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Huldufólk

February 24, 2024

"Hidden people" redirects here. For the Alison Littlewood novel, see The Hidden People.
See hulder for general folklore on these beings across Scandinavia

Huldufólk[a] or hidden people are elves in Icelandic and Faroese folklore.[1][2] They are supernatural beings that live in nature. They look and behave similarly to humans, but live in a parallel world.[3] They can make themselves visible at will.[4] Konrad von Maurer cites a 19th-century Icelandic source claiming that the only visible difference between normal people and outwardly human-appearing huldufólk is, the latter have a convex rather than concave philtrum below their noses.[2]

Hidden people
Engraving of a man jumping after a female elf into a precipice.
GroupingMythological
Similar entitiesElf, hulder, fairy, mermaid, pixie, sprite, leprechaun
CountryIceland, Faroe Islands
HabitatVarious

In Faroese folk tales,[5] hidden people are said to be "large in build, their clothes are all grey, and their hair black. Their dwellings are in mounds, and they are also called Elves."[6] Some Icelandic folk tales caution against throwing stones, as it may hit the hidden people.[7]

The term huldufólk was taken as a synonym of álfar (elves) in 19th-century Icelandic folklore. Jón Árnason found that the terms are synonymous, except álfar is a pejorative term. Konrad von Maurer contends that huldufólk originates as a euphemism to avoid calling the álfar by their real name.[8]

There is, however, some evidence that the two terms have come to be taken as referring to two distinct sets of supernatural beings in contemporary Iceland. Katrin Sontag found that some people do not differentiate elves from hidden people, while others do.[9] A 2006 survey found that "54% of respondents did not distinguish between elves and hidden people, 20% did and 26% said they were not sure."[10]

Origins edit

Terry Gunnell writes: "different beliefs could have lived side by side in multicultural settlement Iceland before they gradually blended into the latter-day Icelandic álfar and huldufólk."[11] He also writes: "Huldufólk and álfar undoubtedly arose from the same need. The Norse settlers had the álfar, the Irish slaves had the hill fairies or the Good People. Over time, they became two different beings, but really they are two different sets of folklore that mean the same thing."[12]

Precursors to elves/hidden people can be found in the writings of Snorri Sturluson[13] and in skaldic verse.[14] Elves were also mentioned in Poetic Edda,[15] and appear to be connected to fertility.[16]

The Christianization of Iceland in the 11th century brought with it new religious concepts. According to one Christian folk tale, the origins of the hidden people can be traced to Adam and Eve. Eve hid her dirty, unwashed children from God, and lied about their existence. God then declared: "What man hides from God, God will hide from man."[17] Other Christian folktales claim that hidden people originate from Lilith, or are fallen angels condemned to live between heaven and hell.[18]

In succession of Christianization, official opposition to dancing may have begun in Iceland as early as the 12th century, and the association of dancing with elves can be seen as early as the 15th century. One folktale shows the elves siding with the common people and taking revenge on a sheriff who banned dance parties. Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir concludes that these legends "show that Icelanders missed dancing".[19]

In the 13th and 14th centuries, books from mainland Europe reached Iceland, and may have influenced folktales about elves.[20]

Einar Ólafur Sveinsson writes: "Round about 1600 sources for hidden folk become so voluminous that we can readily define the beliefs and legends about them, and after that there is one source after another about them right down into the twentieth century."[21] According to Árni Björnsson, belief in hidden people grew during the 17th and 18th centuries when Iceland was facing tough times.[22]

Holidays edit

There are four Icelandic holidays considered to have a special connection with hidden people: New Year's Eve, Thirteenth Night (January 6), Midsummer Night and Christmas night.[23] Elf bonfires (álfabrennur) are a common part of the holiday festivities on Twelfth Night (January 6).[24][25][26] There are many Icelandic folktales about elves and hidden people invading Icelandic farmhouses during Christmas and holding wild parties.[27] It is customary in Iceland to clean the house before Christmas, and to leave food for the huldufólk on Christmas.[28] On New Year's Eve, it is believed that the elves move to new locations, and Icelanders leave candles to help them find their way.[29] On Midsummer Night, folklore states that if you sit at a crossroads, elves will attempt to seduce you with food and gifts; there are grave consequences for being seduced by their offers, but great rewards for resisting.[30]

Icelandic and Faroese folklore edit

Several scholars have commented on the connections between hidden people and the Icelandic natural environment. B.S. Benedikz, in his discussion of Jón Árnason's grouping of folktales about elves, water-dwellers, and trolls together, writes: "The reason is of course perfectly clear. When one's life is conditioned by a landscape dominated by rocks twisted by volcanic action, wind and water into ferocious and alarming shapes... the imagination fastens on these natural phenomena."[31]

Ólina Thorvarðardóttir writes: "Oral tales concerning Icelandic elves and trolls no doubt served as warning fables. They prevented many children from wandering away from human habitations, taught Iceland's topographical history, and instilled fear and respect for the harsh powers of nature."[32]

Michael Strmiska writes: "The Huldufólk are... not so much supernatural as ultranatural, representing not an overcoming of nature in the hope of a better deal beyond but a deep reverence for the land and the mysterious powers able to cause fertility or famine."[33] Pálsdóttir claims that in a landscape filled with earthquakes, avalanches, and volcanoes, "it is no wonder that the native people have assigned some secret life to the landscape. There had to be some unseen powers behind such unpredictability, such cruelty."[34] Alan Boucher writes: "Thus the Icelander's ambivalent attitude towards nature, the enemy and the provider, is clearly expressed in these stories, which preserve a good deal of popular—and in some cases probably pre-christian—belief."[35]

Robert Anderson writes that syncretism "is active in Iceland where Christianity, spiritism, and Icelandic elf lore have syncretized in at least a couple instances."[36]

Terry Gunnell notes that hidden people legends recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries showed them to be "near mirror-images of those humans who told stories about them—except they were beautiful, powerful, alluring, and free from care, while the Icelanders were often starving and struggling for existence. The huldufólk seem in many ways to represent the Icelander's dreams of a more perfect and happy existence."[37] Anthropologist Jón Haukur Ingimundarson claimed that hidden people tales told by 19th-century Icelandic women were a reflection of how only 47% of women were married, and "sisters often found themselves relegated to very different functions and levels of status in society... the vast majority of Icelandic girls were shunted into supporting roles in the household." He goes on to say that these stories justified the differences in role and status between sisters, and "inculcated in young girls the... stoic adage never to despair, which was a psychological preparedness many would need as they found themselves reduced in status and denied the proper outlet for their sexuality in marriage, thereby sometimes having to rely on infanticide to take care of the unsolicited and insupportable effects of their occasional amours, an element... related in huldufólk stories."[38]

Anna Pietrzkiewicz contends that the hidden people symbolize idealized Icelandic identity and society, the key elements of which are seeing the "past as a source of pride and nature as unique and pure."[39]

Hidden people often appear in the dreams of Icelanders.[40] They are usually described as wearing 19th-century Icelandic clothing,[41] and are often described as wearing green.[42]

In one version of modern Faroese folklore, the hidden people vanished in the 1950s when electricity was brought to the island.[43]

Contemporary Iceland edit

A survey of Icelanders born between 1870 and 1920 found that people did not generally believe in hidden people and that when they had learned about supernatural beings in their youth, those lessons had mostly been made for amusement.[44] About 10% seemed to actually believe in hidden people.[44] A survey from 1974 showed that among those born between 1904 and 1944, 7% were certain of the existence of hidden people.[44]

Several modern surveys have been made showing a surprising number of believers. Around 7–8% claim to be certain that elves exist, and around 45% claim it is likely or possible.[45][10][46][47]

These surveys have been criticized as being misrepresentative,[4] as journalists have claimed that they show that a majority of Icelanders believe in elves,[46] despite belief not being that serious.[4] Folklore professor Terry Gunnell has said: "Very few will say immediately that they 'believe' in such, but they won't deny it either."[48] Different ways of asking could elicit very different responses.[49]

Árni Björnsson claims the beliefs are simplified and exaggerated for the entertainment of children and tourists, and that it is a somewhat misrepresentative yet harmless trick used by the tourism industry to entice visitors.[4] The stories of elves may have been fun tales rather than beliefs.[4][44]

Tourism edit

The Icelandic Elf School in Reykjavík organizes five-hour-long educational excursions for visitors.[50][51]

Hafnarfjörður offers a "Hidden Worlds tour", a guided walk of about 90 minutes. It includes a stroll through Hellisgerdi Park, where the paths wind through a lava field planted with tall trees and potted bonsai trees in summer, and said to be peopled with the town's largest elf colony.

Stokkseyri has the Icelandic Wonders museum, where "Museum guests will walk into a world of the Icelandic elves and hidden people and get a glimpse of their life."[52]

Recent incidents edit

During road construction in Kópavogur in 1971, a bulldozer broke down. The driver placed the blame on elves living in a large rock. Despite locals not having been aware of any elves living in the rock, newspapers ran with the story, thus starting the myth that Icelandic road construction was often impeded by elves.[4]

In 1982, 150 Icelanders went to the NATO base in Keflavík to look for "elves who might be endangered by American Phantom jets and AWACS reconnaissance planes."[53] In 2004, Alcoa had to have a government expert certify that their chosen building site was free of archaeological sites, including ones related to huldufólk folklore, before they could build an aluminium smelter in Iceland.[54][55] In 2011, elves/huldufólk were believed by some to be responsible for an incident in Bolungarvík where rocks rained down on residential streets.[56][57][58] In 2013, proposed road construction from the Álftanes peninsula to the Reykjavík suburb of Garðabær, was stopped because elf supporters and environmental groups protested, stating that the road would destroy the habitat of elves and local cultural beliefs.[59]

Significant sites edit

 
Álfaborg, Iceland

Modern cultural references edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In Icelandic and Faroese. From huldu- "pertaining to secrecy" and fólk "people", "folk"

References edit

  1. ^ Jón Árnason; George E. J. Powell; Eiríkur Magnússon (1866). "Introductory Essay". Icelandic Legends, Volume 2. London: Richard Bentley. pp. xlii–lvi. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b von Maurer, Konrad (1859). Isländische_Volkssagen_der_Gegenwart (in German) (1st ed.). Leipzig, Germany: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 3.
  3. ^ Efemia Hrönn Björgvinsdóttir (2014). Gjafir frá huldufólki (PDF) (Bachelor thesis) (in Icelandic). University of Iceland.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Árni Björnsson (26 September 2007). . The Beck Lectures on Icelandic Literature (audio recording of lecture; 1 hour 8 minutes; relevant section around 32–45 minutes). University of Victoria. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  5. ^ See:
    • Jonathan Wylie (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8.
    • J. Dyneley Prince (1922). "The Faroe Language". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 61 (2): 156–7. JSTOR 984412.
    • E. Paul Durrenberger (1987). "Review of The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History by Jonathan Wylie". American Anthropologist. 89 (4): 992–993. doi:10.1525/aa.1987.89.4.02a00610. JSTOR 677915.
    • John Frederick West; Barður Jákupsson (1980). Faroese folk-tales & legends. Lerwick: Shetland Publishing Company. pp. vi, viii, 103. ISBN 978-0-906736-01-2.
    • Stephen Pax Leonard (17 June 2010). "Faroese skjaldur: An endangered oral tradition of the North Atlantic" (PDF). World Oral Literature Project Occasional Papers. 1: 7–8. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  6. ^ Dennis L. Gaffin (1996). In place: spatial and social order in a Faeroe Islands community. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88133-879-9.
  7. ^ Anne Brydon (September 1991). The eye of the guest: Icelandic nationalist discourse and the whaling issue. Montreal: McGill University. p. 276. ISBN 9780315747852.
  8. ^ Katrin Sontag (2007). Parallel worlds: fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 13–14.
  9. ^ Katrin Sontag (2007). Parallel worlds: fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 15–18.
  10. ^ a b Erlendur Haraldsson (2011). "Psychic Experiences a Third of a Century Apart: Two Representative Surveys in Iceland with an International Comparison" (PDF). Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 75: 88 – via University of Iceland.
  11. ^ Terry Gunnell (2007). . The 13th International Saga Conference. Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  12. ^ Marc Vincenz (27 May 2009). . The Reykjavík Grapevine. Archived from the original on 2010-04-04. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  13. ^ Alaric Timothy Peter Hall (2004). The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England (PDF). Department of English Language, University of Glasgow. pp. 31–37.
  14. ^ Alaric Timothy Peter Hall (2004). The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England (PDF). Department of English Language, University of Glasgow. pp. 37–44.
  15. ^ Ármann Jakobsson (2006). "The Extreme Emotional Life of Völundr the Elf". Scandinavian Studies. 78 (3): 227–254. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  16. ^ Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson (1990). "Folk Narrative and Norse Mythology". Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore. 46: 120. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  17. ^ D. L. Ashliman. "Origin of the Hidden People: Two Legends from Iceland by Jón Arnason". D. L. Ashliman's folktexts. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  18. ^ Brian Pilkington; Terry Gunnell (2008). The Hidden People of Iceland. Reykjavík: Mál og menning. p. 4. ISBN 978-9979-3-2955-8.
  19. ^ Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir (2006). "How Icelandic legends reflect the prohibition on dancing" (PDF). Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore. 61: 25–52. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  20. ^ Einar Ólafur Sveinsson; Einar G. Pétursson; Benedikt Benedikz; Anthony Faulkes (2003). The Folk-Stories of Iceland (PDF). University College London: Viking Society For Northern Research. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-903521-53-6.
  21. ^ Einar Ólafur Sveinsson; Einar G. Pétursson; Benedikt Benedikz; Anthony Faulkes (2003). The Folk-Stories of Iceland (PDF). University College London: Viking Society For Northern Research. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-903521-53-6.
  22. ^ David Wallis (19 September 1999). "The World: Gnome Is Where the Heart Is; What Little Elves Tell Icelanders". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  23. ^ Katrin Sontag (2007). Parallel worlds: fieldwork with elves, Icelanders and academics. University of Iceland. pp. 94–95.
  24. ^ "Álfabrenna í Bolungarvík". vikari.is. 4 January 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  25. ^ Bjarni Brynjólfsson (27 December 2007). "Charming Season". Iceland Review. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  26. ^ Jeffrey Cosser (1994). "Elves and electricity: Midwinter in Iceland". Scandinavian Review. 82 (3): 62–66. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  27. ^ Terry Gunnell (2004). "The Coming of the Christmas Visitors: Folk Legends Concerning the Attacks on Icelandic Farmhouses Made by Spirits at Christmas" (PDF). Northern Studies. 38: 51–75. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  28. ^ Kristiana Magnusson (13 December 1991). "As Christmas Bells Ring Out". Lögberg-Heimskringla. p. 16. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  29. ^ Merle Alexander (19 December 1995). "Christmas abounds with spirits". The Oregonian. pp. FD02.
  30. ^ Sigrún María Kristinsdóttir (6 January 2006). "Getting down with the elves". Yukon News. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  31. ^ B. S. Benedikz (1973). "Basic Themes in Icelandic Folklore". Folklore. 84 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1973.9716492. JSTOR 1260433.
  32. ^ Ólina Thorvarðardóttir (1999). "Spirits of the Land: A Tool for Social Education". Bookbird. 37 (4): 34. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  33. ^ Michael Strmiska (October 2000). "Ásatrú in Iceland: The Rebirth of Nordic Paganism?". Nova Religio. 4 (1): 126. doi:10.1525/nr.2000.4.1.106.
  34. ^ Anna Heida Pálsdóttir (2002). (PDF). University of Coventry. p. 206. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  35. ^ Alan Boucher (1977). Elves, trolls and elemental beings: Icelandic folktales II. Reykjavik: Iceland Review Library. p. 12. OCLC 4277414.
  36. ^ Robert Thomas Anderson (2005). The Ghosts of Iceland. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-534-61052-4.
  37. ^ Terry Gunnell (2007). Introduction. Hildur, Queen of the Elves. By Jane M. Bedell. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-56656-633-9.
  38. ^ Kevin Jon Johnsan (24 February 1995). "Huldufólk and Social History". Lögberg-Heimskringla. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  39. ^ Anna Pietrzkiewicz (9 May 2009). "Huldufólk Beliefs in Iceland and the Problem of Isolation: Interpreting Supernatural Folklore in the Context of Building Identity" (PDF). Taking Shetland Out of the Box: Island Cultures and Shetland Identity. Lerwick: 27.[permanent dead link]
  40. ^ Gabriel Turville-Petre (June 1958). "Dreams in Icelandic Tradition". Folklore. 69 (2): 102–3. JSTOR 1258718.
  41. ^ Brian Pilkington; Terry Gunnell (2008). The Hidden People of Iceland. Reykjavík: Mál og menning. p. 2. ISBN 978-9979-3-2955-8.
  42. ^ Anna Zanchi (2006). . The 13th International Saga Conference. Durham and York: 5–6. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
  43. ^ Susan Salter Reynolds (27 April 2003). "Hunting Whales in West L.A.: Political Correctness, Cultural Imperialism and the Long, Long Journey for the Real Taste of Blubber". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  44. ^ Erlendur Haraldsson (1975). . Archived from the original (DOC) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  45. ^ a b "Skoöanakönnun DV um álfatrú: Meirihluti þjoðarinnar trúir á álfa og huldufólk" [The majority of the people believe in elves and hidden people]. DV (in Icelandic). 22 July 1998. p. 2. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  46. ^ Valdimar Hafstein (2000). (PDF). Fabula. 41 (1–2): 87–104. doi:10.1515/fabl.2000.41.1-2.87. S2CID 162055463. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  47. ^ Sveinn Birkir Björnsson; Terry Gunnell (6 October 2007). "Elves in Cultural Vocabulary". The Reykjavík Grapevine Online. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  48. ^ Kirsten Hastrup (2004). "Getting it right: Knowledge and evidence in anthropology". Anthropological Theory. 4 (4): 465–466. doi:10.1177/1463499604047921. S2CID 145058207. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  49. ^ Douglas McArthur (13 March 1996). "Elfschool tries to make a believer out of everyone". The Globe and Mail.
  50. ^ Sally Kindberg (12 November 2000). "Elves are alive and well in Iceland". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  51. ^ "Icelandic Wonders — Elves, Trolls, Myths, Folklore". Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  52. ^ James M. Markham (30 March 1982). "Iceland's elves are enlisted in anti-NATO effort". The New York Times. pp. A2. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  53. ^ Michael Lewis (April 2009). "Wall Street on the Tundra". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  54. ^ Jonas Moody (18 March 2009). "Vanity Fair's Fishy Tales From Iceland". New York. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  55. ^ "Angry Elves Said to Have Wreaked Havoc in West Fjords". Iceland Review Online. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  56. ^ "Icelandic town hopes angry elves have been soothed by songs". IceNews. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  57. ^ Birgir Olgeirsson (24 June 2011). . Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  58. ^ Kashmira Gander (23 December 2013). "Road project in Iceland delayed to protect 'hidden' elves". The Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  59. ^ Jesse Byock; Jon Erlandson (2005). "A Viking-age Valley in Iceland: The Mosfell Archaeological Project" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 49 (1): 196. doi:10.1179/007660905x54080. S2CID 162307212. Retrieved 2008-12-26. When we dug our first test trench at Kirkjuhóll, Ólafur informed us that no agricultural machinery had ever been used on the knoll because of the reverence attached to Kirkjuhóll in oral memory as the site of an ancient church. To date this remains the case, a situation that is relatively rare on contemporary Icelandic farms which are highly mechanized. The same has held true for Hulduhóll, with oral story attaching to it the interdiction that it was to be left alone because it was inhabited by 'the hidden people' or elves.
  60. ^ a b Sarah Lyall (13 July 2005). "Building in Iceland? Better Clear It With the Elves First". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
  61. ^ a b c Fran Parnell; Etain O'Carroll (2007). Iceland. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-74104-537-6. OCLC 82672249.
  62. ^ Erla Stefánsdóttir (1993). . Hafnarfjörður: Ferðamálanefnd Hafnarfjörður. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  63. ^ Gulli Amason (14 June 2001). . The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  64. ^ Sigurbjörg Karlsdottir. . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  65. ^ "Ferðamenn nýta sér þjónustu álfagöngufyrirtækisins Horft í hamarinn: Það er meira en augað sér". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 13 February 2003. p. 17. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
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  67. ^ Erla Stefánsdóttir (1993). . Hafnarfjörður: Ferðamálanefnd Hafnarfjörður. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-26. 4. Setbergshamar cliff is the home of dwarfs, elves and hidden people with their own elven workshops, churches, schools and libraries.
  68. ^ Elisa Mala (2008). "Global Psyche: Magic Kingdom; In Iceland, the land of elves, you're never alone". Psychology Today. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  69. ^ Markaðsstofa Austurlands. . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2009. Right by the village, the legally protected hill of Álfaborg, which the "fjord of Borg", Borgarfjörður eystri, is named after, rises about 30 m high. Accessed by an easy trail and with an observation point on top, Álfaborg is home to the queen of the Icelandic elves.
  70. ^ Fran Parnell; Etain O'Carroll (2007). Iceland. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-74104-537-6. OCLC 82672249.
  71. ^ Bill Holm (2007). The windows of Brimnes: an American in Iceland. Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions. pp. 63–72. ISBN 978-1-57131-302-7. On the south face of the headland stand several basalt columns called Búðarbrekkur (the Shop Slope). Local lore has it that this is the church, shop, and dwelling of the elves.
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  74. ^ . Visit Iceland. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011. At about 3 km from Laugar you may find the rocky hill Tungustapi, home of elves.
  75. ^ . Visit Iceland. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011. The farmers in the area never made or make hay on the hill, because it is said to belong to the elves living in the area.
  76. ^ Sigurður Kristjánsson (2002). "Áminning". Glettingur (in Icelandic). 12 (2): 30.
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  81. ^ "SKÁLD on Instagram: "" They can make themselves visible at will " #newalbum #comingsoon"". Instagram. Retrieved 2022-11-10.

Further reading edit

  • Ármann Jakobsson. “Beware of the Elf!: A note on the Evolving Meaning of Álfar,” Folklore 126 (2015), 215–23.
  • Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson (1993). . Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore. 49: 123–131. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  • Eygló Svala Arnarsdóttir (6 July 2007). "Iceland's hidden people". Iceland Review. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  • Ingibjörg Rósa Björnsdóttir (25 July 2007). "Don't Spit in the Dark". Iceland Review. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  • Vilborg Davíðsdóttir (2007). "Elves on the move: midwinter mumming and house-visiting in Iceland". In Terry Gunnell (ed.). Masks and mumming in the nordic area. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur. pp. 643–666. ISBN 978-91-85352-70-8. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  • Vanessa Doutreleau (2003). "Elfes et rapports à la nature en Islande". Ethnologie française (in French). 33 (4): 655–663. doi:10.3917/ethn.034.0655. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  • Valdimar Tr. Hafstein (1998). "Komdu í handarkrika minn. Hlutur sjáenda í huldufólkstrú og sögnum ["Come under my armpit. The role of seers in elf beliefs and legends"]". In Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson; Jón Jónsson (eds.). Þjóðlíf og þjóðtrú. Afmælisrit dr. Jóns Hnefils Aðalsteinssonar (in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Þjóðsaga. pp. 377–399. ISBN 978-9979-59-079-8. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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February 24, 2024
huldufólk, hidden, people, redirects, here, alison, littlewood, novel, hidden, people, hulder, general, folklore, these, beings, across, scandinavia, hidden, people, elves, icelandic, faroese, folklore, they, supernatural, beings, that, live, nature, they, loo. Hidden people redirects here For the Alison Littlewood novel see The Hidden People See hulder for general folklore on these beings across Scandinavia Huldufolk a or hidden people are elves in Icelandic and Faroese folklore 1 2 They are supernatural beings that live in nature They look and behave similarly to humans but live in a parallel world 3 They can make themselves visible at will 4 Konrad von Maurer cites a 19th century Icelandic source claiming that the only visible difference between normal people and outwardly human appearing huldufolk is the latter have a convex rather than concave philtrum below their noses 2 Hidden peopleEngraving of a man jumping after a female elf into a precipice GroupingMythologicalSimilar entitiesElf hulder fairy mermaid pixie sprite leprechaunCountryIceland Faroe IslandsHabitatVariousIn Faroese folk tales 5 hidden people are said to be large in build their clothes are all grey and their hair black Their dwellings are in mounds and they are also called Elves 6 Some Icelandic folk tales caution against throwing stones as it may hit the hidden people 7 The term huldufolk was taken as a synonym of alfar elves in 19th century Icelandic folklore Jon Arnason found that the terms are synonymous except alfar is a pejorative term Konrad von Maurer contends that huldufolk originates as a euphemism to avoid calling the alfar by their real name 8 There is however some evidence that the two terms have come to be taken as referring to two distinct sets of supernatural beings in contemporary Iceland Katrin Sontag found that some people do not differentiate elves from hidden people while others do 9 A 2006 survey found that 54 of respondents did not distinguish between elves and hidden people 20 did and 26 said they were not sure 10 Contents 1 Origins 2 Holidays 3 Icelandic and Faroese folklore 4 Contemporary Iceland 4 1 Tourism 4 2 Recent incidents 5 Significant sites 6 Modern cultural references 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingOrigins editTerry Gunnell writes different beliefs could have lived side by side in multicultural settlement Iceland before they gradually blended into the latter day Icelandic alfar and huldufolk 11 He also writes Huldufolk and alfar undoubtedly arose from the same need The Norse settlers had the alfar the Irish slaves had the hill fairies or the Good People Over time they became two different beings but really they are two different sets of folklore that mean the same thing 12 Precursors to elves hidden people can be found in the writings of Snorri Sturluson 13 and in skaldic verse 14 Elves were also mentioned in Poetic Edda 15 and appear to be connected to fertility 16 The Christianization of Iceland in the 11th century brought with it new religious concepts According to one Christian folk tale the origins of the hidden people can be traced to Adam and Eve Eve hid her dirty unwashed children from God and lied about their existence God then declared What man hides from God God will hide from man 17 Other Christian folktales claim that hidden people originate from Lilith or are fallen angels condemned to live between heaven and hell 18 In succession of Christianization official opposition to dancing may have begun in Iceland as early as the 12th century and the association of dancing with elves can be seen as early as the 15th century One folktale shows the elves siding with the common people and taking revenge on a sheriff who banned dance parties Adalheidur Gudmundsdottir concludes that these legends show that Icelanders missed dancing 19 In the 13th and 14th centuries books from mainland Europe reached Iceland and may have influenced folktales about elves 20 Einar olafur Sveinsson writes Round about 1600 sources for hidden folk become so voluminous that we can readily define the beliefs and legends about them and after that there is one source after another about them right down into the twentieth century 21 According to Arni Bjornsson belief in hidden people grew during the 17th and 18th centuries when Iceland was facing tough times 22 Holidays editThere are four Icelandic holidays considered to have a special connection with hidden people New Year s Eve Thirteenth Night January 6 Midsummer Night and Christmas night 23 Elf bonfires alfabrennur are a common part of the holiday festivities on Twelfth Night January 6 24 25 26 There are many Icelandic folktales about elves and hidden people invading Icelandic farmhouses during Christmas and holding wild parties 27 It is customary in Iceland to clean the house before Christmas and to leave food for the huldufolk on Christmas 28 On New Year s Eve it is believed that the elves move to new locations and Icelanders leave candles to help them find their way 29 On Midsummer Night folklore states that if you sit at a crossroads elves will attempt to seduce you with food and gifts there are grave consequences for being seduced by their offers but great rewards for resisting 30 Icelandic and Faroese folklore editSeveral scholars have commented on the connections between hidden people and the Icelandic natural environment B S Benedikz in his discussion of Jon Arnason s grouping of folktales about elves water dwellers and trolls together writes The reason is of course perfectly clear When one s life is conditioned by a landscape dominated by rocks twisted by volcanic action wind and water into ferocious and alarming shapes the imagination fastens on these natural phenomena 31 olina Thorvardardottir writes Oral tales concerning Icelandic elves and trolls no doubt served as warning fables They prevented many children from wandering away from human habitations taught Iceland s topographical history and instilled fear and respect for the harsh powers of nature 32 Michael Strmiska writes The Huldufolk are not so much supernatural as ultranatural representing not an overcoming of nature in the hope of a better deal beyond but a deep reverence for the land and the mysterious powers able to cause fertility or famine 33 Palsdottir claims that in a landscape filled with earthquakes avalanches and volcanoes it is no wonder that the native people have assigned some secret life to the landscape There had to be some unseen powers behind such unpredictability such cruelty 34 Alan Boucher writes Thus the Icelander s ambivalent attitude towards nature the enemy and the provider is clearly expressed in these stories which preserve a good deal of popular and in some cases probably pre christian belief 35 Robert Anderson writes that syncretism is active in Iceland where Christianity spiritism and Icelandic elf lore have syncretized in at least a couple instances 36 Terry Gunnell notes that hidden people legends recorded in the 18th and 19th centuries showed them to be near mirror images of those humans who told stories about them except they were beautiful powerful alluring and free from care while the Icelanders were often starving and struggling for existence The huldufolk seem in many ways to represent the Icelander s dreams of a more perfect and happy existence 37 Anthropologist Jon Haukur Ingimundarson claimed that hidden people tales told by 19th century Icelandic women were a reflection of how only 47 of women were married and sisters often found themselves relegated to very different functions and levels of status in society the vast majority of Icelandic girls were shunted into supporting roles in the household He goes on to say that these stories justified the differences in role and status between sisters and inculcated in young girls the stoic adage never to despair which was a psychological preparedness many would need as they found themselves reduced in status and denied the proper outlet for their sexuality in marriage thereby sometimes having to rely on infanticide to take care of the unsolicited and insupportable effects of their occasional amours an element related in huldufolk stories 38 Anna Pietrzkiewicz contends that the hidden people symbolize idealized Icelandic identity and society the key elements of which are seeing the past as a source of pride and nature as unique and pure 39 Hidden people often appear in the dreams of Icelanders 40 They are usually described as wearing 19th century Icelandic clothing 41 and are often described as wearing green 42 In one version of modern Faroese folklore the hidden people vanished in the 1950s when electricity was brought to the island 43 Contemporary Iceland editA survey of Icelanders born between 1870 and 1920 found that people did not generally believe in hidden people and that when they had learned about supernatural beings in their youth those lessons had mostly been made for amusement 44 About 10 seemed to actually believe in hidden people 44 A survey from 1974 showed that among those born between 1904 and 1944 7 were certain of the existence of hidden people 44 Several modern surveys have been made showing a surprising number of believers Around 7 8 claim to be certain that elves exist and around 45 claim it is likely or possible 45 10 46 47 These surveys have been criticized as being misrepresentative 4 as journalists have claimed that they show that a majority of Icelanders believe in elves 46 despite belief not being that serious 4 Folklore professor Terry Gunnell has said Very few will say immediately that they believe in such but they won t deny it either 48 Different ways of asking could elicit very different responses 49 Arni Bjornsson claims the beliefs are simplified and exaggerated for the entertainment of children and tourists and that it is a somewhat misrepresentative yet harmless trick used by the tourism industry to entice visitors 4 The stories of elves may have been fun tales rather than beliefs 4 44 Tourism edit The Icelandic Elf School in Reykjavik organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors 50 51 Hafnarfjordur offers a Hidden Worlds tour a guided walk of about 90 minutes It includes a stroll through Hellisgerdi Park where the paths wind through a lava field planted with tall trees and potted bonsai trees in summer and said to be peopled with the town s largest elf colony Stokkseyri has the Icelandic Wonders museum where Museum guests will walk into a world of the Icelandic elves and hidden people and get a glimpse of their life 52 Recent incidents edit During road construction in Kopavogur in 1971 a bulldozer broke down The driver placed the blame on elves living in a large rock Despite locals not having been aware of any elves living in the rock newspapers ran with the story thus starting the myth that Icelandic road construction was often impeded by elves 4 In 1982 150 Icelanders went to the NATO base in Keflavik to look for elves who might be endangered by American Phantom jets and AWACS reconnaissance planes 53 In 2004 Alcoa had to have a government expert certify that their chosen building site was free of archaeological sites including ones related to huldufolk folklore before they could build an aluminium smelter in Iceland 54 55 In 2011 elves huldufolk were believed by some to be responsible for an incident in Bolungarvik where rocks rained down on residential streets 56 57 58 In 2013 proposed road construction from the Alftanes peninsula to the Reykjavik suburb of Gardabaer was stopped because elf supporters and environmental groups protested stating that the road would destroy the habitat of elves and local cultural beliefs 59 Significant sites edit nbsp Alfaborg IcelandHulduholl Elfin Hill a hillock approximately 60 meters west of Kirkjuholl 60 64 11 17 52 N 21 38 31 38 W 64 1882000 N 21 6420500 W 64 1882000 21 6420500 Hulduholl Hafnarfjordur 61 62 63 64 65 66 areas include Hellisgerdi Lava Park 62 64 4 17 N 21 57 30 W 64 07139 N 21 95833 W 64 07139 21 95833 Hellisgerdi Lava Park Hamarinn Cliffs 62 64 3 57 81 N 21 56 59 06 W 64 0660583 N 21 9497389 W 64 0660583 21 9497389 Hamarinn Cliffs near Sundholl Hafnarfjardar swimming pool 67 64 4 22 02 N 21 58 7 62 W 64 0727833 N 21 9687833 W 64 0727833 21 9687833 Sundholl Hafnarfjardar Setbergshamar cliff 68 64 4 16 08 N 21 55 57 96 W 64 0711333 N 21 9327667 W 64 0711333 21 9327667 Setbergshamar cliff Asbyrgi 66 0 52 N 16 30 12 W 66 01444 N 16 50333 W 66 01444 16 50333 Asbyrgi Lambi Alfholsvegur Elf Hill Road a street in Kopavogur 61 69 64 6 40 62 N 21 52 12 66 W 64 1112833 N 21 8701833 W 64 1112833 21 8701833 Alfholsvegur Alfaborg in Borgarfjordur Eystri 70 71 65 31 19 57 N 13 48 27 76 W 65 5221028 N 13 8077111 W 65 5221028 13 8077111 Alfaborg Budarbrekkur in Brimnes 72 65 57 8 7 N 19 28 54 78 W 65 952417 N 19 4818833 W 65 952417 19 4818833 Budarbrekkur Grundarfjordur 73 Stapafell 74 64 46 23 7 N 23 39 28 2 W 64 773250 N 23 657833 W 64 773250 23 657833 Stapafell Tungustapi 75 65 15 18 66 N 21 48 23 64 W 65 2551833 N 21 8065667 W 65 2551833 21 8065667 Tungustapi Svalthufa 76 64 44 10 62 N 23 46 59 28 W 64 7362833 N 23 7831333 W 64 7362833 23 7831333 Svalthufa Skuggahlidarbjarg 77 65 6 19 2 N 13 49 28 74 W 65 105333 N 13 8246500 W 65 105333 13 8246500 Skuggahlidarbjarg Grimsey 78 66 32 39 92 N 18 0 16 74 W 66 5444222 N 18 0046500 W 66 5444222 18 0046500 Grimsey The attic of Gimli Public School 1915 in the New Iceland Heritage Museum Gimli Manitoba 79 80 50 38 3 01 N 96 59 14 75 W 50 6341694 N 96 9874306 W 50 6341694 96 9874306 Gimli Public School 1915 Modern cultural references editIn the 2018 musical Frozen based on the 2013 film of the same name the characters which were depicted in the original movie as trolls became in the Broadway show a reference to the Huldufolk named in the musical the hidden folk 81 Huldufolk is the title of French Nordic folk group SKALD s 2023 album 82 See also editAlagablettur Domovoy Gnome Kallikantzaros Troll Taniwha Vaettir VittraNotes edit In Icelandic and Faroese From huldu pertaining to secrecy and folk people folk References edit Jon Arnason George E J Powell Eirikur Magnusson 1866 Introductory Essay Icelandic Legends Volume 2 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point on top Alfaborg is home to the queen of the Icelandic elves Fran Parnell Etain O Carroll 2007 Iceland Footscray Victoria Lonely Planet p 261 ISBN 978 1 74104 537 6 OCLC 82672249 Bill Holm 2007 The windows of Brimnes an American in Iceland Minneapolis Milkweed Editions pp 63 72 ISBN 978 1 57131 302 7 On the south face of the headland stand several basalt columns called Budarbrekkur the Shop Slope Local lore has it that this is the church shop and dwelling of the elves Jonathan Wilcox Zawiah Abdul Latif 2007 Cultures of the World Iceland Tarrytown New York Marshall Cavendish p 88 ISBN 978 0 7614 2074 3 Attraction Stapafell Visit Iceland Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 Attraction Laugar in Saelingsdal Visit Iceland Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 At about 3 km from Laugar you may find the rocky hill Tungustapi home of elves Attraction Londrangar basalt cliffs Visit Iceland Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 The farmers in the area never made or make hay on the hill because it is said to belong to the elves living in the area Sigurdur Kristjansson 2002 Aminning Glettingur in Icelandic 12 2 30 Iceland Road Guide Grimsey Vegahandbokin ehf 2009 Retrieved 11 July 2011 Grimsey is said to be the home of many elves or hidden people whose church is supposed to be at Nonbrik Diane Slawych 15 September 2004 Gimli s hidden people Canoe Travel Archived from the original on August 1 2012 Retrieved 31 May 2009 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Dilla Narfason 9 July 1993 Huldufolk Found and Exposed in Gimli Logberg Heimskringla p 2 Retrieved 7 June 2009 McHenry Jackson 2017 08 09 Unlike the Internet the Frozen Musical Will Have No Trolls Vulture Retrieved 2022 11 10 SKALD on Instagram They can make themselves visible at will newalbum comingsoon Instagram Retrieved 2022 11 10 Further reading editArmann Jakobsson Beware of the Elf A note on the Evolving Meaning of Alfar Folklore 126 2015 215 23 Jon Hnefill Adalsteinsson 1993 The testimony of waking consciousness and dreams in migratory legends concerning human encounters with the hidden people Arv Nordic Yearbook of Folklore 49 123 131 Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Eyglo Svala Arnarsdottir 6 July 2007 Iceland s hidden people Iceland Review Retrieved 25 June 2010 Ingibjorg Rosa Bjornsdottir 25 July 2007 Don t Spit in the Dark Iceland Review Retrieved 25 June 2010 Vilborg Davidsdottir 2007 Elves on the move midwinter mumming and house visiting in Iceland In Terry Gunnell ed Masks and mumming in the nordic area Uppsala Kungl Gustav Adolfs Akademien for svensk folkkultur pp 643 666 ISBN 978 91 85352 70 8 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Vanessa Doutreleau 2003 Elfes et rapports a la nature en Islande Ethnologie francaise in French 33 4 655 663 doi 10 3917 ethn 034 0655 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Valdimar Tr Hafstein 1998 Komdu i handarkrika minn Hlutur sjaenda i huldufolkstru og sognum Come under my armpit The role of seers in elf beliefs and legends In Jon Hnefill Adalsteinsson Jon Jonsson eds THjodlif og thjodtru Afmaelisrit dr Jons Hnefils Adalsteinssonar in Icelandic Reykjavik THjodsaga pp 377 399 ISBN 978 9979 59 079 8 Retrieved 2010 06 12 Valdimar Tr Hafstein 1998 Respekt fyrir steinum Alfatru og natturusyn Respect for stones Elf belief and visions of nature In Fridrik H Jonsson ed Rannsoknir i felagsvisindum II erindi flutt a radstefnu i februar 1997 in Icelandic Vol 26 Reykjavik University of Iceland Press pp 327 336 ISBN 978 9979 54 349 7 Retrieved 12 June 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help dead link Valdimar Tr Hafstein 2003 Hjolaskoflur og huldufolk Islensk sjalfsmynd og alfahefd samtimans Bulldozers and hidden people Icelandic identity and contemporary elf tradition In Jon Yngvi Johannsson Kolbeinn ottarsson Proppe Sverrir Jakobsson eds THjoderni i thusund ar in Icelandic Reykjavik Haskolautgafan pp 197 213 ISBN 978 9979 54 521 7 Retrieved 10 June 2010 Olga Holownia 2009 Alfar i huldufolk O islandzkich elfach w mitologii sagach i podaniach ludowych The Icelandic elves in mythology sagas and folk legends In Roman Chymkowski Wlodzimierz K Pessel eds Islandia Wprowadzenie do wiedzy o spoleczenstwie i kulturze Iceland Introduction to knowledge about society and culture in Polish Warsaw Trio ISBN 978 83 7436 172 9 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Unnur Jokulsdottir 2007 Hefurdu sed huldufolk ferdasaga Have you seen the hidden people An itinerary in Icelandic Reykjavik Mal og menning ISBN 978 9979 3 2920 6 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Sara Muller 2005 Les lieux a elfes de Reykjavik objet paradoxal d invention de la modernite Elves places in Reykjavik paradoxical object of modern expression Geographie et Cultures in French 55 55 7 22 Retrieved 5 June 2010 Einar G Petursson 2005 Um alfatru a Islandi og i Faereyjum og einkum um soguna af Alfa Arna In Magnus Snaedal Anfinnur Johansen eds Fraendafundur 5 fyrirlestrar fra islensk faereyskri radstefnu i Reykjavik 19 20 juni 2004 PDF in Icelandic Reykjavik Haskolautgafan pp 28 38 ISBN 978 9979 54 694 8 Archived from the original PDF on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 5 June 2010 Christophe Pons 1998 Gegner thjodtru Draugasaga i mannfraedilegu ljosi Draugasaga i mannfraedilegu ljosi French title Pour En Finir Avec La Croyance Une Analyse Anthropologique d histoire de Fantome Contrary to folklore An Anthropological Analysis of ghost stories PDF Skirnir in Icelandic and French 172 1 143 163 Retrieved 1 June 2010 Alda Sigmundsdottir 19 April 2009 My Iceland the glamorous opulence of the hidden people The Iceland Weather Report Retrieved 26 June 2010 Jacqueline Simpson Jon Arnason 1972 Icelandic folktales and legends Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 02116 7 Retrieved 10 June 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Huldufolk amp oldid 1201913489, 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