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Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis

April 11, 2024

On 7 October 2023, as part of the Hamas-led attack on Israel at the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war, Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups abducted 253 people from Israel to the Gaza Strip,[1][2][3][4][5][6] including children,[7][8][9][10][11] women, and elderly people.[12] In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages are foreign nationals or have multiple citizenships.[13] The precise ratio of soldiers and civilians among the captives is unknown. The captives are likely being held in different locations in the Gaza Strip.[14]

Posters in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza

As of 14 February 2024, 112 hostages had been returned alive to Israel, with 105 being released in a prisoner exchange deal, four released by Hamas unilaterally and three rescued by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).[15][16][17][18][19][20] Twelve bodies of hostages were repatriated to Israel, with three of the hostages killed by friendly fire from the IDF[21] and the bodies of nine hostages repatriated through military operations.[22][23] 33 hostages were reportedly killed in Hamas captivity according to Israel.[24][25][26][27][28] According to unconfirmed Israeli intelligence, at least 20 additional hostages may be deceased, with their bodies being held captive in Gaza.[29] As of 6 April 2024, 133 hostages remained in captivity in the Gaza Strip, 129 of whom had been abducted on 7 October 2023; the other four hostages having been captured earlier.[25]

Hamas has offered to release all hostages in exchange for Israel releasing all Palestinian prisoners.[30] By October 2023, Israel held 5,200 Palestinians (including 170 juveniles) in its prisons. Hamas stated its objective was to secure their release.[31] Several countries have been involved in negotiations between Israel and Hamas, with Qatar taking the lead.[32]

On 22 November 2023, Israel and Hamas agreed to the release of 150 Palestinian prisoners and a four-day cease-fire in exchange for Hamas's release of approximately 50 of the hostages. The exchange involved hostages from the categories of women and children.[33][34][35] As of 30 November 2023, the last day of the ceasefire, 105 civilian hostages had been released, which included 81 people from Israel, 23 Thais and one Filipino.[36] On 12 February 2024, two Argentinian-Israeli civilians were rescued in Operation Golden Hand. As of April 2024, according to Israeli information, Hamas holds 97 hostages alive and 36 bodies.[24]

Background

See also: Palestinian prisoners in Israel and List of Arab–Israeli prisoner exchanges

The issue of hostages and prisoners is considered emotional for both Israelis and Palestinians.[31] Since 1967, between 750,000 and 1 million Palestinians have been arrested by Israel.[37][31][38] As of October 2023, Israel held over 5,200 Palestinian prisoners,[39] including at least 170 children.[31] (By November 2023, the number of Palestinian prisoners, including suspected militants and Gazans had increased to 10,000.[40]) Some have been convicted of terrorism by Israeli authorities; the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from "a litany of violations of international law, including due process violations, that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power."[4] About 1,310 Palestinians are held in administrative detention, a practice that allows Israel to detain Palestinians indefinitely without charges or trial.[41] Israel justifies this practice citing security reasons.[42]

Hostages have been used as bargaining chips for prisoner exchanges,[43] which is a violation of international law.[44] Hostage-taking and the abduction of civilians are prohibited by international law and are war crimes.[45][46] Israel had mostly refrained from negotiating with organizations it deemed as terrorists, opting for military or alternative measures to secure the release of hostages.[43][47] However, Israel has engaged in prisoner exchanges with armed groups on several occasions.[48]

Notable incidents include the 1994 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Nachshon Wachsman, resulting in his death during a failed rescue attempt by IDF forces.[49][50] Hamas actions were at times aimed at disrupting the peace process in the 1990s.[49] In 2006, Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured and held for over five years until a prisoner exchange in 2011. Israel secured his release in exchange for 1,000 Palestinians from Israeli custody, some of whom were trialed as terrorists.[4][37] However, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from "a litany of violations of international law, including due process violations, that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power."[4][51] About 1,310 Palestinians are held in Administrative detention, a practice that allows Israel to detain Palestinians indefinitely without charges or trial.[41] Israel justifies this practice citing security reasons.[42]

The 2014 kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers, Eyal Yifrach, Naftali Fraenkel, and Gilad Shaar, heightened tensions and contributed to opening of Operation Protective Edge in 2014.[52][53] Hamas has also held the bodies of two slain Israeli soldiers, Hadar Goldin and Oron Shaul, since the 2014 Operation Protective Edge. Additionally, at the time of its attack, Hamas was already holding two Israelis hostage: Ethiopian Israeli Avera Mengistu (since 2014) and Bedouin Israeli Hisham al-Sayed (since 2015). Hamas has also sought to ransom the remains of Israeli soldiers Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin, which they seized during the 2014 Gaza War.[54][55] On 31 August 2023, Israel warned its citizens that Hamas was trying to kidnap them.[56]

On 7 October 2023, Hamas attacked Israel, initiating the 2023 Hamas-Israel war. The attack resulted in over 1,200 Israeli casualties and the occupation of towns, cities, and military bases by Hamas militants leading to widespread condemnation and accusations of war crimes.[57][43] The use of hostages, primarily women, children, and the elderly, is highlighted as a violation by Hamas of international humanitarian law.[58]

7 October attacks

Main article: 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
 
Hamas gunmen with civilian hostages

On the morning of 7 October 2023, around 6:30 a.m. IST, Palestinian militants led by Hamas launched an attack into Israel from multiple sites on its border with the Gaza Strip. The attack included ground and motorized infiltration into Israeli territory, attacks on Israel Defense Forces (IDF) bases and exchanges of fire with security forces, massacres and shooting of Israeli civilians, and takeovers of communities and military facilities. The ground incursion was combined with and backed by a sustained barrage of thousands of rockets.[59]

At around 7:00 am, militants raided many communities and kibbutzim (intentional communities) in the Gaza periphery area of Israel. They killed civilians and soldiers across many communities resulting in 1,200 deaths.[60][61][62] The Economist described the combined attacks as "the biggest terror attack in [Israel's] history".[62]

In the initial wave of attacks, militants kidnapped civilians and brought them back to Gaza as captives.[4][5][63] According to statements by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, around 200 soldiers and civilians were captured or abducted during the raid on the Gaza periphery communities.[64][65] Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, an IDF spokesperson, reported on 7 October that military officers were among those captured.[66] Israel confirmed the identity of 203 captives, among them 30 children,[67] while Gaza spokespeople reported holding roughly 200, estimating that another 50 were held by other factions.[68] The IDF says it captured "handbooks" made by Hamas to instruct its militants; these handbooks instructed to "kill the difficult" captives, and use the rest as human shields.[69]

 
Blindfolded teddy bears covered with red blood stains, at Tel Aviv Dizengoff Square, representing the 30 children who were kidnapped by Hamas

Civilians believed to be held captive in Gaza include families, children, festival-goers, peace activists, caregivers, and older adults.[70] 75-year-old historian Alex Danzig who has written books on Poland's Jewish community and the Holocaust, was taken from Nir Oz.[5][71] Also at Nir Oz, members of the Bibas family were taken from their home, including an infant and 4-year-old.[72][73] Images taken by the Associated Press also showed Yaffa Adar being kidnapped.[63]

Some of the hostages are from France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States.[32][74] At least seventeen Thai citizens working in greenhouses in the Gaza periphery were also kidnapped.[32][74][75] Nepal confirmed seven of its citizens who, are university students, were kidnapped in Herzliya and ten more Nepalis in Alumim were abducted.[76] At least one Filipino was abducted.[77]

Videos

There is a video depicting at least 64 of the abductees.[78] Video analysis from The Washington Post shows that some of the captives were killed shortly after their capture.[79]

On 19 November 2023, the Israeli military released reported CCTV footage that they claim shows hostages being lead into Al – Shifa hospital on 7 October. This was in the wake of Israel being put under pressure to substantiate claims that Hamas was operating an expansive command center under the hospital leading to its siege. However, shortly after the release BBC News indicated that they were unable to independently corroborate the claims and is not the evidence that Israel claimed to have.[80]

Notable hostages

Noa Argamani

Main article: Kidnapping of Noa Argamani

Israeli student Noa Argamani, who was at the trance party near Re'im, was kidnapped while with her partner Avinathan Or.[5][81][82][83] They were filmed being taken by the militants to Gaza, after WhatsApp messages they sent asking for help from their hiding place from 8:10 a.m. were exposed.[81] The footage showed Argamani being taken on a motorcycle while reaching out for Or, who was led away by his captors on foot.[81]

Hersh Goldberg-Polin

Main article: Kidnapping of Hersh Goldberg-Polin

23-year-old American-Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin was abducted by Hamas during the Re'im music festival massacre. During the festival, Hersh took refuge in a field shelter. His friend Aner Shapira died while repelling grenade attacks, and Hersh lost an arm before being abducted. His mother, Rachel Goldberg, has since been vocal in international and diplomatic arenas, including the United Nations and the March for Israel in Washington, D.C., campaigning for his release and demanding humanitarian intervention.[84][85][86]

Yarden Roman-Gat

Main article: Kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat

Yarden Roman-Gat, a 36-year-old woman who is a dual national of Germany and Israel, along with her husband Alon and their 3-year-old daughter Gefen, were abducted by Hamas militants from their home in Kibbutz Be'eri during the Be'eri massacre and taken towards the Gaza Strip border. Yarden's act of self-sacrifice in saving her daughter during an escape attempt, and her subsequent two-month-long captivity in Gaza, garnered significant attention until her release on 29 November.[87][88]

Bibas family

Main article: Kidnapping of the Bibas family

Militants abducted the Bibas family from kibbutz Nir Oz during the Nir Oz massacre: 9-month-old Kfir, 4-year-old Ariel, 32-year-old mother Shiri, and her 34-year-old husband Yarden.[89][90] Shiri's parents, also abducted from their kibbutz, were later found deceased. Efforts to release Shiri and her children during the ceasefire between Israel and Hamas were unsuccessful, leading to claims by Hamas that they were killed in an Israeli airstrike. The IDF expressed doubts about these claims, amidst widespread concern and a campaign for their release.[91][92]

Treatment of captives

See also: Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
 
Billboard in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza

Many hostages require medical treatment due to their medical conditions (such as Parkinson's, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and cancer), according to a report sent to the ICRC on 15 October by Hagai Levine, a public health physician and epidemiologist who heads the medical and resilience team of the Hostages and Missing Families Forum.[93] As of 5 December, Hamas still refuses the ICRC access to the hostages.[94][95][96][97][98]

On 13 October, Hamas released a video purporting to demonstrate its compassion towards abducted children. The video shows armed Hamas militants patting children on the back, rocking children in a stroller, and giving a child water.[99] On 16 October, Hamas released a video of a 21-year-old French Israeli woman pleading to be returned to her family, while someone bandages her injured arm and a scar is visible.[100] A released hostage, who was a nurse, was moved throughout her captivity to treat other hostages and could ask for specific medicines. Although she has alleged the medicines were often in insufficient amounts.[101]

Israel's Health Ministry found that the released hostages lost an average of 17–33 pounds (≈8–15 kilograms) in seven weeks, and they said their diet in captivity was minimal.[102] Gilat Livni, a pediatrician and consultant in infectious diseases who worked with some of the returned children at Schneider's children's hospital, stated that they were in "generally good condition" but raised caution about the trauma that was faced. A physician advising the families of held hostages also echoed this statement, warning of the trauma faced and the long process of restoring a sense of trust and control after being released.[103]

Renana Eitan, the head of psychiatry at the Ichilov Tel Aviv medical centre, said that among the freed hostages she examined were children drugged by their captors, including with ketamine, and were suffering from withdrawal.[104] Israel's Health Ministry’s confirmed that before they were released, liberated hostages were given psychoactive pills by their captors. Blood tests showed the drug was Clonazepam, commonly used to treat epilepsy, anxiety, OCD and other cases on a short-term basis. Reportedly aimed to make the hostages appear calm and happy after enduring prolonged physical abuse, deprivation, and psychological terror in captivity.[105][106]

Dror Mendel, director of the Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, described orthopedic injuries, scarring and burns, and "very low hygiene standards... lice, rashes, skin irritation [and] inflammation". Prof. Ronit Lubetzky, director of the Pediatrics department, stated that some of the children have lost as much as 10 kg of body weight.[107] Prof. Itay Pesach, Director of the Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, said that patients describe "the entire range of abuse you could dream of... not different from the testimonies of people who came back from the ghetto or concentration camp".[107] Levine spoke on the lacking medical care given to the hostages, physical and psychological abuse, and starvation: "at first there was an implicit assumption that the conditions of captivity by Hamas are reasonable. This assumption no longer exists... The situations is terrible... There's no time. The clock of some [of the hostages] is already ticking."[108] A doctor[who?] who treated some of the 110 hostages released from captivity told the Associated Press that at least ten male and female hostages of them were sexually assaulted or abused. He declined to give his name or speak on any further details, claiming to protect the hostages identities.[109]

A former IDF mental health officer said returning hostages who have experienced continual psychological trauma will be very cautious about saying anything that endangers other captives. She also stated returning hostages can have "black holes in their memory" and can also express sympathy for their captors due to "Stockholm syndrome".[110][better source needed] Many hostages told relatives that they were totally isolated from the outside world and had no information about their family members, who in some cases were also kidnapped or killed in the attack.[111] Yaniv Yaacov, the uncle of hostages, said in an event in North Macedonia with the Israeli foreign minister that his two nephews were branded using the exhaust pipe of a motorcycle by Hamas. He alleged it was done so that if they escaped they could be detected through the burn. He also said his nephews were drugged.[112]

Hostage accounts

Hostages released by Hamas later relayed their experiences in captivity, either firsthand, via family members, or through a report from the United Nations:[113][114]

Adults

  • 85-year-old Yocheved Lifshitz recounted being beaten on the motorcycle ride back to Gaza.[115][116] She was taken through a network of tunnels, and kept in groups of five people, with each group assigned a guard. Their captors told them that they believed in the Qur'an and would not hurt them. Lifshitz received medical care, one meal a day, and was kept in clean surroundings.[117] She summarized her two weeks in Hamas captivity saying she "went through hell".[116][118]
  • Roongarun Wichanguen, the sister of 33-year-old Vetoon Phoome, said that Phoome was not tortured nor assaulted, was well-fed and well-taken-care-of.[119]
  • According to Merav Mor Raviv, cousin of 54-year-old Keren Munder, she and her 9-year-old son Ohad and 78-year-old mother Ruth ate mostly rice and bread, but neither regularly nor all the time, resulting in both Keren and Ruth losing 6–8 kg in body weight. They were kept isolated from the outside world, slept on improvised benches, and sometimes had to wait up to two hours to go to the bathroom.[120] Ruth recalled having proper meals early in their captivity, and going hungry as the war progressed.[121]
  • After being released, 84-year-old Elma Avraham was admitted to the Soroka Medical Center in critical condition. Prior to her kidnapping by Hamas, she was diagnosed with several medical conditions and was taking medication, which her relatives say the ICRC refused to accept.[122][123][124] According to one of her doctors, she had signs of being handcuffed, and suffered from untreated "chemical wounds".[121]
  • Eyal Nouri, the nephew of 72-year-old Adina Moshe, said that his aunt was in a room five storeys underground, that was only lit for two hours each day.[121] She was fed canned beans and rice, and had not taken a shower for seven weeks.[125][121]
  • A Thai citizen who was released by Hamas testified that there was little to eat for the hostages — a pita a day, sometimes a tin of tuna to share between four people, and sometimes a piece of cheese. Held for more than seven weeks, he says they were allowed to shower once. He also stated that the Jewish/Israeli hostages were treated much more harshly: “We were with Israelis, and they were guarded all the time," and "The Jews who were held with me were treated very harshly, sometimes they were beaten with electric cables.”[126][127]
  • Philippine citizen Jimmy Pacheco testified that, for some time, he and the other hostages only got briny water and half a pita a day. To survive, he collected pieces of toilet paper and moistened them with humidity that accumulated on the tunnel's walls.[128]
  • Ella Ben Ami, daughter of 54-year-old Raz Ben Ami, says her mother was humiliated by her captors, and now cherishes "every little thing", like having a towel, a piece of chocolate, or a drink.[107]
  • The health of 77-year-old Hanna Katzir deteriorated several days after her release. According to her daughter, Carmit Palty Katzir, "she had no heart problems when she was kidnapped, but now she has severe heart problems due to harsh conditions and starvation".[129]
  • 77-year-old Margalit Moses had essential medical equipment confiscated by her kidnappers.[130]
  • 21-year-old Maya Regev and her 18-year-old brother Itay Regev testified to the hunger, harsh environmental conditions, extreme fear and sense of uncertainty that they experienced.[130]
  • 21-year-old Mia Schem was recorded while being transported back to Israel in a Red Cross vehicle, stating in English that everyone had been very kind and the food was very good during her time as a hostage.[131] She later recalled having experienced a Holocaust-like hell during captivity in Gaza, stating "Everyone there is a terrorist." Schem said she realized she was being held in a family home during her time in captivity and that the whole family was involved with Hamas, including the women and children.[132][133] She also said that she was forced to record a video and instructed to say that she was treated well.[134]
  • 49-year-old Chen Almog-Goldstein stated, "Hamas guards put mattresses over us on the floor to cover us, and then they covered us with their bodies to protect us from our own forces’ shooting."[135]
  • 40-year-old Amit Soussana said that she was sexually assaulted by her captor during her captivity in Gaza.[136][137]

Teenagers and children

  • According to Ahal Besorai, the uncle of 17-year-old Noam and 13-year-old Alma Or, the two were driven out of the safe room in Be’eri, when their captors set the house on fire with them in it. They were captured and driven back to Gaza in a stolen car, with Noam in the trunk and his sister among eight captors at the front. They were kept separated from their father, Dror, who is also believed to have been kidnapped. They both lost weight.[120][138][139]
  • Devora Cohen, the aunt of 12-year-old Eitan Yahalomi, said that he was beaten by Gazan residents and forced to watch videos of the 7 October atrocities. For the first 16 days of his captivity he was kept in isolation; after a month he was joined with a group of hostages from his home kibbutz, whom he knew. Any time he or another child cried, they were threatened with guns to keep quiet.[139][140]
  • Thomas Hand, father of 9-year-old Emily Hand, noted that she and the other hostages that were with her always had at least one meal a day, but she was still hungry and lost weight. She was not beaten, but could not make noise and was only allowed to draw and play cards. As a result of the trauma, she continued to talk in whispers even after being released.[125][141][121] She referred to her place of captivity as "the box".[121]
  • Gilad Korngold, grandfather of 3-year-old Yahel and 8-year-old Nave, said that Yahel kept whispering for several days after being released, and Nave doesn't talk at all.[107]
  • 17-year-old Agam Goldstein-Almog described another female hostage in captivity being sexually abused by a guard while she was washing herself in the sink.[142]

Status of captives

 
Flyers of the Israelis who were kidnapped by Hamas that are a part of the Kidnapped from Israel series by Israeli artists Nitzan Mintz and Dede Bandaid

On 22 October 2023, a list of the 204 hostages was published.[143]

According to Israel, at least 250 additional individuals were captured on the first day of the war, but rescued that day.[144][145]

As of 24 February 2024, Hamas is still refusing to allow International Committee of the Red Cross representatives to meet with the 7 October hostages in Gaza.[94][95][96][98]

Negotiations

For broader coverage of this topic, see 2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire.

Hamas has offered a deal dubbed as "everyone for everyone" or "all for all" — a release of all hostages being held in Gaza in exchange for Israel releasing thousands of Palestinians in Israeli prisons.[146][30] Some Israeli families have spoken in support for such a deal.[147][148]

Shortly after the October attacks Thailand had been in official talks with Hamas with a group convened by the countries parliamentary speaker Wan Muhamad Noor Matha about the release of their citizens. The group conveyed to Hamas that the citizens were not party to the conflict, but instead part of the around 30,000 Thai laborer's who work in the Israeli agriculture sectors. While some had been captured about 39 were killed in the attacks and about 8,600 repatriated back to Thailand.[149][150]

On 8 November, Hamas sources told news agencies that Hamas could release 10–15 hostages in exchange for a three-day humanitarian pause in fighting.[146] On 9 Nov, Benjamin Netanyahu had reportedly rejected such an exchange.[151] On 13 November it was reported that Hamas had told Qatari mediators that the group was willing to release up to 70 women and children hostages held in Gaza for a five-day truce and the release of 275 women and children held by Israel.[152]

On 9 November, Al-Quds Brigades released a video where spokesperson Abu Hamza states that they are prepared for the unconditional release of 77-year old Hanna Katsir, citing humanitarian reasons and their inability to provide her with her specific medical needs, as well as the release of 13-year old Yagil Yaakov. Israel refused the offer, claiming it would play into the captor's "psychological terror".[153] On 21 November, it was erroneously reported that Katsir had died from medical complications, however she was still alive and was released on 24 November.[154] Yagil Yaakov, alongside his older brother, were released on 27 November.[155]

On 22 November it was announced that Israel and Hamas had reached an agreement about a cease fire and the release of 50 hostages. While hostages held by Hamas would not be released until 23 November at the earliest, those released would be woman and children, in response the Israeli government would release 150 Palestinian prisoners, more aid would be allowed into Gaza and a four-day cease-fire which would be added onto for every 10 additional hostages released. Hamas has acknowledged that of the hostages released children would be the main component of the hostages released, and the IDF has planned that an IDF officer would be on hand to facilitate the crossing and handover with the hostages being transferred into Israel for medical care.[156][157] As of 26 November, Hamas had released a total of 58 hostages since the ceasefire went into effect, some of whom were foreign nationals and not included in the agreement to release 50 Israelis.[158][159]

Rescue operations

Further information: Rescue of Ori Megidish, Operation Golden Hand, and 12 February 2024 Rafah strikes

A captured IDF private was freed on 30 October in an operation headed by the IDF, with assistance from Shin Bet and Mossad.[160][161] On 8 December, Hamas claimed they repelled an attempted hostage rescue by Israeli special forces, inflicting several military casualties.[162] Hamas also said that a hostage named Sahar Baruch died in the incident.[163] On the same day of 8 December, according to an IDF statement, two Israeli soldiers were wounded in a failed hostage rescue attempt.[164] It is unclear whether the statements of Hamas and the IDF refer to the same event.[163]

During the early morning of 12 February 2024, the IDF, Shin Bet and special police forces coupled with airstrikes, rescued two hostages with dual Israel-Argentinian nationality, 60 year-old Fernando Simon Marman and 70 year-old Louis Har, who were kidnapped from Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak on 7 October by Hamas, from a building in Rafah in southern Gaza. One Israeli soldier was injured and 37 Hamas militants, including the hostages' guards, were reported killed during the rescue operation.[165][166] According to Amnesty International, the operation and airstrikes led to the deaths of at least 95 civilians, including children.[167]

Release of hostages

 
Hila Rotem, aged 13, embraced by her uncle, Yair Rotem, upon their reunion on 26 November 2023, following her release. Her mother, Raaya Rotem, would be released on 29 November 2023.
Main article: 2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners

On 20 October, Hamas released two American hostages for humanitarian reasons and in response to Qatari and US pressure.[168][169] The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) said it helped facilitate the release of the hostages by transporting them from Gaza to Israel.[169] On 23 October, Hamas released two Israeli women hostages, aged 79 and 85, for humanitarian reasons after mediation by Qatar and Egypt. The ICRC helped transport them out of Gaza. The released hostages were from the Nir Oz kibbutz.[32][170] One of the released hostages, Yocheved Lifshitz, and her husband Oded, a journalist still in captivity, are known peace activists that helped Palestinians in Gaza get to hospitals in Israel.[170][171] Lifshitz's daughter Sharone said that Lifshitz and other hostages were held in a "huge network" of tunnels. Lifshitz was critical of both the Shin Bet and the IDF, and the press conference was criticized as a PR disaster for Israel.[116][172]

 
Release of hostages during Iron Swords war

On 27 October, a Hamas official said that Hamas could not release the hostages taken during the attack on Israel until a ceasefire is agreed.[173][174] On 22 November, Israel and Hamas agreed to the release 150 of Palestinian prisoners and a four-day cease-fire in exchange for Hamas's release of approximately 50 of the hostages.[33] On 24 November, the release of 50 women and children hostages by Hamas over a four-day period began after negotiations with Israel, with hostages being released into the care of the Red Cross through the Rafah Border Crossing and then to the Israeli Hatzerim Military Base. Some of this group were dual and foreign nationals, with individuals from Israel, Thailand, and the Philippines counted in the first group released.[33][175]

As of 26 November 2023, a total of 41 hostages had been released by Hamas during the four-day ceasefire.[16] Of those released, 26 were Israeli (some being dual citizens) with a breakdown of 13 released on 24 November and 13 on 25 November.[159] In addition, 14 Thai hostages and one Filipino were released as part of a separate deal.[159] An additional 17 hostages (including 14 Israelis and one American) were released on 26 November, in exchange for 39 Palestinian prisoners.[17]

Israel published a list of 300 Palestinian prisoners that it would potentially release in exchange for Israeli hostages in Gaza, 287 of which are children below the age of 18.[176] An analysis by NBC News of the list showed about 20% were convicted of a crime, while the roughly 80% of the list were not convicted of any crimes and had either not been prosecuted or had been detained under administrative detention.[177] However, some of the Palestinians prisoners that were freed as part of the deal had been convicted of offenses ranging from attempted murder, to less severe ones such as inflicting property damage, hindering police work or assembling unlawfully. Other offenses included assault of police officers, rock-throwing, hurling firebombs, arson, and possession of firearms or explosives. Some prisoners reportedly belonged to Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and PFLP.[178]

A Russian-Israeli man was released on 26 November outside of the cease fire agreement. Musa Abu Marzouk, an official within Hamas indicated that the release was in appreciation for President Vladimir Putin's position. Putin has been openly critical of the Israeli operation in regards to Gaza and the mounting casualties.[179]

Reported deaths

See also: Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka and Friendly fire during the Israel–Hamas war
 
Hostage being dragged through Al Shifa Hospital by Hamas militants on 7 October 2023

The IDF confirmed on 13 October that remains of missing Israeli people were located and retrieved in the Gaza Strip.[180] On 14 October, Hamas stated that nine hostages had been killed over a 24-hour period due to Israeli airstrikes.[181] On 4 November, Hamas reported that 60 hostages had died as a result of Israel's bombing of Gaza.[182] An Israeli official responded that "Regardless of what Hamas claims, any harm done to hostages is Hamas's responsibility and they will be held accountable."[183] According to the IDF, half of the hostages were killed during the abduction or died in captivity.[184][185] At least two bodies of deceased hostages have been recovered, as of 16 November.[186]

Along with reported CCTV footage released on 19 November, Israel announced that an IDF soldier who had been captured on 7 October had been killed by Hamas while being held at the Al-Shifa hospital. Hamas denied this and indicated the soldier had been previously reported by them as being killed by an Israeli airstrike on 9 November.[80]

On 29 November, Hamas claimed that the youngest hostage; a 10-month old toddler and his 4-year-old brother and mother were killed while in captivity due to Israeli bombings. The claim is being investigated by the IDF and other agencies, and Israeli officials have stated the account shows the "barbarism and cruelty of Hamas".[187]

Hamas released a video of the dead body of Arie Zalmanovich, 86, from kibbutz Nir Oz. According to Hamas he died of a heart attack.[188] Zalmanovich had medical conditions and required medical treatment.[189] His son attributed the death to the lack of medicines and suitable food in captivity.[190]

On 15 December, the IDF stated that during operations in Shuja'iyya, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" and killed them via friendly fire.[191] The three hostages were three men in their 20s, who were identified after having their bodies returned to Israel.[191][21][192] According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and "they have a stick with a white cloth on it. The [Israeli] soldier feels threatened and opens fire. He declares that they're terrorists"; more Israeli forces shoot, killing two hostages "immediately" and wounding the third hostage, who appealed for help in Hebrew, then "there's another burst of fire [by Israeli forces] towards the third [hostage] and he also dies".[193] Haaretz reported that the third hostage retreated into a building after the other two hostages were shot, with IDF soldiers following the third hostage and shooting him dead because they thought he was a terrorist setting a trap.[194] Yediot Ahronot reported that Israeli soldiers had called for the third hostage to come out of the building he was hiding in, and then shot him when he reappeared.[195] The Israeli military investigated the killings and concluded on 28 December that the Israeli "soldiers carried out the right action to the best of their understanding of the event at that moment".[196]

In February 2024 it was announced that through a confidential assessment conducted by Israeli intelligence officials, there were more deceased hostages than previously known. In the report thirty-two of the hostages held in Gaza were declared as deceased, with an additional twenty hostages status still undetermined.[197]

Aftermath

 
A "Shabbat Dinner" table at the Tel Aviv art museum plaza, with more than 200 empty seats, representing the hostages and missing held in Gaza
See also: Hostages Square

As part of Israel's counteroffensive, Israel implemented a "total blockade" of the Gaza strip until the hostages have been released.[198] Amnesty International describes this measure as having been "taken to punish civilians in Gaza for the actions of Palestinian armed groups," amounting to collective punishment.[199] Israel has also undertaken mass detentions of Palestinians in Israel and the Palestinian territories; several Israeli NGOs described the detention of several thousand Gazan workers as a form of retaliation or "vengeance" for the capture of Israeli citizens.[200][201][202]

 
Performance piece The Kidnapped Tunnel in Hostages Square in Israel

American-Israeli author Robby Berman set up a fund offering a reward of 1 million Israeli shekels for the release of hostages in Gaza, specifically aimed at encouraging Palestinians to aid in the rescue of Jewish prisoners.[203]

Experts stated that an Israeli ground invasion of the Gaza Strip would endanger the lives of the hostages.[204] U.S. officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of Gaza to allow more time for hostage negotiations.[205] According to Israeli officials, once Israel begins a ground invasion of Gaza, it will be almost impossible to reach a deal on the release of the hostages.[206] On 24 October, US President Joe Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire, stating "We should have those hostages released and then we can talk".[207]

Responses

See also: Kidnapped from Israel

On 16 October 2023, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and Turkey's Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan discussed the possibility of releasing the hostages taken during the Hamas attack on Israel.[208]

In a video released by Hamas, three female hostages are shown. One of the women speaks, and lays the blame for their continued situation on the Israeli government and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. She chides the Israeli government's bombing campaign, asking if they wanted all the hostages killed, and asks for the release of all Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[209]

A poll by the Israeli newspaper Maariv, conducted on 18–19 October, found that 65% of Israelis supported a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip and 21% opposed it.[210] In comparison, according to a poll conducted for the same newspaper on 25–26 October, only 29% of Israelis supported an immediate large-scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip. Maariv said that "It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages, which is now topping the agenda, have had a great impact on this shift."[211]

On 21 February 2024, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich stated the hostages' return "is not the most important thing".[212]

Families of hostages and released hostages

See also: Abducted and Missing Families Forum and Israel–Hamas war protests in Israel § "Bring Them Home Now" protests
 
Family of 19-year-old Daniella Gilboa at a demonstration for the hostages' return, 14 October 2023

Human rights groups, international organizations, and families of those held captive have called for an immediate release of the hostages.[213] On Sunday evening, 8 October, the families of the kidnapped and missing held a press conference, demanding the government open ongoing talks with the families and carry out an operation to bring the missing home, appoint someone to maintain ongoing contact with the families, immediately involve Turkish President Erdogan, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, to release the captives.[214] The government appointed Gal Hirsch to be in charge of the issue.[215]

On 26 October, the families of the hostages met with Netanyahu.[216] The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, that represents families of the abducted people, complained that no-one had explained "whether the ground operation endangers the well-being of the 229 hostages".[217] The families also raised complaints that the government and Netanyahu had failed to provide updates to the families or meet with them until the meeting on 26 October.[216] Meirav Gonen, a representative for the families, expressed support for a full prisoner swap, stating: "a deal of a return of our family members immediately in the framework of 'all for all' is feasible, and there will be wide national support for this."[40]

 
Israeli President Isaac Herzog meeting with families of the kidnapped and missing persons held by Hamas

On 14 November, it was reported that families of those held hostage began a five-day-long march to Netanyahu's home in Israel to demand action and answers. One family member was quoted as saying they did not feel like they were in good hands, and that they do not get enough information, while another called on the perceived in action of the Israeli government.[218] On 2 December, at a rally outside the IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv, Israeli hostages released by Hamas called for the immediate release of fellow hostages left behind.[219] On 4 December, eight released Israeli hostages wrote a letter to the International Committee of the Red Cross, asking the organization to provide medical assistance and to visit their relatives still being held by Hamas in Gaza.[220] The appeal was made due to reports, that the Red Cross wasn't allowed to visit the hostages since the beginning of the war, as for 29 November.[221]

In an early December 2023 meeting with Netanyahu and other members of the war cabinet, family members of those who are still held hostage by Hamas forces showed their outrage and frustration with the continued situation. In a published recording, Netanyahu can be heard blaming the end of the November 2023 cease-fire on Hamas while family members and supporters can be heard calling him a liar. Some former hostages also attended the meeting and spoke about the conditions they were held in, which were exasperated by Israeli airstrikes.[222] One unnamed freed hostage from the kibbutz Nir Oz told Netanyahu: "Every day in captivity was extremely challenging. We were in tunnels, terrified that it would not be Hamas, but Israel, that would kill us, and then they would say Hamas killed you."[223][224]

In January 2024, the mother of Ron Sherman, a deceased hostage whose body was recovered by the IDF, accused the Israeli military of killing her son by filling the tunnel he was in with poison gas.[225] About 20 relatives of hostages still held as captives by Hamas stormed a Knesset finance committee on 22 January, a day after Netanyahu rejected new Hamas conditions for ending the war and releasing the remaining hostages. Many voiced their displeasure at the apparent lack of resolution in having the remaining hostages freed.[226][227]

After a "Settlement Brings Security" (Hebrew: התיישבות מביאה ביטחון, romanized: Hitiashvút Mevi’ávi Takhón) Conference was held in Jerusalem on 28 January 2024, sponsored by the right-wing Nachala (Israeli settler organization) pushing for resettlement of the Gaza Strip, many family members expressed their concerns about the conference in context of the crisis. It was strongly criticized for the festive atmosphere, for the movement's forming a perceived impediment to the hostages' release, and for its calls for coerced emigration of Palestinians from their country. One family member stated of the conferencegoers "you're dancing on their blood".[228][229]

A delegation of family members of Israeli hostages, along with several dozen lawyers, went to The Hague to file complaints against Hamas leaders at the International Criminal Court, which is empowered to prosecute individuals for serious violations of the Geneva Conventions that amount to war crimes.[230]

International

 
On 12 December 2023, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/22 calling for an immediate ceasefire and the "immediate and unconditional" release of the hostages.

On 16 October 2023, a report sent to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Geneva-based organization Hostage and Missing Families Forum medical team, headed by Hagai Levine, said hostages are "in urgent need of treatment and lifesaving medication" and are "prone to immediate mortality." The report also expressed concern about babies requiring infant formula.[231][232]

On 25 October 2023, Qatar's Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani stated that there had been some progress in the hostage negotiations.[233] That same day, World Health Organization Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus met with the Hostages and Missing Families Forum and said, "There is an urgent need for the captors of the hostages to provide signs of life, proof of provision of health care and the immediate release, on humanitarian and health grounds, of all those abducted."[234]

US State department spokesman, Mathew Miller suggested in response to a question about evidence of Hamas sexual and gender based violence on 7 October, that the reason Hamas was holding on to female Israeli hostages was to prevent them from testifying about their experiences in Hamas captivity.[235][236]

Timeline

Timeline
Date Summary
7 October 2023 Hostages taken from Supernova music festival, Nir Oz, Be'eri, Kfar Aza
Hostages taken from Nahal Oz and Israeli soldiers captured from Nahal Oz base
Additional hostages were taken in other Gaza envelope communities
8 October 2023 Analysis from the Washington Post determines that four hostages were killed shortly after being taken captive in Kibbutz Be'eri.[237][citation needed]
9 October 2023 Hamas's Al-Qassam Brigades threatened to execute hostages if civilian homes were bombed "without warning".
17 October 2023 Hamas releases a video of hostage Mia Schem; after her release she describes the video as being coerced.[238][239]
22 October 2023 Hamas releases two American hostages unilaterally.[240]
24 October 2023 Hamas releases two elderly Israeli female hostages unilaterally.[241]
30 October 2023 Israeli forces rescue Ori Megidish, an Israeli female soldier that had been held hostage in northern Gaza.[242]
Hamas releases a video showing three female hostages pleading to be released.[243]
4 November 2023 Hamas claims that more than 60 hostages are missing "because of Israeli airstrikes on Gaza."[244]
16 November 2023 Israel announces that it has recovered the bodies of two hostages, Yehudit Weiss and Corporal Noa Marciano, from buildings adjacent to Al-Shifa hospital.[245]
21 November 2023 Israel releases footage that it says shows hostages being taken into Al-Shifa hospital by armed men.[246] According to Israel, a third hostage, Corporal Noa Marciano, was taken to Al-Shifa hospital and executed there. Hamas had previously claimed that Marciano was killed in an Israeli airstrike on 9 November.[246]
4–30 November 2023 Hamas and Israel agree to a four-day ceasefire in which 50 Israeli hostages would be released for 150 Palestinian prisoners. The ceasefire was extended by three additional days. The hostages to be released during the ceasefire included women and minors.[247][248] Hamas releases 80 Israeli hostages in exchange for the release of 240 prisoners during the weeklong ceasefire.[249] Separate from the broader hostage release, on 26 November 2023, Hamas releases a dual citizen Russian-Israeli hostage, "as a result of the movement’s appreciation for President Putin’s positions".[250] Hamas also releases 23 Thai hostages and 1 Filipino hostage during the weeklong ceasefire in a separate agreement between Hamas and the Thai government.[251]
  •   81 from Israel
  •   23 from Thailand
  •   1 from the Philippines
29 November 2023 Hamas reported that members of the Bibas family, a 10-month old, a 4-year-old and their mother were reportedly killed by Israeli airstrikes in Gaza.[187]
1 December 2023 The IDF recovers the body of hostage Ofir Tzarfati in the Gaza Strip.[252] Four hostages from Nir Oz were announced to have died in captivity.[253]
8 December 2023 Hamas says hostage Sahar Baruch was killed in a failed rescue attempt.[254] On 3 January 2024, the IDF admitted that Baruch was killed during a failed rescue attempt and two Israeli soldiers were wounded while attempting the rescue attempt.[255]
12 December 2023 The IDF recovers the bodies of two hostages in underground tunnels in Jabalia, Gaza.[256]
15 December 2023 Three Israeli hostages are shot dead by the IDF while waving a white-flag in Shuja'iyya, Gaza in a friendly fire incident.[257]
The IDF recovers the bodies of three additional hostages in Gaza.[258]
  •   Alon Shamriz
  •   Yotam Haim
  •   Samer Talalka
18 December 2023 Hamas released a video of three elderly Israeli hostages on 18 December.[259]
19 December 2023 Palestinian Islamic Jihad released a video of two Israeli hostages on 19 December.[260]
4 January 2024 Three Israelis that had been previously presumed as missing are announced as held hostage in Gaza. Israel believes 136 hostages are being held in the Gaza Strip.[b][261]
15 January 2024 Hamas releases a video showing three Israeli hostages. Hamas claims that two of the hostages were killed in Israeli airstrikes, with Israel disputing the claim.[262]
19 January 2024 The Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades released a video of an Israeli captive who it claimed was killed by an Israeli airstrike in the Gaza Strip.[263][264]
6 February 2024 According to a confidential assessment conducted by Israeli intelligence officers, it was reported that there were more deceased hostages then previously known, with an additional 20 hostages reportedly deceased.[197]
12 February 2024 The IDF, Shin Bet and special police forces rescue two hostages, who were kidnapped from Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak, from a building in Rafah in southern Gaza, one soldier is reportedly injured and 37 Hamas militants are reportedly killed.[165][166]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Notes

  1. ^ Including Samer Talalka.
  2. ^ Includes four hostages taken prior to the 7 October attacks

References

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Further reading

  • Harkov, Lahav (4 December 2023). "Hostages young and old endured physical and psychological torture". Jewish Insider. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

April 11, 2024
israel, hamas, hostage, crisis, october, 2023, part, hamas, attack, israel, beginning, israel, hamas, hamas, other, palestinian, militant, groups, abducted, people, from, israel, gaza, strip, including, children, women, elderly, people, addition, hostages, wit. On 7 October 2023 as part of the Hamas led attack on Israel at the beginning of the Israel Hamas war Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups abducted 253 people from Israel to the Gaza Strip 1 2 3 4 5 6 including children 7 8 9 10 11 women and elderly people 12 In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship almost half of the hostages are foreign nationals or have multiple citizenships 13 The precise ratio of soldiers and civilians among the captives is unknown The captives are likely being held in different locations in the Gaza Strip 14 Posters in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza As of 14 February 2024 112 hostages had been returned alive to Israel with 105 being released in a prisoner exchange deal four released by Hamas unilaterally and three rescued by the Israel Defense Forces IDF 15 16 17 18 19 20 Twelve bodies of hostages were repatriated to Israel with three of the hostages killed by friendly fire from the IDF 21 and the bodies of nine hostages repatriated through military operations 22 23 33 hostages were reportedly killed in Hamas captivity according to Israel 24 25 26 27 28 According to unconfirmed Israeli intelligence at least 20 additional hostages may be deceased with their bodies being held captive in Gaza 29 As of 6 April 2024 133 hostages remained in captivity in the Gaza Strip 129 of whom had been abducted on 7 October 2023 the other four hostages having been captured earlier 25 Hamas has offered to release all hostages in exchange for Israel releasing all Palestinian prisoners 30 By October 2023 Israel held 5 200 Palestinians including 170 juveniles in its prisons Hamas stated its objective was to secure their release 31 Several countries have been involved in negotiations between Israel and Hamas with Qatar taking the lead 32 On 22 November 2023 Israel and Hamas agreed to the release of 150 Palestinian prisoners and a four day cease fire in exchange for Hamas s release of approximately 50 of the hostages The exchange involved hostages from the categories of women and children 33 34 35 As of 30 November 2023 the last day of the ceasefire 105 civilian hostages had been released which included 81 people from Israel 23 Thais and one Filipino 36 On 12 February 2024 two Argentinian Israeli civilians were rescued in Operation Golden Hand As of April 2024 according to Israeli information Hamas holds 97 hostages alive and 36 bodies 24 Contents 1 Background 2 7 October attacks 2 1 Videos 3 Notable hostages 3 1 Noa Argamani 3 2 Hersh Goldberg Polin 3 3 Yarden Roman Gat 3 4 Bibas family 4 Treatment of captives 4 1 Hostage accounts 4 1 1 Adults 4 1 2 Teenagers and children 5 Status of captives 5 1 Negotiations 5 2 Rescue operations 5 3 Release of hostages 5 4 Reported deaths 6 Aftermath 7 Responses 7 1 Families of hostages and released hostages 7 2 International 8 Timeline 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further readingBackgroundSee also Palestinian prisoners in Israel and List of Arab Israeli prisoner exchanges The issue of hostages and prisoners is considered emotional for both Israelis and Palestinians 31 Since 1967 between 750 000 and 1 million Palestinians have been arrested by Israel 37 31 38 As of October 2023 Israel held over 5 200 Palestinian prisoners 39 including at least 170 children 31 By November 2023 the number of Palestinian prisoners including suspected militants and Gazans had increased to 10 000 40 Some have been convicted of terrorism by Israeli authorities the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from a litany of violations of international law including due process violations that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power 4 About 1 310 Palestinians are held in administrative detention a practice that allows Israel to detain Palestinians indefinitely without charges or trial 41 Israel justifies this practice citing security reasons 42 Hostages have been used as bargaining chips for prisoner exchanges 43 which is a violation of international law 44 Hostage taking and the abduction of civilians are prohibited by international law and are war crimes 45 46 Israel had mostly refrained from negotiating with organizations it deemed as terrorists opting for military or alternative measures to secure the release of hostages 43 47 However Israel has engaged in prisoner exchanges with armed groups on several occasions 48 Notable incidents include the 1994 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Nachshon Wachsman resulting in his death during a failed rescue attempt by IDF forces 49 50 Hamas actions were at times aimed at disrupting the peace process in the 1990s 49 In 2006 Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured and held for over five years until a prisoner exchange in 2011 Israel secured his release in exchange for 1 000 Palestinians from Israeli custody some of whom were trialed as terrorists 4 37 However the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from a litany of violations of international law including due process violations that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power 4 51 About 1 310 Palestinians are held in Administrative detention a practice that allows Israel to detain Palestinians indefinitely without charges or trial 41 Israel justifies this practice citing security reasons 42 The 2014 kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers Eyal Yifrach Naftali Fraenkel and Gilad Shaar heightened tensions and contributed to opening of Operation Protective Edge in 2014 52 53 Hamas has also held the bodies of two slain Israeli soldiers Hadar Goldin and Oron Shaul since the 2014 Operation Protective Edge Additionally at the time of its attack Hamas was already holding two Israelis hostage Ethiopian Israeli Avera Mengistu since 2014 and Bedouin Israeli Hisham al Sayed since 2015 Hamas has also sought to ransom the remains of Israeli soldiers Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin which they seized during the 2014 Gaza War 54 55 On 31 August 2023 Israel warned its citizens that Hamas was trying to kidnap them 56 On 7 October 2023 Hamas attacked Israel initiating the 2023 Hamas Israel war The attack resulted in over 1 200 Israeli casualties and the occupation of towns cities and military bases by Hamas militants leading to widespread condemnation and accusations of war crimes 57 43 The use of hostages primarily women children and the elderly is highlighted as a violation by Hamas of international humanitarian law 58 7 October attacksMain article 2023 Hamas led attack on Israel nbsp Hamas gunmen with civilian hostagesOn the morning of 7 October 2023 around 6 30 a m IST Palestinian militants led by Hamas launched an attack into Israel from multiple sites on its border with the Gaza Strip The attack included ground and motorized infiltration into Israeli territory attacks on Israel Defense Forces IDF bases and exchanges of fire with security forces massacres and shooting of Israeli civilians and takeovers of communities and military facilities The ground incursion was combined with and backed by a sustained barrage of thousands of rockets 59 At around 7 00 am militants raided many communities and kibbutzim intentional communities in the Gaza periphery area of Israel They killed civilians and soldiers across many communities resulting in 1 200 deaths 60 61 62 The Economist described the combined attacks as the biggest terror attack in Israel s history 62 In the initial wave of attacks militants kidnapped civilians and brought them back to Gaza as captives 4 5 63 According to statements by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad around 200 soldiers and civilians were captured or abducted during the raid on the Gaza periphery communities 64 65 Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari an IDF spokesperson reported on 7 October that military officers were among those captured 66 Israel confirmed the identity of 203 captives among them 30 children 67 while Gaza spokespeople reported holding roughly 200 estimating that another 50 were held by other factions 68 The IDF says it captured handbooks made by Hamas to instruct its militants these handbooks instructed to kill the difficult captives and use the rest as human shields 69 nbsp Blindfolded teddy bears covered with red blood stains at Tel Aviv Dizengoff Square representing the 30 children who were kidnapped by HamasCivilians believed to be held captive in Gaza include families children festival goers peace activists caregivers and older adults 70 75 year old historian Alex Danzig who has written books on Poland s Jewish community and the Holocaust was taken from Nir Oz 5 71 Also at Nir Oz members of the Bibas family were taken from their home including an infant and 4 year old 72 73 Images taken by the Associated Press also showed Yaffa Adar being kidnapped 63 Some of the hostages are from France Germany Russia United Kingdom and the United States 32 74 At least seventeen Thai citizens working in greenhouses in the Gaza periphery were also kidnapped 32 74 75 Nepal confirmed seven of its citizens who are university students were kidnapped in Herzliya and ten more Nepalis in Alumim were abducted 76 At least one Filipino was abducted 77 Videos There is a video depicting at least 64 of the abductees 78 Video analysis from The Washington Post shows that some of the captives were killed shortly after their capture 79 On 19 November 2023 the Israeli military released reported CCTV footage that they claim shows hostages being lead into Al Shifa hospital on 7 October This was in the wake of Israel being put under pressure to substantiate claims that Hamas was operating an expansive command center under the hospital leading to its siege However shortly after the release BBC News indicated that they were unable to independently corroborate the claims and is not the evidence that Israel claimed to have 80 Notable hostagesNoa Argamani Main article Kidnapping of Noa Argamani Israeli student Noa Argamani who was at the trance party near Re im was kidnapped while with her partner Avinathan Or 5 81 82 83 They were filmed being taken by the militants to Gaza after WhatsApp messages they sent asking for help from their hiding place from 8 10 a m were exposed 81 The footage showed Argamani being taken on a motorcycle while reaching out for Or who was led away by his captors on foot 81 Hersh Goldberg Polin Main article Kidnapping of Hersh Goldberg Polin 23 year old American Israeli Hersh Goldberg Polin was abducted by Hamas during the Re im music festival massacre During the festival Hersh took refuge in a field shelter His friend Aner Shapira died while repelling grenade attacks and Hersh lost an arm before being abducted His mother Rachel Goldberg has since been vocal in international and diplomatic arenas including the United Nations and the March for Israel in Washington D C campaigning for his release and demanding humanitarian intervention 84 85 86 Yarden Roman Gat Main article Kidnapping of Yarden Roman Gat Yarden Roman Gat a 36 year old woman who is a dual national of Germany and Israel along with her husband Alon and their 3 year old daughter Gefen were abducted by Hamas militants from their home in Kibbutz Be eri during the Be eri massacre and taken towards the Gaza Strip border Yarden s act of self sacrifice in saving her daughter during an escape attempt and her subsequent two month long captivity in Gaza garnered significant attention until her release on 29 November 87 88 Bibas family Main article Kidnapping of the Bibas family Militants abducted the Bibas family from kibbutz Nir Oz during the Nir Oz massacre 9 month old Kfir 4 year old Ariel 32 year old mother Shiri and her 34 year old husband Yarden 89 90 Shiri s parents also abducted from their kibbutz were later found deceased Efforts to release Shiri and her children during the ceasefire between Israel and Hamas were unsuccessful leading to claims by Hamas that they were killed in an Israeli airstrike The IDF expressed doubts about these claims amidst widespread concern and a campaign for their release 91 92 Treatment of captivesThis section provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader especially 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip has caused limited resources to be allowed into the strip bringing about the 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis food and treatment is reasonably limited for everyone December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Sexual and gender based violence in the 2023 Hamas led attack on Israel nbsp Billboard in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in GazaMany hostages require medical treatment due to their medical conditions such as Parkinson s cardiovascular diseases heart failure diabetes mellitus and cancer according to a report sent to the ICRC on 15 October by Hagai Levine a public health physician and epidemiologist who heads the medical and resilience team of the Hostages and Missing Families Forum 93 As of 5 December Hamas still refuses the ICRC access to the hostages 94 95 96 97 98 On 13 October Hamas released a video purporting to demonstrate its compassion towards abducted children The video shows armed Hamas militants patting children on the back rocking children in a stroller and giving a child water 99 On 16 October Hamas released a video of a 21 year old French Israeli woman pleading to be returned to her family while someone bandages her injured arm and a scar is visible 100 A released hostage who was a nurse was moved throughout her captivity to treat other hostages and could ask for specific medicines Although she has alleged the medicines were often in insufficient amounts 101 Israel s Health Ministry found that the released hostages lost an average of 17 33 pounds 8 15 kilograms in seven weeks and they said their diet in captivity was minimal 102 Gilat Livni a pediatrician and consultant in infectious diseases who worked with some of the returned children at Schneider s children s hospital stated that they were in generally good condition but raised caution about the trauma that was faced A physician advising the families of held hostages also echoed this statement warning of the trauma faced and the long process of restoring a sense of trust and control after being released 103 Renana Eitan the head of psychiatry at the Ichilov Tel Aviv medical centre said that among the freed hostages she examined were children drugged by their captors including with ketamine and were suffering from withdrawal 104 Israel s Health Ministry s confirmed that before they were released liberated hostages were given psychoactive pills by their captors Blood tests showed the drug was Clonazepam commonly used to treat epilepsy anxiety OCD and other cases on a short term basis Reportedly aimed to make the hostages appear calm and happy after enduring prolonged physical abuse deprivation and psychological terror in captivity 105 106 Dror Mendel director of the Dana Dwek Children s Hospital described orthopedic injuries scarring and burns and very low hygiene standards lice rashes skin irritation and inflammation Prof Ronit Lubetzky director of the Pediatrics department stated that some of the children have lost as much as 10 kg of body weight 107 Prof Itay Pesach Director of the Edmond and Lily Safra Children s Hospital said that patients describe the entire range of abuse you could dream of not different from the testimonies of people who came back from the ghetto or concentration camp 107 Levine spoke on the lacking medical care given to the hostages physical and psychological abuse and starvation at first there was an implicit assumption that the conditions of captivity by Hamas are reasonable This assumption no longer exists The situations is terrible There s no time The clock of some of the hostages is already ticking 108 A doctor who who treated some of the 110 hostages released from captivity told the Associated Press that at least ten male and female hostages of them were sexually assaulted or abused He declined to give his name or speak on any further details claiming to protect the hostages identities 109 A former IDF mental health officer said returning hostages who have experienced continual psychological trauma will be very cautious about saying anything that endangers other captives She also stated returning hostages can have black holes in their memory and can also express sympathy for their captors due to Stockholm syndrome 110 better source needed Many hostages told relatives that they were totally isolated from the outside world and had no information about their family members who in some cases were also kidnapped or killed in the attack 111 Yaniv Yaacov the uncle of hostages said in an event in North Macedonia with the Israeli foreign minister that his two nephews were branded using the exhaust pipe of a motorcycle by Hamas He alleged it was done so that if they escaped they could be detected through the burn He also said his nephews were drugged 112 Hostage accounts Hostages released by Hamas later relayed their experiences in captivity either firsthand via family members or through a report from the United Nations 113 114 Adults 85 year old Yocheved Lifshitz recounted being beaten on the motorcycle ride back to Gaza 115 116 She was taken through a network of tunnels and kept in groups of five people with each group assigned a guard Their captors told them that they believed in the Qur an and would not hurt them Lifshitz received medical care one meal a day and was kept in clean surroundings 117 She summarized her two weeks in Hamas captivity saying she went through hell 116 118 Roongarun Wichanguen the sister of 33 year old Vetoon Phoome said that Phoome was not tortured nor assaulted was well fed and well taken care of 119 According to Merav Mor Raviv cousin of 54 year old Keren Munder she and her 9 year old son Ohad and 78 year old mother Ruth ate mostly rice and bread but neither regularly nor all the time resulting in both Keren and Ruth losing 6 8 kg in body weight They were kept isolated from the outside world slept on improvised benches and sometimes had to wait up to two hours to go to the bathroom 120 Ruth recalled having proper meals early in their captivity and going hungry as the war progressed 121 After being released 84 year old Elma Avraham was admitted to the Soroka Medical Center in critical condition Prior to her kidnapping by Hamas she was diagnosed with several medical conditions and was taking medication which her relatives say the ICRC refused to accept 122 123 124 According to one of her doctors she had signs of being handcuffed and suffered from untreated chemical wounds 121 Eyal Nouri the nephew of 72 year old Adina Moshe said that his aunt was in a room five storeys underground that was only lit for two hours each day 121 She was fed canned beans and rice and had not taken a shower for seven weeks 125 121 A Thai citizen who was released by Hamas testified that there was little to eat for the hostages a pita a day sometimes a tin of tuna to share between four people and sometimes a piece of cheese Held for more than seven weeks he says they were allowed to shower once He also stated that the Jewish Israeli hostages were treated much more harshly We were with Israelis and they were guarded all the time and The Jews who were held with me were treated very harshly sometimes they were beaten with electric cables 126 127 Philippine citizen Jimmy Pacheco testified that for some time he and the other hostages only got briny water and half a pita a day To survive he collected pieces of toilet paper and moistened them with humidity that accumulated on the tunnel s walls 128 Ella Ben Ami daughter of 54 year old Raz Ben Ami says her mother was humiliated by her captors and now cherishes every little thing like having a towel a piece of chocolate or a drink 107 The health of 77 year old Hanna Katzir deteriorated several days after her release According to her daughter Carmit Palty Katzir she had no heart problems when she was kidnapped but now she has severe heart problems due to harsh conditions and starvation 129 77 year old Margalit Moses had essential medical equipment confiscated by her kidnappers 130 21 year old Maya Regev and her 18 year old brother Itay Regev testified to the hunger harsh environmental conditions extreme fear and sense of uncertainty that they experienced 130 21 year old Mia Schem was recorded while being transported back to Israel in a Red Cross vehicle stating in English that everyone had been very kind and the food was very good during her time as a hostage 131 She later recalled having experienced a Holocaust like hell during captivity in Gaza stating Everyone there is a terrorist Schem said she realized she was being held in a family home during her time in captivity and that the whole family was involved with Hamas including the women and children 132 133 She also said that she was forced to record a video and instructed to say that she was treated well 134 49 year old Chen Almog Goldstein stated Hamas guards put mattresses over us on the floor to cover us and then they covered us with their bodies to protect us from our own forces shooting 135 40 year old Amit Soussana said that she was sexually assaulted by her captor during her captivity in Gaza 136 137 Teenagers and children According to Ahal Besorai the uncle of 17 year old Noam and 13 year old Alma Or the two were driven out of the safe room in Be eri when their captors set the house on fire with them in it They were captured and driven back to Gaza in a stolen car with Noam in the trunk and his sister among eight captors at the front They were kept separated from their father Dror who is also believed to have been kidnapped They both lost weight 120 138 139 Devora Cohen the aunt of 12 year old Eitan Yahalomi said that he was beaten by Gazan residents and forced to watch videos of the 7 October atrocities For the first 16 days of his captivity he was kept in isolation after a month he was joined with a group of hostages from his home kibbutz whom he knew Any time he or another child cried they were threatened with guns to keep quiet 139 140 Thomas Hand father of 9 year old Emily Hand noted that she and the other hostages that were with her always had at least one meal a day but she was still hungry and lost weight She was not beaten but could not make noise and was only allowed to draw and play cards As a result of the trauma she continued to talk in whispers even after being released 125 141 121 She referred to her place of captivity as the box 121 Gilad Korngold grandfather of 3 year old Yahel and 8 year old Nave said that Yahel kept whispering for several days after being released and Nave doesn t talk at all 107 17 year old Agam Goldstein Almog described another female hostage in captivity being sexually abused by a guard while she was washing herself in the sink 142 Status of captives nbsp Flyers of the Israelis who were kidnapped by Hamas that are a part of the Kidnapped from Israel series by Israeli artists Nitzan Mintz and Dede BandaidOn 22 October 2023 a list of the 204 hostages was published 143 According to Israel at least 250 additional individuals were captured on the first day of the war but rescued that day 144 145 As of 24 February 2024 Hamas is still refusing to allow International Committee of the Red Cross representatives to meet with the 7 October hostages in Gaza 94 95 96 98 Negotiations For broader coverage of this topic see 2023 Israel Hamas ceasefire Hamas has offered a deal dubbed as everyone for everyone or all for all a release of all hostages being held in Gaza in exchange for Israel releasing thousands of Palestinians in Israeli prisons 146 30 Some Israeli families have spoken in support for such a deal 147 148 Shortly after the October attacks Thailand had been in official talks with Hamas with a group convened by the countries parliamentary speaker Wan Muhamad Noor Matha about the release of their citizens The group conveyed to Hamas that the citizens were not party to the conflict but instead part of the around 30 000 Thai laborer s who work in the Israeli agriculture sectors While some had been captured about 39 were killed in the attacks and about 8 600 repatriated back to Thailand 149 150 On 8 November Hamas sources told news agencies that Hamas could release 10 15 hostages in exchange for a three day humanitarian pause in fighting 146 On 9 Nov Benjamin Netanyahu had reportedly rejected such an exchange 151 On 13 November it was reported that Hamas had told Qatari mediators that the group was willing to release up to 70 women and children hostages held in Gaza for a five day truce and the release of 275 women and children held by Israel 152 On 9 November Al Quds Brigades released a video where spokesperson Abu Hamza states that they are prepared for the unconditional release of 77 year old Hanna Katsir citing humanitarian reasons and their inability to provide her with her specific medical needs as well as the release of 13 year old Yagil Yaakov Israel refused the offer claiming it would play into the captor s psychological terror 153 On 21 November it was erroneously reported that Katsir had died from medical complications however she was still alive and was released on 24 November 154 Yagil Yaakov alongside his older brother were released on 27 November 155 On 22 November it was announced that Israel and Hamas had reached an agreement about a cease fire and the release of 50 hostages While hostages held by Hamas would not be released until 23 November at the earliest those released would be woman and children in response the Israeli government would release 150 Palestinian prisoners more aid would be allowed into Gaza and a four day cease fire which would be added onto for every 10 additional hostages released Hamas has acknowledged that of the hostages released children would be the main component of the hostages released and the IDF has planned that an IDF officer would be on hand to facilitate the crossing and handover with the hostages being transferred into Israel for medical care 156 157 As of 26 November Hamas had released a total of 58 hostages since the ceasefire went into effect some of whom were foreign nationals and not included in the agreement to release 50 Israelis 158 159 Rescue operations Further information Rescue of Ori Megidish Operation Golden Hand and 12 February 2024 Rafah strikes A captured IDF private was freed on 30 October in an operation headed by the IDF with assistance from Shin Bet and Mossad 160 161 On 8 December Hamas claimed they repelled an attempted hostage rescue by Israeli special forces inflicting several military casualties 162 Hamas also said that a hostage named Sahar Baruch died in the incident 163 On the same day of 8 December according to an IDF statement two Israeli soldiers were wounded in a failed hostage rescue attempt 164 It is unclear whether the statements of Hamas and the IDF refer to the same event 163 During the early morning of 12 February 2024 the IDF Shin Bet and special police forces coupled with airstrikes rescued two hostages with dual Israel Argentinian nationality 60 year old Fernando Simon Marman and 70 year old Louis Har who were kidnapped from Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak on 7 October by Hamas from a building in Rafah in southern Gaza One Israeli soldier was injured and 37 Hamas militants including the hostages guards were reported killed during the rescue operation 165 166 According to Amnesty International the operation and airstrikes led to the deaths of at least 95 civilians including children 167 Release of hostages nbsp Hila Rotem aged 13 embraced by her uncle Yair Rotem upon their reunion on 26 November 2023 following her release Her mother Raaya Rotem would be released on 29 November 2023 Main article 2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners On 20 October Hamas released two American hostages for humanitarian reasons and in response to Qatari and US pressure 168 169 The International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC said it helped facilitate the release of the hostages by transporting them from Gaza to Israel 169 On 23 October Hamas released two Israeli women hostages aged 79 and 85 for humanitarian reasons after mediation by Qatar and Egypt The ICRC helped transport them out of Gaza The released hostages were from the Nir Oz kibbutz 32 170 One of the released hostages Yocheved Lifshitz and her husband Oded a journalist still in captivity are known peace activists that helped Palestinians in Gaza get to hospitals in Israel 170 171 Lifshitz s daughter Sharone said that Lifshitz and other hostages were held in a huge network of tunnels Lifshitz was critical of both the Shin Bet and the IDF and the press conference was criticized as a PR disaster for Israel 116 172 nbsp Release of hostages during Iron Swords warOn 27 October a Hamas official said that Hamas could not release the hostages taken during the attack on Israel until a ceasefire is agreed 173 174 On 22 November Israel and Hamas agreed to the release 150 of Palestinian prisoners and a four day cease fire in exchange for Hamas s release of approximately 50 of the hostages 33 On 24 November the release of 50 women and children hostages by Hamas over a four day period began after negotiations with Israel with hostages being released into the care of the Red Cross through the Rafah Border Crossing and then to the Israeli Hatzerim Military Base Some of this group were dual and foreign nationals with individuals from Israel Thailand and the Philippines counted in the first group released 33 175 As of 26 November 2023 a total of 41 hostages had been released by Hamas during the four day ceasefire 16 Of those released 26 were Israeli some being dual citizens with a breakdown of 13 released on 24 November and 13 on 25 November 159 In addition 14 Thai hostages and one Filipino were released as part of a separate deal 159 An additional 17 hostages including 14 Israelis and one American were released on 26 November in exchange for 39 Palestinian prisoners 17 Israel published a list of 300 Palestinian prisoners that it would potentially release in exchange for Israeli hostages in Gaza 287 of which are children below the age of 18 176 An analysis by NBC News of the list showed about 20 were convicted of a crime while the roughly 80 of the list were not convicted of any crimes and had either not been prosecuted or had been detained under administrative detention 177 However some of the Palestinians prisoners that were freed as part of the deal had been convicted of offenses ranging from attempted murder to less severe ones such as inflicting property damage hindering police work or assembling unlawfully Other offenses included assault of police officers rock throwing hurling firebombs arson and possession of firearms or explosives Some prisoners reportedly belonged to Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad and PFLP 178 A Russian Israeli man was released on 26 November outside of the cease fire agreement Musa Abu Marzouk an official within Hamas indicated that the release was in appreciation for President Vladimir Putin s position Putin has been openly critical of the Israeli operation in regards to Gaza and the mounting casualties 179 Reported deaths See also Killing of Alon Shamriz Yotam Haim and Samer Talalka and Friendly fire during the Israel Hamas war nbsp Hostage being dragged through Al Shifa Hospital by Hamas militants on 7 October 2023The IDF confirmed on 13 October that remains of missing Israeli people were located and retrieved in the Gaza Strip 180 On 14 October Hamas stated that nine hostages had been killed over a 24 hour period due to Israeli airstrikes 181 On 4 November Hamas reported that 60 hostages had died as a result of Israel s bombing of Gaza 182 An Israeli official responded that Regardless of what Hamas claims any harm done to hostages is Hamas s responsibility and they will be held accountable 183 According to the IDF half of the hostages were killed during the abduction or died in captivity 184 185 At least two bodies of deceased hostages have been recovered as of 16 November 186 Along with reported CCTV footage released on 19 November Israel announced that an IDF soldier who had been captured on 7 October had been killed by Hamas while being held at the Al Shifa hospital Hamas denied this and indicated the soldier had been previously reported by them as being killed by an Israeli airstrike on 9 November 80 On 29 November Hamas claimed that the youngest hostage a 10 month old toddler and his 4 year old brother and mother were killed while in captivity due to Israeli bombings The claim is being investigated by the IDF and other agencies and Israeli officials have stated the account shows the barbarism and cruelty of Hamas 187 Hamas released a video of the dead body of Arie Zalmanovich 86 from kibbutz Nir Oz According to Hamas he died of a heart attack 188 Zalmanovich had medical conditions and required medical treatment 189 His son attributed the death to the lack of medicines and suitable food in captivity 190 On 15 December the IDF stated that during operations in Shuja iyya they mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat and killed them via friendly fire 191 The three hostages were three men in their 20s who were identified after having their bodies returned to Israel 191 21 192 According to an Israeli military official on 16 December the three hostages were shirtless and they have a stick with a white cloth on it The Israeli soldier feels threatened and opens fire He declares that they re terrorists more Israeli forces shoot killing two hostages immediately and wounding the third hostage who appealed for help in Hebrew then there s another burst of fire by Israeli forces towards the third hostage and he also dies 193 Haaretz reported that the third hostage retreated into a building after the other two hostages were shot with IDF soldiers following the third hostage and shooting him dead because they thought he was a terrorist setting a trap 194 Yediot Ahronot reported that Israeli soldiers had called for the third hostage to come out of the building he was hiding in and then shot him when he reappeared 195 The Israeli military investigated the killings and concluded on 28 December that the Israeli soldiers carried out the right action to the best of their understanding of the event at that moment 196 In February 2024 it was announced that through a confidential assessment conducted by Israeli intelligence officials there were more deceased hostages than previously known In the report thirty two of the hostages held in Gaza were declared as deceased with an additional twenty hostages status still undetermined 197 Aftermath nbsp A Shabbat Dinner table at the Tel Aviv art museum plaza with more than 200 empty seats representing the hostages and missing held in GazaSee also Hostages Square As part of Israel s counteroffensive Israel implemented a total blockade of the Gaza strip until the hostages have been released 198 Amnesty International describes this measure as having been taken to punish civilians in Gaza for the actions of Palestinian armed groups amounting to collective punishment 199 Israel has also undertaken mass detentions of Palestinians in Israel and the Palestinian territories several Israeli NGOs described the detention of several thousand Gazan workers as a form of retaliation or vengeance for the capture of Israeli citizens 200 201 202 nbsp Performance piece The Kidnapped Tunnel in Hostages Square in IsraelAmerican Israeli author Robby Berman set up a fund offering a reward of 1 million Israeli shekels for the release of hostages in Gaza specifically aimed at encouraging Palestinians to aid in the rescue of Jewish prisoners 203 Experts stated that an Israeli ground invasion of the Gaza Strip would endanger the lives of the hostages 204 U S officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of Gaza to allow more time for hostage negotiations 205 According to Israeli officials once Israel begins a ground invasion of Gaza it will be almost impossible to reach a deal on the release of the hostages 206 On 24 October US President Joe Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire stating We should have those hostages released and then we can talk 207 ResponsesSee also Kidnapped from IsraelOn 16 October 2023 Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and Turkey s Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan discussed the possibility of releasing the hostages taken during the Hamas attack on Israel 208 In a video released by Hamas three female hostages are shown One of the women speaks and lays the blame for their continued situation on the Israeli government and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu She chides the Israeli government s bombing campaign asking if they wanted all the hostages killed and asks for the release of all Palestinian prisoners held by Israel 209 A poll by the Israeli newspaper Maariv conducted on 18 19 October found that 65 of Israelis supported a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip and 21 opposed it 210 In comparison according to a poll conducted for the same newspaper on 25 26 October only 29 of Israelis supported an immediate large scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip Maariv said that It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages which is now topping the agenda have had a great impact on this shift 211 On 21 February 2024 Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich stated the hostages return is not the most important thing 212 Families of hostages and released hostages See also Abducted and Missing Families Forum and Israel Hamas war protests in Israel Bring Them Home Now protests nbsp Family of 19 year old Daniella Gilboa at a demonstration for the hostages return 14 October 2023Human rights groups international organizations and families of those held captive have called for an immediate release of the hostages 213 On Sunday evening 8 October the families of the kidnapped and missing held a press conference demanding the government open ongoing talks with the families and carry out an operation to bring the missing home appoint someone to maintain ongoing contact with the families immediately involve Turkish President Erdogan Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi to release the captives 214 The government appointed Gal Hirsch to be in charge of the issue 215 On 26 October the families of the hostages met with Netanyahu 216 The Hostages and Missing Families Forum that represents families of the abducted people complained that no one had explained whether the ground operation endangers the well being of the 229 hostages 217 The families also raised complaints that the government and Netanyahu had failed to provide updates to the families or meet with them until the meeting on 26 October 216 Meirav Gonen a representative for the families expressed support for a full prisoner swap stating a deal of a return of our family members immediately in the framework of all for all is feasible and there will be wide national support for this 40 nbsp Israeli President Isaac Herzog meeting with families of the kidnapped and missing persons held by HamasOn 14 November it was reported that families of those held hostage began a five day long march to Netanyahu s home in Israel to demand action and answers One family member was quoted as saying they did not feel like they were in good hands and that they do not get enough information while another called on the perceived in action of the Israeli government 218 On 2 December at a rally outside the IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv Israeli hostages released by Hamas called for the immediate release of fellow hostages left behind 219 On 4 December eight released Israeli hostages wrote a letter to the International Committee of the Red Cross asking the organization to provide medical assistance and to visit their relatives still being held by Hamas in Gaza 220 The appeal was made due to reports that the Red Cross wasn t allowed to visit the hostages since the beginning of the war as for 29 November 221 In an early December 2023 meeting with Netanyahu and other members of the war cabinet family members of those who are still held hostage by Hamas forces showed their outrage and frustration with the continued situation In a published recording Netanyahu can be heard blaming the end of the November 2023 cease fire on Hamas while family members and supporters can be heard calling him a liar Some former hostages also attended the meeting and spoke about the conditions they were held in which were exasperated by Israeli airstrikes 222 One unnamed freed hostage from the kibbutz Nir Oz told Netanyahu Every day in captivity was extremely challenging We were in tunnels terrified that it would not be Hamas but Israel that would kill us and then they would say Hamas killed you 223 224 In January 2024 the mother of Ron Sherman a deceased hostage whose body was recovered by the IDF accused the Israeli military of killing her son by filling the tunnel he was in with poison gas 225 About 20 relatives of hostages still held as captives by Hamas stormed a Knesset finance committee on 22 January a day after Netanyahu rejected new Hamas conditions for ending the war and releasing the remaining hostages Many voiced their displeasure at the apparent lack of resolution in having the remaining hostages freed 226 227 After a Settlement Brings Security Hebrew התיישבות מביאה ביטחון romanized Hitiashvut Mevi avi Takhon Conference was held in Jerusalem on 28 January 2024 sponsored by the right wing Nachala Israeli settler organization pushing for resettlement of the Gaza Strip many family members expressed their concerns about the conference in context of the crisis It was strongly criticized for the festive atmosphere for the movement s forming a perceived impediment to the hostages release and for its calls for coerced emigration of Palestinians from their country One family member stated of the conferencegoers you re dancing on their blood 228 229 A delegation of family members of Israeli hostages along with several dozen lawyers went to The Hague to file complaints against Hamas leaders at the International Criminal Court which is empowered to prosecute individuals for serious violations of the Geneva Conventions that amount to war crimes 230 International nbsp On 12 December 2023 the UN General Assembly passed Resolution ES 10 22 calling for an immediate ceasefire and the immediate and unconditional release of the hostages On 16 October 2023 a report sent to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Geneva based organization Hostage and Missing Families Forum medical team headed by Hagai Levine said hostages are in urgent need of treatment and lifesaving medication and are prone to immediate mortality The report also expressed concern about babies requiring infant formula 231 232 On 25 October 2023 Qatar s Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani stated that there had been some progress in the hostage negotiations 233 That same day World Health Organization Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus met with the Hostages and Missing Families Forum and said There is an urgent need for the captors of the hostages to provide signs of life proof of provision of health care and the immediate release on humanitarian and health grounds of all those abducted 234 US State department spokesman Mathew Miller suggested in response to a question about evidence of Hamas sexual and gender based violence on 7 October that the reason Hamas was holding on to female Israeli hostages was to prevent them from testifying about their experiences in Hamas captivity 235 236 TimelineTimeline Date Summary7 October 2023 Hostages taken from Supernova music festival Nir Oz Be eri Kfar AzaHostages taken from Nahal Oz and Israeli soldiers captured from Nahal Oz baseAdditional hostages were taken in other Gaza envelope communities nbsp IDF 23 soldiers nbsp 200 Jewish Israeli civilians nbsp 6 Bedouin Israeli civilians a nbsp 32 Thai citizens nbsp 2 Filipino citizens8 October 2023 Analysis from the Washington Post determines that four hostages were killed shortly after being taken captive in Kibbutz Be eri 237 citation needed 9 October 2023 Hamas s Al Qassam Brigades threatened to execute hostages if civilian homes were bombed without warning 17 October 2023 Hamas releases a video of hostage Mia Schem after her release she describes the video as being coerced 238 239 22 October 2023 Hamas releases two American hostages unilaterally 240 24 October 2023 Hamas releases two elderly Israeli female hostages unilaterally 241 30 October 2023 Israeli forces rescue Ori Megidish an Israeli female soldier that had been held hostage in northern Gaza 242 Hamas releases a video showing three female hostages pleading to be released 243 4 November 2023 Hamas claims that more than 60 hostages are missing because of Israeli airstrikes on Gaza 244 16 November 2023 Israel announces that it has recovered the bodies of two hostages Yehudit Weiss and Corporal Noa Marciano from buildings adjacent to Al Shifa hospital 245 21 November 2023 Israel releases footage that it says shows hostages being taken into Al Shifa hospital by armed men 246 According to Israel a third hostage Corporal Noa Marciano was taken to Al Shifa hospital and executed there Hamas had previously claimed that Marciano was killed in an Israeli airstrike on 9 November 246 4 30 November 2023 Hamas and Israel agree to a four day ceasefire in which 50 Israeli hostages would be released for 150 Palestinian prisoners The ceasefire was extended by three additional days The hostages to be released during the ceasefire included women and minors 247 248 Hamas releases 80 Israeli hostages in exchange for the release of 240 prisoners during the weeklong ceasefire 249 Separate from the broader hostage release on 26 November 2023 Hamas releases a dual citizen Russian Israeli hostage as a result of the movement s appreciation for President Putin s positions 250 Hamas also releases 23 Thai hostages and 1 Filipino hostage during the weeklong ceasefire in a separate agreement between Hamas and the Thai government 251 nbsp 81 from Israel nbsp 23 from Thailand nbsp 1 from the Philippines29 November 2023 Hamas reported that members of the Bibas family a 10 month old a 4 year old and their mother were reportedly killed by Israeli airstrikes in Gaza 187 1 December 2023 The IDF recovers the body of hostage Ofir Tzarfati in the Gaza Strip 252 Four hostages from Nir Oz were announced to have died in captivity 253 8 December 2023 Hamas says hostage Sahar Baruch was killed in a failed rescue attempt 254 On 3 January 2024 the IDF admitted that Baruch was killed during a failed rescue attempt and two Israeli soldiers were wounded while attempting the rescue attempt 255 12 December 2023 The IDF recovers the bodies of two hostages in underground tunnels in Jabalia Gaza 256 15 December 2023 Three Israeli hostages are shot dead by the IDF while waving a white flag in Shuja iyya Gaza in a friendly fire incident 257 The IDF recovers the bodies of three additional hostages in Gaza 258 nbsp Alon Shamriz nbsp Yotam Haim nbsp Samer Talalka18 December 2023 Hamas released a video of three elderly Israeli hostages on 18 December 259 19 December 2023 Palestinian Islamic Jihad released a video of two Israeli hostages on 19 December 260 4 January 2024 Three Israelis that had been previously presumed as missing are announced as held hostage in Gaza Israel believes 136 hostages are being held in the Gaza Strip b 261 15 January 2024 Hamas releases a video showing three Israeli hostages Hamas claims that two of the hostages were killed in Israeli airstrikes with Israel disputing the claim 262 19 January 2024 The Al Nasser Salah al Deen Brigades released a video of an Israeli captive who it claimed was killed by an Israeli airstrike in the Gaza Strip 263 264 6 February 2024 According to a confidential assessment conducted by Israeli intelligence officers it was reported that there were more deceased hostages then previously known with an additional 20 hostages reportedly deceased 197 12 February 2024 The IDF Shin Bet and special police forces rescue two hostages who were kidnapped from Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak from a building in Rafah in southern Gaza one soldier is reportedly injured and 37 Hamas militants are reportedly killed 165 166 See also nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel Hamas war Killing of Shani Louk Casualties of the 2023 Israel Hamas war Outline of the 2023 Israel Hamas war Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel Hamas warNotes Including Samer Talalka Includes four hostages taken prior to the 7 October attacksReferences Israel Gaza war What we know about the captives taken by Hamas Al Jazeera 7 October 2023 Archived from the original on 15 December 2023 Retrieved 3 November 2023 Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas The Atlantic 9 October 2023 Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 Retrieved 10 October 2023 Fabian Emanuel Staff ToI Agencies 7 October 2023 Israel confirms civilians and soldiers abducted by Hamas into Gaza The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 Retrieved 10 October 2023 a b c d e Vinograd Cassandra Kershner Isabel 9 October 2023 Hamas Took Scores of Hostages From Israel Here s What We Know About Them The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 October 2023 Retrieved 9 October 2023 a b c d Jones Sam Fidler Matt 18 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November 2023 Retrieved 23 November 2023 a b Zitun Yoav 23 November 2023 Egyptian official says Hamas refuses Red Cross visit to hostages Thai captives to be freed as gesture to Iran Ynetnews Archived from the original on 23 November 2023 Retrieved 23 November 2023 Rose Emily 4 December 2023 Released Israeli hostages ask Red Cross to visit remaining captives Reuters Archived from the original on 5 December 2023 Retrieved 5 December 2023 a b We Can t Force Our Way In The Red Cross Confronts Israeli Anger Over Hostages Haaretz Archived from the original on 1 January 2024 Retrieved 5 January 2024 Halpern Sam 13 October 2023 Hamas posts footage of terrorists holding kidnapped Israeli children The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 Retrieved 13 October 2023 Kottasova Ivana 17 October 2023 Hamas releases first video of a hostage taken to Gaza CNN Archived from the original on 22 October 2023 Retrieved 23 October 2023 Ex hostage watched Hamas captors tell Yarden Bibas of family s fate while filming The Times of Israel 5 January 2024 Archived from the original on 7 January 2024 Retrieved 8 January 2024 Troy O Fritzhand 28 November 2023 Hostages Released by Hamas Suffered Severe Weight Loss in Captivity Preliminary Health Reports Show Algemeiner Archived from the original on 29 November 2023 Retrieved 30 November 2023 Boxerman Aaron 25 November 2023 The Israeli hostages freed on Friday begin to reunite with their families The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Borger Julian 28 December 2023 Many hostages released by Hamas still being treated for trauma The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 5 January 2024 Retrieved 5 January 2024 They Were Drugged Relatives of Freed Israeli Hostages Channel Hamas Captivity Horror Haaretz Archived from the original on 2 December 2023 Retrieved 5 January 2024 Gherd Zand Renee 5 December 2023 Health Ministry says Hamas drugged released hostages to make them appear happy Times of Israel Archived from the original on 5 January 2024 Retrieved 5 January 2024 a b c d פעילן מיכל 5 December 2023 הילדה שהשאירו יחפה שטיפת המוח והמאמץ להבין אם יום או לילה עדויות החוזרים מהשבי N12 Archived from the original on 5 December 2023 Retrieved 5 December 2023 מענית חן 5 December 2023 אם בקבינט המלחמה חושבים שלחטופים יש זמן הם טועים השעון שלהם מתקתק הארץ in Hebrew Archived from the original on 5 December 2023 Retrieved 5 December 2023 At least 10 freed hostages were sexually abused in Hamas captivity doctor says Times of Israel 6 December 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 Retrieved 8 December 2023 Benson Pesach 25 October 2023 Expert calls for patience regarding hostage interviews Jewish News Syndicate Archived from the original on 25 October 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2023 Freed Israeli Hostages Share Details of Captivity Relatives Say The New York Times 26 November 2023 Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Uncle of freed hostages says Hamas branded them using motorcycle exhaust pipe Times of Israel 30 November 2023 Archived from the original on 3 December 2023 Retrieved 5 December 2023 Borger Julian 4 March 2024 UN finds convincing information that Hamas raped and tortured Israeli hostages The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 Retrieved 5 March 2024 Official visit of the Office of the SRSG SVC to Israel and the occupied West Bank 29 January 14 February 2024 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2024 Retrieved 5 March 2024 Israeli captive endured hell in attack but treated well in Gaza Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 24 October 2023 Retrieved 3 November 2023 a b c Chen Heather Tal Amir Jeong Sophie Said Moorhouse Lauren 24 October 2023 I went through hell Released Hamas hostage describes being kidnapped and taken into tunnel system CNN Archived from the original on 25 October 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2023 Teibel Amy 24 October 2023 Now freed an Israeli hostage describes the hell of harrowing Hamas attack and terrifying capture AP Archived from the original on 26 October 2023 Retrieved 26 October 2023 I Asked Him How He Isn t Ashamed 85 year old Israeli Hostage Says She Confronted Hamas Chief Sinwar in Gaza Tunnel Haaretz Archived from the original on 29 November 2023 Retrieved 6 January 2024 Thai relatives overjoyed for Gaza hostage returns France 24 25 November 2023 Archived from the original on 29 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 a b Kershner Isabel 26 November 2023 Freed Israeli Hostages Share Details of Captivity Relatives Say The New York Times Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 a b c d e f Clarke Rachel 1 December 2023 Little food a beating and lice What freed Israeli hostages are saying about being held by Hamas CNN Archived from the original on 1 December 2023 Retrieved 2 December 2023 Neev Keshet 27 November 2023 Family of released hostage decry Red Cross for failure of duty The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Emily Rose 27 November 2023 Israeli hostage 84 released by Hamas in fight for her life Reuters Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Curiel Ilana Yanko Adir 27 November 2023 84 year old Elma still in critical condition daughter furious at Red Cross Refused to hand over meds Ynetnews Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 a b Picheta Rob Ataman Joseph 27 November 2023 First testimonies shed light on conditions endured by Hamas Israeli hostages CNN Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Released Thai hostage says Israelis held with him were beaten with electric cables Times of Israel 29 November 2023 Archived from the original on 30 November 2023 Retrieved 30 November 2023 שלמור גלעד 29 November 2023 אזרח תאילנד ששוחרר משבי חמאס העיד הרביצו לחטופים ישראלים בכבלי חשמל N12 Archived from the original on 1 December 2023 Retrieved 1 December 2023 רביד אור 30 November 2023 הרטבתי חתיכות נייר טואלט כדי לאכול האזרח הפיליפיני ששוחרר משבי חמאס מספר על מה שעבר N12 Archived from the original on 30 November 2023 Retrieved 1 December 2023 Hanna Katzir in serious condition after health deteriorated while hostage in Gaza Times of Israel 6 December 2023 Archived from the original on 7 December 2023 Retrieved 6 December 2023 a b חאג יחיא דיאא פרידסון יעל 9 December 2023 עדויות חטופים ששוחררו כל יום שם הוא גיהנום זה הזכיר את השואה הארץ in Hebrew Archived from the original on 10 December 2023 Retrieved 10 December 2023 Very Kind Hamas Releases Mia Schem 7 Other Hostages to Red Cross NT News 1 December 2023 Retrieved 12 March 2024 I went through a Holocaust Freed hostage speaks on Hamas captivity The Jerusalem Post JPost com 28 December 2023 Archived from the original on 29 December 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Released hostage Mia Schem Everyone in Gaza is a terrorist I experienced hell Times of Israel 28 December 2023 Archived from the original on 29 December 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 Freed hostage Mia Schem I experienced hell There are no innocent civilians in Gaza Times of Israel 29 December 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2024 Retrieved 30 December 2023 Sinmaz Emine 3 March 2024 We were constantly in terror Israeli hostage tells of captivity in Gaza The Guardian Retrieved 18 March 2024 Kingsley Patrick Bergman Ronen Boxerman Aaron Kershner Isabel 26 March 2024 Israeli Hostage Says She Was Sexually Assaulted and Tortured in Gaza New York Times Archived from the original on 26 March 2024 Retrieved 27 March 2024 Released hostage Amit Soussana reveals she was sexually assaulted by Hamas captor The Times of Israel Sinmaz Emine 26 November 2023 Teenagers freed by Hamas were not aware their mum was murdered The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 a b קרוביו של איתן יהלומי הוא הוחזק לבד בחדר סגור 16 ימים איימו עליו שיהיה בשקט הארץ in Hebrew 28 November 2023 Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Aunt says Hamas forced 12 year old hostage to watch videos of atrocities aimed gun at him when he cried Times of Israel 28 November 2023 Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Clarke Rachel Swails Brent Ward Clarissa 28 November 2023 Father describes how his young daughter Emily survived Hamas captivity CNN Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 Terrorist sexually assaulted hostage at gunpoint Freed captive recounts testimony Times of Israel 13 February 2024 Archived from the original on 14 February 2024 Retrieved 14 February 2024 Haaretz reporters 22 October 2023 Hostages Held by Hamas The Names of Those Abducted From Israel Haaretz website Archived 15 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 November 2023 250 Hostages Rescued From Hamas in Raid Israel Authorities Inside Edition 13 October 2023 Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 Retrieved 19 October 2023 dead link Fabian Emanuel 12 October 2023 IDF publishes footage of elite troops retaking Gaza border post from Hamas on Saturday The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 18 October 2023 Retrieved 19 October 2023 a b Negotiations ongoing for release of 10 15 Hamas held captives reports say Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 Retrieved 10 November 2023 Michaelis Tamar Ehlinger Maija 28 October 2023 Families of hostages meet with Netanyahu to call for comprehensive deal to return all hostages CNN Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 Retrieved 10 November 2023 Son of missing Israeli Canadian activist fears Gaza offensive puts her at risk Global News Archived from the original on 10 November 2023 Retrieved 10 November 2023 Saksornchai Jintamas 24 November 2023 Hamas releases 10 Thai hostages 4 of whom had not been listed as abducted AP News Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Setboonsarng Chayut 27 November 2023 Thai Muslim group says direct Hamas talks helped secure release of Thai hostages Reuters Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Michaelson Ruth Borger Julian Sinmaz Emine 9 November 2023 Netanyahu rejected ceasefire for hostages deal in Gaza sources say The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 29 November 2023 Retrieved 10 November 2023 Abdel Razek Omar Abdel Aziz Moaz 13 November 2023 Hamas armed wing says it discussed freeing 70 hostages in return for 5 day truce Reuters Archived from the original on 15 November 2023 Retrieved 16 November 2023 Israel sees sign of life in Gaza hostage video BBC 22 November 2023 Archived from the original on 25 November 2023 Retrieved 24 November 2023 Hanna Katzir 77 freed son Elad still captive in Gaza The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 26 November 2023 Retrieved 26 November 2023 9 children including 3 year old twins and 2 mothers released from Hamas captivity 28 November 2023 Times of Israel Archived from the original on 28 November 2023 Retrieved 28 November 2023 TV report Mothers and their children will be released together as hostage deal plays out The Times of Israel 22 November 2023 Archived from the original on 22 November 2023 Retrieved 22 November 2023 Kingsley Patrick 20 November 2023 Israel and Hamas Agreed to a Cease Fire and Hostage Release Here s What We Know The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 22 November 2023 Retrieved 22 November 2023 American Child Among 17 Hostages Released By Hamas Today Forbes 26 November 2023 Archived from the original on 26 November 2023 a b c Hamas hostages Stories of the hostages taken by Hamas from Israel BBC News 25 November 2023 Archived from the original on 25 November 2023 Tzuri Matan 30 October 2023 Abducted soldier freed by IDF troops in Gaza ynet Archived from the original on 1 November 2023 Retrieved 30 October 2023 Israeli military says it freed captured soldier in Gaza ground operations Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 2 November 2023 Retrieved 2 November 2023 Hamas says it repelled Israeli rescue attempt in Gaza hostage killed Reuters 8 December 2023 Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 Retrieved 9 December 2023 a b Israeli hostage killed in Gaza circumstances of death unclear CNN 9 December 2023 Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 Retrieved 9 December 2023 Israel Hamas War Day 64 IDF Battle With Hamas in Northern Gaza Air Force Strikes Hezbollah in Lebanon Haaretz Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 Retrieved 9 December 2023 a b Daring raid led to major success in war as 2 hostages rescued alive israelhayom com 12 February 2024 Archived from the original on 13 February 2024 Retrieved 12 February 2024 a b Nidal Al Mughrabi Emily Rose 12 February 2024 Israel frees two hostages in Rafah under cover of air strike health officials say 37 killed Reuters Israel OPT New evidence of unlawful Israeli attacks in Gaza causing mass civilian casualties amid real risk of genocide amnesty org 13 February 2024 Archived from the original on 13 February 2024 Retrieved 12 February 2024 Al Mughrabi Nidal Cox Eric 20 October 2023 Hamas releases two US hostages for humanitarian reasons in response to Qatari efforts spokesperson Reuters Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 Retrieved 20 October 2023 a b Hutchinson Bill Gretsky Will Chile Patricio Pereira Ivan 20 October 2023 2 American hostages held since Hamas attack on Israel released IDF ABC News Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 Retrieved 20 October 2023 a b Chasan Aliza 23 October 2023 Hamas releases 2 Israeli hostages from Gaza as war continues CBS News Archived from the original on 23 October 2023 Retrieved 23 October 2023 Spiro Amy 23 October 2023 Two Israeli hostages Nurit Cooper 79 and 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to claim 2 other captives killed by IDF strikes CBS News Archived from the original on 1 February 2024 Retrieved 20 January 2024 Alsaafin Linah Adler Nils Osgood Brian Depth of human suffering Israel accused of summary executions in Gaza Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 2 February 2024 Retrieved 20 January 2024 Israel s war on Gaza List of key events day 106 Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 2 February 2024 Retrieved 20 January 2024 Further readingHarkov Lahav 4 December 2023 Hostages young and old endured physical and psychological torture Jewish Insider Retrieved 5 December 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Israel Hamas war hostage crisis amp oldid 1218195387, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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