Hawiye
The Hawiye (Somali: Hawiye, Arabic: بنو هوية, Italian: Hauija) is the largest Somali clan family.[1] Members of this clan traditionally inhabit central and southern Somalia, Somaliland,[2] Djibouti,[3] Ethiopia (Somali, Harar,[4] Oromia and Afar regions[5]) and Kenya (North Eastern Province, Eastern Province). They are also the majority in the capital city, Mogadishu.[6]
| Languages | |
|---|---|
| Somali | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (Sunni) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Dir, Darod, Isaaq, Rahanweyn, other Somalis |
Origins
Like the great majority of Somali clans, the Hawiye trace their ancestry to Aqil ibn Abi Talib (c. 580 – 670 or 683),[7] a cousin of the prophet Muhammad (c. 570 – 632) and an older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. 600 – 661) and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (c. 590 – 629).[8] They trace their lineage to Aqil through Samaale (the source of the name 'Somali'), the purported forefather of the northern pastoralist clans such as the Hawiye, the Dir, and –matrilineally through the Dir– the Isaq and the Darod.[7] Although these genealogical claims are historically untenable, they do reflect the longstanding cultural contacts between Somalia (especially, though not exclusively, its most northern part Somaliland) and Southern Arabia.[9]
Distribution
With the arrival of Samaale in the areas of Somaliland, the Hawiye, eldest son of Irir, son of Samaale,[10][11] further crossed into Ethiopia, said to be the traditional homeland,[12] before descending along the Shabelle Valley.
In Somalia, Hawiye subclans can be found inhabiting the areas of fertile lands in the Shabelle River of Beledweyne in the Hiran region and Jowhar in the Middle Shabelle region and stretching from the coast immediately south of Mogadishu to the north of the ancient port town of Hobyo in the desert central Mudug region. The Abgaal and the Hawadle sub-clans of Hawiye are the majority in the Hirshabelle state of Somalia, while in Galmudug the Habar Gidir are the majority followed by other Hawiye clans such as Abgaal, Duduble and Murusade. The Hawiye also have a second majority presence in the Lower Shabelle region. They can also be found in Jubbaland and the Bay and Bakool region. The Fiqishini subclan of the Habar Gidir[13] inhabit the Sool region of Somaliland.
The Hawiye also live in their traditional birthplace, Ethiopia and hold a sizeable population in the Somali Region of Ethiopia as well as cities like Babile and Imi in the Oromia regions.[14] In the southern parts of the Somali Region, Hawiye are majority in 2 of the 9 zones, namely the Liben zone and the Shabelle. The Hawiye are also present in the other zones such as the Dollo, Jarar, Sitti and the Jigjiga zone. A small number can also be found in the Afar region.
In Kenya, Hawiye can also be found in the North Eastern Province (Kenya) region of Kenya where the Degoodi sub-clan is 3rd majority out of Somali clans in Kenya and the majority in the Wajir region, followed by another Hawiye sub-clan, the Ajuran and then the Murule who are the majority of the Mandera region as shown in the Kenyan census.[15][16][17][18][19][20]
Major Hawiye cities include the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu, Beledweyne, Jowhar and Mandera.
Role and Influence in Somalia
The Hawiye have historically played an important role in Somalia. The majority of Somalia's founding fathers hailed from the Hawiye. The first President, Prime Minister and the father of the Somali Military were all Hawiye. Aden Adde the first President was Udeejeen. The first Prime Minister Abdullahi Issa was Habar Gidir. The father of the Somali Military Daud Abdulle Hirsi was Abgaal. Since then the Hawiye have produced five more Presidents and four more Prime Ministers.
The Hawiye figure prominently in many important fields of Somali society, including the Business and Media sector. For example, Abdirahman Yabarow, the editor-in-chief of VOA Somali is kin. Yusuf Garaad Omar who was the Chairman of BBC Somali for over a decade and helped pioneer its rise during his tenure, is also a member. As are the heads of major national corporations - Jubba Airways and Hormuud Telecom.
Currently the Hawiye play a leading role in the regions of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and Benadir (Mogadishu), but also in Somalia and among the Somali people as a whole.[21][22][23]
History
According to 12th-century author Al-Idrisi, the Hawiye clan occupied the coastal areas between Ras Hafun and Merca, as well as the lower basin of the lower Shabelle river. Al-Idrisi's mention of the Hawiye is the first documentary reference to a specific Somali group in the Horn of Africa. Later Arab writers also make references to the Hawiye clan in connection with both Merca and the lower Shabelle valley. Ibn Sa'id (1214–74), for instance, considered Merca to be the capital of the Hawiye, who lived in fifty villages on the bank of a river which he called "the nile of Mogadishu, a clear reference to the Shabelle river.[24]
One must mention the Hawīya and Garğēda who are also represented as clan families or clans among the Somali. Both groups seem to have been long established in the Sultanate of Bale: the early immigrants from Merca started from a Hawiya-occupied region and oral traditions relate the Garğēda with the time of the "holy war" in the 1530s.[25]
Along with Rahanweyn, the Hawiye clan also came under the Ajuran Empire control in the 13th century that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.[26]
Known to medieval writers as the Ajan Coast[27][28][29] Harold Marcus credits the role of the Hawiye-led commonwealth alliance[30][31] in expanding and islamizing the communities of what is now southeast Ethiopia and southern Somalia during the 15th and 16th centuries.[32]
The Hawiye are also featured in the early history of the northern Ifat Sultanate during the reign of Emperors Zara Yaqob[33] and Amda Seyon I.[34] Sabr ad-Din of Ifat who declared war on Amda Seyon, had summoned 15 notables for the battle, the 8th notable was the King of Harla and the 9th notable was the King of Hubat. According to best known travel and tourism handbook "Guide to Ethiopia" by author Phillip Briggs and ecologist professor Marco Viganó, the Kundudo (Qundhura) mountain ranges which sits at the mouth of Gursum, Somali (woreda) and easiest to access via Babile, was the locality of ancient Hubat[35][36] an early settlement pre-dating Harar and historically inhabited by nomadic highland Hawiye clans who had turned to farming and cultivation during the rainfall season.[37] Many old towns and villages bearing Hawiye ancestral names can still be found in the modern Eastern Hararghe region today.[38][39][40]
With Adal Sultanate succeeding Ifat Sultanate, the Hawiye figured prominently as leaders and soldiers in what culminated to become the 16th century conquest of Ethiopia (Futuh Al-Habasha). The most famous and widely read Historian of Ethiopia, former Minister of Education, Arts & Culture and Dean of the National Library under Haile Selassie, Takla Sadiq Mekuria, author of the "History of Ethiopia; Nubia, Aksum, Zagoe till the Time of the Reign of Aşe Yækunno Amlak",[41] had devoted a 950-page book in 1961 to the life and times of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (known as Ahmed Gurey or Mohamed Gragne, the Atilla of Africa and the King of Zeila) as well as the history of the elite core family-unit of the Malassay Army in his rough monograph on the Gragn Wars called "Ya Gragn Warara" (The Conquests of Gragn), in it he draws on the evidence from Arab Faqih Sihab Uddin and the chronicles of Sarsa-Dengel. Through the mediation of Dagazmac Wargnah he interviewed Ahmed Ali Shami, the most senior authoritative scholar of Harar to have produced the concise manuscript history of Harar (in his Fatah Madinat Harar manuscript) for several European institutions and provides the only extensive family tree and genealogical known tradition of 8 generations of the father and relatives of Gragne's lineage from the Karanle Hawiye branch with his mother stated to be of the ethnic Harla.[42] Gragne's wife was also the daughter of Emir Mahfuz, an important relative,[43][44] ruler of Zeila and a Balaw, a common Ethiopian mistranslation of the christian synaxarium of Alexandria's "muslim badawī (bedouin)" for Muslims in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and the Red Sea Gulf. See example - Ethiopian chronicles of 10th century Muslim convert Saint George the Egyptian Balaw.[45][46][47] Weakened by centuries of northen conflict, a fraction of the Hawiye of the post Adal Harar Emirate continued to remain powerful in the Somali interior[48][49][50][51] and would later form a dynasty of jurists in early modern Zeila.[52]
Since sections of the Hawiyya were migrating southward before and during Gragn's jihad, it is not inconceivable that they brought certain theocratic notions with them. Indeed, the Ajuran maintained a wakil (governor) in the region around Qallafo. This area was not only the traditional Hawiyya homeland, but also stood midway geographically between the emirates of Harar and the Benaadir, an ideal link for the transmission of political and religious ideas.
Enrico Cerulli, an Author on key Somali social development and early history, mentions the following passage on the birth and succession of the Ajuran Sultanate.[53]
The oral sources also provide us with recurrent themes that point to certain structural features of Ajuran rule. The descendants of the Ajuraan (among which are the Gareen imams) can therefore be understood to have inherited the spiritual (Islamic) and the secular (numerical) power provided by the alliance of the first three Hawiyya “brothers”. Ajuran power reposed on the twin pillars of spiritual preeminence and Hawiyya kinship solidarity, a potent combination in the Somali cultural context. In historical terms, a theocratic ideology superimposed on an extensive network of Hawiyya-affiliated clans helped uphold Ajuran dominance over a wide region. The Darandoolle, it should be noted, were part of the Gurqaate, a clan section collateral to the Jambelle Hawiyya from whom Ajuran (and Gareen) is said to have been descended. Intermarriage among the descedants of these uterine brothers on the one hand helped reinforce the solidarity of the Hawiyya. On the other hand, competition between collateral lines was very common in Somalia, particularly where the titular leadership of a larger clan-confederation was at stake. Such a struggle for the dominant place within the Hawiyya-dominated Ajuran confederation may also be reflected in the rise of the Silcis and El Amir in the later years of Ajuran rule. Both are said to have been descedants of Gurqaate Hawiyya, as were the Abgaal Darandoolle. Thus it can be argued that the dominant groups which appeared toward the end of the Ajuran era—the Darandoolle near Muqdisho, the Silcis near Afgooye, and the El Amir in Marka—represent the partition of the Ajuran imamate among collateral Hawiyya sections. Or perhaps one branch of the Hawiyya—namely the Gurqaate—forcibly replaced another (the Jambelle) as leaders of the clan.
The Hiraab Imamate was the main successor state of the Ajuran Sultanate. The reason for their rebellion was the Ajuran rulers, in the end, became extremely prideful, neglected the sharia law, and imposed a heavy tax on their subjects which was the main reason for the rebellion.[54] Other groups would follow in the rebellion which would eventually bring down Ajuran rule in the inter-riverine region and Benadir coast.[55]
Lee Cassanelli in his book, The Shaping of Somali society, provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Imamate. He writes:
"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Empire and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.[56]
The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the Habar Gidir and Duduble, a Fiqhi/Qadi of Sheekhaal, and the Imam was reserved for the Mudulood branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of Mudug, whilst the ancient port of Hobyo emerged as the commercial center and Mogadishu being its capital for the newly established Hiraab Imamate in the late 17th century.[56]
Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial centre for the Imamate. The agricultural centres of El Dher and Harardhere included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the Shabelle river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as Mogadishu further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.[56]
The economy of the Hawiye includes the predominant nomadic pastoralism, and to some extent, cultivation within agricultural settlements in the riverine area, as well as mercantile commerce along the urban coast. At various points throughout history, trade of modern and ancient commodities by the Hawiye through maritime routes included cattle skin, slaves, ivory and ambergris.[57][56]
Soon afterwards, the entire region was snapped up by the fascists Italians and it led to the birth of a Modern Somalia. However, the Hiraab hereditary leadership has remained intact up to this day and enjoys a dominant influence in national Somali affairs."[56]
Clan tree
Due to antiquity and oldened traditions, there is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines his genealogical clan tree of the Hawiye in The Invention of Somalia.[58]
- Samaale
- Irir
- Hawiye
- Karanle
- Kaariye Karanle
- Gidir Karanle
- Seexawle Karanle
- Baad
- Murusade
- Sabti
- Abakar Sabti
- Abdalle Sabti
- Habar Idinle
- Foorculus
- Habar Ceyno
- Daguuro
- Hilibi
- Sabti
- Gugundhabe
- Gorgaarte
- Hiraab
- Mudulood
- Wacdaan
- Maalinle
- Samakaay
- Moobleen
- Udeejeen
- Aden Yacqub
- Xersi Macalin
- Abgaal
- Harti
- Agoonyar
- Warsangeli
- Owbakar
- Wacbuudhan
- Daud
- Isaaq Daud
- Yusuf Daud
- Galmaax
- Maxamed Muuse
- Mataan Cabdulle
- Celi Cumar
- Abdulle Galmaax
- Kabaale
- Saleeban Muuse
- Xeyle Muuse
- Daud
- Waceysle
- Cali Gaaf
- Yabadhaale
- Aadan Maxacade
- Macalin Dhiblaawe
- Eybakar Gaab
- Maxaa Cade
- Absuge Qombor
- Cali Gaaf
- Harti
- Wacdaan
- Duduble
- Maxamed Camal
- Maqlisame
- Owradeen
- Sheekhaal[60]
- Loobage
- Maxamed Cagane
- Qudub
- Loobage
- Abdiraxiin Martiile
- Habar Gidir
- Sacad
- Reer Ayaanle
- Reer Hilowle
- Reer Jalaf
- Saleebaan
- Reer Warfaa
- Reer Muuse
- Bah-Abgaal
- Cayr
- Ayaanle
- Cabsiiye
- Habar Eji
- Saruur
- Nabadwaa
- Sacad
- Mudulood
- Wadalaan
- Silcis
- Hawadle[61]
- Ali Madaxweyne
- Yabar Madaxweyne
- Ibrahim Ciise
- Abdi Yusuf
- Agoon Abdalle
- Hiraab
- Jambeelle
- Hintire
- Ajuuraan[62]
- Gareen
- Waalamage
- Xaskul
- Owsaan
- Raaranle Hawiye
- Karanle
- Hawiye
- Irir
NOTE The Xawaadle, Saransoor (Gaaljecel, Dagoodi, Ciise, Masarre, Tuuf Garre) and Ajuuraan are historically counted as Hawiye lineages under Gorgaarte,[63] Gugundhabe[64] and Jambeelle[65][66] respectively. The Sheekhaal are similarly said to be descendants of Hiraab.[67]
Notable Hawiye figures
Rulers
- Sheikh Hussein, 13th Century Muslim Saint of East Africa and Ruler of the Sultanate of Bale
- Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi nicknamed "Ahmed Gurey", Somali Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate, Ruler of Harar and Conqueror of Ethiopia
- Caaqil Dheryodhoobe, Legendary Warrior Chief of Central Somalia and Strategic Thinker
- Sheikh Hassan Barsane, Religious and National Anti Colonial leader
- Olol Dinle, Last Sultan of the Ajuran Sultanate
- Ahmed Gabyow, Somali Patriot and War Poet of the Benadir Coast
Politicians
- Abdullahi Issa, Prime Minister of Somalia, 1956–1960
- Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, President of Somalia, 1960–1967
- Haji Farah Ali Omar, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia, 1967–1969[68]
- Hussein Kulmiye Afrah, Vice President of Somalia, 1971–1990
- Mohamed Ibrahim Liqliiqato, President of the National Assembly, 1982–1989
- Ali Mahdi Muhammad, President of Somalia, 1991–2000
- Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, President of Somalia, 2000–2004
- Ali Mohammed Ghedi, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2004–2007
- Nur Hassan Hussein, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2007–2009
- Sharif Ahmed, President of Somalia, 2009–2012
- Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia, 2012–2017, 2022–Current
- Hassan Ali Khaire, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2017–2020
- Mohamed Hussein Roble, Prime Minister of Somalia, 2020–2021
- Sheikh Ali Jimale, Cabinet Minister, First Opposition Party Secretary-General and Runners Up in the 1961 Presidential Elections
- Abdullahi Ahmed Addow, Governor of the Central Bank, Minister of Economic Affairs, later Somali Ambassador to the United States 1970–1980
- Mohamed Sheikh Osman, Former Minister of Finance, Commerce and Industry
- Omar Hassan Mohamud "Istarliin", 1960s Mayor of Mogadishu and Chairman of the Somali Rebellion SODAF
- Ali Mohamed Osoble "Wardhigley", MP Elected from Mogadishu, Minister of Information, Health and Labour, Vice Chairman of SNM, Chairman of USC
- Mohamed Afrah Qanyare, Politician, Businessman, Chairman of the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)
- Abukar Umar Adani, Islamist, Tycoon, Owner of the El-Ma`an Port which served as Mogadishu's temporary Port since its closure in 1995
- Abdullahi Mohamed Ali "Sanbaloolshe", Politician, Diplomat, Secretary of State for National Security and Intelligence Chief (NISA)
- Shaaban Ali Issack, Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, Assistant Minister for Urban Development, 1995–2007
- Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab, Mayor of Mogadishu, Chief of the Somali Supreme Court, 2012–2016
- Mohamed Nur, Popular Mayor of Mogadishu, 2009–2012, famously nicknamed Tarzan
- Mohamed Hussein Ali, Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, 2007-2013
Military personnel
- Daud Abdulle Hirsi, First Commander-In-Chief of the Somali National Forces in 1960, Commanding Officer of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
- Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, Brigadier General, Father of the 1969 Kacaan Revolution
- General Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Chairman of the United Somali Congress that toppled Dictator Siad Barre, battled US Delta forces and UNOSOM during Operation Restore Hope and a self-declared President of Somalia before his Death, 1987–1996
- Mohamud Barre Faytaan, First Chief of the Somali Air Defence Corps and later Somali Airlines
- Mohamed Ali Dhagaxtuur, SYL Horseed Militia leader, Martyr of the 1948 Four-Power Commission Hanoolaato riots in Mogadishu named after the Dhagaxtuur Monument
- Mohamed Abdulle Halane, Posthumous Gold Medallist of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War commemorated in the Halane Elite Training Camp
- Ahmed Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the Somali Air Force[69]
- Osman Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the Somali Navy
- Colonel Ahmed Maxamed Xasan, Abgaal, Award Winner fighter jet pilot who famously refused government orders to bomb Somaliland in the lead up to the Civil War, 1988–1991
- Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid, Longest reigning Police Commissioner, dubbed Tiger Abdi in the infamous Black Hawk Down
- Hassan Dahir Aweys, Decorated Colonel of the Ogaden War, Founder of the Islamic Courts Union
- Mohamed Abdi Hassan, Entrepreneur, Somalia's "Pirate Kingpin" who captured the MV Sirius Star Ship, 2008
Leading intellectuals
- Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, Linguist, Author of the 1952 Kaddariya script
- Ismail Jim'ale Osoble, Human Rights Lawyer, Journalist, Cabinet Minister, Author of the 1990 Somali Manifesto
- Abdulkadir Yahya Ali, Peace Activist, Founder of the Center for Research and Dialogue[70]
- Elmi Ahmed Duale, Director General of Somali Public Health, World Health Organization East Africa Programme Coordinator, Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations
- Ahmed Mumin Warfa, Senior Government Advisor, Philanthropist, Scientist and Rector of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology, discovered the Cyclamen somalense species
- Farah Weheliye Addo, Politician, Chairman of the Somali Football Association, Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations, Somali Olympic Committee and Vice-President of the African Football Confederation (CAF)
- Yusuf Garaad Omar, Editor-in-Chief of the BBC Somali Service
- Abdi Mohamed Ulusso, Writer, Historian, 2004 Presidential Candidate
- Ali Jimale, Educator at the City University of New York
- Ali Sheikh Ahmed, Dual President of Mogadishu University and Al-Islaah
- Elman Ali Ahmed, Entrepreneur and Social Activist
- Hilowle Imam Omar, Chairman of the Somali Civil War Reconciliation Program
- Ibrahim Hassan Addou, Former Professor of Washington University, Foreign Minister of the Islamic Courts Union in 2006
- Hussein Ali Shido, SYL Politician, Ambassador and later founding member of the United Somali Congress
Music and literature
- Abdi Bashiir Indhobuur, Poet and Composer
- Abdulle Geedannaar, Poet
- Hasan Adan Samatar, Famous Musician in the 1970s and 1980s
- K'naan, Somali-Canadian Poet, Rapper and Musician
- Magool (Halima Khalif Omar), Musician
Political factions and organizations
- Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) a Somali alliance created by various faction leaders and entrepreneurs
- Hizbul Shabaab, the Youth Movement wing of the ICU before ceding the organisation to Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow"
- Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a rival administration to the Transitional Federal Government.
- Juba Valley Alliance (JVA), primary opponent of the Somali Patriotic Movement
- Somali National Alliance (SNA), formed by Mohamed Farrah Aidid
- Somali Salvation Army (SSA), the Ali Mahdi Muhammad branch of the United Somali Congress
- United Somali Congress (USC), formed in 1987, played a leading role in the ouster of the dictatorship
See also
References
- ^ Alasow, Omar (2010). Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes. p. 32.
- ^ Aden, Abokor (2006). Further Steps To Somaliland Democracy. p. 20. OCLC 64096513.
- ^ Africa a, Collections Of (1956). African Native Tribes. p. 27.
- ^ Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas Die materielte Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Phillip Paulitschke 1893)|quote=The tribe of the Hawija (Auîjja), whose members claim to be the purest, so to speak, the cream of the Somâl, is spread over the whole vast terrain from the middle Erer valley of Harar and Karanle along the left bank of the Vêbi Shabêli distributed to the coast of the Indian Ocean between Cape Sîf Tawîl and Maqdishu and Merka.
- ^ Berhane, Meressa (2013). Implication of the Afar-Somali pastoralist conflict on the socio-economic rights of residents in Afar Region Zone Three. p. 1.
- ^ Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: 2001, Maria Brons, International Books, page 102
- ^ a b Lewis 1961, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Rubin 2009.
- ^ Lewis 1994, pp. 102–106, esp. p. 105.
- ^ Somalia e Benadir (Bricchetti 1899)|quote="Irrir, first son of Samali (Somali) had two sons, Auijja (Hawiya) Irrir and Higgi (Edji) Irrir. The first son Auijja is the progenitor of the many tribes of the South, which collectively still bear his name. He would have had two wives; one Galla and the other Arab."
- ^ Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (1893)|quote="In general, belief prevails among them, and indeed they are keen to say that they are descendants of a certain Samali (Hauija) and that they have come from Eastern Arabia. And such they show themselves anthropologically, being considered as a graft of Arabs from Jemen, mixed especially with the Galla (Oromo), or more precisely as the perennial hybridism of these people and of the red type represented by the Ancient Himiarites of the Bab el Mandeb strait, with descendants of the ancient Egyptians."
- ^ Marcus, Harold (1975). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies. p. 104.
- ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.
- ^ Local conflicts between Somali and Oromo people in the context of political decentralization in Ethiopia; Comparative case study on Ma'eso and Babile Districts
- ^ Cabdulqaadir Cusmaan Maxamuud (1999). Sababihii burburka Soomaaliya. Toronto: Neelo Printing. p. 101. ISBN 0-9681259-1-3. OCLC 50295281.
- ^ The Somali, Afar and Saho groups in the Horn of Africa by I.M Lewis
- ^ UN Somalia Clan Map (PDF). 1998. p. 1.
- ^ ACCORD Somalia Clan Map. 1999. p. 30.
- ^ First Footsteps in East Africa by Richard Burton, pg 73
- ^ The Earth and Its Inhabitants of South and East Africa. 1876. p. 398.
- ^ La colonizzazione Europea nell'Est Africa Italia, Inghilterra, Germania (Gustavi Chiesi 1909)|quote=The populations of people in the area of Uarsceik to Ras Elhur to Mustahil on the Uebi Schiavelli, belong to the purest type and character of the Somali breed. Physically and aesthetically counted among the best, most perfect specimens of their race - they are examples of beauty, grace and the elegance of ancient Greek statues. Undoubtedly these Somalis of this region, we will say so, pure, proud, haughty, protective of their own individual and collective freedom; suspicious of our civilisation, our intentions and therefore most difficult to those not governing cross breeds or polluted by the blood of Galla and Suaheli in the southernmost part.
- ^ Somalia e Benadir (Robbecchi Bricchetti 1899)|quote=The character of the Somalis is not so easy to describe. They are cowardly, scheming, liars, selfish, avenging, suspicious, traitors. The Auijja, who are more expansive, kinetic, energetic and with a lively and penetrating spirit, do not consider theft as a crime if done on a large scale at gunpoint and by way of conquest, always ready for any discomfort, even if to be able to satisfy their revenge.
- ^ Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (Civelli 1919)|quote=The Hawiya would be the first result of a crossing of Somalis with other populations, as is also confirmed by the current opinion that considers the Hawiya the most noble group, for the fact that they were the earliest followers of Muslim influence.
- ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Clark, John Desmond; Gray, Richard; Flint, John E.; Roberts, A. D.; Sanderson, G. N.; Crowder, Michael (1975). The Cambridge history of Africa: Fage, J. D. p. 137. ISBN 9780521209816.
- ^ Braukämper, Ulrich (1992). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Litt. p. 136. ISBN 9783825856717.
- ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.
- ^ Rosaccio, Gioseppe (1596). Il mondo e sue parti cive Europa, Affrica, Asia et America. p. 193.
- ^ Toscanella, Orazio (1567). I Nomi antichi et moderni delle provincie, regioni, città dell'Europa, Africa et Asia America. p. 50.
- ^ Marie, Phillipe (1827). VANDERMAELEN 1827 Map of Côte D'Ajan. p. 1.
- ^ Marcus, Harold (1975). Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies. p. 102.
- ^ N, HS (1967). Journey of the Historical Society of Africa. p. 120.
- ^ AICMAR Bulletin An Evangelical Christian Journal of Contemporary Mission and Research in Africa. 2003. p. 21.
- ^ The Journal of the Historical Society|quote="The greatest Zaidite backwash had flown into Somalia when Imam Yahya ibn Husain was killed. By the end of the 15th century Zaidite Muslims sympathetic to their deceased monarch as religious and political dissidents were among the Hawiyya Somali clan; the Mashafa Milad an Ethiopic work composed during the reign of Zara Yacob records that Muslims under the command of Shaikh Abu Bakr ibn' Umar, Sultan of Makdishu, who were Zaidites, fought against the Ethiopian Negus."
- ^ MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.116
- ^ Viganó, Marcof (1994). The Kundudo, Deri and Dire and ancient Hararge forts. p. 1.
- ^ Briggs, Phillip (2018). Guide to Ethiopia. p. 479.
- ^ Development Research, Institute Of (1994). Ethiopian Journal of Development Research. p. 43.
- ^ Institute of Mineralogy, Hudson (2010). Hawīya, East Hararghe Map. Mindat. p. 1.
- ^ Gallery, Maphill (2010). Hawīya, East Hararghe Map. Maphill. p. 1.
- ^ CSA, Ethiopia (2010). Harari Zone Kebeles. EthioStats. p. 1.
- ^ Uhlig, Siegburt (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica O-X. Eisanbrauns. p. 29.
- ^ MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.112
- ^ Faqih, Arab (2003). The Conquest of Abyssinia. Tsehai Publishers and Distributors. p. 9.
- ^ Peacock, A.C.S. (2017). Islamisation and Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh University Press. p. 15.
- ^ Sahner, C.S. (2020). Christian Martyrs Under Islam - Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. Princeton University Press. p. 69.
- ^ Cesi, Federico (1974). IV Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Etiopici. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. p. 615.
- ^ Levtzion, Nehemia (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229.
- ^ Atti del primo congresso geographico italiano tenuto in Genova (Società Geografica Italiana 1893)|quote="At the Battle of Harmale in 1891, the Hawiya alone, led by Garad Omar Abdi faced 15,000 of Menelik's raiders into the Ogaden, defeated only in the wake of less numbers and arms, though not of value."
- ^ The Earth and Its Inhabitants ...: South and east Africa|quote="The Hawiyas, who are dominant in Ogaden, that is, the great central territory of Somali Land, are certainly the most powerful of all the Somali people. M. Revoil describes them as less bellicose than the other branches of the race, but at the same time more fanatical and more dangerous to foreigners. They belong to a distinct Mohammedan sect, which, to judge from their practices, seems in some way akin or analogous to that of the Wahabites in Central Arabia."
- ^ Rulers, Guns, and Money - The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism|quote="The British Vice Consul at Harar, writing of the Hawiya tribe in the Ogaden, who were in revolt against the Ethiopians, reported that they had always been powerful, but had become much stronger after being furnished with a good supply of arms from Djibouti. He anticipated that all the Somali tribes would be so well armed in the near future that the Ethiopians would have great difficulty in preserving their rule in Harar."
- ^ L'ultimo impero cristiano politica e religione nell'Etiopia contemporanea (1916- 1974)|quote="The Hawiya chiefs who together with their sons, participated in the plans of Lij Jasu only aggravated the violence on both sides. The Hawiyas, in revenge, destroyed the crops around Harar in order to create a scorched earth policy and raided numerous cattle, which were partly owned by Aqa Gabru. The punitive expedition led by the Amhara faced an entire coalition made up of Geri Somali and Ogaden soldiers, but led by the Hawiya."
- ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa - An Explanation of Harar. Green Longmans. p. 65.
- ^ Enrico Cerulli, Come viveva una tribù Hawiyya, ( A Cura dell'Amministrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia ; Instituto poligrafico dello Stato P.V 1959)
- ^ Cassanelli, Lee (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society. p. 124. ISBN 9780812278323.
- ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, Towns and Trading centres in Somalia: A Nomadic perspective, Philadelphia, 1980, pp. 8-9.
- ^ a b c d e Lee V. Cassanelli (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600 to 1900. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7832-3.
- ^ Kenya's past; an introduction to historical method in Africa page by Thomas T. Spear
- ^ Ali Jimale Ahmed (1995). The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea. p. 123. ISBN 0-932415-98-9.
- ^ Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana. 1938. p. 1130.
- ^ Bricchetti, Robbecchi (1899). Somalia e Benadir. p. 174.
- ^ Somalia Etnografia. 1957. p. 60.
- ^ Geographica Italiana, Società (1892). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. p. 970.
- ^ Somalia Etnografia. 1957. p. 60.
- ^ Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana. 1938. p. 1130.
- ^ Geographica Italiana, Società (1892). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. p. 970.
- ^ Liiqliiqato, Maxamed (1986). Taariikhda Soomaaliya dalkii filka weynaa ee punt. p. 18.
- ^ Bricchetti, Robbecchi (1899). Somalia e Benadir. p. 174.
- ^ . Somali Watch (source: US Department of State, Washington). November 29, 200. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ Taariikhda Ciidanka Cirka (Somali Air Force Chief Mohamud Sheikh Ali "Dable Beylood" on "SNA Radio" channel on YouTube/Facebook on the 15th of February 2022)|quote=According to SAF Chief Mohamud Ali at the 62nd anniversary of the Somali Air Force, Ahmed as the first fully trained Somali pilot was appointed Commander on 15/02/60 for 11 months until a fatal accident.
- ^ "CRD Somalia". Center for Research and Dialogue. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
Sources
- Lewis, Ioan M. (1961). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780852552803.
- Lewis, Ioan M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Lawrencewill, NJ: The Red Sea Press. ISBN 0-932415-93-8.
- Rubin, Uri (2009). "ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23073.