fbpx
Wikipedia

Road roller

November 16, 2023

"Roller-compactor" redirects here. For other types of rolling compactors, see Compactor.

A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller[1]) is a compactor-type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations.[1] Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

Caterpillar soil compactor equipped with padfoot drum, being used to compact the ground before placing concrete
Antique "Kemna" steamroller

Road rollers are frequently referred to as steamrollers, regardless of their method of propulsion.[2]

History edit

Main article: Steamroller
 
Horse-drawn road roller from 1800
 
Steam-powered roller
 
Zettelmeyer diesel-powered road roller

The first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably borrowed farm implements (see Roller).

Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight,[3] self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were steam rollers. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base compaction and run with high engine revs with low gearing to promote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid surfaces due to their smoother running engines, but both cylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often referred to as "chip chasers" which followed the hot tar and chip laying machines. Some road companies in the US used steamrollers through the 1950s. In the UK some remained in service until the early 1970s.

As internal combustion engines improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some users disliked them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones.

Virtually all road rollers in use today use diesel power.

Uses on a road edit

Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical advantage (vibrating). Initial compaction of the substrate on a road project is done using a padfoot or "sheep's foot" drum roller, which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area. On large freeways, a four-wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade, such as a Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed, and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads, a smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used.

The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth. This is usually done in combination with a motor grader to obtain a level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller is used. These rollers feature two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres that overlap, and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface.

The next course (road base) is compacted using a smooth single drum, smooth tandem roller, or pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader and a water truck to achieve the desired flat surface with the correct moisture content for optimum compaction. Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface (there is an exception if the single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine).

The final wear course of asphalt concrete (known as asphalt or blacktop in North America, or macadam in England[citation needed]) is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller. Three point rollers on asphalt were once common and are still used, but tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now. The pneumatic tyre roller's kneading action is the final roller to seal the surface.

Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the smaller area contacting the ground.

Configurations edit

 
Flattened and leveled construction site with road roller in the background
 
Rollers compact the asphalt layer. Buryatia, Russia

The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person and weighs 45 kilograms (100 lb) or as large as a ride-on road roller weighing 20 tonnes (20 long tons; 22 short tons) and costing more than US$150,000. A landfill unit may weigh 54 tonnes (53 long tons; 60 short tons).

Roller types edit

Pedestrian-operated edit

  • Rammer (bounce up and down)
  • Walk-behind plate compactor/light
  • Trench roller (manual unit or radio-frequency remote control)
  • Walk-behind roller/light (single drum)
  • Walk-behind roller/heavy (double drum)

Ride-on smooth finish edit

  • Tandem drum (static)
  • Tandem drum (vibrating)
  • Single drum roller (smooth)
  • Pneumatic-tyred Roller, called rubber tyre or multi-wheel
  • Combination roller (single row of tyres and a steel drum)
  • Three point roller (steam rollers are usually three-point)

Ride-on soil/landfill compactor with pads/feet/spikes edit

  • Single drum roller (soil)
  • 4-wheel (soil/landfill)
  • 3-point (soil/landfill)
  • Tandem drum (soil/landfill)

Other edit

  • Tractor-mounted and tractor-powered (conversion – see gallery picture below)
  • Drawn rollers or towed rollers (once common, now rare)
  • Impact compactor (uses a square or polygon drum to strike the ground hard for proof rolling or deep lift compacting)
  • Drum roller with rubber coated drum for asphalt compaction
  • Log skidder converted to compactor for landfill
  • Wheel loader converted to compactor for landfill

Drum types edit

Drums are available in widths ranging from 610 to 2,130 millimetres (24 to 84 in).

Tyre roller types edit

Tyre rollers are available in widths ranging up to 2.7 metres (8.9 ft), with between 7 and 11 wheels (e.g. 3 wheels at front, 4 at back): 7 and 8 wheel types are normally used in Europe and Africa; 9 and 11 in America; and any type in Asia. Very heavy tyre rollers are used to compact soil.

Variations and features edit

  • On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between work sites. On pneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water or sand, or for extra compaction wet sand is used. Modern tyre rollers may be filled with steel ballast, which gives a more even balance for better compaction.
  • Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums, allowing a small, light machine to perform as well as a much heavier one. Vibration is typically produced by a free-spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an eccentric weight has been attached. Some rollers have a second weight that can be rotated relative to the main weight, to adjust the vibration amplitude and thus the compacting force.
  • Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on-board "sprinkler tanks" to prevent hot asphalt sticking to the drum.
  • Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility. While early examples used direct mechanical drives, hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to contamination and allows the drum to be driven, providing extra traction on inclines.
  • Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.
  • Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other (format known as "duplex"), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction.


Gallery edit

  •  

    Powered, vibrating walk-behind

  •  

    Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine)

  •  

    Ride-on with articulating-swivel (large machine)

  •  

    Ride-on with articulating-swivel, Bomag BW 219 DH WR 2500

  •  

    Vibrating Dynapac CC232

  •  

    A Caterpillar CS-533E vibratory roller.

  •  

    Pneumatic roller

  •  

    A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it

Manufacturers edit

KEY:

  • SD = Single drum
  • TD = Tandem drum
  • PT = Pneumatic tyre — Rubber tyre or multi-tyre are also common
  • 3P = 3-point rollers — These are very similar to the old steam roller design

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b NSW, Transport for (2021-01-28). "Road compactor - steel-smooth drum roller | NSW Government". www.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  2. ^ "What Is a Steam Roller? History, Uses & Variations". About Mechanics. 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  3. ^ Desk, Housing News (2023-03-21). "Road Roller: Types, Uses and Things to Consider When Buying". Housing News. Retrieved 2023-09-23.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road rollers.
  • Road Roller Association — UK-based society dedicated to the preservation of steam and motor rollers, and ancillary road-making equipment.

November 16, 2023
road, roller, roller, compactor, redirects, here, other, types, rolling, compactors, compactor, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challeng. Roller compactor redirects here For other types of rolling compactors see Compactor This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Road roller news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message A road roller sometimes called a roller compactor or just roller 1 is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil gravel concrete or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations 1 Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture Caterpillar soil compactor equipped with padfoot drum being used to compact the ground before placing concreteAntique Kemna steamrollerRoad rollers are frequently referred to as steamrollers regardless of their method of propulsion 2 Contents 1 History 2 Uses on a road 3 Configurations 3 1 Roller types 3 1 1 Pedestrian operated 3 1 2 Ride on smooth finish 3 1 3 Ride on soil landfill compactor with pads feet spikes 3 1 4 Other 3 2 Drum types 3 3 Tyre roller types 3 4 Variations and features 4 Gallery 5 Manufacturers 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editMain article Steamroller nbsp Horse drawn road roller from 1800 nbsp Steam powered roller nbsp Zettelmeyer diesel powered road rollerThe first road rollers were horse drawn and were probably borrowed farm implements see Roller Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight 3 self powered vehicles replaced horse drawn rollers from the mid 19th century The first such vehicles were steam rollers Single cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base compaction and run with high engine revs with low gearing to promote bounce and vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating roller The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot laid surfaces due to their smoother running engines but both cylinder types are capable of rolling the finished surface Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often referred to as chip chasers which followed the hot tar and chip laying machines Some road companies in the US used steamrollers through the 1950s In the UK some remained in service until the early 1970s As internal combustion engines improved during the 20th century kerosene gasoline petrol and diesel powered rollers gradually replaced their steam powered counterparts The first internal combustion powered road rollers were similar to the steam rollers they replaced They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels typically large exposed spur gears Some users disliked them in their infancy as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start particularly the kerosene powered ones Virtually all road rollers in use today use diesel power Uses on a road editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Road roller news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled static or use mechanical advantage vibrating Initial compaction of the substrate on a road project is done using a padfoot or sheep s foot drum roller which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area On large freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade such as a Caterpillar 815 825 series machine would be used due to its high weight speed and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material On regional roads a smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil is smooth This is usually done in combination with a motor grader to obtain a level surface Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller is used These rollers feature two rows front and back of pneumatic tyres that overlap and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface The next course road base is compacted using a smooth single drum smooth tandem roller or pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader and a water truck to achieve the desired flat surface with the correct moisture content for optimum compaction Once the road base is compacted the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface there is an exception if the single drum has special flat wide base tyres on the machine The final wear course of asphalt concrete known as asphalt or blacktop in North America or macadam in England citation needed is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller a three point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller Three point rollers on asphalt were once common and are still used but tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now The pneumatic tyre roller s kneading action is the final roller to seal the surface Rollers are also used in landfill compaction Such compactors typically have padfoot drums and do not achieve a smooth surface The pads aid in compression due to the smaller area contacting the ground Configurations edit nbsp Flattened and leveled construction site with road roller in the background nbsp Rollers compact the asphalt layer Buryatia RussiaThe roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person and weighs 45 kilograms 100 lb or as large as a ride on road roller weighing 20 tonnes 20 long tons 22 short tons and costing more than US 150 000 A landfill unit may weigh 54 tonnes 53 long tons 60 short tons Roller types edit Pedestrian operated edit Rammer bounce up and down Walk behind plate compactor light Trench roller manual unit or radio frequency remote control Walk behind roller light single drum Walk behind roller heavy double drum Ride on smooth finish edit Tandem drum static Tandem drum vibrating Single drum roller smooth Pneumatic tyred Roller called rubber tyre or multi wheel Combination roller single row of tyres and a steel drum Three point roller steam rollers are usually three point Ride on soil landfill compactor with pads feet spikes edit Single drum roller soil 4 wheel soil landfill 3 point soil landfill Tandem drum soil landfill Other edit Tractor mounted and tractor powered conversion see gallery picture below Drawn rollers or towed rollers once common now rare Impact compactor uses a square or polygon drum to strike the ground hard for proof rolling or deep lift compacting Drum roller with rubber coated drum for asphalt compaction Log skidder converted to compactor for landfill Wheel loader converted to compactor for landfillDrum types edit Drums are available in widths ranging from 610 to 2 130 millimetres 24 to 84 in Tyre roller types edit Tyre rollers are available in widths ranging up to 2 7 metres 8 9 ft with between 7 and 11 wheels e g 3 wheels at front 4 at back 7 and 8 wheel types are normally used in Europe and Africa 9 and 11 in America and any type in Asia Very heavy tyre rollers are used to compact soil Variations and features edit On some machines the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight When empty the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between work sites On pneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water or sand or for extra compaction wet sand is used Modern tyre rollers may be filled with steel ballast which gives a more even balance for better compaction Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums allowing a small light machine to perform as well as a much heavier one Vibration is typically produced by a free spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an eccentric weight has been attached Some rollers have a second weight that can be rotated relative to the main weight to adjust the vibration amplitude and thus the compacting force Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on board sprinkler tanks to prevent hot asphalt sticking to the drum Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility While early examples used direct mechanical drives hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to contamination and allows the drum to be driven providing extra traction on inclines Human propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum Self propelled rollers may have two drums mounted one in front of the other format known as duplex or three rolls or just one with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction Gallery edit nbsp Powered vibrating walk behind nbsp Ride on with articulating swivel small machine nbsp Ride on with articulating swivel large machine nbsp Ride on with articulating swivel Bomag BW 219 DH WR 2500 nbsp Vibrating Dynapac CC232 nbsp A Caterpillar CS 533E vibratory roller nbsp Pneumatic roller nbsp A road roller powered by a tractor mounted on itManufacturers editABG Germany SD TD purchased by Ingersoll Rand and now part of Volvo CE Albaret France PT TD now part of Caterpillar Ammann Group Switzerland Aveling Barford England TD PT 3P BOMAG Germany SD TD PT BOMAG HYPAC in the USA market Case CE USA SD brands the Ammann Sta machines as Case in the USA Caterpillar Inc USA SD TD PT has the former lines of RAYGO BROS and Bitelli Dynapac Sweden SD TD PT 3P Galion USA Hamm AG Germany SD TD PT 3P now part of the Wirtgen Group HEPCO Iran SD TD PT 3P Hitachi Japan SD TD PT 3P Huber Company USA Hyster USA SD TD PT part of HYPAC and Bomag USA Ingersoll Rand USA SD TD PT now owned by Volvo Kamani Engineering Corporation India tractor mounted now part of the RPG Group production ended c 1970 1980 LiuGong HQ at Liuzhou China Marshall England TD Sakai Heavy Industries Japan SD TD PT 3P Sany China SD TD PT World Equipment China SD TD PT Tampo USA SD TD Vibromax Germany SD TD PT purchased by JCB now branded JCB Wacker Neuson Germany KEY SD Single drum TD Tandem drum PT Pneumatic tyre Rubber tyre or multi tyre are also common 3P 3 point rollers These are very similar to the old steam roller designSee also editTractor Roller agricultural tool for farm rollers Roller disambiguation for other types of roller Landfill compaction vehicle Mine roller a demining deviceReferences edit a b NSW Transport for 2021 01 28 Road compactor steel smooth drum roller NSW Government www nsw gov au Retrieved 2023 09 23 What Is a Steam Roller History Uses amp Variations About Mechanics 2023 08 05 Retrieved 2023 09 23 Desk Housing News 2023 03 21 Road Roller Types Uses and Things to Consider When Buying Housing News Retrieved 2023 09 23 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road rollers Road Roller Association UK based society dedicated to the preservation of steam and motor rollers and ancillary road making equipment Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Road roller amp oldid 1178295524, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.