 Filmsite Movie Reviews Retrieved November 17 2011 Si Steinhauser March 20 1939 Kyser s Boss is Appreciative So Kay Gets Unexpected Raise The Pittsburgh Press p 9 Archived from the original on November 5 2021 Retrieved October 10 2020 The Campbell Playhouse It Happened One Night Orson Welles on the Air 1938 1946 Indiana University Bloomington January 28 1940 Archived from the original on July 28 2018 Retrieved July 29 2018 Sunday Radio Programs Today s Best Bets The Brooklyn Daily Eagle New York January 28 1940 p 6B Archived from the original on August 2 2020 Retrieved January 8 2019 a b Guy Randor September 11 2014 It happened to be a hit The Hindu Archived from the original on November 10 2016 Retrieved November 10 2016 Watch Five iconic Suchitra Sen scenes from her best movies Firstpost January 17 2014 Archived from the original on January 29 2019 Retrieved January 29 2019 Padmanabhan Savitha January 21 2000 Film Review Kadhal Rojavae The Hindu Archived from the original on March 18 2019 Retrieved March 18 2019 Hudugaata Sify June 10 2007 Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved March 18 2019 Way Out West 1937 Archived October 8 2011 at the Wayback Machine Filmsite Review Retrieved October 14 2011 Crick 2009 p 158 Granger Susan Bandits Archived January 20 2012 at the Wayback Machine All Reviews 2001 Retrieved October 14 2011 McEldowney Brooke 9 Chickweed Lane Archived April 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine gocomics com Retrieved April 29 2014 Bibliography Edit Brown Gene Movie Time A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present New York Macmillan 1995 ISBN 0 02 860429 6 Capra Frank Frank Capra The Name Above the Title An Autobiography New York The Macmillan Company 1971 ISBN 0 306 80771 8 Chandler Charlotte The Girl Who Walked Home Alone Bette Davis A Personal Biography New York Simon amp Schuster 2006 ISBN 0 7432 6208 5 Crick Robert Alan The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company 2009 ISBN 978 0 7864 4326 0 Harris Warren G Clark Gable A Biography London Aurum Press 2002 ISBN 1 85410 904 9 Hirschnor Joel Rating the Movie Stars for Home Video TV and Cable Lincolnwood Illinois Publications International Limited 1983 ISBN 0 88176 152 4 Karney Robyn Chronicle of the Cinema 100 Years of the Movies London Dorling Kindersley 1995 ISBN 0 7513 3001 9 Kotsabilas Davis James and Myrna Loy Being and Becoming New York Primus Donald I Fine Inc 1987 ISBN 1 55611 101 0 McBride Joseph Frank Capra The Catastrophe of Success New York Touchstone Books 1992 ISBN 0 671 79788 3 Mizejewski Linda It Happened One Night Oxford Wiley Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978 1 4443 1016 0 Michael Paul ed The Great Movie Book A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best loved Films of the Sound Era Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc 1980 ISBN 0 13 363663 1 Shirer William L Berlin Diary The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934 1941 Edison New Jersey BBS Publishing Corporation 1985 ISBN 978 0 88365 922 9 Tapert Annette 1998 The Power of Glamour The Women Who Defined the Magic of Stardom New York Crown ISBN 978 0 517 70376 2 Tueth Michael V Reeling with Laughter American Film Comedies from Anarchy to Mockumentary Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press 2012 ISBN 978 0 81088 367 3 Wiley Mason and Damien Bona Inside Oscar The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards New York Ballantine Books 1987 ISBN 0 345 34453 7 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to It Happened One Night It Happened One Night essay by Ian Scott on the National Film Registry website 1 It Happened One Night essay by Daniel Eagan in America s Film Legacy The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry A amp C Black 2010 ISBN 0826429777 pp 222 224 2 It Happened One Night at IMDb It Happened One Night at the TCM Movie Database It Happened One Night at the American Film Institute Catalog It Happened One Night at Rotten Tomatoes It Happened One Night at Filmsite org It Happened One Night at Virtual History Six Screen Plays by Robert Riskin Edited and Introduced by Pat McGilligan Berkeley University of California Press 1997 Free Online UC Press E Books Collection It Happened One Night All Aboard an essay by Farran Smith Nehme at the Criterion CollectionStreaming audio It Happened One Night on Lux Radio Theater March 20 1939 It Happened One Night on The Campbell Playhouse January 28 1940 A film clip It Happened One Night trailer 1934 is available at the Internet ArchiveAwardsPreceded byFirst film to achieve this Big Five Academy Award winner Succeeded byOne Flew Over the Cuckoo s NestPreceded byFirst film to achieve this Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded byOne Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title It Happened One Night amp oldid 1144333282, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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