The following description of this butterfly was written by Adalbert Seitz in 1909:[1]
Z. betulae L. Black-brown; male with a pale diffuse patch, female with a broad orange band beyond the crossveins. Underside ochreous, with dark-edged white lines. In North and Central Europe und Northern Asia eastward to the Pacific. Tutt name males without the pale diffuse patch beyond the crossveins ab. unicolor, while this patch is nearly white in ab. pallida Tutt. In ab. spinosae Gerh. there appear beyond the apex of the cell small orange-spots , which may be paler yellow than the discal spots of the female. The orange discal band of the female is sometimes narrow: ab. restricta Tutt, and sometimes broad (= ab. lata). females in which the band is pale ochreous instead of orange are ab. fisoni Wheeler, while the band is separated into several spots by the heavily black veins in ab. lineata Tutt. A very remarkable form is ab. cuneata Tutt, which bears a broad orange submarginal band on the hindwing. On the underside the white lines are sometimes more or less obsolete, or distorted (= ab. nucilinea). Or they may be strongly developed and modified into a kind of white-edged dark band in consequence of the interspace between the white lines being dark ; this is ab. virgata Tutt. — Of the geographical races ongodai Tutt is the one nearest to the European form. The male has distinct discal lunules at the apex of the cell on the forewing but no pale patch beyond the same, the orange spots on the anal lobe of the hindwing and near the base of the tail being larger and more distinct. The orange spot of the female is very narrow, being traversed by the black veins. — crassa Leech (74 g) is much larger even than large European specimens (ab. major Tutt the tail being longer, and sometimes, not always, the colour of the underside darker. West China. — elwesi Leech (74 g) has the upperside of the (here figured) entirely orange except for the distal margin of the forewing and the sooty base of the hindwing, the male bearing brownish orange spots beyond the cell of the forewing. Central and West China. — Egg white, depressed, rough. Larva adult in June, clothed with short thin hairs, green with a yellow line on back and sides, yellow subdorsal oblique spots and a brown retractile head; on certain Prunus and Amygdalus, more rarely on birch, hazel and cherry. Pupa very smooth, rounded everywhere, pale brown, with thin lighter and darker markings; although fastened only by the cremaster, not by a girth, it is closely applied with its underside to its support The butterfliesoccur from July until late in October near woods, in avenues and gardens. They rest concealed among the foliage, and can fly rather fast and without interruption. They visit flowers, particularly umbellifers, and have also been observed at bait. They are plentiful wherever they occur, being very abundant in some years. In opposition to other observers I have sometimes seen 3 or 4 males resting together on a leaf.
T. b. coreana (Nire, 1919) Korea. Larva on Fabaceae
T. b. elwesi Leech, 1890 western and central China
T. b. yiliguozigounae Huang & Murayama, 1992 China
Appearance and behaviouredit
female ready to lay an egg
A little butterfly that is found along hedges, scrub, and wood edges but is often overlooked since it spends much of its time high in the tree canopy. Like the purple emperor this butterfly uses 'master trees', usually European ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Males and unmated females congregate at the tops of isolated trees. Once mated the female descends to lower levels to begin laying her eggs. Males rarely descend and both feed mainly on honeydew. Both sexes are dark brown on the upperside with orange tails. The female also has a bright orange band across both forewings. The undersides are similar in both sexes and are bright orange with two white streaks.
Life cycle and food plantsedit
EggFigs. 4, 4a larva after last moult 4b pupa side view and back view
In Europe the female lays her eggs on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) in late August which overwinter, hatching the following spring when the buds are breaking. It has been found that the best way to find breeding sites for this species is to look for the conspicuous white eggs in the winter. The larvae are extremely well camouflaged and feed only at night, remaining motionless during the day. Pupation takes place in leaf litter on the ground in late June or early July and are attractive to ants who will bury them in shallow cells.
^Seitz, A. Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^"Brown Hairstreak". butterfly-conservation.org. from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
^Eeles, Peter. "UK Butterflies - Butterflies and the Law". ukbutterflies.co.uk. from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
Asher, Jim, Martin Warren, Richard Fox, Paul Harding, Gaile Jeffcoate & Stephen Jeffcoate (Eds), 2001. The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press.
Thomas, J.A. & A.M. Emmet, 1990. Thecla betulae (Linnaeus). Pages 123–126 in A. Maitland Emmet, John Heath et al. (eds) The Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 7, Part 1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae). Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
Thecla betulae Linnaeus, 1758. Species account at Butterfly Conservation Armenia species account [1]
External linksedit
Wikispecies has information related to Brown hairstreak.
UK Butterflies web-page for Brown Hairstreak—including numerous images of all stages
Brown Hairstreak (upperwing)
Brown Hairstreak (underwing)
Brown hairstreak in Armenia
February 16, 2024
brown, hairstreak, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, october,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Brown hairstreak news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The brown hairstreak Thecla betulae is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae The range includes most of the Palaearctic Brown hairstreakFemalein BulgariaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraFamily LycaenidaeGenus TheclaSpecies T betulaeBinomial nameThecla betulae Linnaeus 1758 SubspeciesSee text Contents 1 Description 2 Subspecies 3 Appearance and behaviour 4 Life cycle and food plants 5 Conservation status 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription editThe following description of this butterfly was written by Adalbert Seitz in 1909 1 Z betulae L Black brown male with a pale diffuse patch female with a broad orange band beyond the crossveins Underside ochreous with dark edged white lines In North and Central Europe und Northern Asia eastward to the Pacific Tutt name males without the pale diffuse patch beyond the crossveins ab unicolor while this patch is nearly white in ab pallida Tutt In ab spinosae Gerh there appear beyond the apex of the cell small orange spots which may be paler yellow than the discal spots of the female The orange discal band of the female is sometimes narrow ab restricta Tutt and sometimes broad ab lata females in which the band is pale ochreous instead of orange are ab fisoni Wheeler while the band is separated into several spots by the heavily black veins in ab lineata Tutt A very remarkable form is ab cuneata Tutt which bears a broad orange submarginal band on the hindwing On the underside the white lines are sometimes more or less obsolete or distorted ab nucilinea Or they may be strongly developed and modified into a kind of white edged dark band in consequence of the interspace between the white lines being dark this is ab virgata Tutt Of the geographical races ongodai Tutt is the one nearest to the European form The male has distinct discal lunules at the apex of the cell on the forewing but no pale patch beyond the same the orange spots on the anal lobe of the hindwing and near the base of the tail being larger and more distinct The orange spot of the female is very narrow being traversed by the black veins crassa Leech 74 g is much larger even than large European specimens ab major Tutt the tail being longer and sometimes not always the colour of the underside darker West China elwesi Leech 74 g has the upperside of the here figured entirely orange except for the distal margin of the forewing and the sooty base of the hindwing the male bearing brownish orange spots beyond the cell of the forewing Central and West China Egg white depressed rough Larva adult in June clothed with short thin hairs green with a yellow line on back and sides yellow subdorsal oblique spots and a brown retractile head on certain Prunus and Amygdalus more rarely on birch hazel and cherry Pupa very smooth rounded everywhere pale brown with thin lighter and darker markings although fastened only by the cremaster not by a girth it is closely applied with its underside to its support The butterfliesoccur from July until late in October near woods in avenues and gardens They rest concealed among the foliage and can fly rather fast and without interruption They visit flowers particularly umbellifers and have also been observed at bait They are plentiful wherever they occur being very abundant in some years In opposition to other observers I have sometimes seen 3 or 4 males resting together on a leaf Subspecies editT b betulae Europe northern Caucasus Transcaucasia Saur Tarbagatai Dzhungarsky Alatau Siberia Amur Ussuri Larva on Prunus spinosa Caucasus Crataegus sanguinea southern Altai Saur T b crassa Leech 1894 southern Ussuri Larva on Prunus padus Prunus mandshurica T b ongodai Tutt 1908 Altai T b coreana Nire 1919 Korea Larva on Fabaceae T b elwesi Leech 1890 western and central China T b yiliguozigounae Huang amp Murayama 1992 ChinaAppearance and behaviour edit nbsp female ready to lay an eggA little butterfly that is found along hedges scrub and wood edges but is often overlooked since it spends much of its time high in the tree canopy Like the purple emperor this butterfly uses master trees usually European ash Fraxinus excelsior Males and unmated females congregate at the tops of isolated trees Once mated the female descends to lower levels to begin laying her eggs Males rarely descend and both feed mainly on honeydew Both sexes are dark brown on the upperside with orange tails The female also has a bright orange band across both forewings The undersides are similar in both sexes and are bright orange with two white streaks Life cycle and food plants edit nbsp Egg nbsp Figs 4 4a larva after last moult 4b pupa side view and back viewIn Europe the female lays her eggs on blackthorn Prunus spinosa in late August which overwinter hatching the following spring when the buds are breaking It has been found that the best way to find breeding sites for this species is to look for the conspicuous white eggs in the winter The larvae are extremely well camouflaged and feed only at night remaining motionless during the day Pupation takes place in leaf litter on the ground in late June or early July and are attractive to ants who will bury them in shallow cells Conservation status editThis butterfly species is protected in the UK via Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981 2 3 See also editList of butterflies of Great BritainReferences edit Seitz A Seitz A ed Band 1 Abt 1 Die Grossschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes Die palaearktischen Tagfalter 1909 379 Seiten mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln 3470 Figuren nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Brown Hairstreak butterfly conservation org Archived from the original on 2020 10 30 Retrieved 2020 10 30 Eeles Peter UK Butterflies Butterflies and the Law ukbutterflies co uk Archived from the original on 2020 06 15 Retrieved 2020 10 30 Asher Jim Martin Warren Richard Fox Paul Harding Gaile Jeffcoate amp Stephen Jeffcoate Eds 2001 The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland Oxford University Press Thomas J A amp A M Emmet 1990 Thecla betulae Linnaeus Pages 123 126 in A Maitland Emmet John Heath et al eds The Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 7 Part 1 Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae Harley Books Colchester UK Thecla betulae Linnaeus 1758 Species account at Butterfly Conservation Armenia species account 1 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Brown hairstreak Butterfly Conservation page for Brown Hairstreak UK Butterflies web page for Brown Hairstreak including numerous images of all stages Field notes from a research study Butterfly guide co uk entry Image of male underside Brown Hairstreak upperwing Brown Hairstreak underwing Brown hairstreak in Armenia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brown hairstreak amp oldid 1192119496, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
