Lerwick
Lerwick (/ˈlɛrɪk/; Old Norse: Leirvik; Norn: Larvik) is the main town and port of the Shetland archipelago, Scotland. Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.[3]
| Lerwick | |
|---|---|
View of Lerwick from above near the Town Hall | |
Lerwick Location within Shetland | |
| Area | 3.15 km2 (1.22 sq mi) [1] |
| Population | 6,760 (mid-2020 est.)[2] |
| • Density | 2,146/km2 (5,560/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | HU474414 |
| • Edinburgh | 300 miles (480 km) |
| • London | 600 miles (970 km) |
| Civil parish |
|
| Council area | |
| Lieutenancy area | |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SHETLAND |
| Postcode district | ZE1 |
| Dialling code | 01595 |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
| UK Parliament | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| 60°09′18″N 1°08′42″W / 60.155°N 1.145°WCoordinates: 60°09′18″N 1°08′42″W / 60.155°N 1.145°W | |
Centred 123 miles (200 km) off the north coast of the Scottish mainland and on the east coast of the Shetland Mainland, Lerwick lies 211 miles (340 km) north-by-northeast of Aberdeen; 222 miles (357 km) west of the similarly sheltered port of Bergen in Norway; and 228 miles (367 km) south east of Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands.[n 1] One of the UK's coastal weather stations is situated there, with the local climate having small seasonal variation due to the maritime influence. Being located further north than Saint Petersburg and the three mainland Nordic capitals, Lerwick's nights in the middle of summer only get dark twilight and winters have below six hours of complete daylight.[4][5]
History
Lerwick is a name with roots in Old Norse and its local descendant, Norn, which was spoken in Shetland until the mid-19th century. The name "Lerwick" means bay of clay. The corresponding Norwegian name is Leirvik, leir meaning clay and vik meaning "bay" or "inlet". Towns with similar names exist in southwestern Norway (Leirvik, Lervik) and on the Faroe Islands (Leirvík).[6]
Evidence of human settlement in the Lerwick area dates back to the Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) and the Bronze Age (2500–800 BC) known from paleoenvironmental records for human activity and the recovery of artefacts, including a stone axe head submerged in Bressay Sound. Iron Age (800 BC – AD 800) settlement is known at the Broch of Clickimin, which was constructed as early as 400 BC.[7] The first settlement to be known as Lerwick was founded in the 17th century as a herring and white fish seaport to trade with the Dutch fishing fleet. This settlement was on the mainland (west) side of Bressay Sound, a natural harbour with south and north entrances between the Shetland mainland and the island of Bressay. Its collection of wooden huts was burned to the ground twice: once in the 17th century by the residents of Scalloway on the western side of Mainland, then the capital of Shetland, who disapproved of the immoral and drunken activities of the assembled fishermen and sailors; again in 1702 by the French fleet.[8]
Fort Charlotte was built in the mid 17th century on Lerwick's waterfront, and permanent stone-built buildings began to be erected around the fort and along the shoreline. The principal concentration of buildings was in the "lanes" area: a steep hillside stretching from the shoreline to Hillhead at the top. Lerwick became capital of the Shetland Islands in 1708, taking over the function from Scalloway. The civil parish of Lerwick had been in 1701 created from a small part of the parish of Tingwall, to which Scalloway still belongs. When Lerwick became more prosperous through sea trade and the fishing industry during the 19th century, the town expanded in 1891 to the west of Hillhead, thereby including the former civil parishes of Gulberwick and Quarff, as well as the islands parish of Burra. Lerwick Town Hall was built during this period of expansion.[9]
Lerwick war memorial dates from 1923 and was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.[10] The next period of significant expansion was during the North Sea oil boom of the 1970s when large housing developments were built to the north of Staney Hill (located in Lerwick) and to the south (Nederdale and Sandveien).[11]
Climate
Lerwick has transitioned from a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) to a maritime climate (Cfb) with cool to cold temperatures all year long. The lack of trees reflects the latter type. This is particularly pronounced by virtue of Lerwick being on the coast of an island, so even extreme temperature records are subdued; the record high stands at just 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) (July 1991) and the record low just −8.9 °C (16.0 °F) (January 1952 and January 1959). Lerwick is also a very cloudy town, averaging only 1,110 sunshine hours annually. February is the coldest month, with high temperatures averaging around 5.5 °C (41.9 °F). In August, the warmest month, average high temperatures are near 14.5 °C (58.1 °F). This produces an extremely narrow difference for an area north of the 60 parallel. In terms of average monthly precipitation, October to January are the year's wettest months, with over 140 mm (5.5 in) of precipitation each month; May and June are the driest months, with average monthly precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) each. Snowfall can occur, primarily from December to March, but snow accumulation is rarely heavy and usually short-lived. The exposed North Atlantic location and proximity to autumn and winter storm tracks means high winds are a regular occurrence, alongside high levels of cloudiness and precipitation. Temperatures are likely to be slightly milder in the town centre at sea level, as the weather station is at an elevation of 82 metres (269 ft).[12]
Owing to its northerly location, winter months are extremely dark in Lerwick. On the day of the winter solstice it gets only 5 hours and 49 minutes of daylight.[13] In sharp contrast daylight lasts 18 hours and 55 minutes on the day of the summer solstice.[14] As a result, nights never get completely dark for a period of time in summer, with dark blue elements remaining in the sky. The maritime influence tempers the climate effects of these swings in daylight, but in many areas of the world this latitude has hostile winters. Farther north in the world, only the Faroe Islands have such high January averages as Lerwick and fellow Shetland station at Baltasound – with the warm Atlantic currents preventing ice formation. Only when temperatures in continental areas are record cold does Lerwick experience some cold as was the case in December 2010 during the severe cold wave affecting the British Isles and Europe that covered much of mainland UK in snow.[15] Even so, average highs remained above 3 °C (37 °F) and frosts were light. Even warm summers are also extremely rare with the warmest recorded month being July 2006 at an average high of 16 °C (61 °F).[16]
| Climate data for Lerwick (S. Screen)[a], elevation 82 m (269 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.1 (61.0) | 20.7 (69.3) | 22.2 (72.0) | 23.4 (74.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 12.6 (54.7) | 23.4 (74.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 6.7 (44.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 10.4 (50.7) | 8.1 (46.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.8 (49.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 3.8 (38.8) | 4.6 (40.3) | 6.1 (43.0) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.2 (54.0) | 12.6 (54.7) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 6.2 (43.2) | 4.5 (40.1) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.8 (35.2) | 2.4 (36.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | 5.6 (42.1) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.1 (50.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 9.1 (48.4) | 6.6 (43.9) | 4.3 (39.7) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.3 (41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.9 (16.0) | −7.4 (18.7) | −8.3 (17.1) | −5.7 (21.7) | −2.2 (28.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 3.5 (38.3) | 2.8 (37.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | −3.3 (26.1) | −5.7 (21.7) | −8.2 (17.2) | −8.9 (16.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 150.4 (5.92) | 122.7 (4.83) | 109.2 (4.30) | 67.8 (2.67) | 56.9 (2.24) | 59.8 (2.35) | 67.7 (2.67) | 88.6 (3.49) | 105.8 (4.17) | 130.6 (5.14) | 143.2 (5.64) | 149.7 (5.89) | 1,252.3 (49.30) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 22.0 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 14.7 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 16.1 | 20.3 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 204.1 |
| Average snowy days | 10 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 48 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 90 | 89 | 87 | 87 | 89 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 27.4 | 57.6 | 97.7 | 141.2 | 191.9 | 147.7 | 128.6 | 132.4 | 99.5 | 75.1 | 38.3 | 20.6 | 1,158 |
| Source 1: Met Office[17] NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: KNMI[19] | |||||||||||||
- ^ Weather station is located 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from the Lerwick port centre.
| Climate data for Lerwick | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 10.8 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 7.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 12.4 |
| Average Ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 |
| Source: Weather Atlas[20] | |||||||||||||
Demography
Lerwick has 6,958 residents, as of 2011. It is 97.0% White (83.3% White Scottish, 8.9% White Other British, 2.6% White Other, 1.4% White Polish, 0.8% White Irish), 2.2% Asian or Asian Scottish or British Asian, and 0.8% other ethnic groups. Lerwick's residents are 2.5% unemployed, 17.3% are part-time employees, and 50.3% are full-time employees.[21]
Industry and economy
Lerwick is a busy fishing and ferry port. The harbour also services vessels supporting the offshore oil industry.[22]
Power supply
Main power supply is from Lerwick Power Station located in Gremista.[23]
Notable buildings
Significant buildings in Lerwick include Fort Charlotte,[24] Lerwick Town Hall,[9] the Böd of Gremista,[25] Shetland Museum[26] and Broch of Clickimin.[27]
Because of the historic nature of the area, some scenes from BBC's Shetland were filmed in Lerwick.[28]
Transportation
Lerwick is served by the Tingwall Airport located a few miles away and Sumburgh Airport that is further south and flies all year to some Scotland destinations.[29]
NorthLink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen, regularly calling in to Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands.[30]
The Shetland Islands Council operate a ro-ro ferry service to Out Skerries and Bressay from a terminal in the centre of the town.[31]
The local bus service is provided by the Regional Transport Partnership (ZetTrans) and operated by a number of different local bus service operators.[32] The town has a bus station, Viking bus station.[33]
Schools and education
Lerwick's secondary school is Anderson High School.[34]
Shetland College, a constituent partner institution of the University of the Highlands and Islands, is also based in the town, offering degree-level education (along with further education courses) to locals who may have difficulty travelling further afield to study.[35]
Hospitals and healthcare
The Gilbert Bain Hospital provides secondary care services to all of Shetland. The Montfield Hospital, a few hundred metres away, is an older hospital than the Gilbert Bain, but has become a secondary health care service for the people of Lerwick over time.[36]
Sport
The town is home to four football teams, Lerwick Spurs, Lerwick Thistle, Lerwick Celtic and Lerwick Rangers.[37]
Media
Local independent radio station SIBC broadcasts daily from a studio in Market Street. BBC Radio Shetland, a BBC Radio Scotland regional opt out, has its studios in Pitt Lane. The Shetland Times, a weekly local newspaper, has its premises in Gremista on the northern outskirts of Lerwick.[38] Millgaet Media Group, a multi-media production company, is based at the North Ness Business Park.[39]
Culture
Lerwick has strong ties with Scandinavian countries, particularly Norway (Lerwick has a friendship agreement with Måløy in Norway).[40]
Events
Lerwick is the focus of most events in Shetland, including the largest of the annual Up Helly Aa fire festivals which takes place on the last Tuesday of January every year.[41]
Places of worship
There are several churches in Lerwick, including:
- Adam Clarke Memorial Methodist Church (a congregation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain).[42]
- Baptist Church, Clairmont Place.[43]
- St. Columba's Church – one of three buildings of Lerwick and Bressay Parish Church (part of the Church of Scotland).[44]
- St. Magnus' Church, Greenfield Place (part of the Scottish Episcopal Church).[45]
- St. Margaret's Roman Catholic Church.[46]
In the 19th century there were more churches in Lerwick, including a Free Church on South Hill Head.[47]
Gallery
Jubilee Park, King Harald St and Southern Lerwick toward Lower Sound
Lerwick Harbour
View of Lerwick from Bressay
Commercial Street
Lerwick from Fort Charlotte
See also
- Leirvik – a town in the island of Stord in Norway.
- Leirvík – a village in the island of Eysturoy, Faroe Islands.
- Leirvik, in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway.
- Lervik - a village in the municipality of Fredrikstad, Norway.
- Lervik - a hamlet in Skåne County, Sweden.
Notes and references
- References
- ^ "1901 - Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland (1065) Page 1057". from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Visit.Shetland.org". Visit Shetland. from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ^ "Sunrise and sunset times for Lerwick (Shetland Islands), June 2022". Timeanddate.com. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Sunrise and sunset times for Lerwick (Shetland Islands), December 2022". Timeanddate.com. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ Sheehan, J.; Hansen, S. S. (2006). "The Leirvik 'Bonhústoftin' and the Early Christianity of the Faroe Islands, and beyond". University College Cork (Department of Archaeology). S2CID 56364631.
- ^ Edwards, Kevin J.; Whittington, Graeme; Robinson, Marie; Richter, Daniela (1 December 2005). "Palaeoenvironments, the archaeological record and cereal pollen detection at Clickimin, Shetland, Scotland". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (12): 1741–1756. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.06.004. ISSN 0305-4403. from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Linklater, Eric (1971). Orkney and Shetland: An Historical, Geographical, Social and Scenic Survey. Hale. p. 181.
- ^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Lerwick Town hall, Hillhead and Charlotte Street, Including Lamp Standards, Gatepiers, Boundary Walls and Railings, Lerwick (Category A Listed Building) (LB37256)". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer
- ^ "North Stanley Hill Masterplan". Shetland Council. p. 27. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Lerwick climate information". Lerwick climate information. from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
- ^ "Lerwick sunrise and sunset - December". Sunrise and Sunset. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Sunrise and sunset for Lerwick - June". Sunrise and Sunset. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Met Office Station Data for Lerwick". Met Office. from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Met Office Station Data for Lerwick". Met Office. from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ "Lerwick (S. Screen) (Shetland Islands) UK climate averages". Met Office. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Lerwick 1961-1990". NOAA. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ . KNMI. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ "Lerwick, Scotland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Scotland's Census 2011 20 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, National Records of Scotland, 2011.
- ^ "Oil and Gas". Lerwick Port Authority. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Lerwick Power Station". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Gremista Road, The Bod of Gremista (Category B Listed Building) (LB37258)". Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ^ "New Shetland Museum & Archives". The Wood Awards. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Clickimin Broch". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "Street Closed for Filming Television Crime Series". Shetland Times. 9 April 2015. from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ "Sumburgh Airport". Highlands and Islands Airports Limited. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Accessibility information for the NorthLink Ferries Lerwick Ferry Terminal". NorthLink Ferries. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Routes and destinations". Shetland.gov. from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Shetland's Transport Partnership Website". from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Viking Bus Station, Lerwick". Shetland Museum and Archives. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "The entrepreneur who went from fish curing to smuggling diplomats". The National. 17 February 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Johnson, Peter (10 January 2014). "Positive report for Shetland College hailed". Shetland Times. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ "Orkney and Shetland". Historic Hospitals. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ "Shetland Islands - List of cup winners". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ . The Shetland Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014.
- ^ "Public money handed over to Millgaet Media". Shetland Times. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Norway's Centenary Celebrations". Scottish Parliament. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Lerwick Up Helly Aa". Shetland.org. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Adam Clarke Memorial Methodist Church, Lerwick". Scotland's Churches Trust. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "About". Lerwick Baptist Church. from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Related pages". Archived from the original on 21 August 2008.
- ^ "St Magnus', Lerwick". St Magnus' Episcopal Church, Lerwick, and St Colman's Episcopal Church, Burravoe. from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Lerwick RC Parish Church". Catholic Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "25 inch 1892-1949". National Library of Scotland. Ordnance Survey. from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- Notes
- ^ All of these distances are greater by sea as there are varying amounts of intervening land.
External links
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 485–486.
- Lerwick tourist profile published by the Shetland Islands Council
- Shetland in Statistics, published by the Shetland Islands Council in 2006 1 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine