Independence

Not to be confused with Interdependence.

For other uses, see Independence (disambiguation).

Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of foreign colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.^[2]

Thirteen British colonies on the east coast of North America issued a Declaration of Independence in 1776

Chile, one of several Spanish territories in South America, issued a Declaration of independence in 1818

Prince Pedro surrounded by a crowd in São Paulo after breaking the news of Brazil's independence on 7 September 1822.

The Finnish Senate of 1917, Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud in the head of table. The Senate declared Finland independent on 4 December 1917, and it was confirmed by parliament 6 December 1917^[1] which became the Independence Day of Finland.

Definition of independence

Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as legitimate means to achieving sovereignty.^[3] In general, revolutions aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation,such as in democratization within a state, which as such may remain unaltered. For example, the Mexican Revolution (1910) chiefly refers to a multi-factional conflict that eventually led to a new constitution; it has rarely been used to refer to the armed struggle (1821) against Spain. However, some wars of independence have been described as revolutions, such as the ones in the United States (1783) and Indonesia (1949), while some revolutions that were specifically about a change in the political structure have resulted in breakaway states. Mongolia and Finland, for example, gained their independence during the revolutions occurring in China (1911) and Russia (1917) respectively. Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, but most can be summed up as a feeling of inequality compared to the dominant power. The means can extend from intended peaceful demonstrations as in the case of India (1947), to a violent war as in the case of Algeria (1962). In some cases, a country may also have declared independence, but may only be partially recognized by other countries; such as Kosovo (2008), whose independence Serbia, from which Kosovo has seceded, has not recognized.^[4][5][6]

Distinction between independence and autonomy

Main article: Autonomy

Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory (see Devolution). A protectorate refers to an autonomous region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region.

Right to independence

Main articles: Secession § Right to secession, Sovereign state, and Decolonization

During the 20th century wave of decolonization colonies gained rights to independence through documents such as the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, but this right remained mostly applicable only to unfree territorial entities, such as colonies.^[7] How much these rights apply to all people has been a crucial point of discussion. The rights to nationality and self-determination allow clarification. The right of self-determination allows self-governance, as for example in the case of indigenous peoples, but is not a right of secession, except in extreme cases of oppression as a remedy from the oppression.^[8] Therefore the right to secession is generally determined by the legislation of sovereign states and independence by the capacity to be a state.

Declarations of independence

 

Celebrating of the Estonian Declaration of Independence in Pärnu, Estonia on 24 February 1918

 

Ismail Qemali at the first anniversary of the Assembly of Vlorë which proclaimed the independence of Albania (28 November 1912)

Sometimes, a state wishing to achieve independence from a dominating power will issue a declaration of independence; the earliest surviving example is Scotland's Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, with the most recent example being Azawad's declaration of independence in 2012. Declaring independence and attaining it, however, are quite different. A well-known successful example is the U.S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776. The dates of established independence (or, less commonly, the commencement of revolution), are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence Day.

Historical overview

Historically, there have been four major periods of declaring independence:

• from the 1770s, beginning with the American Revolutionary War through the 1830s, when the last royalist bastions fell at the close of the Spanish American wars of independence;
• the immediate aftermath of the First World War following the breakup of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German empires;
• 1945 to circa 1979, when seventy newly independent states emerged from the European colonial empires and the collapse of the Nazi German Reich and the Empire of Japan;^[9]
• and the early 1990s, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Continents

Continent		No.	Last Country to Gain Independence
	Africa	54	South Sudan (2011)
	Americas	35	Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983)^[a]
	Asia	44	East Timor (2002)
	Europe	50^[b]	Montenegro (2006)
	Oceania	14	Palau (1994)^[c]
	Antarctica	N/A	de facto condominium international

See also

• Autarky
• Domestic sourcing
• Economic nationalism
• Energy independence
• Independence constitution
• Independence referendum
• List of national independence days
• List of sovereign states by date of formation
• Lists of active separatist movements
• Secession
• Special Committee on Decolonization
• War of Independence
• Unilateral declaration of independence
• United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
• Self Determination

Notes

1. Independence from the United Kingdom.
2. Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
3. An independent state in free association with the United States.

References

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to Independence.

1. Osmo Jussila – Seppo Hentilä – Jukka Nevakivi (1999). From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 103. ISBN 0-8093-9112-0.
2. "Seputar Pengertian Kemerdekaan".
3. Benjamin, Walter (1996) [1921]. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1: 1913–1926. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 236–252. ISBN 0-674-94585-9.
4. "Kosovo MPs proclaim independence". BBC News. February 17, 2008.
5. "The world's newest state". The Economist. February 21, 2008.
6. "International recognitions of the Republic of Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
7. "Legal Aspects of Self-Determination". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. February 11, 1918. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
8. Shrinkhal, Rashwet (2021). ""Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal". AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. SAGE Publications. 17 (1): 71–82. doi:10.1177/1177180121994681. ISSN 1177-1801. S2CID 232264306.
9. David Armitage, , Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pp. 61–66 (2004)

Further reading

• Jeremy Bentham (1830), Emancipate your colonies!: addressed to the National Convention of France Anno 1793, shewing the uselessness and mischievousness of distant dependencies to an European state (1st ed.), London, Wikidata Q19094713
• Rudyard Kipling (1924), Independence: Rectorial address delivered at St Andrews October 10 1923, Garden City: Doubleday, Wikidata Q100272896