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Cruise missile

December 15, 2023

For a missile that follows a ballistic trajectory, see Ballistic missile.

A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets, that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at an approximately constant speed. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.

A BGM-109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002

History edit

 
A Fieseler Fi-103, the German V-1 flying bomb

The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London.[1]

In 1916, the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, a small biplane carrying a TNT charge, a Sperry autopilot and barometric altitude control. Inspired by the experiments, the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders (Torpedogleiter) built by Siemens-Schuckert beginning in 1916.[2]

In the Interwar Period, Britain's Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine), which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s.[3]

In the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-glide bomb design. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained gyroscopic guidance systems.[4] The vehicle was designed to boost to 28 km altitude and glide a distance of 280 km, but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of 500 meters.

In 1944, during World War II, Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The V-1, often called a flying bomb, contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug". Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of 250 km was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a V-2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar-sized warhead.[5] Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment. Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile.

Immediately after the war, the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects, including would-be cruise missiles. All but four were cancelled by 1948: the Air Materiel Command Banshee, the SM-62 Snark, the SM-64 Navaho, and the MGM-1 Matador. The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite; like Aphrodite, it failed, and was canceled in April 1949.[6] Concurrently, the US Navy's Operation Bumblebee, was conducted at Topsail Island, North Carolina, from c. 1 June 1946, to 28 July 1948. Bumblebee produced proof-of-concept technologies that influenced the US military's other missile projects.

During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept, of deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines, and aircraft. The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, based upon the V-1.

The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable MGM-1 Matador, also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in 1954, first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China and South Korea. On 7 November 1956, the U.S. Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact, from their fixed day-to-day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program to develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, Supersonic Low Altitude Missile (SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry hydrogen bombs that it would drop along its path over enemy territory. Although the concept was proven sound and the 500-megawatt engine finished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project was finally abandoned in favor of ICBM development.

While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and conventional weapon tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval carrier battle groups. Large submarines (for example, Echo and Oscar classes) were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, Backfire, Bear, and Blackjack models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration.

Categories edit

Cruise missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), range, and whether launched from land, air, surface ship, or submarine. Often versions of the same missile are produced for different launch platforms; sometimes air- and submarine-launched versions are a little lighter and smaller than land- and ship-launched versions.

Guidance systems can vary across missiles. Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems (Inertial navigation, TERCOM, or satellite navigation). Larger cruise missiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead, while smaller ones carry only conventional warheads.

Hypersonic edit

See also: Hypersonic weapon and Hypersonic flight

A hypersonic cruise missile travels at least five times the speed of sound (Mach 5).

Supersonic edit

 
BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007.

These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound, usually using ramjet engines. The range is typically 100–500 km, but can be greater. Guidance systems vary.

Examples:

Intercontinental-range supersonic edit

Long-range subsonic edit

 
India's Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher

The United States, Russia, North Korea, India, Iran, South Korea, Israel, France, China and Pakistan have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These missiles have a range of over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) and fly at about 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph).[36] They typically have a launch weight of about 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb)[37] and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead. Earlier versions of these missiles used inertial navigation; later versions use much more accurate TERCOM and DSMAC systems. Most recent versions can use satellite navigation.

Examples:

Medium-range subsonic edit

 
Storm Shadow (France/UK)
 
A Pakistani Babur cruise missile launcher

These missiles are about the same size and weight and fly at similar speeds to the above category. Guidance systems vary.

Examples:

Short-range subsonic edit

These are subsonic missiles that weigh around 500 kilograms (1,102 lb) and have a range of up to 300 km (190 mi).[citation needed]

 
A Naval Strike Missile of the Norwegian Navy

Examples:

 
Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling
 
Hsiung Feng II
Sea Killer export variant  
Otomat Mk2 E / Teseo Mk2/E   360 km new turbofan

Deployment edit

 
AGM-129 ACM being secured on a B-52H bomber

The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high-value targets such as ships, command bunkers, bridges and dams.[51] Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks.

As of 2001, the BGM-109 Tomahawk missile model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal. It gives ships and submarines a somewhat accurate, long-range, conventional land attack weapon. Each costs about US$1.99 million.[52] Both the Tomahawk and the AGM-86 were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm. On 7 April 2017, during the Syrian Civil War, U.S. warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a Syrian chemical weapons attack against a rebel stronghold.[53]

The United States Air Force (USAF) deploys an air-launched cruise missile, the AGM-86 ALCM. The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM-86 and AGM-129 ACM. Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads.

The USAF adopted the AGM-86 for its bomber fleet while AGM-109 was adapted to launch from trucks and ships and adopted by the USAF and Navy. The truck-launched versions, and also the Pershing II and SS-20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, were later destroyed under the bilateral INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) treaty with the USSR.

The British Royal Navy (RN) also operates cruise missiles, specifically the U.S.-made Tomahawk, used by the RN's nuclear submarine fleet. UK conventional warhead versions were first fired in combat by the RN in 1999, during the Kosovo War (the United States fired cruise missiles in 1991). The Royal Air Force uses the Storm Shadow cruise missile on its Typhoon and previously its Tornado GR4 aircraft. It is also used by France, where it is known as SCALP EG, and carried by the Armée de l'Air's Mirage 2000 and Rafale aircraft.

 
The Indian Army's BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL)

India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos. There are three versions of the Brahmos: ship/land-launched, air-launched, and sub-launched. The ship/land-launched version was operational as of late 2007. The Brahmos have the capability to attack targets on land. Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles: the SS-N-12 Sandbox, SS-N-19 Shipwreck, SS-N-22 Sunburn and SS-N-25 Switchblade. Germany and Spain operate the Taurus missile while Pakistan has made the Babur missile[54] Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have designed several cruise missile variants, such as the well-known C-802, some of which are capable of carrying biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional warheads.

Nuclear warhead versions edit

China edit

See also: China and weapons of mass destruction

China has CJ-10 land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.[55] Additionally, China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021, a claim it denies.[56]

France edit

See also: France and weapons of mass destruction

The French Force de Frappe nuclear forces include both land and sea-based bombers with Air-Sol Moyenne Portée (ASMP) high-speed medium-range nuclear cruise missiles. Two models are in use, ASMP and a newer ASMP-Ameliorer Plus (ASMP-A), which was developed in 1999. An estimated 40 to 50 were produced.[57][58]

India edit

See also: India and weapons of mass destruction

India in 2017 successfully flight-tested its indigenous Nirbhay ('Fearless') land-attack cruise missile, which can deliver nuclear warheads to a strike range of 1,000 km.[59] Nirbhay had been flight-tested successfully.[59][60]

Israel edit

See also: Israel and weapons of mass destruction

The Israel Defense Forces reportedly deploy the medium-range air-launched Popeye Turbo ALCM and the Popeye Turbo SLCM medium-long range cruise missile with nuclear warheads on Dolphin class submarines.[61]

Pakistan edit

See also: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Pakistan currently has four cruise missile systems: the air-launched Ra'ad-I and its enhanced version Ra'ad-II; the ground and submarine launched Babur;[62][63][64] ship-launched Harbah missile[65] and surface launched Zarb missile.[66] Both, Ra'ad and Babur, can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt, and deliver them to targets at a range of up to 300 km (190 mi) and 450 km (280 mi) respectively.[67] Babur has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2010, and Pakistan Navy since 2018.[68]

Russia edit

See also: Russia and weapons of mass destruction
 
Export variant of the Kalibr missile

Russia has Kh-55SM cruise missiles, with a range similar to the United States' AGM-129 range of 3000 km, but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200 kt. They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an inertial navigation system. They are air-launched from either Tupolev Tu-95s, Tupolev Tu-22Ms, or Tupolev Tu-160s, each able to carry 16 for the Tu-95, 12 for the Tu-160, and 4 for the Tu-22M. A stealth version of the missile, the Kh-101 is in development. It has similar qualities as the Kh-55, except that its range has been extended to 5,000 km, is equipped with a 1,000 kg conventional warhead, and has stealth features which reduce its probability of intercept.[69]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most recent cruise missile developed was the Kalibr missile which entered production in the early 1990s and was officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994. However, it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015, in Syria as a part of the Russian military campaign in Syria. The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles. In this short time frame, the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles. However, due to resources, most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs). The SS-N-1 cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship. However, as time progressed, the Soviet Union began to work on air-launched cruise missiles as well (ALCM). These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as "Blinders" or "Backfire". The missiles in this configuration were called the AS-1, and AS-2 with eventual new variants with more development time. The main purpose of Soviet-based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships; in other words, most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti-ship missiles. In the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land, sea, and air delivery systems.[70]

United States edit

See also: United States and weapons of mass destruction
 
An AGM-129 ACM of the United States Air Force

The United States has deployed nine nuclear cruise missiles at one time or another.

Efficiency in modern warfare edit

Currently, cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons, up to several million dollars apiece. One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in target allocation, to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value. For instance, during the 2001 strikes on Afghanistan the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles, which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon. However, proponents of the cruise missile counter that the weapon can not be blamed for poor target selection, and the same argument applies to other types of UAVs: they are cheaper than human pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account, not to mention the risk of loss of personnel. As demonstrated in Libya in 2011 and prior conflicts, cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets (reduced radar cross-section, infrared and visual signature due to smaller size), suiting them to attacks against static air defense systems.

See also edit

References edit

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https://uslivenic.com/3m22-zircon-missile-russias-fastest-missile/

External links edit

December 15, 2023
cruise, missile, missile, that, follows, ballistic, trajectory, ballistic, missile, cruise, missile, guided, missile, used, against, terrestrial, naval, targets, that, remains, atmosphere, flies, major, portion, flight, path, approximately, constant, speed, de. For a missile that follows a ballistic trajectory see Ballistic missile A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at an approximately constant speed Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic supersonic or hypersonic speeds are self navigating and are able to fly on a non ballistic extremely low altitude trajectory A BGM 109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002 Contents 1 History 2 Categories 2 1 Hypersonic 2 2 Supersonic 2 2 1 Intercontinental range supersonic 2 3 Long range subsonic 2 4 Medium range subsonic 2 5 Short range subsonic 3 Deployment 3 1 Nuclear warhead versions 3 1 1 China 3 1 2 France 3 1 3 India 3 1 4 Israel 3 1 5 Pakistan 3 1 6 Russia 3 1 7 United States 3 2 Efficiency in modern warfare 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp A Fieseler Fi 103 the German V 1 flying bombThe idea of an aerial torpedo was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London 1 In 1916 the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an aerial torpedo the Hewitt Sperry Automatic Airplane a small biplane carrying a TNT charge a Sperry autopilot and barometric altitude control Inspired by the experiments the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug Germany had also flown trials with remote controlled aerial gliders Torpedogleiter built by Siemens Schuckert beginning in 1916 2 In the Interwar Period Britain s Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s 3 In the Soviet Union Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD 06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939 which used a rocket powered boost glide bomb design The 06 III RP 216 and 06 IV RP 212 contained gyroscopic guidance systems 4 The vehicle was designed to boost to 28 km altitude and glide a distance of 280 km but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of 500 meters In 1944 during World War II Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles The V 1 often called a flying bomb contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine the sound of which gave it the nickname of buzz bomb or doodlebug Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets the general area of a city while the range of 250 km was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload The main advantages were speed although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller driven interceptors and expendability The production cost of a V 1 was only a small fraction of that of a V 2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar sized warhead 5 Unlike the V 2 the initial deployments of the V 1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment Nazi Germany in 1943 also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program which can be seen as a rudimentary air launched cruise missile where a piloted fighter type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target Bomber launched variants of the V 1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war with the pioneering V 1 s design reverse engineered by the Americans as the Republic Ford JB 2 cruise missile Immediately after the war the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects including would be cruise missiles All but four were cancelled by 1948 the Air Materiel Command Banshee the SM 62 Snark the SM 64 Navaho and the MGM 1 Matador The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite like Aphrodite it failed and was canceled in April 1949 6 Concurrently the US Navy s Operation Bumblebee was conducted at Topsail Island North Carolina from c 1 June 1946 to 28 July 1948 Bumblebee produced proof of concept technologies that influenced the US military s other missile projects During the Cold War both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept of deploying early cruise missiles from land submarines and aircraft The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine missile project was the SSM N 8 Regulus missile based upon the V 1 The United States Air Force s first operational surface to surface missile was the winged mobile nuclear capable MGM 1 Matador also similar in concept to the V 1 Deployment overseas began in 1954 first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China and South Korea On 7 November 1956 the U S Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact from their fixed day to day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well funded program to develop a nuclear powered cruise missile Supersonic Low Altitude Missile SLAM It was designed to fly below the enemy s radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry hydrogen bombs that it would drop along its path over enemy territory Although the concept was proven sound and the 500 megawatt engine finished a successful test run in 1961 no airworthy device was ever completed The project was finally abandoned in favor of ICBM development While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets heavy nuclear and conventional weapon tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval carrier battle groups Large submarines for example Echo and Oscar classes were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea and large bombers for example Backfire Bear and Blackjack models were equipped with the weapons in their air launched cruise missile ALCM configuration Categories editCruise missiles can be categorized by size speed subsonic or supersonic range and whether launched from land air surface ship or submarine Often versions of the same missile are produced for different launch platforms sometimes air and submarine launched versions are a little lighter and smaller than land and ship launched versions Guidance systems can vary across missiles Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems Inertial navigation TERCOM or satellite navigation Larger cruise missiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead while smaller ones carry only conventional warheads Hypersonic edit See also Hypersonic weapon and Hypersonic flight A hypersonic cruise missile travels at least five times the speed of sound Mach 5 14 X nbsp a scramjet engine currently under development by Brazil 7 8 3M22 Zircon gt 1000 1500 km nbsp hypersonic anti ship cruise missile 9 ASN4G Air Sol Nucleaire de 4e Generation nbsp a scramjet powered hypersonic cruise missile being developed by France 10 11 BrahMos II 800 1500 km nbsp nbsp a hypersonic missile under development as of 2011 update in India and Russia 12 13 FC ASW 300 km nbsp nbsp under development Franco British stealth hypersonic cruise missile concept 14 15 16 17 18 HSTDV nbsp hypersonic scramjet demonstration a carrier vehicle for hypersonic and long range cruise missiles is being developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO 19 20 Hyfly 2 nbsp hypersonic air launched cruise missile first displayed at Sea Air Space 2021 developed by Boeing 21 Hypersonic Air breathing Weapon Concept HAWC pronounced Hawk nbsp a scramjet powered hypersonic air launched cruise missile without a warhead that uses its own kinetic energy upon impact to destroy the target developed by DARPA 22 23 Kh 90 3 000 4 000 km nbsp nbsp a hypersonic air to surface cruise missile developed in 1990 by the USSR and later by Russia This missile was designed to cruise from Mach 4 to Mach 6 eventually being able to travel at speeds lower than Mach 10 15 But this cruise missile system did not enter service Hypersonic Air Launched Offensive Anti Surface HALO air launched anti ship missile under Offensive Anti Surface Warfare Increment 2 OASuW Inc 2 program for the US Navy Navy 24 25 Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile HACM nbsp planned for use by the United States Air Force 26 27 SCIFiRE nbsp nbsp Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment SCIFiRE is a joint program between the US Department of Defense and the Australian Department of Defence for a Mach 5 scramjet powered missile 28 29 30 In September 2021 the US Department of Defense awarded Preliminary Design Review contracts to Boeing Lockheed Martin and Raytheon Missiles amp Defense 31 32 Supersonic edit nbsp BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007 These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound usually using ramjet engines The range is typically 100 500 km but can be greater Guidance systems vary Examples 3M 54 Kalibr range up to 4 500 km max speed Mach 3 nbsp Russia the Sizzler variant is capable of supersonic speed at the terminal stage only 3M 51 Alfa 250 km Mach 2 5 nbsp Air Sol Moyenne Portee 300 500 km Mach 3 nbsp France supersonic stand off nuclear missile ASM 3 400 km Mach 3 nbsp Japan BrahMos block I 290 km Block II 500 amp Block IIA 600 km Mach 3 2 nbsp nbsp India Russia the only one to complete the tactical cruise missile triad 33 34 35 Blyskavka nbsp Artem Luch Pivdenmash 100 370 km C 101 50 km Mach 2 nbsp China C 301 100 km Mach nbsp China C 803 230 km Mach 1 4 nbsp China supersonic terminal stage only C 805 nbsp China CX 1 280 km Mach 3 nbsp China CJ 100 DF 100 2000 3000 km Mach 5 nbsp China Hsiung Feng III 400 km Mach 3 5 nbsp Taiwan Hyunmoo 3 1500 km Mach 1 2 nbsp South Korea KD 88 200 km Mach 0 85 nbsp China Kh 20 380 600 km Mach 2 nbsp USSR Kh 31 25 110 km Mach 3 5 nbsp Russia Kh 32 600 1 000 km Mach 4 6 nbsp Russia Kh 80 3 000 5 000 km Mach 3 nbsp nbsp P 270 Moskit 120 250 km Mach 2 3 nbsp nbsp USSR Russia P 500 Bazalt 550 km Mach 3 nbsp nbsp USSR Russia P 700 Granit 625 km Mach 2 5 nbsp nbsp USSR Russia P 800 Oniks Kh 61 600 800 km Mach 2 6 nbsp nbsp USSR Russia P 1000 Vulkan 800 km Mach 3 nbsp nbsp USSR Russia YJ 12 250 400 km Mach 4 nbsp China YJ 18 220 540 km Mach 3 nbsp China YJ 91 15 120 km Mach 3 5 nbsp China Yun Feng 1200 2 000 km Mach 3 nbsp Taiwan SSM N 9 Regulus II 1 852 km Mach 2 nbsp United StatesIntercontinental range supersonic edit 9M730 Burevestnik Unlimited Range nbsp Russia Burya 8 500 km nbsp USSR MKR 8 000 km nbsp USSR RSS 40 Buran 8 500 km nbsp USSR SLAM cancelled in 1964 nbsp United States SM 62 Snark 10 200 km nbsp United States SM 64 Navaho canceled in 1958 nbsp United StatesLong range subsonic edit nbsp India s Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck based launcherThe United States Russia North Korea India Iran South Korea Israel France China and Pakistan have developed several long range subsonic cruise missiles These missiles have a range of over 1 000 kilometres 620 mi and fly at about 800 kilometres per hour 500 mph 36 They typically have a launch weight of about 1 500 kilograms 3 300 lb 37 and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead Earlier versions of these missiles used inertial navigation later versions use much more accurate TERCOM and DSMAC systems Most recent versions can use satellite navigation Examples 3M 54 Kalibr up to 4 500 km nbsp Russia AGM 86 ALCM from 1100 to gt 2400 km nbsp United States AGM 129 ACM from 3450 to 3700 km nbsp United States AGM 181 LRSO gt 2500 km nbsp United States BGM 109 Tomahawk up to 1 700 km nbsp United States BGM 109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile 2 500 km nbsp Kh 55 3 000 km and Kh 65 nbsp Russia Kh 101 4500 5500 km nbsp Russia Iskander K nbsp not less than 3 500 km Hwasal 2 nbsp North Korea gt 2000 km RK 55 3 000 km nbsp Soviet Union Nirbhay nbsp India up to 1500 km 38 MdCN up to 1 400 km nbsp France Paveh 1 650 km nbsp Iran 39 Asef 1 500 km nbsp Iran 40 Hoveyzeh 1 350 km nbsp Iran 41 Abu Mahdi over 1 000 km nbsp Iran 42 Quds 1 Houthi nbsp Hsiung Feng IIE nbsp Taiwan 600 1 200 km Hyunmoo III nbsp South Korea Hyunmoo IIIA 500 km Hyunmoo IIIB 1000 km Hyunmoo IIIC 1500 km Type 12 SSM 1 500 km under development nbsp Japan MGM 13 Mace nbsp United States DF 10 CJ 10 nbsp China CJ 10K 1500 km CJ 20 2000 km Popeye Turbo SLCM nbsp Israel GEZGIN 800 1 200 km nbsp Turkey 43 Medium range subsonic edit nbsp Storm Shadow France UK nbsp A Pakistani Babur cruise missile launcherThese missiles are about the same size and weight and fly at similar speeds to the above category Guidance systems vary Examples AGM 158 JASSM 370 1900 km nbsp United States AGM 158C LRASM 370 km 560 km nbsp United States Babur missile 1 1A 1B 2 3 450 600 km nbsp Pakistan 300 km Harbah 250 450 km nbsp Pakistan Hatf VIII Ra ad Mark 2 ALCM 400 km nbsp Pakistan Hsiung Feng IIE 600 2000 km nbsp Taiwan Hyunmoo 3 within 1500 km nbsp South Korea Type 12 SSM within 1000 km under development nbsp Japan KD 63 nbsp China Taurus KEPD 350 500 km nbsp nbsp nbsp Germany Sweden Spain Kh 50 Kh SD and Kh 101 Kh 65 variants nbsp Russia MGM 1 Matador 700 km nbsp United States Ra ad ALCM 350 km nbsp Pakistan Raad nbsp Iran 360 km SOM SOM B Block I nbsp Turkey 350 km range under serial production 500 km range under development 500 km 1500 km and 2500 km versions 44 45 46 SSM N 8 Regulus 926 km nbsp United States P 5 Pyatyorka 450 750 km nbsp nbsp Russia nbsp North Korea Storm Shadow SCALP EG 560 km Mach 0 65 nbsp nbsp France UK Ya Ali 700 km nbsp Iran Zarb 320 km nbsp PakistanShort range subsonic edit These are subsonic missiles that weigh around 500 kilograms 1 102 lb and have a range of up to 300 km 190 mi citation needed nbsp A Naval Strike Missile of the Norwegian NavyExamples Apache 100 140 km nbsp France AVMT 300 300 km nbsp Brazil MICLA BR 300 km nbsp Brazil 47 Hyunmoo 3 over 300 km shorter range nbsp South Korea SSM 700K Haeseong 180 km nbsp South Korea Kh 35 130 300 km nbsp Russia KN 19 Ks3 4 nbsp North Korea Kh 59 115 550 km nbsp Russia P 15 40 80 km nbsp Russia KN 1 nbsp North Korea Nasr 1 nbsp Iran Zafar 25 km nbsp Iran Noor nbsp Iran Qader nbsp Iran Naval Strike Missile 185 555 km nbsp Norway RBS 15 nbsp Sweden Korshun nbsp a local derivative of Kh 55 and RK 55 made by Artem Luch Vizar ZhMZ KhAZ Yuzhnoe Pivdenmash powered by an AI Progress Motor Sich MS 400 like Neptun missile and same builders designer Neptune nbsp Ukraine 48 V 1 flying bomb 250 km nbsp Nazi Germany nbsp Hsiung Feng II Anti Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling nbsp Hsiung Feng IIHsiung Feng II nbsp Taiwan Wan Chien nbsp Taiwan VCM 01 nbsp Vietnam 100 300 km Aist nbsp Belarus 100 200 300 km Marte ER 100 km nbsp Sea Killer export variant nbsp Otomat 180 km nbsp nbsp France ItalyOtomat Mk2 E Teseo Mk2 E nbsp 360 km new turbofanC 801 40 km nbsp China C 802 120 230 km nbsp China C 803 nbsp China C 805 nbsp China C 602 nbsp China CM 602G nbsp China Delilah missile 250 km nbsp Israel Gabriel IV 200 km nbsp Israel Popeye turbo ALCM 78 km nbsp Israel Sea breaker missile 300 km nbsp Israel RGM 84 Harpoon 124 310 km nbsp United States AGM 84E Standoff Land Attack Missile 110 km nbsp United States AGM 84H K SLAM ER 270 km nbsp United States Silkworm 100 500 km nbsp China SOM nbsp Turkey 49 50 Atmaca nbsp Turkey Cakir nbsp TurkeyDeployment edit nbsp AGM 129 ACM being secured on a B 52H bomberThe most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high value targets such as ships command bunkers bridges and dams 51 Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks As of 2001 update the BGM 109 Tomahawk missile model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal It gives ships and submarines a somewhat accurate long range conventional land attack weapon Each costs about US 1 99 million 52 Both the Tomahawk and the AGM 86 were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm On 7 April 2017 during the Syrian Civil War U S warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a Syrian chemical weapons attack against a rebel stronghold 53 The United States Air Force USAF deploys an air launched cruise missile the AGM 86 ALCM The Boeing B 52 Stratofortress is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM 86 and AGM 129 ACM Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads The USAF adopted the AGM 86 for its bomber fleet while AGM 109 was adapted to launch from trucks and ships and adopted by the USAF and Navy The truck launched versions and also the Pershing II and SS 20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles were later destroyed under the bilateral INF Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces treaty with the USSR The British Royal Navy RN also operates cruise missiles specifically the U S made Tomahawk used by the RN s nuclear submarine fleet UK conventional warhead versions were first fired in combat by the RN in 1999 during the Kosovo War the United States fired cruise missiles in 1991 The Royal Air Force uses the Storm Shadow cruise missile on its Typhoon and previously its Tornado GR4 aircraft It is also used by France where it is known as SCALP EG and carried by the Armee de l Air s Mirage 2000 and Rafale aircraft nbsp The Indian Army s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers MAL India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos There are three versions of the Brahmos ship land launched air launched and sub launched The ship land launched version was operational as of late 2007 The Brahmos have the capability to attack targets on land Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles the SS N 12 Sandbox SS N 19 Shipwreck SS N 22 Sunburn and SS N 25 Switchblade Germany and Spain operate the Taurus missile while Pakistan has made the Babur missile 54 Both the People s Republic of China and the Republic of China Taiwan have designed several cruise missile variants such as the well known C 802 some of which are capable of carrying biological chemical nuclear and conventional warheads Nuclear warhead versions edit China edit See also China and weapons of mass destruction China has CJ 10 land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead 55 Additionally China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021 a claim it denies 56 France edit See also France and weapons of mass destruction The French Force de Frappe nuclear forces include both land and sea based bombers with Air Sol Moyenne Portee ASMP high speed medium range nuclear cruise missiles Two models are in use ASMP and a newer ASMP Ameliorer Plus ASMP A which was developed in 1999 An estimated 40 to 50 were produced 57 58 India edit See also India and weapons of mass destruction India in 2017 successfully flight tested its indigenous Nirbhay Fearless land attack cruise missile which can deliver nuclear warheads to a strike range of 1 000 km 59 Nirbhay had been flight tested successfully 59 60 Israel edit See also Israel and weapons of mass destruction The Israel Defense Forces reportedly deploy the medium range air launched Popeye Turbo ALCM and the Popeye Turbo SLCM medium long range cruise missile with nuclear warheads on Dolphin class submarines 61 Pakistan edit See also Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Pakistan currently has four cruise missile systems the air launched Ra ad I and its enhanced version Ra ad II the ground and submarine launched Babur 62 63 64 ship launched Harbah missile 65 and surface launched Zarb missile 66 Both Ra ad and Babur can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt and deliver them to targets at a range of up to 300 km 190 mi and 450 km 280 mi respectively 67 Babur has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2010 and Pakistan Navy since 2018 68 Russia edit See also Russia and weapons of mass destruction nbsp Export variant of the Kalibr missileRussia has Kh 55SM cruise missiles with a range similar to the United States AGM 129 range of 3000 km but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200 kt They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an inertial navigation system They are air launched from either Tupolev Tu 95s Tupolev Tu 22Ms or Tupolev Tu 160s each able to carry 16 for the Tu 95 12 for the Tu 160 and 4 for the Tu 22M A stealth version of the missile the Kh 101 is in development It has similar qualities as the Kh 55 except that its range has been extended to 5 000 km is equipped with a 1 000 kg conventional warhead and has stealth features which reduce its probability of intercept 69 After the collapse of the Soviet Union the most recent cruise missile developed was the Kalibr missile which entered production in the early 1990s and was officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994 However it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015 in Syria as a part of the Russian military campaign in Syria The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut In the late 1950s and early 1960s the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles In this short time frame the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles However due to resources most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine Launched Cruise Missiles SLCMs The SS N 1 cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship However as time progressed the Soviet Union began to work on air launched cruise missiles as well ALCM These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as Blinders or Backfire The missiles in this configuration were called the AS 1 and AS 2 with eventual new variants with more development time The main purpose of Soviet based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships in other words most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti ship missiles In the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land sea and air delivery systems 70 United States edit See also United States and weapons of mass destruction nbsp An AGM 129 ACM of the United States Air ForceThe United States has deployed nine nuclear cruise missiles at one time or another MGM 1 Matador ground launched missile out of service MGM 13 Mace ground launched missile out of service SSM N 8 Regulus submarine launched missile out of service SM 62 Snark ground launched missile out of service AGM 28 Hound Dog air launched missile out of service BGM 109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile out of service AGM 86 ALCM air launched cruise missile 350 to 550 missiles and W80 warheads still in service BGM 109 Tomahawk cruise missile in a nuclear submarine surface ship and ground launched models nuclear models out of service but warheads kept in reserve AGM 129 ACM air launched missile out of service 71 Efficiency in modern warfare edit Currently cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single use weapons up to several million dollars apiece One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in target allocation to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value For instance during the 2001 strikes on Afghanistan the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon However proponents of the cruise missile counter that the weapon can not be blamed for poor target selection and the same argument applies to other types of UAVs they are cheaper than human pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account not to mention the risk of loss of personnel As demonstrated in Libya in 2011 and prior conflicts cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets reduced radar cross section infrared and visual signature due to smaller size suiting them to attacks against static air defense systems See also editAffordable Weapon System Cruise missile submarine Eugene Vielle pioneer of technology that led to the Cruise missile Expendable launch system List of cruise missiles List of rocket aircraft Lists of weapons Low Cost Miniature Cruise Missile NATO reporting name has lists of various Soviet missiles Weapon of mass destructionReferences edit Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles The Aerial Target and Aerial Torpedo in Britain Ctie monash edu au Retrieved 13 February 2012 Roger Branfill Cook Torpedo Seaforth Publishing Great Britain 2014 1 0 The Aerial Torpedo 13 August 2007 Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 Object No 212 1936 report in Tvorcheskoi Nasledie Akedemika Sergeya Pavlovicha Koroleva Both missiles were manufactured under the heavy use of Nazi slave labour The Evolution of the Cruise Missile by Werrell Kenneth P see PDF page 92 Concluida mais uma etapa do projeto de desenvolvimento de um veiculo hipersonico Brazilian Air Force in Portuguese 21 February 2019 Brasil pondra a prueba el 14 X en la Operacion Cruzeiro Infodefensa com in Spanish 3 March 2020 Russia will refit nuclear powered guided missile cruiser with mach 5 hypersonic 3M22 missiles with 2022 deployment NextBigFuture com 21 February 2016 Counting the cost of deterrence France s nuclear recapitalisation IISS Retrieved 26 October 2022 Wright Timothy 1 May 2022 Hypersonic Missile Proliferation An Emerging European Problem PDF The EU Non Proliferation Consortium Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Hypersonic version of Brahmos on the way The Times of India 9 October 2011 India Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile Archived from the original on 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fastest missile External links edit nbsp Media related to Cruise missiles at Wikimedia Commons An introduction to cruise missiles Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine From the website of the Federation of American Scientists FAS Missile Threat A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cruise missile amp oldid 1182776118 Hypersonic, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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