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War in Iraq (2013–2017)

June 07, 2023

For the war that lasted from 2003 to 2011 following the U.S. invasion, see Iraq War. For other wars in Iraq, see Iraq War (disambiguation).
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Part of the Iraqi conflict, spillover of the Syrian civil war and the war against the Islamic State

ISOF APC on the street of Mosul, Northern Iraq, 16 November, 2016 during the Battle of Mosul
Date30 December 2013[23][24] – 9 December 2017[25]
(3 years, 11 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Iraq
Status

Iraqi and allied victory[26]

Main belligerents

 Iraq[1]

Allied groups:

 Iran
 Hezbollah
 Syria[2]

Iraqi Kurdistan[1]

Sinjar Alliance
PKK[4]
 Rojava[4]

CJTF–OIR
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada[5][6]
 Australia[7]
 France
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Finland[8]
 Denmark[9]

Further support:

Islamic State

Ba'athists

Commanders and leaders

Haider al-Abadi[nb 1]
Nouri al-Maliki[nb 2]
Babaker Zebari[nb 3]
Fadhil Barwari
Talib Shaghati
Abdel Emir Yarallah
Sabah Al-Fatlawi
Abdul Ghani al-Asadi
Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis
Akram al-Kaabi
Hadi al-Amiri
Ali Khamenei
Qasem Soleimani
Hamid Taqavi †

Massoud Barzani
Nechirvan Barzani
Sirwan Barzani

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi
Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi †
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani †
Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi †
Abu Ahmad al-Alwani †
Abu Waheeb †

Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri[30]
Units involved
See order See order
Strength

Iraqi security forces
600,000 (300,000 Army and 300,000 Police)[31]
 Popular Mobilization Forces: 60,000–90,000[32]

Awakening Council militias: 30,000[36]
Contractors: 7,000[37][38]

Peshmerga: 200,000[39][40]

US Forces: 5,000[41]
Canadian Forces: 600[42]
French Forces: 500[43]
Italian Forces: 500[44]
British Forces: 500

 ISIL:

Casualties and losses

Iraqi security forces and militias:
19,000+ killed and 29,000+ wounded[48]
Peshmerga fighters:[49]
1,837 killed
10,546 wounded
62 missing or captured

Kurdistan Workers' Party:
180 killed (2014–Jan. 2016)[50]

IRGC:
43 killed[51]

Liwa Zainebiyoun:
3 killed[51]

CJTF–OIR:

  • 57 killed (44 non-hostile), 58 wounded[52]
  • 1 killed (non-hostile)[53]
  • 1 killed (friendly fire) [54]
  • 1 killed[55]
  • 1 killed (non-hostile)[56]
Total: 21,124 dead and 39,546 wounded		 ISIL 129,000+ killed[57][58][59][60]
67,376 civilians killed (Iraq body count figures)[61]
5,625,024 displaced (IOM Iraq figures)[62][63]
Total killed: 212,500+[nb 4]

The War in Iraq was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State (also known as ISIS or ISIL) which began in 2013 and ended in December 2017. Following December 2013, the insurgency escalated into full-scale guerrilla warfare following clashes in the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah in parts of western Iraq, and culminated in the Islamic State offensive into Iraq in June 2014, which lead to the capture of the cities of Mosul, Tikrit and other cities in western and northern Iraq by the Islamic State. Between 4–9 June 2014, the city of Mosul was attacked and later fell; following this, Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki called for a national state of emergency on 10 June. However, despite the security crisis, Iraq's parliament did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency; many legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister's powers.[64] Ali Ghaidan, a former military commander in Mosul, accused al-Maliki of being the one who issued the order to withdraw from the city of Mosul.[65] At its height, ISIL held 56,000 square kilometers of Iraqi territory, containing 4.5 million citizens.[66]

The war resulted in the forced resignation of al-Maliki in 2014, as well as an airstrike campaign by the United States and a dozen other countries in support of the Iraqi military,[67] participation of American and Canadian troops (predominantly special forces) in ground combat operations,[68][69] a $3.5 billion U.S.-led program to rearm the Iraqi security forces,[70] a U.S.-led training program that provided training to nearly 200,000 Iraqi soldiers and police,[71] the participation of the military of Iran, including troops as well as armored and air elements,[72] and military and logistical aid provided to Iraq by Russia.[67] On 9 December 2017, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced victory over the Islamic State.[73][74][75][76] The Islamic State switched to guerrilla "hit and run" tactics in an effort to undermine the Iraqi government's effort to eradicate it.[77][78][79] This conflict is interpreted by some in Iraq as a spillover of the Syrian Civil War. Other Iraqis and observers see it mainly as a culmination of long-running local sectarianism, exacerbated by the 2003-2011 Iraq War, the subsequent increase in anti-Sunni sectarianism under Prime Minister al-Maliki, and the ensuing bloody crack-down on the 2012–2013 Iraqi protests.[80]

Belligerents

Main article: List of armed groups in the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The Iraqi Armed Forces, Kurdish Peshmerga and various Turkmen Muslim, Assyrian Christian, Yezidi, Shabaki, and Armenian Christian forces faced the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Although some 35,000 Kurdish Peshmerga were incorporated into the Iraqi Armed Forces, most Peshmerga forces operated under the command of the President of Iraqi Kurdistan in the Kurdish autonomous region of Iraq.[81][82][83] Assyrian forces included: Nineveh Plain Protection Units,[84] Nineveh Plain Forces,[85] Babylon Brigades,[86] Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam,[87] Qaraqosh Protection Committee[88] and Dwekh Nawsha.[89]

Timeline

2014

Main article: Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)
 
Peshmerga tank at the frontlines, south of Kirkuk, in June 2014

In the course of their Anbar campaign, ISIL militants and their baathist allies[90] seized at least 70% of Al Anbar Governorate by June 2014,[91] including the cities of Fallujah,[92][93] Al Qaim,[94] and half of the provincial capital of Ramadi.[95] ISIL forces also infiltrated Abu Ghraib in Baghdad Governorate.[96]

In early June 2014, following further large-scale offensives in Iraq, ISIL and their allies seized control of Mosul, the second most populous city in Iraq,[97] the nearby town of Tal Afar[98] and most of the surrounding Nineveh Governorate.[99] ISIL also captured parts of Kirkuk and Diyala Governorates[100] and Tikrit, the administrative center of the Salahuddin Governorate,[101] with the ultimate goal of capturing Baghdad, the Iraqi capital.[102] ISIL was believed to have only 2,000–3,000 fighters up until the Mosul campaign, but during that campaign, it became evident that this number was a gross underestimate.[103] There were also reports that the number of Sunni groups in Iraq that were opposed to the predominantly Shia government had joined ISIL, thus bolstering the group numbers.[104] However, the Kurds—who are mostly Sunnis—in the northeast of Iraq, were unwilling to be drawn into the conflict, and there were clashes in the area between ISIL and the Kurdish Peshmerga.[105][106]

On 12 June 2014 ISIL killed 1,700 unarmed Iraqi Air Force cadets who were caught trying to flee to safety and released many images of mass executions via its Twitter feed and various websites.[107]

 
ISIL territory (red) in Iraq and Syria by mid-2014

In late June, ISIL militants captured two key crossings in Anbar, a day after seizing the border crossing at Al-Qaim. According to analysts, capturing these crossings could aid ISIL in transporting weapons and equipment to different battlefields.[108] Two days later, the Syrian Air Force bombed ISIL positions in Iraq near the Al-Qaim border post. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated: "There was no coordination involved, but we welcome this action. We welcome any Syrian strike against Isis because this group targets both Iraq and Syria."[109]

At this point, The Jerusalem Post reported that the Obama administration had requested US$500 million from the US Congress to use in the training and arming of "moderate" Syrian rebels fighting against the Syrian government, in order to counter the growing threat posed by ISIL in Syria and Iraq.[110]

On 29 June, ISIL announced the establishment of a new caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed its caliph, and group formally changed its name to the Islamic State.[111] Four days later, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of the new Islamic State, said that Muslims should unite to capture Rome in order to "own the world."[112][113] He called on Muslims all over the world to unite behind him as their leader.[114]

On 24 July, ISIL blew up the Mosque and tomb of the Prophet Yunus (Jonah) in Mosul,[115] with no reported casualties.[116] Residents in the area said that ISIL had erased a piece of Iraqi heritage.[117] Jonah's tomb was an important holy site in the Jewish heritage as well.[118] A few days later, ISIL also blew up the Nabi Shiyt (Prophet Seth) shrine in Mosul. Sami al-Massoudi, deputy head of the Shia endowment agency which oversees holy sites, confirmed the destruction and added that ISIL had taken artifacts from the shrine to an unknown location.[119]

In an August offensive, ISIL captured Sinjar and a number of other towns in the north of the country. Almost 200,000 civilians, mostly Yazidis, managed to flee from the fighting in Sinjar city,[120][121] about 50,000 of them fled into the Sinjar Mountains,[121] where they were trapped without food, water or medical care,[122] facing starvation and dehydration.[121] They had been threatened with death if they refused conversion to Islam. A UN representative said that "a humanitarian tragedy is unfolding in Sinjar."[123] In addition, during this latest offensive, the Islamic State advanced to within 30 km of the Iraqi Kurdish capital of Erbil in northern Iraq.[124][125]

Prompted by the siege and killings of the Yazidis, on 7 August, President Obama authorized targeted airstrikes in Iraq against ISIL, along with airdrops of aid.[126] The UK offered the US assistance with surveillance and refueling, and planned humanitarian airdrops to Iraqi refugees.[127] The US asserted that the systematic destruction of the Yazidi people by the Islamic State was genocide.[128] The Arab League also accused the Islamic State of committing crimes against humanity.[129][130]

On 13 August, US airstrikes and Kurdish ground forces broke the ISIL siege of Mount Sinjar.[131][132][133] Also, five days later, Kurdish Peshmerga ground troops, with the help of Iraqi Special Forces and the US air campaign, overran ISIL militants and reclaimed the Mosul Dam.[134][135][136]

On 31 August, the United States, France, United Kingdom and Australia began humanitarian aid drops of food, water and medical supplies to help prevent a potential massacre against the Shia Turkmen minority in Amirli. The US also carried out air strikes on ISIL positions around and near Amirli. Iraqi officials stated that they had reached Amirli and broken the siege and that the military was fighting to clear the areas around the town. This is known to be the first major turning point against ISIL in Iraq.[137]

In September, the United States sent an additional 250 troops to protect American personnel,[138] while the first engagement of the British military against ISIL targets took place when a British Panavia Tornado jet dropped a Paveway IV bomb on "a heavy weapon position" operated by ISIL in northwest Iraq at the end of the month.[139] In addition, Australia offered 200 special forces to the Kurds[140] and 600 Australian troops landed in the UAE.[141][142] The following month, Australia authorized its special forces troops to go to Iraq as part of the anti-ISIL coalition that day,[143][144] as well as authorizing airstrikes.[145]

In mid-October ISIL forces captured the city of Hīt after the 300-strong Iraqi Army garrison abandoned and set fire to its local base and supplies. As a result, an estimated 180,000 civilians (including refugees of the previous Anbar offensive) attempted to flee the area.[146][147] Later that month, Operation Ashura was launched by Iraqi forces and Iranian-backed Shia militias, scoring a major victory and retaking the strategic town of Jurf al-Sakhar near Baghdad, and securing the way for millions of Shia pilgrims who were going to Karbala and Najaf On the Day of Ashura. Kurdish forces, meanwhile, recaptured Zummar.[148]

On 21 October, ISIL seized terrain north of the Sinjar Mountains, thus cutting the area's escape route to Kurdish areas. The Yazidi militias then withdrew from there into the mountains, where the number of Yazidi civilian refugees was estimated at 2,000–7,000.[149] The mountains had once again been partially surrounded by ISIL.[150]

In mid-November, Iraqi forces retook control of most of the strategic city Baiji from the Islamic State[151][152] and broke the siege of the nearby oil refinery.[153] However, by the following month, ISIL recaptured Baiji and reestablished the siege of the refinery.[154][155][156]

On 17 December, Peshmerga forces, backed by 50 US-led coalition airstrikes on ISIL positions,[157] launched an offensive to liberate Sinjar[157] and to break the partial ISIL siege of the Sinjar Mountains.[150] In less than two days, the siege was broken. After ISIL forces retreated, Kurdish fighters were initially faced with the clearing out mines around the area,[158] but quickly opened a land corridor to those mountains, enabling Yazidis to be evacuated. The operation left 100 ISIL fighters dead.[157]

Later on 21 December, Syrian Kurdish YPG fighters south of the mountain range reached Peshmerga lines, thus linking their two fronts.[150] The next day, the YPG broke through ISIL lines, thus opening a corridor from Syria to the town of Sinjar. By the evening, the Peshmerga took control of much of Sinjar.[150]

2015

Main article: Timeline of the War in Iraq (2015)

In late January, Iraqi forces recaptured the entire province of Diyala from the Islamic State.[159] Furthermore, 21 January saw the launching of the Mosul offensive (2015) in which Peshmerga forces captured large amount of territory surrounding Mosul.[160]

On 2 March, the Second Battle of Tikrit began[161] and after more than a month of hard fighting, government troops and pro-Iranian Shiite militias overcame ISIL fighters and took Tikrit.[162] Shia groups claimed that they had killed Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri but this was later debunked [163] This success was off-set in late May, by ISIL's capture of the provincial capital of Ramadi in Anbar Governorate.[164]

 
Captured ISIL militant is guarded by PMF fighters after counter-insurgency operations in Saladin Governorate, April 2015

On 17 July, a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb in a crowded marketplace in the city of Khan Bani Saad during Eid al-Fitr celebrations, killing 120–130 people and injuring 130 more. Twenty more people were reported missing since the bombing.[165][166]

On 13 August, a suicide bomber detonated a truck bomb in a crowded marketplace in Sadr City, Baghdad, killing at least 75 people and injuring 212 more.[167] On 27 August, a suicide bomber assassinated General Abdel Rahman Abu Ragheef, deputy commander of operations in the province of Anbar, and Brigadier Safeen Abdel Majeed, a divisional commander.[168]

ISIL forces lost Sinjar on November 13 to Kurdish forces.[169]

During 16–17 December, ISIL forces mounted a major offensive north-east of Mosul against Kurdish position but were repelled.[170] Starting December 22, the Iraqi Army began a campaign to recapture Ramadi.[171] On December 28, Iraq declared Ramadi liberated from ISIL forces and under the control of the Iraqi government.[172]

2016

Main article: Timeline of the War in Iraq (2016)

Iraqi forces regained control of Hīt[173] and Ar-Rutbah[174] in offensive operations in 2016 and then Fallujah as well in the Third Battle of Fallujah ending in June 2016.[175]

On 16 October 2016, the Battle of Mosul began.[176]

2017

Main article: Timeline of the War in Iraq (2017)

The 2017 Mosul massacre was the largest single death toll inflicted by a coalition air strike since the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces.[177][178][179]

In April, the Iraqi Army, with the help of the Popular Mobilization Forces, launched the Western Nineveh offensive to capture territory west of Mosul.[180] The PMU were able to reach the Iraq–Syria border, meeting up with territory controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces.

In May, a member from the Canadian Special Forces Joint Task Force 2 disrupted a Daesh attack on Iraqi security forces. The target was successfully hit at 3,540 metres from a high-rise, setting the world's longest recorded sniper kill.[181]

On 10 July, Iraqi Army forces captured Mosul.[182] Following the victory in Mosul, the Iraqi Army launched operations to sweep what remained of ISIL-controlled territory in the country. The Tal Afar offensive was launched on 20 August[183] and completed by 31 August with a major Iraqi Army victory.[184] The Hawija offensive started in late September and was complete by 5 October.[185]

In September 2017, a United Nations Security Council Resolution[186] was adopted to "Reaffirm its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and unity of Iraq".[186] Following the adoption of the resolution, a UN investigative team was established to document human rights violations and serious crimes committed by ISIS in Iraq. However, by the end of 2018, the team had not yet launched its investigation.[187]

On 25 September, Iraqi Kurdistan held an unofficial independence referendum. Turnout was reported to be 72.83% with 92.73% voting in favor of independence from Iraq. In response to the referendum, the Iraqi Army launched a short offensive on 15 October against Iraqi Kurdistan to recapture the disputed city of Kirkuk with the help of the Talabani family and some PUK members.[188] Following the capture of Kirkuk and Sinjar,[188][189] Masoud Barzani announced his intentions to step down as President of Iraqi Kurdistan, effective 1 November, after being in power for 12 years. His gamble of pushing through with the unofficial referendum ended with the disputed territories being recaptured by Iraq and with the Kurdish statebuilding project being left abandoned.[190]

Iraq captured ISIL's last two strongholds of Al-Qa'im and Rawah[191] on 17 November.[192] After the Iraqi army had captured the last ISIL-held areas in the al-Jazira desert bordering Syria, on 9 December the prime minister announced the end of the war.[193][73] A victory parade was held "in Baghdad's heavily fortified Green Zone" on the following day, and Prime Minister al-Abadi declared that 10 December would become a new annual holiday for Iraq.[194] However, other government officials and sources, such as the Australian Government, British Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson, and Reuters, warned that they expected ISIL to fight on by other means, such as guerilla warfare and terrorism.[74][75][76] Despite the victory announcements, ISIL retained its natural hideouts in Wadi Hauran.[195]

Aftermath

Main article: ISIL insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)

Although the war was declared over, ISIL continued a lower-scale insurgency.

Months of relative calm in Baghdad ended with over 27 people killed by suicide bombers over a period of 3 days in mid-January 2018. Although there were no immediate claims of responsibility, it was reported that such attacks had usually been the work of the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) in the past, and that elements of the group were still active north of the city despite the government's claim of victory in December 2017.[196][197] On Wednesday January 17, two days after the two suicide bombings on January 15, IS "claimed responsibility for the twin suicide bombings in Baghdad this week", though the New York Times suggested that the delay, and a number of errors in the claim, may show that the group's "media apparatus has been disrupted".[198]

The Times meanwhile reported on 16 January that the Iraqi Army had launched an operation to oust ISIL from the Bosifian islands, a stronghold being used as a militant hideout. The hideout, located in Saladin governorate, was discovered in December and is one of the 10 patches where the group is still active. About 100 militants were killed by Iraqi forces in the past one week.[199] An operation was launched on 7 February to hunt down the remnants of ISIL in Saladin Governorate, as well as members of Ansar al-Sunna and the "White Flags", a new insurgent group[200] reportedly consisting of former ISIL members and Kurdish mafia groups.[201]

 
Fighters of a self-defense group in northeastern Iraq in June 2018. ISIL still has a presence in remote areas of the country, often attacking small villages and forcing the locals to fight or flee.[202]

Despite these efforts, ISIL continued to hold out in the western desert[203][204][205] and wage an insurgency campaign against government forces in northern Iraq by mid-2018, most notably in Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates. As the military could not protect the isolated hinterland of these regions, ISIL forces would repeatedly attack remote villages, defeating their self-defense groups, kidnap people for ransom and forcing local civilians to flee. Sometimes, ISIL fighters would even openly flaunt their presence, placing their flag at well visible points and driving around with motorcycles, cars, and technicals.[202] The group also targeted followers of Yarsanism (called Kaka'i in Iraq) around Kirkuk, whom the militants consider unbelievers.[206] In course of one notable attack, ISIL fighters raided a house in a village to the south of Shirqat on 11 March 2018, killing a tribal sheikh who led a Sunni militia against the group as well as three others.[207] In July 2018, the Iraqi Army, Popular Mobilization Forces and Peshmerga launched Operation "Vengeance for the Martyrs" to destroy ISIL remnants in Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates, supported by the Iraqi Air Force and US-led coalition.[208]

By April 2018, hundreds of ISIL fighters were still located in the Anbar desert.[209]

Following ISIL's defeat, the group has regardless continued an insurgency. However they have been greatly weakened and violence in Iraq has been sharply reduced in 2018. Only 95 people lost their lives during the month of May, the lowest figure in 10 years.[210]

A total of 7,366 of ISIL members have returned to their home countries, where some countries also agreed to bring unaccompanied children back.[211] According to a study by the European Parliament in May 2018, around 30% of Western European ISIL members have returned to their countries, in which they would face a criminal investigation and risk assessment.[212]

In May 2019, three ISIL Frenchmen named Kevin Gonot, Leonard Lopez and Salim Machou, were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court.[213]

Human rights

Nearly 19,000 civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL-linked violence between January 2014 and October 2015.[214] ISIL executed up to 1,700 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets from Camp Speicher near Tikrit on 12 June 2014.[215] The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidi people from their ancestral lands in northern Iraq.[216]

According to Newsweek, Amnesty International claimed that "Iraqi government forces and paramilitary militias have tortured, arbitrarily detained, forcibly disappeared and executed thousands of civilians who have fled the rule of the Islamic State militant group".[217] The report, titled Punished for Daesh's crimes', alleges that thousands of Sunni men and boys have been forcibly disappeared by Iraqi government forces and militias.[218]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 2014–2017
  2. ^ 2013–2014
  3. ^ 2013–2015
  4. ^ Combined death toll of every belligerent

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External links

  •   Media related to Iraqi Civil War at Wikimedia Commons
  • Fractured Lands: How the Arab World Came Apart, by Scott Anderson, New York Times (August 11, 2016)

June 07, 2023
iraq, 2013, 2017, that, lasted, from, 2003, 2011, following, invasion, iraq, other, wars, iraq, iraq, disambiguation, part, iraqi, conflict, spillover, syrian, civil, against, islamic, stateisof, street, mosul, northern, iraq, november, 2016, during, battle, m. For the war that lasted from 2003 to 2011 following the U S invasion see Iraq War For other wars in Iraq see Iraq War disambiguation War in Iraq 2013 2017 Part of the Iraqi conflict spillover of the Syrian civil war and the war against the Islamic StateISOF APC on the street of Mosul Northern Iraq 16 November 2016 during the Battle of MosulDate30 December 2013 23 24 9 December 2017 25 3 years 11 months 1 week and 2 days LocationIraqStatusIraqi and allied victory 26 Iraqi territorial integrity preserved ISIL expelled from all strongholds by 11 November 2017 27 28 Iraq declares the defeat of ISIL on 9 December 2017 after securing the western desert with neighbouring Syria 25 Iraqi federal government captures 20 of territory controlled by KRG after an independence referendum 27 Continued low level ISIL insurgency in rural parts of Iraq following defeat End of open conflict and return of relative stability to Iraq following the end of the war 29 Main belligerents Iraq 1 Iraqi Armed Forces Popular Mobilization Forces Assyrian Forces Iraqi command Allied groups Iraqi Turkmen Front Iraqi Communist Party Various self defense groups Iran Hezbollah Syria 2 Iraqi Kurdistan 1 Peshmerga CTG Kurdistan Parastin u Zanyari Assyrian Forces Kurdish command Kurdish National Council 3 Sinjar Alliance PKK 4 Rojava 4 CJTF OIR United States United Kingdom Canada 5 6 Australia 7 France Italy Netherlands Finland 8 Denmark 9 Further support Albania 10 Belarus 11 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 China 13 Croatia 14 Czech Republic 15 Estonia 16 Finland 5 Germany 17 Hungary 18 Pakistan 2015 17 19 Russia 20 21 Taiwan 22 Islamic State Ba athists Naqshbandi Army 2013 15 Commanders and leadersHaider al Abadi nb 1 Nouri al Maliki nb 2 Babaker Zebari nb 3 Fadhil Barwari Talib Shaghati Abdel Emir Yarallah Sabah Al Fatlawi Abdul Ghani al Asadi Abu Mahdi al Muhandis Akram al Kaabi Hadi al Amiri Ali Khamenei Qasem Soleimani Hamid Taqavi Massoud Barzani Nechirvan Barzani Sirwan BarzaniAbu Bakr al Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al Hashimi Abu al Hasan al Hashimi Abu Muhannad al Suwaydawi Abu Muslim al Turkmani Abu Fatima al Jaheishi Abu Abdulrahman al Bilawi Abu Ahmad al Alwani Abu Waheeb Izzat Ibrahim al Douri 30 Units involvedSee orderSee orderStrengthIraqi security forces600 000 300 000 Army and 300 000 Police 31 Popular Mobilization Forces 60 000 90 000 32 Badr Brigade 10 000 33 Turkmen Brigades 30 000 34 35 Awakening Council militias 30 000 36 Contractors 7 000 37 38 Peshmerga 200 000 39 40 US Forces 5 000 41 Canadian Forces 600 42 French Forces 500 43 Italian Forces 500 44 British Forces 500 ISIL 100 000 200 000 fighters 45 46 47 Casualties and lossesIraqi security forces and militias 19 000 killed and 29 000 wounded 48 Peshmerga fighters 49 1 837 killed10 546 wounded62 missing or capturedKurdistan Workers Party 180 killed 2014 Jan 2016 50 IRGC 43 killed 51 Liwa Zainebiyoun 3 killed 51 CJTF OIR 57 killed 44 non hostile 58 wounded 52 1 killed non hostile 53 1 killed friendly fire 54 1 killed 55 1 killed non hostile 56 Total 21 124 dead and 39 546 woundedISIL 129 000 killed 57 58 59 60 67 376 civilians killed Iraq body count figures 61 5 625 024 displaced IOM Iraq figures 62 63 Total killed 212 500 nb 4 The War in Iraq was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State also known as ISIS or ISIL which began in 2013 and ended in December 2017 Following December 2013 the insurgency escalated into full scale guerrilla warfare following clashes in the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah in parts of western Iraq and culminated in the Islamic State offensive into Iraq in June 2014 which lead to the capture of the cities of Mosul Tikrit and other cities in western and northern Iraq by the Islamic State Between 4 9 June 2014 the city of Mosul was attacked and later fell following this Prime Minister Nuri al Maliki called for a national state of emergency on 10 June However despite the security crisis Iraq s parliament did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency many legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister s powers 64 Ali Ghaidan a former military commander in Mosul accused al Maliki of being the one who issued the order to withdraw from the city of Mosul 65 At its height ISIL held 56 000 square kilometers of Iraqi territory containing 4 5 million citizens 66 The war resulted in the forced resignation of al Maliki in 2014 as well as an airstrike campaign by the United States and a dozen other countries in support of the Iraqi military 67 participation of American and Canadian troops predominantly special forces in ground combat operations 68 69 a 3 5 billion U S led program to rearm the Iraqi security forces 70 a U S led training program that provided training to nearly 200 000 Iraqi soldiers and police 71 the participation of the military of Iran including troops as well as armored and air elements 72 and military and logistical aid provided to Iraq by Russia 67 On 9 December 2017 Prime Minister Haider al Abadi announced victory over the Islamic State 73 74 75 76 The Islamic State switched to guerrilla hit and run tactics in an effort to undermine the Iraqi government s effort to eradicate it 77 78 79 This conflict is interpreted by some in Iraq as a spillover of the Syrian Civil War Other Iraqis and observers see it mainly as a culmination of long running local sectarianism exacerbated by the 2003 2011 Iraq War the subsequent increase in anti Sunni sectarianism under Prime Minister al Maliki and the ensuing bloody crack down on the 2012 2013 Iraqi protests 80 Contents 1 Belligerents 2 Timeline 2 1 2014 2 2 2015 2 3 2016 2 4 2017 3 Aftermath 4 Human rights 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksBelligerents EditMain article List of armed groups in the War in Iraq 2013 2017 The Iraqi Armed Forces Kurdish Peshmerga and various Turkmen Muslim Assyrian Christian Yezidi Shabaki and Armenian Christian forces faced the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Although some 35 000 Kurdish Peshmerga were incorporated into the Iraqi Armed Forces most Peshmerga forces operated under the command of the President of Iraqi Kurdistan in the Kurdish autonomous region of Iraq 81 82 83 Assyrian forces included Nineveh Plain Protection Units 84 Nineveh Plain Forces 85 Babylon Brigades 86 Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam 87 Qaraqosh Protection Committee 88 and Dwekh Nawsha 89 Timeline Edit2014 Edit Main article Timeline of the War in Iraq 2014 Peshmerga tank at the frontlines south of Kirkuk in June 2014 In the course of their Anbar campaign ISIL militants and their baathist allies 90 seized at least 70 of Al Anbar Governorate by June 2014 91 including the cities of Fallujah 92 93 Al Qaim 94 and half of the provincial capital of Ramadi 95 ISIL forces also infiltrated Abu Ghraib in Baghdad Governorate 96 In early June 2014 following further large scale offensives in Iraq ISIL and their allies seized control of Mosul the second most populous city in Iraq 97 the nearby town of Tal Afar 98 and most of the surrounding Nineveh Governorate 99 ISIL also captured parts of Kirkuk and Diyala Governorates 100 and Tikrit the administrative center of the Salahuddin Governorate 101 with the ultimate goal of capturing Baghdad the Iraqi capital 102 ISIL was believed to have only 2 000 3 000 fighters up until the Mosul campaign but during that campaign it became evident that this number was a gross underestimate 103 There were also reports that the number of Sunni groups in Iraq that were opposed to the predominantly Shia government had joined ISIL thus bolstering the group numbers 104 However the Kurds who are mostly Sunnis in the northeast of Iraq were unwilling to be drawn into the conflict and there were clashes in the area between ISIL and the Kurdish Peshmerga 105 106 On 12 June 2014 ISIL killed 1 700 unarmed Iraqi Air Force cadets who were caught trying to flee to safety and released many images of mass executions via its Twitter feed and various websites 107 ISIL territory red in Iraq and Syria by mid 2014 In late June ISIL militants captured two key crossings in Anbar a day after seizing the border crossing at Al Qaim According to analysts capturing these crossings could aid ISIL in transporting weapons and equipment to different battlefields 108 Two days later the Syrian Air Force bombed ISIL positions in Iraq near the Al Qaim border post Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki stated There was no coordination involved but we welcome this action We welcome any Syrian strike against Isis because this group targets both Iraq and Syria 109 At this point The Jerusalem Post reported that the Obama administration had requested US 500 million from the US Congress to use in the training and arming of moderate Syrian rebels fighting against the Syrian government in order to counter the growing threat posed by ISIL in Syria and Iraq 110 On 29 June ISIL announced the establishment of a new caliphate Abu Bakr al Baghdadi was appointed its caliph and group formally changed its name to the Islamic State 111 Four days later Abu Bakr al Baghdadi the self proclaimed caliph of the new Islamic State said that Muslims should unite to capture Rome in order to own the world 112 113 He called on Muslims all over the world to unite behind him as their leader 114 On 24 July ISIL blew up the Mosque and tomb of the Prophet Yunus Jonah in Mosul 115 with no reported casualties 116 Residents in the area said that ISIL had erased a piece of Iraqi heritage 117 Jonah s tomb was an important holy site in the Jewish heritage as well 118 A few days later ISIL also blew up the Nabi Shiyt Prophet Seth shrine in Mosul Sami al Massoudi deputy head of the Shia endowment agency which oversees holy sites confirmed the destruction and added that ISIL had taken artifacts from the shrine to an unknown location 119 In an August offensive ISIL captured Sinjar and a number of other towns in the north of the country Almost 200 000 civilians mostly Yazidis managed to flee from the fighting in Sinjar city 120 121 about 50 000 of them fled into the Sinjar Mountains 121 where they were trapped without food water or medical care 122 facing starvation and dehydration 121 They had been threatened with death if they refused conversion to Islam A UN representative said that a humanitarian tragedy is unfolding in Sinjar 123 In addition during this latest offensive the Islamic State advanced to within 30 km of the Iraqi Kurdish capital of Erbil in northern Iraq 124 125 Prompted by the siege and killings of the Yazidis on 7 August President Obama authorized targeted airstrikes in Iraq against ISIL along with airdrops of aid 126 The UK offered the US assistance with surveillance and refueling and planned humanitarian airdrops to Iraqi refugees 127 The US asserted that the systematic destruction of the Yazidi people by the Islamic State was genocide 128 The Arab League also accused the Islamic State of committing crimes against humanity 129 130 On 13 August US airstrikes and Kurdish ground forces broke the ISIL siege of Mount Sinjar 131 132 133 Also five days later Kurdish Peshmerga ground troops with the help of Iraqi Special Forces and the US air campaign overran ISIL militants and reclaimed the Mosul Dam 134 135 136 On 31 August the United States France United Kingdom and Australia began humanitarian aid drops of food water and medical supplies to help prevent a potential massacre against the Shia Turkmen minority in Amirli The US also carried out air strikes on ISIL positions around and near Amirli Iraqi officials stated that they had reached Amirli and broken the siege and that the military was fighting to clear the areas around the town This is known to be the first major turning point against ISIL in Iraq 137 In September the United States sent an additional 250 troops to protect American personnel 138 while the first engagement of the British military against ISIL targets took place when a British Panavia Tornado jet dropped a Paveway IV bomb on a heavy weapon position operated by ISIL in northwest Iraq at the end of the month 139 In addition Australia offered 200 special forces to the Kurds 140 and 600 Australian troops landed in the UAE 141 142 The following month Australia authorized its special forces troops to go to Iraq as part of the anti ISIL coalition that day 143 144 as well as authorizing airstrikes 145 In mid October ISIL forces captured the city of Hit after the 300 strong Iraqi Army garrison abandoned and set fire to its local base and supplies As a result an estimated 180 000 civilians including refugees of the previous Anbar offensive attempted to flee the area 146 147 Later that month Operation Ashura was launched by Iraqi forces and Iranian backed Shia militias scoring a major victory and retaking the strategic town of Jurf al Sakhar near Baghdad and securing the way for millions of Shia pilgrims who were going to Karbala and Najaf On the Day of Ashura Kurdish forces meanwhile recaptured Zummar 148 On 21 October ISIL seized terrain north of the Sinjar Mountains thus cutting the area s escape route to Kurdish areas The Yazidi militias then withdrew from there into the mountains where the number of Yazidi civilian refugees was estimated at 2 000 7 000 149 The mountains had once again been partially surrounded by ISIL 150 In mid November Iraqi forces retook control of most of the strategic city Baiji from the Islamic State 151 152 and broke the siege of the nearby oil refinery 153 However by the following month ISIL recaptured Baiji and reestablished the siege of the refinery 154 155 156 On 17 December Peshmerga forces backed by 50 US led coalition airstrikes on ISIL positions 157 launched an offensive to liberate Sinjar 157 and to break the partial ISIL siege of the Sinjar Mountains 150 In less than two days the siege was broken After ISIL forces retreated Kurdish fighters were initially faced with the clearing out mines around the area 158 but quickly opened a land corridor to those mountains enabling Yazidis to be evacuated The operation left 100 ISIL fighters dead 157 Later on 21 December Syrian Kurdish YPG fighters south of the mountain range reached Peshmerga lines thus linking their two fronts 150 The next day the YPG broke through ISIL lines thus opening a corridor from Syria to the town of Sinjar By the evening the Peshmerga took control of much of Sinjar 150 2015 Edit Main article Timeline of the War in Iraq 2015 In late January Iraqi forces recaptured the entire province of Diyala from the Islamic State 159 Furthermore 21 January saw the launching of the Mosul offensive 2015 in which Peshmerga forces captured large amount of territory surrounding Mosul 160 On 2 March the Second Battle of Tikrit began 161 and after more than a month of hard fighting government troops and pro Iranian Shiite militias overcame ISIL fighters and took Tikrit 162 Shia groups claimed that they had killed Izzat Ibrahim al Douri but this was later debunked 163 This success was off set in late May by ISIL s capture of the provincial capital of Ramadi in Anbar Governorate 164 Captured ISIL militant is guarded by PMF fighters after counter insurgency operations in Saladin Governorate April 2015 On 17 July a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb in a crowded marketplace in the city of Khan Bani Saad during Eid al Fitr celebrations killing 120 130 people and injuring 130 more Twenty more people were reported missing since the bombing 165 166 On 13 August a suicide bomber detonated a truck bomb in a crowded marketplace in Sadr City Baghdad killing at least 75 people and injuring 212 more 167 On 27 August a suicide bomber assassinated General Abdel Rahman Abu Ragheef deputy commander of operations in the province of Anbar and Brigadier Safeen Abdel Majeed a divisional commander 168 ISIL forces lost Sinjar on November 13 to Kurdish forces 169 During 16 17 December ISIL forces mounted a major offensive north east of Mosul against Kurdish position but were repelled 170 Starting December 22 the Iraqi Army began a campaign to recapture Ramadi 171 On December 28 Iraq declared Ramadi liberated from ISIL forces and under the control of the Iraqi government 172 2016 Edit Main article Timeline of the War in Iraq 2016 Iraqi forces regained control of Hit 173 and Ar Rutbah 174 in offensive operations in 2016 and then Fallujah as well in the Third Battle of Fallujah ending in June 2016 175 On 16 October 2016 the Battle of Mosul began 176 2017 Edit Main article Timeline of the War in Iraq 2017 The 2017 Mosul massacre was the largest single death toll inflicted by a coalition air strike since the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U S forces 177 178 179 In April the Iraqi Army with the help of the Popular Mobilization Forces launched the Western Nineveh offensive to capture territory west of Mosul 180 The PMU were able to reach the Iraq Syria border meeting up with territory controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces In May a member from the Canadian Special Forces Joint Task Force 2 disrupted a Daesh attack on Iraqi security forces The target was successfully hit at 3 540 metres from a high rise setting the world s longest recorded sniper kill 181 On 10 July Iraqi Army forces captured Mosul 182 Following the victory in Mosul the Iraqi Army launched operations to sweep what remained of ISIL controlled territory in the country The Tal Afar offensive was launched on 20 August 183 and completed by 31 August with a major Iraqi Army victory 184 The Hawija offensive started in late September and was complete by 5 October 185 In September 2017 a United Nations Security Council Resolution 186 was adopted to Reaffirm its respect for the sovereignty territorial integrity independence and unity of Iraq 186 Following the adoption of the resolution a UN investigative team was established to document human rights violations and serious crimes committed by ISIS in Iraq However by the end of 2018 the team had not yet launched its investigation 187 On 25 September Iraqi Kurdistan held an unofficial independence referendum Turnout was reported to be 72 83 with 92 73 voting in favor of independence from Iraq In response to the referendum the Iraqi Army launched a short offensive on 15 October against Iraqi Kurdistan to recapture the disputed city of Kirkuk with the help of the Talabani family and some PUK members 188 Following the capture of Kirkuk and Sinjar 188 189 Masoud Barzani announced his intentions to step down as President of Iraqi Kurdistan effective 1 November after being in power for 12 years His gamble of pushing through with the unofficial referendum ended with the disputed territories being recaptured by Iraq and with the Kurdish statebuilding project being left abandoned 190 Iraq captured ISIL s last two strongholds of Al Qa im and Rawah 191 on 17 November 192 After the Iraqi army had captured the last ISIL held areas in the al Jazira desert bordering Syria on 9 December the prime minister announced the end of the war 193 73 A victory parade was held in Baghdad s heavily fortified Green Zone on the following day and Prime Minister al Abadi declared that 10 December would become a new annual holiday for Iraq 194 However other government officials and sources such as the Australian Government British Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson and Reuters warned that they expected ISIL to fight on by other means such as guerilla warfare and terrorism 74 75 76 Despite the victory announcements ISIL retained its natural hideouts in Wadi Hauran 195 Aftermath EditMain article ISIL insurgency in Iraq 2017 present Although the war was declared over ISIL continued a lower scale insurgency Months of relative calm in Baghdad ended with over 27 people killed by suicide bombers over a period of 3 days in mid January 2018 Although there were no immediate claims of responsibility it was reported that such attacks had usually been the work of the jihadist group Islamic State IS in the past and that elements of the group were still active north of the city despite the government s claim of victory in December 2017 196 197 On Wednesday January 17 two days after the two suicide bombings on January 15 IS claimed responsibility for the twin suicide bombings in Baghdad this week though the New York Times suggested that the delay and a number of errors in the claim may show that the group s media apparatus has been disrupted 198 The Times meanwhile reported on 16 January that the Iraqi Army had launched an operation to oust ISIL from the Bosifian islands a stronghold being used as a militant hideout The hideout located in Saladin governorate was discovered in December and is one of the 10 patches where the group is still active About 100 militants were killed by Iraqi forces in the past one week 199 An operation was launched on 7 February to hunt down the remnants of ISIL in Saladin Governorate as well as members of Ansar al Sunna and the White Flags a new insurgent group 200 reportedly consisting of former ISIL members and Kurdish mafia groups 201 Fighters of a self defense group in northeastern Iraq in June 2018 ISIL still has a presence in remote areas of the country often attacking small villages and forcing the locals to fight or flee 202 Despite these efforts ISIL continued to hold out in the western desert 203 204 205 and wage an insurgency campaign against government forces in northern Iraq by mid 2018 most notably in Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates As the military could not protect the isolated hinterland of these regions ISIL forces would repeatedly attack remote villages defeating their self defense groups kidnap people for ransom and forcing local civilians to flee Sometimes ISIL fighters would even openly flaunt their presence placing their flag at well visible points and driving around with motorcycles cars and technicals 202 The group also targeted followers of Yarsanism called Kaka i in Iraq around Kirkuk whom the militants consider unbelievers 206 In course of one notable attack ISIL fighters raided a house in a village to the south of Shirqat on 11 March 2018 killing a tribal sheikh who led a Sunni militia against the group as well as three others 207 In July 2018 the Iraqi Army Popular Mobilization Forces and Peshmerga launched Operation Vengeance for the Martyrs to destroy ISIL remnants in Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates supported by the Iraqi Air Force and US led coalition 208 By April 2018 hundreds of ISIL fighters were still located in the Anbar desert 209 Following ISIL s defeat the group has regardless continued an insurgency However they have been greatly weakened and violence in Iraq has been sharply reduced in 2018 Only 95 people lost their lives during the month of May the lowest figure in 10 years 210 A total of 7 366 of ISIL members have returned to their home countries where some countries also agreed to bring unaccompanied children back 211 According to a study by the European Parliament in May 2018 around 30 of Western European ISIL members have returned to their countries in which they would face a criminal investigation and risk assessment 212 In May 2019 three ISIL Frenchmen named Kevin Gonot Leonard Lopez and Salim Machou were sentenced to death by an Iraqi court 213 Human rights EditNearly 19 000 civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL linked violence between January 2014 and October 2015 214 ISIL executed up to 1 700 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets from Camp Speicher near Tikrit on 12 June 2014 215 The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL has led to the expulsion flight and effective exile of the Yazidi people from their ancestral lands in northern Iraq 216 According to Newsweek Amnesty International claimed that Iraqi government forces and paramilitary militias have tortured arbitrarily detained forcibly disappeared and executed thousands of civilians who have fled the rule of the Islamic State militant group 217 The report titled Punished for Daesh s crimes alleges that thousands of Sunni men and boys have been forcibly disappeared by Iraqi government forces and militias 218 See also Edit Iraq portalCasualties of the Iraqi insurgency 2011 present American led intervention in Iraq Iranian led intervention in Iraq Military intervention against ISIL Ghost soldiers Falcons anti terrorism unit Blowback intelligence Syrian Civil War 2014 Sinjar offensive Sinjar massacre Yazidi genocide Battle for Mosul Dam Operation Shader Operation Chammal Use of chemical weapons in the Iraqi Civil WarNotes Edit 2014 2017 2013 2014 2013 2015 Combined death toll of every belligerentReferences Edit a b Beaumont Peter 12 June 2014 How effective is Isis compared with the Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga The Guardian Retrieved 14 August 2019 Syria pounds ISIS bases in coordination with Iraq Daily Star 15 June 2014 Ali A Nabhan and Matt Bradley 25 June 2014 Syrian Warplanes Strike in Western Iraq Killing at Least 50 People The Wall Street Journal Iraqi PM welcomes Syria air strike on border crossing BBC News 2014 06 26 Retrieved 2014 07 31 Vager Saadullah 14 October 2015 Politics Keep Syrian Kurdish Troops From Fighting in Their Homeland Never mind Islamic State one faction rejects another s fighters Retrieved 10 November 2017 a b YNK PKK and YPG are fighting in Sengal and Rabia against ISIS 6 August 2014 Retrieved 6 August 2014 a b Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds BasNews 14 August 2014 Retrieved 24 August 2014 Operation IMPACT Government of Canada Adam Vidler Australia to take up military role in Iraq conflict Retrieved 2014 08 31 Involvement of Finnish SOF in the Battle of Mosul Dutch government report in Dutch Government of the Netherlands dead link Enhedslisten stotter dansk vabenfly til kurdere i Irak in Danish DR DR 24 August 2014 Retrieved 24 August 2014 Albania sending weapons to Kurdish forces in Iraq NOW News 28 August 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 http khalidalobeidi com home view 98 BiH ce Iraku donirati vise od 15 miliona metaka za borbu protiv IDIL a klix ba in Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina Retrieved 6 January 2015 http elaph com Web News 2015 3 993140 html Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista Na zahtjev SAD a saljemo oruzje za iracku vojsku Jutarnji list in Croatian 21 August 2014 Retrieved 22 August 2014 Iraq crisis Britain ready to arm Kurds as EU meets live updates The Guardian Retrieved 15 August 2014 Estonia donates small arms ammo to Iraqi Kurds 2 September 2014 Retrieved 3 September 2014 Germany mulls sending more weapons to Kurdish peshmerga DW 27 October 2015 Hungary to send ammunitions to Iraq Politics hu Retrieved 14 October 2014 Syed Baqir Sajjad 15 July 2017 Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating IS says Iraqi envoy Dawn Retrieved 12 December 2017 BBC News Iraqi PM welcomes Syria air strike on border crossing Bbc com 2014 06 26 Retrieved 2014 07 31 Iraqi PM Nouri Maliki Russian jets will turn tide BBC 26 June 2014 https taiwantoday tw news php unit 2 6 10 15 18 amp post 137740 The Rise and Fall of the Islamic State of Iraq and Al Sham Levant ISIS PDF Retrieved 11 June 2017 The continued and even escalating sectarian tensions and acts like the demolition of demonstration camps led to an all out revolt against the government institutions on the eve of the New Year 2014 in the western province Ramadi ISIS seized this golden opportunity and gained control over a swath of territories in Anbar province especially its two large cities Ramadi and Fallujah Ackerman Elliot 17 June 2014 Watching ISIS Flourish Where We Once Fought The New Yorker a b Iraq declares final victory over Islamic State Reuters 9 December 2017 England Andrew 9 December 2017 Iraq announces defeat of Isis Manama Bahrain Financial Times Retrieved 10 December 2017 a b With Iraqi Kurdish Talks Stalled Phone Diplomacy Averts New Clashes New York Times Troops force so called Islamic State from their final stronghold in Iraq ITV News Iraq in 2023 Challenges and prospects for peace and human security SIPRI www sipri org Retrieved 2023 04 24 https www nytimes com 2014 06 19 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original on 2018 04 16 Retrieved 2018 05 06 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2018 08 22 Retrieved 2018 09 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link From Daesh to Diaspora Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State PDF ICSR 2018 The return of foreign fighters to EU soil PDF European Parliament Research Service May 2018 Islamic State Iraq sentences French citizens to death BBC News 26 May 2019 Nearly 19 000 civilians killed in Iraq in 21 month period report says CNN 19 January 2016 Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 Ellis Ralph 6 April 2015 New mass graves found in Tikrit CNN Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 Arraf Jane 7 August 2014 Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide UN says The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 Retrieved 8 August 2014 Iraqi Civilians Fleeing ISIS in Mosul Face Torture and Death in Revenge Attacks Amnesty Newsweek 18 October 2016 Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 Mosul offensive Iraqi backed troops accused of torturing civilians ahead of operation to rid city of Isis The Independent 18 October 2016 Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 External links Edit Media related to Iraqi Civil War at Wikimedia Commons Fractured Lands How the Arab World Came Apart by Scott Anderson New York Times August 11 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title War in Iraq 2013 2017 amp oldid 1157319832, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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