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Wikipedia

High-dynamic-range television

April 12, 2024

High-dynamic-range television (HDR-TV) is a technology that uses high dynamic range (HDR) to improve the quality of display signals. It is contrasted with the retroactively-named standard dynamic range (SDR). HDR changes the way the luminance and colors of videos and images are represented in the signal, and allows brighter and more detailed highlight representation, darker and more detailed shadows, and more intense colors.[1][2]

HDR allows compatible displays to receive a higher-quality image source. It does not improve a display's intrinsic properties (brightness, contrast, and color capabilities). Not all HDR displays have the same capabilities, and HDR content will look different depending on the display used, and the standards specify the required conversion depending on display capabilities.[3]

HDR-TV is a part of HDR imaging, an end-to-end process of increasing the dynamic range of images and videos from their capture and creation to their storage, distribution and display. Often, HDR is used with wide color gamut (WCG) technology. WCG increases the gamut and number of distinct colors available. HDR increases the range of luminance available for each color. HDR and WCG are separable but complementary technologies. Standards-compliant HDR display also has WCG capabilities, as mandated by Rec. 2100 and other common HDR specifications.

The use of HDR in television sets began in the late 2010s. By 2020, most high-end and mid-range TVs supported HDR, and some budget models did as well. HDR-TVs are now the standard for most new televisions.

There are a number of different HDR formats, including HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, and HLG. HDR10 is the most common format, and is supported by all HDR-TVs. Dolby Vision is a more advanced format that offers some additional features, such as scene-by-scene mastering. HDR10+ is a newer format that is similar to Dolby Vision, but is royalty-free. HLG is a broadcast HDR format that is used by some TV broadcasters.

Description edit

Before HDR, improvements in display fidelity were typically achieved by increasing the pixel quantity, density (resolution) and the display's frame rate. By contrast, HDR improves the perceived fidelity of the existing individual pixels.[4] Standard dynamic range (SDR) is still based on and limited by the characteristics of older cathode ray tubes (CRT), despite the huge advances in screen and display technologies since CRT's obsolescence.[1]

SDR formats are able to represent a maximum luminance level of around 100 nits. For HDR, this number increases to around 1,000–10,000 nits.[1][5] HDR can represent darker black levels[2] and more saturated colors.[1] The most common SDR formats are limited to the Rec. 709/sRGB gamut, while common HDR formats use Rec. 2100, which is a wide color gamut (WCG).[1][6]

In practice, HDR is not always used at its limits. HDR contents are often limited to a peak brightness of 1,000 or 4,000 nits and P3-D65 colors, even if they are stored in formats capable of more.[7][8] Content creators can choose to what extent they make use of HDR capabilities. They can constrain themselves to the limits of SDR even if the content is delivered in an HDR format.[9]

The benefits of HDR depend on the display capabilities, which vary. No current display is able to reproduce the maximal range of brightness and colors that can be represented in HDR formats.

Benefits edit

The highlights—the brightest parts of an image—can be brighter, more colorful, and more detailed.[2] The larger capacity for brightness can be used to increase the brightness of small areas without increasing the overall image's brightness, resulting in, for example, bright reflections from shiny objects, bright stars in a dark night scene, and bright and colorful light-emissive objects (e.g. fire, and sunset).[2][1][9]

The shadows or lowlights—the darkest parts of an image—can be darker and more detailed.[2]

The colorful parts of the image can be even more colorful if a WCG is used.[1]

The color dynamism and wider range of colors frequently attributed to HDR video is actually a consequence of a WCG. This has become a point of significant confusion among consumers, whereby HDR and WCG are either confused for each other or treated as interchangeable. While HDR displays typically have WCGs and displays with WCGs are usually capable of HDR, one does not imply the other; there are SDR displays with WCGs. Some HDR standards specify WCG as a prerequisite of compliance. Regardless, when a WCG is available on an HDR display, the image as a whole can be more colorful due to the wider range of colors.[1]

More subjective, practical benefits of HDR video include more realistic luminance variation between scenes (such as sunlit, indoor, and night scenes), better surface material identification, and better in-depth perception, even with 2D imagery.[2]

Preservation of content creator intent edit

When a display’s capabilities are insufficient to reproduce all the brightness, contrast and colors that are represented in the HDR content, the image needs to be adjusted to fit the display’s capabilities. Some HDR formats (such as Dolby Vision and HDR10+) allow the content creator to choose how the adjustment will be done.[6] Other HDR formats, such as HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG), do not offer this possibility, so the content creator's intents are not ensured to be preserved on less capable displays.[10]

For optimal quality, standards require video to be created and viewed in a relatively dark environment.[11][12] Dolby Vision IQ and HDR10+ Adaptive adjust the content according to the ambient light.[13][14]

Formats edit

Since 2014, multiple HDR formats have emerged including HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, and HLG.[6][15] Some formats are royalty-free and others require a license. The formats vary in their capabilities.

Dolby Vision and HDR10+ include dynamic metadata while HDR10 and HLG do not.[6] The dynamic metadata are used to improve image quality on limited displays that are not capable of reproducing an HDR video to its fullest intended extent. Dynamic metadata allows content creators to control and choose the way the image is adjusted.[16]

HDR10 edit

 
Main article: HDR10

The HDR10 Media Profile, more commonly known as HDR10, is an open HDR standard announced on 27 August 2015 by the Consumer Technology Association.[17] It is the most widespread of the HDR formats,[18] and is not backward compatible with SDR displays. It is technically limited to a maximum peak brightness of 10,000 nits; however, HDR10 content is commonly mastered with a peak brightness between 1000 and 4000 nits.[7]

HDR10 lacks dynamic metadata.[19] On HDR10 displays that have lower color volume than the HDR10 content (such as lower peak brightness capability), the HDR10 metadata provides information to help the display adjust to the video.[6] The metadata is static and constant with respect to each individual video, and does not inform the display exactly how the content should be adjusted. The interaction between display capabilities, video metadata, and the ultimate output (i.e. the presentation of the video) is mediated by the display, with the result that the original producer's intent may not be preserved.[10]

Dolby Vision edit

 
Main article: Dolby Vision

Dolby Vision is an end-to-end ecosystem for HDR video, and covers content creation, distribution, and playback.[20] It uses dynamic metadata and is capable of representing luminance levels of up to 10,000 nits.[6] Dolby Vision certification requires displays for content creators to have a peak luminance of at least 1,000 nits.[8]

HDR10+ edit

 
Main article: HDR10+

HDR10+, also known as HDR10 Plus, is an HDR video format announced on 20 April 2017.[21] It is the same as HDR10 but with the addition of a system of dynamic metadata developed by Samsung.[22][23][24] It is free to use for content creators and has a maximum $10,000 annual license for some manufacturers.[25] It has been positioned as an alternative to Dolby Vision without the same expenses.[18]

HLG edit

Main article: Hybrid log–gamma

HLG format is an HDR format that can be used for video and still images.[26][27] It uses the HLG transfer function, Rec. 2020 color primaries, and a bit depth of 10 bits.[28] The format is backwards compatible with SDR UHDTV, but not with older SDR displays that do not implement the Rec. 2020 color standards.[29][2] It does not use metadata and is royalty-free.

PQ10 (PQ format) edit

PQ10, sometimes referred to as the PQ format, is an HDR format that can be used for video and still images.[30][31] It is the same as the HDR10 format without any metadata.[30] It uses the perceptual quantizer (PQ) transfer function, Rec. 2020 color primaries and a bit depth of 10-bits.[29]

HDR Vivid edit

HDR Vivid is an HDR format developed by the China Ultra HD Video Alliance (CUVA) and released in March 2021.[32][33][34] It uses dynamic metadata standardized in CUVA 005-2020.[35][36]

Other formats edit

  • Technicolor Advanced HDR: An HDR format which aims to be backwards compatible with SDR.[18] As of 19 December 2020 there is no commercial content available in this format.[18] It is a global term for either SL-HDR1, SL-HDR2, SL-HDR3.[37]
  • SL-HDR1 (Single-Layer HDR system Part 1) is an HDR standard that was jointly developed by STMicroelectronics, Philips International B.V., and Technicolor R&D France.[38] It was standardised as ETSI TS 103 433 in August 2016.[39] SL-HDR1 provides direct backwards compatibility by using static (SMPTE ST 2086) and dynamic metadata (using SMPTE ST 2094-20 Philips and 2094-30 Technicolor formats) to reconstruct a HDR signal from an SDR video stream that can be delivered using existing SDR distribution networks and services. SL-HDR1 allows for HDR rendering on HDR devices and SDR rendering on SDR devices using a single-layer video stream.[39] The HDR reconstruction metadata can be added either to HEVC or AVC using a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message.[39] Version 1.3.1 was published in March 2020.[40] It is based on a gamma curve.
  • SL-HDR2 uses a PQ curve with dynamic metadata.[41]
  • SL-HDR3 uses a HLG curve.[42]
  • EclairColor HDR is a HDR format that is only used in a professional movie environment. It requires certified screens or projectors and the format is only rarely used. It is based on a gamma curve.[43]

Comparison of HDR formats edit

HDR formats comparison table
HDR10 HDR10+ Dolby Vision HLG
Developed by CTA Samsung Dolby NHK and BBC
Year 2015 2017 2014 2015
Cost Free Free (for content company)

Yearly license (for manufacturer) [44]

 Proprietary Free
Color space
Transfer function PQ PQ
  • PQ (in most profiles)[45]
  • SDR (in profiles 4, 8.2, and 9)[45]
  • HLG (in profile 8.4)[45]
 HLG
Bit Depth 10 bit 10 bit (or more) 10 bit (or 12 bit using FEL)[note 1] 10 bit
Peak luminance Technical limit 10,000 nits 10,000 nits 10,000 nits Variable
Contents No rules

1,000 - 4,000 nits (common)[7]

 No rules

1,000 - 4,000 nits (common)[7]

 (At least 1,000 nits[47])

4,000 nits common[7]

 1,000 nits common[48][5]
Color primaries Technical limit Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020
Contents P3-D65 (common)[6] P3-D65 (common)[6] At least P3-D65[47] P3-D65 (common)[6]
Other characteristics
Metadata
  • Static
  • Static
  • Dynamic[note 2]
    • Automatically generated
  • Static
  • Dynamic[note 2]
    • Automatically generated
    • Manually generated trims
 None
Backward compatibility None
  • HDR10
 Dependent on profile and compatibility level:
  • No compatibility
  • SDR
  • HDR10
  • HLG
  • UHD Blu-ray (means HDR10 with further restrictions)
  • SDR displays supporting Rec. 2020 (such as UHD-TV)
Notes PQ10 format is same as HDR10 without the metadata[28] Technical characteristics of Dolby Vision depend on the profile used, but all profiles support HDR with Dolby Vision dynamic metadata.[45] HLG backward compatibility is acceptable for SDR UHDTV displays that can interpret the BT.2020 colour space. It is not intended for traditional SDR displays that can only interpret BT.709 colorimetry.[29][2]
Sources [19][7][6] [49][50][7][6] [45][51][47][6][52][7][53] [5][29][48][6]

Notes edit

  1. ^ 12-bit is achieved via reconstruction by combining a 10-bit base layer with a 10-bit enhancement layer. Current profiles only allow a 1920x1080 enhancement layer for 4K video.[45][46]
  2. ^ a b The dynamic metadata of Dolby Vision and HDR10+ are not the same.

Displays edit

TV sets with enhanced dynamic range and upscaling of existing SDR/LDR video/broadcast content with reverse tone mapping have been anticipated since early 2000s.[54][55] In 2016, HDR conversion of SDR video was released to market as Samsung's HDR+ (in LCD TV sets)[56] and Technicolor SA's HDR Intelligent Tone Management.[57]

As of 2018, high-end consumer-grade HDR displays can achieve 1,000 cd/m2 of luminance, at least for a short duration or over a small portion of the screen, compared to 250-300 cd/m2 for a typical SDR display.[58]

Video interfaces that support at least one HDR Format include HDMI 2.0a, which was released in April 2015 and DisplayPort 1.4, which was released in March 2016.[59][60] On 12 December 2016, HDMI announced that HLG support had been added to the HDMI 2.0b standard.[61][62][63] HDMI 2.1 was officially announced on 4 January 2017, and added support for Dynamic HDR, which is dynamic metadata that supports changes scene-by-scene or frame-by-frame.[64][65]

Compatibility edit

As of 2020, no display is capable of rendering the full range of brightness and color of HDR formats.[28] A display is called an HDR display if it can accept HDR content and map them to its display characteristics,[28] so the HDR logo only provides information about content compatibility and not display capability.

Displays that use global dimming, such as most edge-lit LED displays, cannot display the advanced contrast of HDR content. Some displays implement local dimming technologies, such as OLED and full-array LED-backlighting, to more properly display advanced contrast.[66]

Certifications edit

VESA DisplayHDR edit

The DisplayHDR standard from VESA is an attempt to make the differences in HDR specifications easier to understand for consumers, with standards mainly used in computer monitors and laptops. VESA defines a set of HDR levels; all of them must support HDR10, but not all are required to support 10-bit displays.[67] DisplayHDR is not an HDR format, but a tool to verify HDR formats and their performance on a given monitor. The most recent standard is DisplayHDR 1400, which was introduced in September 2019, with monitors supporting it released in 2020.[68][69] DisplayHDR 1000 and DisplayHDR 1400 are primarily used in professional work like video editing. Monitors with DisplayHDR 500 or DisplayHDR 600 certification provide a noticeable improvement over SDR displays, and are more often used for general computing and gaming.[70]

Minimum peak luminance

(Brightness in cd/m2)

Range of color

(Color gamut)

Minimum

Color depth

Typical dimming technology Maximum black level luminance

(Brightness in cd/m2)

Maximum backlight adjustment latency

(Number of video frames)

DisplayHDR 400 400 sRGB 8 bit (24-bit) Screen-level 0.4 8
DisplayHDR 500 500 WCG* 10-bit (30-bit) Zone-level 0.1 8
DisplayHDR 600 600 WCG* Zone-level 0.1 8
DisplayHDR 1000 1000 WCG* Zone-level 0.05 8
DisplayHDR 1400 1400 WCG* Zone-level 0.02 8
DisplayHDR 400 True Black 400 WCG Pixel-level 0.0005 2
DisplayHDR 500 True Black 500 WCG Pixel-level 0.0005 2
DisplayHDR 600 True Black 600 WCG Pixel-level 0.0005 2

Other certifications edit

UHD Alliance certifications:

  • Ultra HD Premium[71]
  • Mobile HDR Premium: for mobile devices.[71][72]

Technical details edit

HDR is mainly achieved by the use of PQ or HLG transfer function.[1][5] WCGs are also commonly used along HDR up to Rec. 2020 color primaries.[1] A bit depth of 10 or 12 bits is used to not see banding across the extended brightness range. In some cases, additional metadata are used to handle the variety in displays brightness, contrast and colors. HDR video is defined in Rec. 2100.[5]

Color space edit

ITU-R Rec. 2100 edit

Main article: Rec. 2100

Rec. 2100 is a technical recommendation by ITU-R for production and distribution of HDR content using 1080p or UHD resolution, 10-bit or 12-bit color, HLG or PQ transfer functions, full or limited range, the Rec. 2020 wide color gamut and YCBCR or ICTCP as color space.[11][73]

Transfer function edit

See also: Transfer functions in imaging

SDR uses a gamma curve transfer function that is based on CRT characteristics, and is used to represent luminance levels up to around 100 nits.[1] HDR uses newly developed PQ or HLG transfer functions instead of the traditional gamma curve.[1] If the gamma curve would have been extended to 10,000 nits, it would have required a bit-depth of 15 bits to avoid banding.[74]

HDR transfer functions:

Color primaries edit

See also: List of color spaces and their uses

SDR for HD video uses a system chromaticity (chromaticity of color primaries and white point) specified in Rec. 709 (same as sRGB).[86] SDR for SD used many different primaries, as said in BT.601, SMPTE 170M and BT.470.

HDR is commonly associated to a WCG (a system chromaticity wider than BT.709). Rec. 2100 (HDR-TV) uses the same system chromaticity that is used in Rec. 2020 (UHDTV).[5][87] HDR formats such as HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision and HLG also use Rec. 2020 chromaticities.

HDR contents are commonly graded on a P3-D65 display.[6][8]

System chromaticity comparison table
Color space Chromaticity coordinate (CIE, 1931)
Primary colors White point
Red Green Blue
xR yR xG yG xB yB Name xW yW
Rec. 709[86] 0.64 0.33 0.30 0.60 0.15 0.06 D65 0.3127 0.3290
sRGB
DCI-P3[88][89] 0.680 0.320 0.265 0.690 0.150 0.060 P3-D65 (Display) 0.3127 0.3290
P3-DCI (Theater) 0.314 0.351
P3-D60 (ACES Cinema) 0.32168 0.33767
Rec. 2020[87] 0.708 0.292 0.170 0.797 0.131 0.046 D65 0.3127 0.3290
Rec. 2100[5]

Bit depth edit

Because of the increased dynamic range, HDR contents need to use more bit depth than SDR to avoid banding. While SDR uses a bit depth of 8 or 10 bits,[86] HDR uses 10 or 12 bits,[5] which when combined with the use of more efficient transfer function like PQ or HLG, is enough to avoid banding.[90][91]

Matrix coefficients edit

Rec. 2100 specifies the use of the RGB, YCbCr or ICTCP signal formats for HDR-TV.[5]

ICTCP is a color representation designed by Dolby for HDR and wide color gamut (WCG)[92] and standardized in Rec. 2100.[5]

IPTPQc2 with reshaping is a proprietary format by Dolby and is similar to ICTCP. It is used by Dolby Vision profile 5.[45]

Signaling color space edit

Coding-independent code points (CICP) are used to signal the transfer function, color primaries and matrix coefficients.[93] It is defined in both ITU-T H.273 and ISO/IEC 23091-2.[93] It is used by multiple codecs including AVC, HEVC and AVIF. Common combinations of H.273 parameters are summarized in ITU-T Series H Supplement 19.[94]

Common CICP values[93][94]
Code point value Meaning
Transfer function 1, 6, 14, 15 SDR's gamma curve
16 PQ
18 HLG
Color primaries 1 Rec. 709 primaries
9 Rec. 2020 primaries

Rec. 2100 primaries

Matrix coefficients 0 R'G'B'
1 Y'CbCr (for Rec. 709)
9 Y'CbCr (for Rec. 2020)

Y'CbCr (for Rec. 2100)

14 ICtCp

Metadata edit

Static metadata edit

Static HDR metadata give information about the whole video.

  • SMPTE ST 2086 or MDCV (Mastering Display Color Volume): It describes the color volume of the mastering display (i.e. the color primaries, the white point and the maximum and minimum luminance). It has been defined by SMPTE[10] and also in AVC[95] and HEVC[96] standards.
  • MaxFALL (Maximum Frame Average Light Level)
  • MaxCLL (Maximum Content Light Level)

The metadata do not describe how the HDR content should be adapted to an HDR consumer displays that have lower color volume (i.e. peak brightness, contrast and color gamut) than the content.[10][96]

Dynamic metadata edit

Dynamic metadata are specific for each frame or each scene of the video.

Dynamic metadata of Dolby Vision, HDR10+ and SMPTE ST 2094 describe what color volume transform should be applied to contents that are shown on displays that have different color volume from the mastering display. It is optimized for each scene and each display. It allows for the creative intents to be preserved even on consumers displays that have limited color volume.

SMPTE ST 2094 or Dynamic Metadata for Color Volume Transform (DMCVT) is a standard for dynamic metadata published by SMPTE in 2016 as six parts.[24] It is carried in HEVC SEI, ETSI TS 103 433, CTA 861-G.[97] It includes four applications:

  • ST 2094-10 (from Dolby Laboratories), used for Dolby Vision.
  • ST 2094-20 (from Philips). Colour Volume Reconstruction Information (CVRI) is based on ST 2094–20.[39]
  • ST 2094-30 (by Technicolor). Colour Remapping Information (CRI) conforms to ST 2094-30 and is standardized in HEVC.[39]
  • ST 2094-40 (by Samsung), used for HDR10+.

ETSI TS 103 572 is a technical specification published in October 2020 by ETSI for HDR signaling and carriage of ST 2094-10 (Dolby Vision) metadata.[98]

HDR Vivid uses dynamic metadata standardized in CUVA 005-2020.[35][36]

Dual-layer video edit

Some Dolby Vision profiles use a dual-layer video composed of a base layer and an enhancement layer.[45][46] Depending on the Dolby Vision profile (or compatibility level), the base layer can be backward compatible with SDR, HDR10, HLG, UHD Blu-ray or no other format in the most efficient IPTPQc2 color space, which uses full range and reshaping.[45]

ETSI GS CCM 001 describes a Compound Content Management functionality for a dual-layer HDR system, including MMR (multivariate multiple regression) and NLQ (non-linear quantisation).[46]

Adoption edit

Guidelines edit

Ultra HD Forum guidelines edit

UHD Phase A is a set of guidelines from the Ultra HD Forum for the distribution of SDR and HDR content using Full HD 1080p and 4K UHD resolutions. It requires a color depth of 10 bits per sample, a color gamut of Rec. 709 or Rec. 2020, a frame rate of up to 60 fps, a display resolution of 1080p or 2160p and either standard dynamic range (SDR) or high dynamic range that uses HLG or PQ transfer functions.[99] UHD Phase A defines HDR as having a dynamic range of at least 13 stops (213=8192:1) and WCG as a color gamut that is wider than Rec. 709.[99]

UHD Phase B will add support to 120 fps (and 120/1.001 fps), 12 bit PQ in HEVC Main12 (that will be enough for 0.0001 to 10000 nits), Dolby AC-4 and MPEG-H 3D Audio, IMAX sound in DTS:X (with 2 LFE). It will also add ITU's ICtCp and CRI.[100]

Still images edit

This section is about the technology related to HDR displays. For the HDR capture technique, see High-dynamic-range imaging.

HDR image formats edit

The following image formats are compatible with HDR (Rec. 2100 color space, PQ and HLG transfer functions, Rec. 2100 or Rec. 2020 color primaries:

Other image formats, such as JPEG, JPEG 2000, PNG, WebP, do not support HDR by default. They could support it by the use of the ICC profile,[102][103] but existing applications usually do not take into account the absolute luminance value defined in ICC profiles.[103] W3C is working to add HDR support to PNG.[104][105]

ISO/AWI 21496 defines a generic way to add HDR information to SDR formats. A layer of "gain map" records the luminance ratio between HDR source and its tone-mapped SDR rendering, so that the HDR source signal can be (partially) reconstructed from the SDR layer and this map. Software that does not support the gain map would show the fallback SDR rendering.[106] It was formerly known as Apple EDR (Enhanced Dynamic Range).[107]

Adoption of HDR in still images edit

Apple: iPhone 12 and later support the aforementioned "gain map" HDR technique for still images.[107]

Canon: EOS-1D X Mark III and EOS R5 are able to capture still images in the Rec. 2100 color space by using the PQ transfer function, the HEIC format (HEVC codec in HEIF file format), the Rec. 2020 color primaries, a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4:2:2 YCbCr subsampling.[108][109][110][111][81][excessive citations] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HDR display with an HDMI cable.[111] Captured HDR pictures can also be converted to SDR JPEG (sRGB color space) and then viewed on any standard display.[111] Canon refers to those SDR pictures as "HDR PQ-like JPEG".[112] Canon's Digital Photo Professional software is able to show the captured HDR pictures in HDR on HDR displays or in SDR on SDR displays.[111][113] It is also able to convert the HDR PQ to SDR sRGB JPEG.[114]

Panasonic: Panasonic's S-series cameras (including Lumix S1, S1R, S1H and S5) can capture photos in HDR using the HLG transfer function and output them in a HSP file format.[115][27][83] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG-compliant display with an HDMI cable.[115][83] A plug-in allowing the editing of HLG stills (HSP) in Photoshop CC has been released by Panasonic.[116][117] The company also released a plug-in for displaying thumbnails of those HDR images on a PC (for Windows Explorer and macOS Finder).[117]

Qualcomm: Snapdragon 888 mobile SoC allows the capture of 10-bit HDR HEIF still photos.[118][119]

Sony: Sony α7S III and α1 cameras can capture HDR photos in the Rec. 2100 color space with the HLG transfer function, the HEIF format, Rec. 2020 color primaries, a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4:2:2 or 4:2:0 subsampling.[84][120][121][122] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG-compliant display with an HDMI cable.[122]

Others:

  • Krita 5.0, released on 23 December 2021, added support for HDR HEIF and AVIF images with Rec. 2100 PQ and HLG encoding.[123][124]

Web edit

Work is in progress at W3C to make Web compatible with HDR,[125] which includes HDR capabilities detection[126] and HDR in CSS.[127]

History edit

2014 edit

In January 2014, Dolby Laboratories announced Dolby Vision.[15]

In August 2014, PQ was standardized in SMPTE ST 2084.[128]

In October 2014, the HEVC specification incorporates code point for PQ.[129] Previously, it also incorporates the Main 10 profile that supports 10 bits per sample on their first version.[130]

In October 2014, SMPTE standardized the Mastering Display Color Volume (MDCV) static metadata in SMPTE ST 2086.[131]

2015 edit

In March 2015, HLG was standardized in ARIB STD-B67.[132]

On 8 April 2015, The HDMI Forum released version 2.0a of the HDMI Specification to enable transmission of HDR. The specification references CEA-861.3, which in turn references SMPTE ST 2084 (the standard of PQ).[59] The previous HDMI 2.0 version already supported the Rec. 2020 color space.[133]

On 24 June 2015, Amazon Video was the first streaming service to offer HDR video using the HDR10 format.[134][135]

On 27 August 2015, Consumer Technology Association announced HDR10.[17]

On 17 November 2015, Vudu announced that they had started offering titles in Dolby Vision.[136]

2016 edit

On 1 March 2016, the Blu-ray Disc Association released Ultra HD Blu-ray with mandatory support for HDR10 and optional support for Dolby Vision.[137]

On 9 April 2016, Netflix started offering both HDR10 and Dolby Vision.[138]

On June to September 2016, SMPTE standardized multiple dynamic metadata for HDR in SMPTE ST 2094.[139]

On 6 July 2016, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced Rec. 2100, which defines the image parameters for HDR-TV and use two HDR transfer functions—HLG and PQ.[11][73]

On 29 July 2016, SKY Perfect JSAT Group announced that on 4 October, they would start the world's first 4K HDR broadcasts using HLG.[140]

On 9 September 2016, Google announced Android TV 7.0, which supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HLG.[141][142]

On 26 September 2016, Roku announced that the Roku Premiere+ and Roku Ultra will support HDR using HDR10.[143]

On 7 November 2016, Google announced that YouTube would stream HDR videos that can be encoded with HLG or PQ.[144][145]

On 17 November 2016, the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Steering Board approved UHD-1 Phase 2 with a HDR solution that supports HLG and PQ.[146][147] The specification has been published as DVB Bluebook A157 and was published by the ETSI as TS 101 154 v2.3.1.[146][147]

2017 edit

On 2 January 2017, LG Electronics USA announced that all of LG's SUPER UHD TV models support a variety of HDR technologies, including Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HLG (Hybrid Log Gamma), and are ready to support Advanced HDR by Technicolor.

On 20 April 2017, Samsung and Amazon announced HDR10+.[21]

On 12 September 2017, Apple announced the Apple TV 4K with support for HDR10 and Dolby Vision, and that the iTunes Store would sell and rent 4K HDR content.[148]

2019 edit

On 26 December 2019, Canon announced the adoption of the PQ format (PQ10) for still photography.[31]

2020 edit

On 13 October 2020, Apple announced the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro series, the first smartphone that can record and edit video in Dolby Vision directly from the camera roll.[149] iPhone uses the Dolby Vision profile 8.4 cross-compatible with HLG.[150]

2021 edit

In June 2021, Panasonic announced a plug-in for Photoshop CC to allow for the editing of HLG stills.[116]

2022 edit

On 4 July 2022, Xiaomi announced the Xiaomi 12S Ultra, the first Android smartphone that can record Dolby Vision video directly from the camera roll.[151][152]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "HDR (High Dynamic Range) on TVs explained". FlatpanelsHD. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
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Further reading edit

  • We need to talk about HDR by Yoeri Geutskens
  • ITU-R Rep. BT.2390 "High dynamic range television for production and international programme exchange", a report by ITU providing background information on HDR in general, and for the PQ and HLG HDR signal parameters specified in Rec. 2100.

April 12, 2024
high, dynamic, range, television, technology, that, uses, high, dynamic, range, improve, quality, display, signals, contrasted, with, retroactively, named, standard, dynamic, range, changes, luminance, colors, videos, images, represented, signal, allows, brigh. High dynamic range television HDR TV is a technology that uses high dynamic range HDR to improve the quality of display signals It is contrasted with the retroactively named standard dynamic range SDR HDR changes the way the luminance and colors of videos and images are represented in the signal and allows brighter and more detailed highlight representation darker and more detailed shadows and more intense colors 1 2 HDR allows compatible displays to receive a higher quality image source It does not improve a display s intrinsic properties brightness contrast and color capabilities Not all HDR displays have the same capabilities and HDR content will look different depending on the display used and the standards specify the required conversion depending on display capabilities 3 HDR TV is a part of HDR imaging an end to end process of increasing the dynamic range of images and videos from their capture and creation to their storage distribution and display Often HDR is used with wide color gamut WCG technology WCG increases the gamut and number of distinct colors available HDR increases the range of luminance available for each color HDR and WCG are separable but complementary technologies Standards compliant HDR display also has WCG capabilities as mandated by Rec 2100 and other common HDR specifications The use of HDR in television sets began in the late 2010s By 2020 most high end and mid range TVs supported HDR and some budget models did as well HDR TVs are now the standard for most new televisions There are a number of different HDR formats including HDR10 HDR10 Dolby Vision and HLG HDR10 is the most common format and is supported by all HDR TVs Dolby Vision is a more advanced format that offers some additional features such as scene by scene mastering HDR10 is a newer format that is similar to Dolby Vision but is royalty free HLG is a broadcast HDR format that is used by some TV broadcasters Contents 1 Description 1 1 Benefits 1 2 Preservation of content creator intent 2 Formats 2 1 HDR10 2 2 Dolby Vision 2 3 HDR10 2 4 HLG 2 5 PQ10 PQ format 2 6 HDR Vivid 2 7 Other formats 2 8 Comparison of HDR formats 2 8 1 Notes 3 Displays 3 1 Compatibility 3 2 Certifications 3 2 1 VESA DisplayHDR 3 2 2 Other certifications 4 Technical details 4 1 Color space 4 1 1 ITU R Rec 2100 4 1 2 Transfer function 4 1 3 Color primaries 4 1 4 Bit depth 4 1 5 Matrix coefficients 4 1 6 Signaling color space 4 2 Metadata 4 2 1 Static metadata 4 2 2 Dynamic metadata 4 3 Dual layer video 5 Adoption 5 1 Guidelines 5 1 1 Ultra HD Forum guidelines 5 2 Still images 5 2 1 HDR image formats 5 2 2 Adoption of HDR in still images 5 3 Web 6 History 6 1 2014 6 2 2015 6 3 2016 6 4 2017 6 5 2019 6 6 2020 6 7 2021 6 8 2022 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingDescription editBefore HDR improvements in display fidelity were typically achieved by increasing the pixel quantity density resolution and the display s frame rate By contrast HDR improves the perceived fidelity of the existing individual pixels 4 Standard dynamic range SDR is still based on and limited by the characteristics of older cathode ray tubes CRT despite the huge advances in screen and display technologies since CRT s obsolescence 1 SDR formats are able to represent a maximum luminance level of around 100 nits For HDR this number increases to around 1 000 10 000 nits 1 5 HDR can represent darker black levels 2 and more saturated colors 1 The most common SDR formats are limited to the Rec 709 sRGB gamut while common HDR formats use Rec 2100 which is a wide color gamut WCG 1 6 In practice HDR is not always used at its limits HDR contents are often limited to a peak brightness of 1 000 or 4 000 nits and P3 D65 colors even if they are stored in formats capable of more 7 8 Content creators can choose to what extent they make use of HDR capabilities They can constrain themselves to the limits of SDR even if the content is delivered in an HDR format 9 The benefits of HDR depend on the display capabilities which vary No current display is able to reproduce the maximal range of brightness and colors that can be represented in HDR formats Benefits edit The highlights the brightest parts of an image can be brighter more colorful and more detailed 2 The larger capacity for brightness can be used to increase the brightness of small areas without increasing the overall image s brightness resulting in for example bright reflections from shiny objects bright stars in a dark night scene and bright and colorful light emissive objects e g fire and sunset 2 1 9 The shadows or lowlights the darkest parts of an image can be darker and more detailed 2 The colorful parts of the image can be even more colorful if a WCG is used 1 The color dynamism and wider range of colors frequently attributed to HDR video is actually a consequence of a WCG This has become a point of significant confusion among consumers whereby HDR and WCG are either confused for each other or treated as interchangeable While HDR displays typically have WCGs and displays with WCGs are usually capable of HDR one does not imply the other there are SDR displays with WCGs Some HDR standards specify WCG as a prerequisite of compliance Regardless when a WCG is available on an HDR display the image as a whole can be more colorful due to the wider range of colors 1 More subjective practical benefits of HDR video include more realistic luminance variation between scenes such as sunlit indoor and night scenes better surface material identification and better in depth perception even with 2D imagery 2 Preservation of content creator intent edit When a display s capabilities are insufficient to reproduce all the brightness contrast and colors that are represented in the HDR content the image needs to be adjusted to fit the display s capabilities Some HDR formats such as Dolby Vision and HDR10 allow the content creator to choose how the adjustment will be done 6 Other HDR formats such as HDR10 and hybrid log gamma HLG do not offer this possibility so the content creator s intents are not ensured to be preserved on less capable displays 10 For optimal quality standards require video to be created and viewed in a relatively dark environment 11 12 Dolby Vision IQ and HDR10 Adaptive adjust the content according to the ambient light 13 14 Formats editSince 2014 multiple HDR formats have emerged including HDR10 HDR10 Dolby Vision and HLG 6 15 Some formats are royalty free and others require a license The formats vary in their capabilities Dolby Vision and HDR10 include dynamic metadata while HDR10 and HLG do not 6 The dynamic metadata are used to improve image quality on limited displays that are not capable of reproducing an HDR video to its fullest intended extent Dynamic metadata allows content creators to control and choose the way the image is adjusted 16 HDR10 edit nbsp Main article HDR10 The HDR10 Media Profile more commonly known as HDR10 is an open HDR standard announced on 27 August 2015 by the Consumer Technology Association 17 It is the most widespread of the HDR formats 18 and is not backward compatible with SDR displays It is technically limited to a maximum peak brightness of 10 000 nits however HDR10 content is commonly mastered with a peak brightness between 1000 and 4000 nits 7 HDR10 lacks dynamic metadata 19 On HDR10 displays that have lower color volume than the HDR10 content such as lower peak brightness capability the HDR10 metadata provides information to help the display adjust to the video 6 The metadata is static and constant with respect to each individual video and does not inform the display exactly how the content should be adjusted The interaction between display capabilities video metadata and the ultimate output i e the presentation of the video is mediated by the display with the result that the original producer s intent may not be preserved 10 Dolby Vision edit nbsp Main article Dolby Vision Dolby Vision is an end to end ecosystem for HDR video and covers content creation distribution and playback 20 It uses dynamic metadata and is capable of representing luminance levels of up to 10 000 nits 6 Dolby Vision certification requires displays for content creators to have a peak luminance of at least 1 000 nits 8 HDR10 edit nbsp Main article HDR10 HDR10 also known as HDR10 Plus is an HDR video format announced on 20 April 2017 21 It is the same as HDR10 but with the addition of a system of dynamic metadata developed by Samsung 22 23 24 It is free to use for content creators and has a maximum 10 000 annual license for some manufacturers 25 It has been positioned as an alternative to Dolby Vision without the same expenses 18 HLG edit Main article Hybrid log gamma HLG format is an HDR format that can be used for video and still images 26 27 It uses the HLG transfer function Rec 2020 color primaries and a bit depth of 10 bits 28 The format is backwards compatible with SDR UHDTV but not with older SDR displays that do not implement the Rec 2020 color standards 29 2 It does not use metadata and is royalty free PQ10 PQ format edit PQ10 sometimes referred to as the PQ format is an HDR format that can be used for video and still images 30 31 It is the same as the HDR10 format without any metadata 30 It uses the perceptual quantizer PQ transfer function Rec 2020 color primaries and a bit depth of 10 bits 29 HDR Vivid edit HDR Vivid is an HDR format developed by the China Ultra HD Video Alliance CUVA and released in March 2021 32 33 34 It uses dynamic metadata standardized in CUVA 005 2020 35 36 Other formats edit Technicolor Advanced HDR An HDR format which aims to be backwards compatible with SDR 18 As of 19 December 2020 update there is no commercial content available in this format 18 It is a global term for either SL HDR1 SL HDR2 SL HDR3 37 SL HDR1 Single Layer HDR system Part 1 is an HDR standard that was jointly developed by STMicroelectronics Philips International B V and Technicolor R amp D France 38 It was standardised as ETSI TS 103 433 in August 2016 39 SL HDR1 provides direct backwards compatibility by using static SMPTE ST 2086 and dynamic metadata using SMPTE ST 2094 20 Philips and 2094 30 Technicolor formats to reconstruct a HDR signal from an SDR video stream that can be delivered using existing SDR distribution networks and services SL HDR1 allows for HDR rendering on HDR devices and SDR rendering on SDR devices using a single layer video stream 39 The HDR reconstruction metadata can be added either to HEVC or AVC using a supplemental enhancement information SEI message 39 Version 1 3 1 was published in March 2020 40 It is based on a gamma curve SL HDR2 uses a PQ curve with dynamic metadata 41 SL HDR3 uses a HLG curve 42 EclairColor HDR is a HDR format that is only used in a professional movie environment It requires certified screens or projectors and the format is only rarely used It is based on a gamma curve 43 Comparison of HDR formats edit HDR formats comparison table HDR10 HDR10 Dolby Vision HLGDeveloped by CTA Samsung Dolby NHK and BBCYear 2015 2017 2014 2015Cost Free Free for content company Yearly license for manufacturer 44 Proprietary FreeColor spaceTransfer function PQ PQ PQ in most profiles 45 SDR in profiles 4 8 2 and 9 45 HLG in profile 8 4 45 HLGBit Depth 10 bit 10 bit or more 10 bit or 12 bit using FEL note 1 10 bitPeak luminance Technical limit 10 000 nits 10 000 nits 10 000 nits VariableContents No rules 1 000 4 000 nits common 7 No rules 1 000 4 000 nits common 7 At least 1 000 nits 47 4 000 nits common 7 1 000 nits common 48 5 Color primaries Technical limit Rec 2020 Rec 2020 Rec 2020 Rec 2020Contents P3 D65 common 6 P3 D65 common 6 At least P3 D65 47 P3 D65 common 6 Other characteristicsMetadata Static Static Dynamic note 2 Automatically generated Static Dynamic note 2 Automatically generated Manually generated trims NoneBackward compatibility None HDR10 Dependent on profile and compatibility level No compatibility SDR HDR10 HLG UHD Blu ray means HDR10 with further restrictions SDR displays supporting Rec 2020 such as UHD TV Notes PQ10 format is same as HDR10 without the metadata 28 Technical characteristics of Dolby Vision depend on the profile used but all profiles support HDR with Dolby Vision dynamic metadata 45 HLG backward compatibility is acceptable for SDR UHDTV displays that can interpret the BT 2020 colour space It is not intended for traditional SDR displays that can only interpret BT 709 colorimetry 29 2 Sources 19 7 6 49 50 7 6 45 51 47 6 52 7 53 5 29 48 6 Notes edit 12 bit is achieved via reconstruction by combining a 10 bit base layer with a 10 bit enhancement layer Current profiles only allow a 1920x1080 enhancement layer for 4K video 45 46 a b The dynamic metadata of Dolby Vision and HDR10 are not the same Displays editTV sets with enhanced dynamic range and upscaling of existing SDR LDR video broadcast content with reverse tone mapping have been anticipated since early 2000s 54 55 In 2016 HDR conversion of SDR video was released to market as Samsung s HDR in LCD TV sets 56 and Technicolor SA s HDR Intelligent Tone Management 57 As of 2018 high end consumer grade HDR displays can achieve 1 000 cd m2 of luminance at least for a short duration or over a small portion of the screen compared to 250 300 cd m2 for a typical SDR display 58 Video interfaces that support at least one HDR Format include HDMI 2 0a which was released in April 2015 and DisplayPort 1 4 which was released in March 2016 59 60 On 12 December 2016 HDMI announced that HLG support had been added to the HDMI 2 0b standard 61 62 63 HDMI 2 1 was officially announced on 4 January 2017 and added support for Dynamic HDR which is dynamic metadata that supports changes scene by scene or frame by frame 64 65 Compatibility edit As of 2020 no display is capable of rendering the full range of brightness and color of HDR formats 28 A display is called an HDR display if it can accept HDR content and map them to its display characteristics 28 so the HDR logo only provides information about content compatibility and not display capability Displays that use global dimming such as most edge lit LED displays cannot display the advanced contrast of HDR content Some displays implement local dimming technologies such as OLED and full array LED backlighting to more properly display advanced contrast 66 Certifications edit VESA DisplayHDR edit This section needs to be updated The reason given is criteria changed for the new version DisplayHDR v1 1 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information Last update September 2019 September 2021 The DisplayHDR standard from VESA is an attempt to make the differences in HDR specifications easier to understand for consumers with standards mainly used in computer monitors and laptops VESA defines a set of HDR levels all of them must support HDR10 but not all are required to support 10 bit displays 67 DisplayHDR is not an HDR format but a tool to verify HDR formats and their performance on a given monitor The most recent standard is DisplayHDR 1400 which was introduced in September 2019 with monitors supporting it released in 2020 68 69 DisplayHDR 1000 and DisplayHDR 1400 are primarily used in professional work like video editing Monitors with DisplayHDR 500 or DisplayHDR 600 certification provide a noticeable improvement over SDR displays and are more often used for general computing and gaming 70 Minimum peak luminance Brightness in cd m2 Range of color Color gamut Minimum Color depth Typical dimming technology Maximum black level luminance Brightness in cd m2 Maximum backlight adjustment latency Number of video frames DisplayHDR 400 400 sRGB 8 bit 24 bit Screen level 0 4 8DisplayHDR 500 500 WCG 10 bit 30 bit Zone level 0 1 8DisplayHDR 600 600 WCG Zone level 0 1 8DisplayHDR 1000 1000 WCG Zone level 0 05 8DisplayHDR 1400 1400 WCG Zone level 0 02 8DisplayHDR 400 True Black 400 WCG Pixel level 0 0005 2DisplayHDR 500 True Black 500 WCG Pixel level 0 0005 2DisplayHDR 600 True Black 600 WCG Pixel level 0 0005 2Other certifications edit UHD Alliance certifications Ultra HD Premium 71 Mobile HDR Premium for mobile devices 71 72 Technical details editHDR is mainly achieved by the use of PQ or HLG transfer function 1 5 WCGs are also commonly used along HDR up to Rec 2020 color primaries 1 A bit depth of 10 or 12 bits is used to not see banding across the extended brightness range In some cases additional metadata are used to handle the variety in displays brightness contrast and colors HDR video is defined in Rec 2100 5 Color space edit ITU R Rec 2100 edit Main article Rec 2100 Rec 2100 is a technical recommendation by ITU R for production and distribution of HDR content using 1080p or UHD resolution 10 bit or 12 bit color HLG or PQ transfer functions full or limited range the Rec 2020 wide color gamut and YCBCR or ICTCP as color space 11 73 Transfer function edit See also Transfer functions in imagingSDR uses a gamma curve transfer function that is based on CRT characteristics and is used to represent luminance levels up to around 100 nits 1 HDR uses newly developed PQ or HLG transfer functions instead of the traditional gamma curve 1 If the gamma curve would have been extended to 10 000 nits it would have required a bit depth of 15 bits to avoid banding 74 HDR transfer functions PQ or SMPTE ST 2084 75 is a transfer function developed for HDR that is able to represent luminance level up to 10 000 cd m2 76 77 78 79 It is the basis of HDR video formats such as Dolby Vision 80 45 HDR10 19 and HDR10 49 and is also used for HDR still picture formats 81 PQ is not backward compatible with SDR citation needed PQ encoded in 12 bits does not produce visible banding citation needed HLG is a transfer function developed by the NHK and BBC 82 It is backward compatible with SDR s gamma curve and is the basis of an HDR format known as HLG 28 The HLG transfer function is also used by other video formats such Dolby Vision profile 8 4 and for HDR still picture formats 45 83 84 HLG is royalty free 85 Color primaries edit See also List of color spaces and their usesSDR for HD video uses a system chromaticity chromaticity of color primaries and white point specified in Rec 709 same as sRGB 86 SDR for SD used many different primaries as said in BT 601 SMPTE 170M and BT 470 HDR is commonly associated to a WCG a system chromaticity wider than BT 709 Rec 2100 HDR TV uses the same system chromaticity that is used in Rec 2020 UHDTV 5 87 HDR formats such as HDR10 HDR10 Dolby Vision and HLG also use Rec 2020 chromaticities HDR contents are commonly graded on a P3 D65 display 6 8 System chromaticity comparison table Color space Chromaticity coordinate CIE 1931 Primary colors White pointRed Green BluexR yR xG yG xB yB Name xW yWRec 709 86 0 64 0 33 0 30 0 60 0 15 0 06 D65 0 3127 0 3290sRGBDCI P3 88 89 0 680 0 320 0 265 0 690 0 150 0 060 P3 D65 Display 0 3127 0 3290P3 DCI Theater 0 314 0 351P3 D60 ACES Cinema 0 32168 0 33767Rec 2020 87 0 708 0 292 0 170 0 797 0 131 0 046 D65 0 3127 0 3290Rec 2100 5 nbsp Rec 709 and sRGB SDR nbsp P3 D65 common HDR contents nbsp Rec 2020 and Rec 2100 HDR technical limit Bit depth edit Because of the increased dynamic range HDR contents need to use more bit depth than SDR to avoid banding While SDR uses a bit depth of 8 or 10 bits 86 HDR uses 10 or 12 bits 5 which when combined with the use of more efficient transfer function like PQ or HLG is enough to avoid banding 90 91 Matrix coefficients edit Rec 2100 specifies the use of the RGB YCbCr or ICTCP signal formats for HDR TV 5 ICTCP is a color representation designed by Dolby for HDR and wide color gamut WCG 92 and standardized in Rec 2100 5 IPTPQc2 with reshaping is a proprietary format by Dolby and is similar to ICTCP It is used by Dolby Vision profile 5 45 Signaling color space edit Coding independent code points CICP are used to signal the transfer function color primaries and matrix coefficients 93 It is defined in both ITU T H 273 and ISO IEC 23091 2 93 It is used by multiple codecs including AVC HEVC and AVIF Common combinations of H 273 parameters are summarized in ITU T Series H Supplement 19 94 Common CICP values 93 94 Code point value MeaningTransfer function 1 6 14 15 SDR s gamma curve16 PQ18 HLGColor primaries 1 Rec 709 primaries9 Rec 2020 primaries Rec 2100 primariesMatrix coefficients 0 R G B 1 Y CbCr for Rec 709 9 Y CbCr for Rec 2020 Y CbCr for Rec 2100 14 ICtCpMetadata edit Static metadata edit Static HDR metadata give information about the whole video SMPTE ST 2086 or MDCV Mastering Display Color Volume It describes the color volume of the mastering display i e the color primaries the white point and the maximum and minimum luminance It has been defined by SMPTE 10 and also in AVC 95 and HEVC 96 standards MaxFALL Maximum Frame Average Light Level MaxCLL Maximum Content Light Level The metadata do not describe how the HDR content should be adapted to an HDR consumer displays that have lower color volume i e peak brightness contrast and color gamut than the content 10 96 Dynamic metadata edit Dynamic metadata are specific for each frame or each scene of the video Dynamic metadata of Dolby Vision HDR10 and SMPTE ST 2094 describe what color volume transform should be applied to contents that are shown on displays that have different color volume from the mastering display It is optimized for each scene and each display It allows for the creative intents to be preserved even on consumers displays that have limited color volume SMPTE ST 2094 or Dynamic Metadata for Color Volume Transform DMCVT is a standard for dynamic metadata published by SMPTE in 2016 as six parts 24 It is carried in HEVC SEI ETSI TS 103 433 CTA 861 G 97 It includes four applications ST 2094 10 from Dolby Laboratories used for Dolby Vision ST 2094 20 from Philips Colour Volume Reconstruction Information CVRI is based on ST 2094 20 39 ST 2094 30 by Technicolor Colour Remapping Information CRI conforms to ST 2094 30 and is standardized in HEVC 39 ST 2094 40 by Samsung used for HDR10 ETSI TS 103 572 is a technical specification published in October 2020 by ETSI for HDR signaling and carriage of ST 2094 10 Dolby Vision metadata 98 HDR Vivid uses dynamic metadata standardized in CUVA 005 2020 35 36 Dual layer video edit Some Dolby Vision profiles use a dual layer video composed of a base layer and an enhancement layer 45 46 Depending on the Dolby Vision profile or compatibility level the base layer can be backward compatible with SDR HDR10 HLG UHD Blu ray or no other format in the most efficient IPTPQc2 color space which uses full range and reshaping 45 ETSI GS CCM 001 describes a Compound Content Management functionality for a dual layer HDR system including MMR multivariate multiple regression and NLQ non linear quantisation 46 Adoption editGuidelines edit Ultra HD Forum guidelines edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2021 UHD Phase A is a set of guidelines from the Ultra HD Forum for the distribution of SDR and HDR content using Full HD 1080p and 4K UHD resolutions It requires a color depth of 10 bits per sample a color gamut of Rec 709 or Rec 2020 a frame rate of up to 60 fps a display resolution of 1080p or 2160p and either standard dynamic range SDR or high dynamic range that uses HLG or PQ transfer functions 99 UHD Phase A defines HDR as having a dynamic range of at least 13 stops 213 8192 1 and WCG as a color gamut that is wider than Rec 709 99 UHD Phase B will add support to 120 fps and 120 1 001 fps 12 bit PQ in HEVC Main12 that will be enough for 0 0001 to 10000 nits Dolby AC 4 and MPEG H 3D Audio IMAX sound in DTS X with 2 LFE It will also add ITU s ICtCp and CRI 100 Still images edit This section is about the technology related to HDR displays For the HDR capture technique see High dynamic range imaging HDR image formats edit The following image formats are compatible with HDR Rec 2100 color space PQ and HLG transfer functions Rec 2100 or Rec 2020 color primaries HEIC HEVC codec in HEIF file format AVIF AV1 codec in HEIF file format JPEG XR JPEG XL 101 HSP CTA 2072 HDR Still Photo Interface a format used by Panasonic cameras for photo capture in HDR with the HLG transfer function 83 Other image formats such as JPEG JPEG 2000 PNG WebP do not support HDR by default They could support it by the use of the ICC profile 102 103 but existing applications usually do not take into account the absolute luminance value defined in ICC profiles 103 W3C is working to add HDR support to PNG 104 105 ISO AWI 21496 defines a generic way to add HDR information to SDR formats A layer of gain map records the luminance ratio between HDR source and its tone mapped SDR rendering so that the HDR source signal can be partially reconstructed from the SDR layer and this map Software that does not support the gain map would show the fallback SDR rendering 106 It was formerly known as Apple EDR Enhanced Dynamic Range 107 Adoption of HDR in still images edit Apple iPhone 12 and later support the aforementioned gain map HDR technique for still images 107 Canon EOS 1D X Mark III and EOS R5 are able to capture still images in the Rec 2100 color space by using the PQ transfer function the HEIC format HEVC codec in HEIF file format the Rec 2020 color primaries a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4 2 2 YCbCr subsampling 108 109 110 111 81 excessive citations The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HDR display with an HDMI cable 111 Captured HDR pictures can also be converted to SDR JPEG sRGB color space and then viewed on any standard display 111 Canon refers to those SDR pictures as HDR PQ like JPEG 112 Canon s Digital Photo Professional software is able to show the captured HDR pictures in HDR on HDR displays or in SDR on SDR displays 111 113 It is also able to convert the HDR PQ to SDR sRGB JPEG 114 Panasonic Panasonic s S series cameras including Lumix S1 S1R S1H and S5 can capture photos in HDR using the HLG transfer function and output them in a HSP file format 115 27 83 The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG compliant display with an HDMI cable 115 83 A plug in allowing the editing of HLG stills HSP in Photoshop CC has been released by Panasonic 116 117 The company also released a plug in for displaying thumbnails of those HDR images on a PC for Windows Explorer and macOS Finder 117 Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 mobile SoC allows the capture of 10 bit HDR HEIF still photos 118 119 Sony Sony a7S III and a1 cameras can capture HDR photos in the Rec 2100 color space with the HLG transfer function the HEIF format Rec 2020 color primaries a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4 2 2 or 4 2 0 subsampling 84 120 121 122 The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG compliant display with an HDMI cable 122 Others Krita 5 0 released on 23 December 2021 added support for HDR HEIF and AVIF images with Rec 2100 PQ and HLG encoding 123 124 Web edit Work is in progress at W3C to make Web compatible with HDR 125 which includes HDR capabilities detection 126 and HDR in CSS 127 History edit2014 edit In January 2014 Dolby Laboratories announced Dolby Vision 15 In August 2014 PQ was standardized in SMPTE ST 2084 128 In October 2014 the HEVC specification incorporates code point for PQ 129 Previously it also incorporates the Main 10 profile that supports 10 bits per sample on their first version 130 In October 2014 SMPTE standardized the Mastering Display Color Volume MDCV static metadata in SMPTE ST 2086 131 2015 edit In March 2015 HLG was standardized in ARIB STD B67 132 On 8 April 2015 The HDMI Forum released version 2 0a of the HDMI Specification to enable transmission of HDR The specification references CEA 861 3 which in turn references SMPTE ST 2084 the standard of PQ 59 The previous HDMI 2 0 version already supported the Rec 2020 color space 133 On 24 June 2015 Amazon Video was the first streaming service to offer HDR video using the HDR10 format 134 135 On 27 August 2015 Consumer Technology Association announced HDR10 17 On 17 November 2015 Vudu announced that they had started offering titles in Dolby Vision 136 2016 edit On 1 March 2016 the Blu ray Disc Association released Ultra HD Blu ray with mandatory support for HDR10 and optional support for Dolby Vision 137 On 9 April 2016 Netflix started offering both HDR10 and Dolby Vision 138 On June to September 2016 SMPTE standardized multiple dynamic metadata for HDR in SMPTE ST 2094 139 On 6 July 2016 the International Telecommunication Union ITU announced Rec 2100 which defines the image parameters for HDR TV and use two HDR transfer functions HLG and PQ 11 73 On 29 July 2016 SKY Perfect JSAT Group announced that on 4 October they would start the world s first 4K HDR broadcasts using HLG 140 On 9 September 2016 Google announced Android TV 7 0 which supports Dolby Vision HDR10 and HLG 141 142 On 26 September 2016 Roku announced that the Roku Premiere and Roku Ultra will support HDR using HDR10 143 On 7 November 2016 Google announced that YouTube would stream HDR videos that can be encoded with HLG or PQ 144 145 On 17 November 2016 the Digital Video Broadcasting DVB Steering Board approved UHD 1 Phase 2 with a HDR solution that supports HLG and PQ 146 147 The specification has been published as DVB Bluebook A157 and was published by the ETSI as TS 101 154 v2 3 1 146 147 2017 edit On 2 January 2017 LG Electronics USA announced that all of LG s SUPER UHD TV models support a variety of HDR technologies including Dolby Vision HDR10 and HLG Hybrid Log Gamma and are ready to support Advanced HDR by Technicolor On 20 April 2017 Samsung and Amazon announced HDR10 21 On 12 September 2017 Apple announced the Apple TV 4K with support for HDR10 and Dolby Vision and that the iTunes Store would sell and rent 4K HDR content 148 2019 edit On 26 December 2019 Canon announced the adoption of the PQ format PQ10 for still photography 31 2020 edit On 13 October 2020 Apple announced the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro series the first smartphone that can record and edit video in Dolby Vision directly from the camera roll 149 iPhone uses the Dolby Vision profile 8 4 cross compatible with HLG 150 2021 edit In June 2021 Panasonic announced a plug in for Photoshop CC to allow for the editing of HLG stills 116 2022 edit On 4 July 2022 Xiaomi announced the Xiaomi 12S Ultra the first Android smartphone that can record Dolby Vision video directly from the camera roll 151 152 See also editGamma correctionReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l HDR High Dynamic Range on TVs explained FlatpanelsHD Retrieved 25 April 2021 a b c d e f g h ITU R Report BT 2390 High dynamic range television for production and international programme exchange ITU Retrieved 26 April 2021 Why Your HDR Monitor is Probably Not HDR at All and 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Home Retrieved 13 July 2022 Further reading editWe need to talk about HDR by Yoeri Geutskens ITU R Rep BT 2390 High dynamic range television for production and international programme exchange a report by ITU providing background information on HDR in general and for the PQ and HLG HDR signal parameters specified in Rec 2100 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title High dynamic range television amp oldid 1216925512, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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