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Oromia

Oromia (Amharic: ኦሮሚያ) (Oromo: Oromiyaa) is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people.[3] The capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa.

Oromia
ኦሮሚያ
Oromiyaa
From top, left to right:
Oromia Cultural Center, Irreechaa, Sof Omar Caves, Wonchi Lake, Bale Mountains National Park and Lake Shalla
Map of Ethiopia showing Oromia
Country Ethiopia
Official languageOromo
CapitalAddis Ababa (Finfinne)[a]
Government
 • Chief AdministratorShimelis Abdisa (Prosperity Party)
Area
 • Total353,690 km2 (136,560 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Population
 (2017)
 • Total35,467,001[1]
 • Rank1st
DemonymOromo or Oromian
Time zoneEAT
ISO 3166 codeET-OR
HDI (2019)0.470[2]
low · 8th of 11

It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to the north; Dire Dawa to the northeast; the South Sudanese state of Upper Nile, Gambela Region, South West Ethiopia Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and Sidama Region to the west; the Eastern Province of Kenya to the south; as well as Addis Ababa as an enclave surrounded by a Special Zone in its centre and the Harari Region as an enclave surrounded by East Hararghe in its east.

In August 2013, the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency projected the 2022 population of Oromia as 35,467,001;[1] making it the largest regional state by population. It is also the largest regional state covering 253,690 square kilometres (97,950 sq mi)[4] Oromia is the world's 42nd most populous subnational entity,[citation needed] and the most populous subnational entity in Africa.[citation needed]

History

The Oromo people are one of the oldest cushitic peoples inhabiting the Horn of Africa, as there is still no correct estimate of the history of their settlement in the region.An evidence is given that they are the womb from which most of the eastern Cushitic peoples emerged, such as the Somalis, Afaris, and the Saho in Eritrea and Sudan. Oromos make up the largest aboriginal people Horn of Africa, mainly Ethiopia until the 10th century. After the influx of Abyssinian people of Northern Ethiopia, who claim to have an Arabian and Jewish ancestry, Oromos and other native Ethiopian people such as Agaw, Kimant, Gafat, Ifates, etc. were gradually driven out of North-Central Ethiopia. These newly arriving South Arabian settlers who refer themselves as Habesha gradually expanded South-ward, intermarried with native people of Ethiopia and seized power around 1270, establishing the so called Solomonic Dynasty which ruled Ethiopia from 1270-1974.[5] Despite their well-documented Arabian and Jewish origin, these newly arriving groups of Ethiopians often refer to aboriginal people of Central and Southern Ethiopia as immigrants as they say "Accuse Your Enemy Of What You Are Doing, As You Are Doing It To Create Confusion".[6][7]

The Oromo and their country Oromia (biyyi Oromiyaa) remained independent until the last quarter of the 19th century,[8] when they lost their sovereignty. From 1881 to 1886, Emperor Menelik II conducted several unsuccessful invasion campaigns against their territory. The Arsi Oromo demonstrated fierce resistance against this Abyssinian conquest,[9] putting up stiff opposition against an enemy equipped with modern European firearms. They were ultimately defeated in 1886.[9]

In the 1940s some Arsi Oromo together with people from Bale province joined the Harari Kulub movement, an affiliate of the Somali Youth League that opposed Amhara Christian domination of Hararghe. The Ethiopian government violently suppressed these ethno-religious movements.[10][11][12] During the 1970s the Arsi formed alliances with Somalia.[13]

In 1967, the imperial regime of Haile Selassie I outlawed the Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association (MTSHA), an Oromo social movement, and conducted mass arrests and executions of its members. The group's leader, Colonel General Tadesse Birru, who was a prominent military officer, was among those arrested.[14] The actions by the regime sparked outrage among the Oromo community, ultimately leading to the formation of the Oromo Liberation Front in 1973.[15] The Oromos perceived the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie as oppressive, as the Oromo language was banned from education and use in administration,[16][17][18] and speakers were privately and publicly mocked.[19][20] The Amhara culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule.

Both the imperial and the Derg government relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia, including the present day Oromia region, in order to alleviate drought in the north of the country.[21] They also served in government administration, courts, church and even in school, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic.[22] Further disruption under the Derg regime came through the forced concentration and resettlement of peasant communities in fewer villages.[23] The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as opposing the expansion of an Ethiopian national identity.[24]

In the early 1990s, the Ethiopian Democratic People's Republic began to lose its control over Ethiopia. The OLF failed to maintain strong alliances with the other two rebel groups at the time: the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).[25] In 1990, the TPLF created an umbrella organization for several rebel groups in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF's Oromo subordinate, the Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO) was seen as an attempted replacement for the OLF.[26]

On 28 May 1991, the EPRDF seized power and established a transitional government. The EPRDF and the OLF pledged to work together in the new government; however, they were largely unable to cooperate, as the OLF saw the OPDO as an EPRDF ploy to limit their influence.[25][27] In 1992, the OLF announced that it was withdrawing from the transitional government because of "harassment and [the]assassinations of its members". In response, the EPRDF sent soldiers to destroy OLA camps.[26] Despite initial victories against the EPRDF, the OLF were eventually overwhelmed by the EPRDF's superior numbers and weaponry, forcing OLA soldiers to use guerrilla warfare instead of traditional tactics.[28] In the late 1990s, most of the OLF's leaders had escaped Ethiopia, and the land originally administered by the OLF had been seized by the Ethiopian government, now led by the EPRDF.[29]

Prior to the establishment of present-day Addis Ababa the location was called Finfinne in Oromo, a name which refers to the presence of hot springs. The area was previously inhabited by various Oromo clans.[30]

In 2000, Oromia's capital was moved from Addis Ababa to Adama.[31] Because this move sparked considerable controversy and protests among Oromo students, the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization (OPDO), part of the ruling EPRDF coalition, on 10 June 2005, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa.[32]

Further protests sparked on 25 April 2014, against the Addis Ababa Master Plan,[33] then resumed on 12 September 2015 and continued into 2016, when renewed protests broke out across Ethiopia, centering around the Oromia region. Dozens of protesters were killed in the first days of the protests and internet service was cut in many parts of the region.[34] In 2019, the Irreecha festival was celebrated in Addis Ababa after 150 years of being banned.[35][36]

Geography

Oromia includes the former Arsi Province along with portions of the former Bale, Illubabor, Kaffa, Shewa and Sidamo provinces.[citation needed] Oromia shares a boundary with almost every region of Ethiopia except for the Tigray Region. These boundaries have been disputed in a number of cases, most notably between Oromia and the Somali Region. One attempt to resolve the dispute between the two regions was the October 2004 referendum held in about 420 kebeles in 12 districts across five zones of the Somali Region. According to the official results of the referendum, about 80% of the disputed areas have fallen under Oromia administration, though there were allegations of voting irregularities in many of them.[37] The results led over the following weeks to minorities in these kebeles being pressured to leave. In Oromiya, estimates based on figures given by local district and kebele authorities suggest that 21,520 people have become internally displaced persons (IDPs) in border districts, namely Mieso, Doba, and Erer in the West Hararghe Zone and East Hararghe Zones. Federal authorities believe that this number may be overstated by as much as 11,000. In Doba, the Ministry of Federal Affairs put the number of IDPs at 6,000. There are also more than 2,500 displaced persons in Mieso.[38] In addition, there were reports of people being displaced in the border area of Moyale and Borena zones due to this conflict.[39]

Towns in the region include Adama, Ambo, Asella, Badessa, Bale Robe, Bedele, Bishoftu, Begi, Bule Hora, Burayu, Chiro, Dembidolo, Fiche, Gimbi, Goba, Haramaya, Holeta, Jimma, Koye Feche, Metu, Negele Arsi, Nekemte, Sebeta, Shashamane and Waliso, among many others.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1994 18,732,525—    
2007 26,993,933+44.1%
2015 33,692,000+24.8%
source:[40]

At the time of the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Oromia region had a total population of 26,993,933, consisting of 13,595,006 men and 13,398,927 women;[41] urban inhabitants numbered 3,317,460 or 11.3% of the population. With an estimated area of 353,006.81 square kilometres (136,296.69 sq mi), the region had an estimated population density of 76.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (199.2/sq mi). For the entire region 5,590,530 households were counted, which resulted in an average for the region of 4.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.8 and rural households 5.0 people. The projected population for 2017 was 35,467,001.[1]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 17,088,136; urban inhabitants number 621,210 or 14% of the population.[citation needed]

According to the CSA, as of 2004, 32% of the population had access to safe drinking water, of whom 23.7% were rural inhabitants and 91.03% were urban.[42] Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Oromia as of 2005 include the following: 19.9% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 61.5% and for women 29.5%; and the regional infant mortality rate is 76 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is about the same as the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.[43]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic group 1994 Census[44] 2007 Census[45]
Oromo 15,709,474 85% 23,708,767 88%
Amhara 1,684,128 9% 1,943,578 7%
Other ethnic groups 1,080,218 6% 1,341,588 5%
Total population 18,473,820 26.993.933

Religion

Religion (entire region) 1994 Census[46] 2007 Census[47]
Muslim 8,178,058 44% 12,835,410 48%
Orthodox Christians 7,621,727 41% 8,204,908 30%
Protestant Christians 1,588,310 9% 4,780,917 18%
Waaqeffanna 778,359 4% 887,773 3%
other religious groups 307,366 2% 284,925 1%
Total population 18,473,820 26,993,933
Religion (urban areas) 1994 Census[46] 2007 Census[47]
Orthodox Christians 1,330,301 68% 1,697,495 51%
Muslim 471,462 24% 990,109 30%
Protestant Christians 137070 7% 580,562 18%
other religious groups 23,971 1% 49,294 1%
Total population 1,962,804 3,317,460

Languages

Oromo is written with Latin characters known as Qubee, only formally adopted in 1991[48] after various other Latin-based orthographies had been used previously.

Oromo is one of the official working languages of Ethiopia[49] and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including Oromia,[50] Harari and Dire Dawa regional states and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is a language of primary education in Oromia, Harari and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is used as an internet language for federal websites along with Tigrinya.[51]

There are more than 33.8% Oromo speakers in Ethiopia and it is considered the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia.[50] It is also the most widely spoken Cushitic language and the fourth-most widely spoken language of Africa, after Arabic, Hausa and Swahili languages.[52] Forms of Oromo are spoken as a first language by more than 35 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half-million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya.[53] It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries such as South Africa, Libya, Egypt and Sudan. Besides first language speakers, a number of members of other ethnicities who are in contact with the Oromo speak it as a second language. See, for example, Harari, Omotic-speaking Bambassi and the Nilo-Saharan-speaking Kwama in northwestern, eastern and south Oromia.[54]

Economy

 
The road to Lega Dembi gold mine

Oromia is a major contributor to Ethiopia's main exports - gold, coffee, khat and cattle. Lega Dembi in Guji Zone, owned by MIDROC has exported more than 5000 kilograms of gold,[55] followed by Tulu Kapi gold deposit in West Welega Zone.[56] Awoday in East Hararghe Zone is the biggest market of khat exporting to Djibouti and Somalia.[57] Oromia also has more abundant livestock than any other region of Ethiopia, including camels. It is also the largest producer of cereals and coffee.

The CSA reported that, from 2004 to 2005, 115,083 tons of coffee were produced in Oromia, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority. This represents 50.7% of the total production in Ethiopia. Farmers in the Region had an estimated total of 17,214,540 cattle (representing 44.4% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 6,905,370 sheep (39.6), 4,849,060 goats (37.4%), 959,710 horses (63.25%), 63,460 mules (43.1%), 278,440 asses (11.1%), 139,830 camels (30.6%), 11,637,070 poultry of all species (37.7%), and 2,513,790 beehives (57.73%).[58]

According to a March 2003 World Bank publication, the average rural household has 1.14 hectares of land compared to the national average of 1.01 hectares. 24% of the population work in non-farm related jobs compared to the national average of 25%.[59]

Educational institutions

List of Chief Administrator of Oromia Region

Tenure Portrait Incumbent Affiliation Notes
1992–1995 Hassen Ali OPDO
1995 – 24 July 2001 Kuma Demeksa OPDO
July 2001 – October 2001 Position vacant
28 October 2001 – 6 October 2005 Junedin Sado OPDO
6 October 2005 – September 2010 Abadula Gemeda OPDO
September 2010 – 17 February 2014 Alemayehu Atomsa OPDO
27 March 2014 – 23 October 2016 Muktar Kedir OPDO
23 October 2016 – 18 April 2019   Lemma Megersa OPDO/ODP
18 April 2019 – present   Shimelis Abdisa ODP/PP

Administrative zones

 
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia

Oromia is subdivided into 21 administrative zones,[64][65] in turn divided into districts (weredas).

Zones of Oromia and their administrative capitals
Number Zone Area
in km2
Population
estimate
2022[66]
Administrative
capital
1 Arsi Zone 19,825.22 3,894,248 Asela
2 Bale Zone 43,690.56 2,073,381 Bale Robe
3 Borena Zone 45,434.97 1,402,530 Yabelo
4 Buno Bedele Zone Bedele
5 East Hararghe Zone 17,935.40 3,954,416 Harar
6 East Shewa Zone 8,370.90 2,126,152 Adama
7 East Welega Zone 12,579.77 1,806,001 Nekemte
8 Guji Zone 18,577.05 2,030,667 Negele Borana
9 Horo Guduru Welega Zone 8,097.27 840,709 Shambu
10 Illu Aba Bora Zone 15,135.33 1,861,919 Metu
11 Jimma Zone 15,568.58 3,568,782 Jimma
12 Kelam Welega Zone 9,851.17 1,166,694 Dembidolo
13 North Shewa Zone 10,332,48 2,100,331 Fiche
14 Southwest Shewa Zone 6,508.29 1,640,751 Waliso
15 West Arsi Zone 11,776.72 2,929,894 Shashamane
16 West Guji Zone[67] Bule Hora
17 West Hararghe Zone 15,065.86 2,725,156 Chiro
18 West Shewa Zone 14,788.78 3,042,005 Ambo
19 West Welega Zone 10,833.19 1,987,182 Gimbi
20 Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne Finfinne

See also

  • Barchaa, cultural custom and social relations

Notes

  1. ^ Finfinne (lit.'natural spring'; also spelt Finfine) is the Oromo name of the city, and promoted as an official name of the city by the regional state authorities of Oromia.[68][69][70][71]

References

  1. ^ a b c . Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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  7. ^ Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity by Stuart Munro-Hay, 1991
  8. ^ Ali-Dinar, Ali B. (26 May 1995). "Facts about the Oromo of East Africa". africa.upenn.edu. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
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  15. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  16. ^ Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016). "Oromo Children's Books Keep Once-Banned Ethiopian Language Alive". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Oromo" (Brochure). nalrc.indiana.edu. Bloomington, Indiana: National African Language Resource Center. n.d. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo". iimn.org. St. Paul, MN: International Institute of Minnesota. 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  19. ^ Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) (12 February 2015). "Oromo". unpo.org. Brussels, Belgium: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
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  21. ^ United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (1 March 1993). "Ethiopia. Status of Amharas". refworld.org. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Oromo Continue to Flee Violence". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. No. 5–3. Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival. September 1981. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  23. ^ Mulugeta Gashaw; Zelalem Bekele; Minilik Tibebe (June 1996). "Adele Keke, Kersa Woreda, Harerghe" (PDF). Ethiopian Village Studies: 3–21. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  24. ^ Bulcha, Mekuria (1997). "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of 'Afaan Oromoo'". African Affairs. OUP. 96 (384): 325–352. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852. JSTOR 723182. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  25. ^ a b 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA (PDF), September 1991
  26. ^ a b "Interview with Chairman of the Oromo Liberation Front".
  27. ^ Ethiopia: Accountability past and present: Human rights in transition, 1 April 1995
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  29. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  30. ^ Dandena Tufa (2008). "Historical Development of Addis Ababa: Plans and Realities". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. XLI (1–2): 30. JSTOR 41967609. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  31. ^ Yohannes Mekonnen (2013). Ethiopia: the Land, its People, History and Culture. Washington, DC: New Africa Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-9987160242. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  32. ^ . Walta Information Center. 11 June 2005. Archived from the original on 13 June 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2006.
  33. ^ Ethiopia: Brutal Crackdown on Protests, 5 May 2014, retrieved 5 May 2014
  34. ^ Such a Brutal Crackdown Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia's Oromo Protests, 15 June 2016
  35. ^ "In Pictures: Ethiopia's Oromos celebrate Irreecha festival". Al Jazeera. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  36. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (7 October 2019). "Ethiopia's Oromos Mark Thanksgiving Festival in Addis Ababa for the First Time in 150 Years". Quartz Africa. New York City: Quartz Media, Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  37. ^ "Somali-Oromo border referendum of December 2004" 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website (accessed 11 February 2009)
  38. ^ "Regional Overview: Oromia Region", Focus on Ethiopia (April 2005), p. 5 (accessed 11 February 2009)
  39. ^ "Regional Update: Oromiya", Focus on Ethiopia 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine (May 2005), p. 5 (accessed 11 February 2009)
  40. ^ "Ethiopia: Regions, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de.
  41. ^ Samia Zekaria (2007). "Table 2.9 Population by Urban-Rural Residence, Sex, and Single Years of Age: 2007". The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report at National Level. Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency. p. 71.
  42. ^ (PDF). CSA Selected Basic Welfare Indicators. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  43. ^ Ethiopia Atlas of Key Demographic and Health Indicators, 2005 (PDF). Calverton: Macro International. 2008. pp. 2, 3, 10. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  44. ^ "Population and Housing Census 1994 – Oromiay Region Analytical Report" (PDF). Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency (CSA). p. 37. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  45. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2007 – Oromia Statistical" (PDF). Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency (CSA). p. 223. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  46. ^ a b "Population and Housing Census 1994 – Oromiay Region Analytical Report" (PDF). Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency (CSA). p. 54. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  47. ^ a b "Population and Housing Census 2007 – Oromia Statistical" (PDF). Addis Ababa: Central Statistics Agency (CSA). pp. 280–281. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  48. ^ "Afaan Oromo". University of Pennsylvania, School of African Studies.
  49. ^ Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages". Africa News.
  50. ^ a b "The world factbook". cia.gov. 22 November 2021.
  51. ^ "ቤት | FMOH". moh.gov.et.
  52. ^ "Children's books breathe new life into Oromo language". BBC.
  53. ^ . Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  54. ^ "Languages of Ethiopia". Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  55. ^ "Ethiopian Gold Export Soars". ezega.com.
  56. ^ gold mining companies in ethiopia, n.d.
  57. ^ "Khat is big business in Ethiopia". Deutsche Welle. 10 July 2019.
  58. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008.
  59. ^ Deininger, Klaus; et al. . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
  60. ^ Dambi Dollo University Website
  61. ^ Mettu University website
  62. ^ Oda Bultum University Website
  63. ^ Oromia state university website
  64. ^ "Oromia zone". oromiyaa.gov.et.
  65. ^ "sirni hundeeffama Godina Baalee Bahaa". obnoromia.com (in Oromo).
  66. ^ Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (web), 2022: https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Population-Size-by-Sex-Zone-and-Wereda-July-2022.pdf
  67. ^ The West Guji Zone was created by nine districts and two towns taken from the Borena Zone and Guji Zone. Its area and 2022 population are included in the figures for those Zones.
  68. ^ Tom Gardner (6 July 2017). "Ethiopians are having a tense debate over who really owns Addis Ababa". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  69. ^ Ethiopia in brief, n.d.
  70. ^ Spelled Finfine in the official website of Oromia Supreme Court (http://www.oromiyaa.gov.et/web/supreme-court)
  71. ^ . Archived from the original on 17 June 2008.

External links

  • Map of Oromia Region at UN-OCHA (PDF file)

Media

  • Oromia Culture and Tourism Bureau
  • Oromia President office
  • Sheger Times

Coordinates: 7°59′21″N 39°22′52″E / 7.9890616°N 39.3811798°E / 7.9890616; 39.3811798

oromia, zone, amhara, region, ethiopia, zone, amharic, ኦሮሚያ, oromo, oromiyaa, regional, state, ethiopia, homeland, oromo, people, capital, addis, ababa, ኦሮሚያoromiyaaregional, statefrom, left, right, cultural, center, irreechaa, omar, caves, wonchi, lake, bale,. For the zone in the Amhara Region in Ethiopia see Oromia Zone Oromia Amharic ኦሮሚያ Oromo Oromiyaa is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people 3 The capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa Oromia ኦሮሚያOromiyaaRegional stateFrom top left to right Oromia Cultural Center Irreechaa Sof Omar Caves Wonchi Lake Bale Mountains National Park and Lake ShallaFlagSealMap of Ethiopia showing OromiaCountry EthiopiaOfficial languageOromoCapitalAddis Ababa Finfinne a Government Chief AdministratorShimelis Abdisa Prosperity Party Area Total353 690 km2 136 560 sq mi Rank1stPopulation 2017 Total35 467 001 1 Rank1stDemonymOromo or OromianTime zoneEATISO 3166 codeET ORHDI 2019 0 470 2 low 8th of 11It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east the Amhara Region the Afar Region and the Benishangul Gumuz Region to the north Dire Dawa to the northeast the South Sudanese state of Upper Nile Gambela Region South West Ethiopia Region Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region and Sidama Region to the west the Eastern Province of Kenya to the south as well as Addis Ababa as an enclave surrounded by a Special Zone in its centre and the Harari Region as an enclave surrounded by East Hararghe in its east In August 2013 the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency projected the 2022 population of Oromia as 35 467 001 1 making it the largest regional state by population It is also the largest regional state covering 253 690 square kilometres 97 950 sq mi 4 Oromia is the world s 42nd most populous subnational entity citation needed and the most populous subnational entity in Africa citation needed Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3 1 Ethnic groups 3 2 Religion 3 3 Languages 4 Economy 5 Educational institutions 6 List of Chief Administrator of Oromia Region 7 Administrative zones 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links 11 1 MediaHistoryThe Oromo people are one of the oldest cushitic peoples inhabiting the Horn of Africa as there is still no correct estimate of the history of their settlement in the region An evidence is given that they are the womb from which most of the eastern Cushitic peoples emerged such as the Somalis Afaris and the Saho in Eritrea and Sudan Oromos make up the largest aboriginal people Horn of Africa mainly Ethiopia until the 10th century After the influx of Abyssinian people of Northern Ethiopia who claim to have an Arabian and Jewish ancestry Oromos and other native Ethiopian people such as Agaw Kimant Gafat Ifates etc were gradually driven out of North Central Ethiopia These newly arriving South Arabian settlers who refer themselves as Habesha gradually expanded South ward intermarried with native people of Ethiopia and seized power around 1270 establishing the so called Solomonic Dynasty which ruled Ethiopia from 1270 1974 5 Despite their well documented Arabian and Jewish origin these newly arriving groups of Ethiopians often refer to aboriginal people of Central and Southern Ethiopia as immigrants as they say Accuse Your Enemy Of What You Are Doing As You Are Doing It To Create Confusion 6 7 The Oromo and their country Oromia biyyi Oromiyaa remained independent until the last quarter of the 19th century 8 when they lost their sovereignty From 1881 to 1886 Emperor Menelik II conducted several unsuccessful invasion campaigns against their territory The Arsi Oromo demonstrated fierce resistance against this Abyssinian conquest 9 putting up stiff opposition against an enemy equipped with modern European firearms They were ultimately defeated in 1886 9 In the 1940s some Arsi Oromo together with people from Bale province joined the Harari Kulub movement an affiliate of the Somali Youth League that opposed Amhara Christian domination of Hararghe The Ethiopian government violently suppressed these ethno religious movements 10 11 12 During the 1970s the Arsi formed alliances with Somalia 13 In 1967 the imperial regime of Haile Selassie I outlawed the Mecha and Tulama Self Help Association MTSHA an Oromo social movement and conducted mass arrests and executions of its members The group s leader Colonel General Tadesse Birru who was a prominent military officer was among those arrested 14 The actions by the regime sparked outrage among the Oromo community ultimately leading to the formation of the Oromo Liberation Front in 1973 15 The Oromos perceived the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie as oppressive as the Oromo language was banned from education and use in administration 16 17 18 and speakers were privately and publicly mocked 19 20 The Amhara culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule Both the imperial and the Derg government relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia including the present day Oromia region in order to alleviate drought in the north of the country 21 They also served in government administration courts church and even in school where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic 22 Further disruption under the Derg regime came through the forced concentration and resettlement of peasant communities in fewer villages 23 The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as opposing the expansion of an Ethiopian national identity 24 In the early 1990s the Ethiopian Democratic People s Republic began to lose its control over Ethiopia The OLF failed to maintain strong alliances with the other two rebel groups at the time the Eritrean People s Liberation Front EPLF and the Tigray People s Liberation Front TPLF 25 In 1990 the TPLF created an umbrella organization for several rebel groups in Ethiopia the Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF The EPRDF s Oromo subordinate the Oromo People s Democratic Organization OPDO was seen as an attempted replacement for the OLF 26 On 28 May 1991 the EPRDF seized power and established a transitional government The EPRDF and the OLF pledged to work together in the new government however they were largely unable to cooperate as the OLF saw the OPDO as an EPRDF ploy to limit their influence 25 27 In 1992 the OLF announced that it was withdrawing from the transitional government because of harassment and the assassinations of its members In response the EPRDF sent soldiers to destroy OLA camps 26 Despite initial victories against the EPRDF the OLF were eventually overwhelmed by the EPRDF s superior numbers and weaponry forcing OLA soldiers to use guerrilla warfare instead of traditional tactics 28 In the late 1990s most of the OLF s leaders had escaped Ethiopia and the land originally administered by the OLF had been seized by the Ethiopian government now led by the EPRDF 29 Prior to the establishment of present day Addis Ababa the location was called Finfinne in Oromo a name which refers to the presence of hot springs The area was previously inhabited by various Oromo clans 30 In 2000 Oromia s capital was moved from Addis Ababa to Adama 31 Because this move sparked considerable controversy and protests among Oromo students the Oromo Peoples Democratic Organization OPDO part of the ruling EPRDF coalition on 10 June 2005 officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa 32 Further protests sparked on 25 April 2014 against the Addis Ababa Master Plan 33 then resumed on 12 September 2015 and continued into 2016 when renewed protests broke out across Ethiopia centering around the Oromia region Dozens of protesters were killed in the first days of the protests and internet service was cut in many parts of the region 34 In 2019 the Irreecha festival was celebrated in Addis Ababa after 150 years of being banned 35 36 GeographyMain article Geography of Oromia Region Vegetations in Bale Mountains National Park Oromia includes the former Arsi Province along with portions of the former Bale Illubabor Kaffa Shewa and Sidamo provinces citation needed Oromia shares a boundary with almost every region of Ethiopia except for the Tigray Region These boundaries have been disputed in a number of cases most notably between Oromia and the Somali Region One attempt to resolve the dispute between the two regions was the October 2004 referendum held in about 420 kebeles in 12 districts across five zones of the Somali Region According to the official results of the referendum about 80 of the disputed areas have fallen under Oromia administration though there were allegations of voting irregularities in many of them 37 The results led over the following weeks to minorities in these kebeles being pressured to leave In Oromiya estimates based on figures given by local district and kebele authorities suggest that 21 520 people have become internally displaced persons IDPs in border districts namely Mieso Doba and Erer in the West Hararghe Zone and East Hararghe Zones Federal authorities believe that this number may be overstated by as much as 11 000 In Doba the Ministry of Federal Affairs put the number of IDPs at 6 000 There are also more than 2 500 displaced persons in Mieso 38 In addition there were reports of people being displaced in the border area of Moyale and Borena zones due to this conflict 39 Towns in the region include Adama Ambo Asella Badessa Bale Robe Bedele Bishoftu Begi Bule Hora Burayu Chiro Dembidolo Fiche Gimbi Goba Haramaya Holeta Jimma Koye Feche Metu Negele Arsi Nekemte Sebeta Shashamane and Waliso among many others DemographicsHistorical populationYearPop 199418 732 525 200726 993 933 44 1 201533 692 000 24 8 source 40 At the time of the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia CSA Oromia region had a total population of 26 993 933 consisting of 13 595 006 men and 13 398 927 women 41 urban inhabitants numbered 3 317 460 or 11 3 of the population With an estimated area of 353 006 81 square kilometres 136 296 69 sq mi the region had an estimated population density of 76 93 inhabitants per square kilometre 199 2 sq mi For the entire region 5 590 530 households were counted which resulted in an average for the region of 4 8 persons to a household with urban households having on average 3 8 and rural households 5 0 people The projected population for 2017 was 35 467 001 1 In the previous census conducted in 1994 the region s population was reported to be 17 088 136 urban inhabitants number 621 210 or 14 of the population citation needed According to the CSA as of 2004 update 32 of the population had access to safe drinking water of whom 23 7 were rural inhabitants and 91 03 were urban 42 Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Oromia as of 2005 update include the following 19 9 of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile adult literacy for men is 61 5 and for women 29 5 and the regional infant mortality rate is 76 infant deaths per 1 000 live births which is about the same as the nationwide average of 77 at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants first month of life 43 Ethnic groups See also List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia and Oromo people Ethnic group 1994 Census 44 2007 Census 45 Oromo 15 709 474 85 23 708 767 88 Amhara 1 684 128 9 1 943 578 7 Other ethnic groups 1 080 218 6 1 341 588 5 Total population 18 473 820 26 993 933Religion See also Religion in Ethiopia Religion entire region 1994 Census 46 2007 Census 47 Muslim 8 178 058 44 12 835 410 48 Orthodox Christians 7 621 727 41 8 204 908 30 Protestant Christians 1 588 310 9 4 780 917 18 Waaqeffanna 778 359 4 887 773 3 other religious groups 307 366 2 284 925 1 Total population 18 473 820 26 993 933Religion urban areas 1994 Census 46 2007 Census 47 Orthodox Christians 1 330 301 68 1 697 495 51 Muslim 471 462 24 990 109 30 Protestant Christians 137070 7 580 562 18 other religious groups 23 971 1 49 294 1 Total population 1 962 804 3 317 460Languages See also Oromo language Oromo is written with Latin characters known as Qubee only formally adopted in 1991 48 after various other Latin based orthographies had been used previously Oromo is one of the official working languages of Ethiopia 49 and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including Oromia 50 Harari and Dire Dawa regional states and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region It is a language of primary education in Oromia Harari and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region It is used as an internet language for federal websites along with Tigrinya 51 There are more than 33 8 Oromo speakers in Ethiopia and it is considered the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia 50 It is also the most widely spoken Cushitic language and the fourth most widely spoken language of Africa after Arabic Hausa and Swahili languages 52 Forms of Oromo are spoken as a first language by more than 35 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya 53 It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries such as South Africa Libya Egypt and Sudan Besides first language speakers a number of members of other ethnicities who are in contact with the Oromo speak it as a second language See for example Harari Omotic speaking Bambassi and the Nilo Saharan speaking Kwama in northwestern eastern and south Oromia 54 Economy The road to Lega Dembi gold mine Oromia is a major contributor to Ethiopia s main exports gold coffee khat and cattle Lega Dembi in Guji Zone owned by MIDROC has exported more than 5000 kilograms of gold 55 followed by Tulu Kapi gold deposit in West Welega Zone 56 Awoday in East Hararghe Zone is the biggest market of khat exporting to Djibouti and Somalia 57 Oromia also has more abundant livestock than any other region of Ethiopia including camels It is also the largest producer of cereals and coffee The CSA reported that from 2004 to 2005 115 083 tons of coffee were produced in Oromia based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority This represents 50 7 of the total production in Ethiopia Farmers in the Region had an estimated total of 17 214 540 cattle representing 44 4 of Ethiopia s total cattle 6 905 370 sheep 39 6 4 849 060 goats 37 4 959 710 horses 63 25 63 460 mules 43 1 278 440 asses 11 1 139 830 camels 30 6 11 637 070 poultry of all species 37 7 and 2 513 790 beehives 57 73 58 According to a March 2003 World Bank publication the average rural household has 1 14 hectares of land compared to the national average of 1 01 hectares 24 of the population work in non farm related jobs compared to the national average of 25 59 Educational institutionsAdama University Ambo University Arsi University Dambi Dollo University 60 Dandii Boruu University College Haramaya University Jimma Teachers College Jimma University Madda Walabu University Mattu University 61 New Generation University College Oda Bultum University 62 Oromia State University 63 Rift Valley University College Wollega UniversityList of Chief Administrator of Oromia RegionTenure Portrait Incumbent Affiliation Notes1992 1995 Hassen Ali OPDO1995 24 July 2001 Kuma Demeksa OPDOJuly 2001 October 2001 Position vacant28 October 2001 6 October 2005 Junedin Sado OPDO6 October 2005 September 2010 Abadula Gemeda OPDOSeptember 2010 17 February 2014 Alemayehu Atomsa OPDO27 March 2014 23 October 2016 Muktar Kedir OPDO23 October 2016 18 April 2019 Lemma Megersa OPDO ODP18 April 2019 present Shimelis Abdisa ODP PPAdministrative zonesMain article List of districts in the Oromia Region Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia Oromia is subdivided into 21 administrative zones 64 65 in turn divided into districts weredas Zones of Oromia and their administrative capitals Number Zone Areain km2 Populationestimate2022 66 Administrativecapital1 Arsi Zone 19 825 22 3 894 248 Asela2 Bale Zone 43 690 56 2 073 381 Bale Robe3 Borena Zone 45 434 97 1 402 530 Yabelo4 Buno Bedele Zone Bedele5 East Hararghe Zone 17 935 40 3 954 416 Harar6 East Shewa Zone 8 370 90 2 126 152 Adama7 East Welega Zone 12 579 77 1 806 001 Nekemte8 Guji Zone 18 577 05 2 030 667 Negele Borana9 Horo Guduru Welega Zone 8 097 27 840 709 Shambu10 Illu Aba Bora Zone 15 135 33 1 861 919 Metu11 Jimma Zone 15 568 58 3 568 782 Jimma12 Kelam Welega Zone 9 851 17 1 166 694 Dembidolo13 North Shewa Zone 10 332 48 2 100 331 Fiche14 Southwest Shewa Zone 6 508 29 1 640 751 Waliso15 West Arsi Zone 11 776 72 2 929 894 Shashamane16 West Guji Zone 67 Bule Hora17 West Hararghe Zone 15 065 86 2 725 156 Chiro18 West Shewa Zone 14 788 78 3 042 005 Ambo19 West Welega Zone 10 833 19 1 987 182 Gimbi20 Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne FinfinneSee alsoBarchaa cultural custom and social relationsNotes Finfinne lit natural spring also spelt Finfine is the Oromo name of the city and promoted as an official name of the city by the regional state authorities of Oromia 68 69 70 71 References a b c Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 2018 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 Retrieved 4 June 2018 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Retrieved 13 September 2018 Oromia Region Ethiopia www mindat org Retrieved 25 May 2021 Research on Covid 19 Responses and its Impact on Minority and Indigenous Communities in Ethiopia PDF September 2020 The Academy Volume 48 p 415 Aksum An African Civilization of Late Antiquity by Stuart Munro Hay 1991 p 73 Aksum An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity by Stuart Munro Hay 1991 Ali Dinar Ali B 26 May 1995 Facts about the Oromo of East Africa africa upenn edu Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center Retrieved 17 July 2021 a b Haji Abbas Arsi Oromo Political and Military Resistance Against the Shoan Colonial Conquest 1881 6 PDF Journal of Oromo Studies Oromo Studies Association II 1 2 Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 14 June 2011 Ibrahim Abadir M 2016 Religion State Identification and Religious Freedom in Ethiopia In Coertzen Pieter Green M Christian Hansen Len eds Religious Freedom and Religious Pluralism in Africa Prospects and Limitations Sun Press p 443 ISBN 9781928357032 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Ibrahim Abadir M 2016 The Role of Civil Society in Africa s Quest for Democratization Heidelberg Springer p 134 ISBN 9783319183831 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Ostebo Terje 2011 Localising Salafism Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale Ethiopia Leiden Brill p 192 ISBN 978 90 04 18478 7 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Ali Mohammed 1996 Ethnicity Politics and Society in Northeast Africa Conflict and Social Change Lanham MD University Press of America p 141 ISBN 978 07 61 80283 9 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Adejumobi Saheed 2007 History of Ethiopia United States of America Greenwood Publishing Group p 112 ISBN 978 0 313 32273 0 Insurrection and invasion in the southeast 1963 78 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 December 2016 Retrieved 1 June 2017 Davey Melissa 13 February 2016 Oromo Children s Books Keep Once Banned Ethiopian Language Alive The Guardian Retrieved 17 July 2021 Oromo Brochure nalrc indiana edu Bloomington Indiana National African Language Resource Center n d Retrieved 17 July 2021 Ethiopians Amhara and Oromo iimn org St Paul MN International Institute of Minnesota 2017 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Oromo Liberation Front OLF 12 February 2015 Oromo unpo org Brussels Belgium Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Retrieved 17 July 2021 Omura Susan Mamo Argo Teshome Bayu Meti Duressa Sheiko Nagawo Taha Roba 1 February 1994 Oromo ethnomed org Seattle WA Ethnomed Retrieved 17 July 2021 United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services 1 March 1993 Ethiopia Status of Amharas refworld org United Nations High Commission for Refugees Retrieved 17 July 2021 Oromo Continue to Flee Violence Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine No 5 3 Cambridge MA Cultural Survival September 1981 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Mulugeta Gashaw Zelalem Bekele Minilik Tibebe June 1996 Adele Keke Kersa Woreda Harerghe PDF Ethiopian Village Studies 3 21 Retrieved 19 July 2021 Bulcha Mekuria 1997 The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of Afaan Oromoo African Affairs OUP 96 384 325 352 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals afraf a007852 JSTOR 723182 Retrieved 31 March 2021 a b 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA PDF September 1991 a b Interview with Chairman of the Oromo Liberation Front Ethiopia Accountability past and present Human rights in transition 1 April 1995 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld Chronology for Oromo in Ethiopia Refworld Genocide against the Oromo people of Ethiopia Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 3 June 2017 Dandena Tufa 2008 Historical Development of Addis Ababa Plans and Realities Journal of Ethiopian Studies XLI 1 2 30 JSTOR 41967609 Retrieved 19 July 2021 Yohannes Mekonnen 2013 Ethiopia the Land its People History and Culture Washington DC New Africa Press p 287 ISBN 978 9987160242 Retrieved 17 July 2021 Chief Administrator of Oromia says decision to move capital city based on study Walta Information Center 11 June 2005 Archived from the original on 13 June 2005 Retrieved 25 February 2006 Ethiopia Brutal Crackdown on Protests 5 May 2014 retrieved 5 May 2014 Such a Brutal Crackdown Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia s Oromo Protests 15 June 2016 In Pictures Ethiopia s Oromos celebrate Irreecha festival Al Jazeera 6 October 2019 Retrieved 21 October 2019 Dahir Abdi Latif 7 October 2019 Ethiopia s Oromos Mark Thanksgiving Festival in Addis Ababa for the First Time in 150 Years Quartz Africa New York City Quartz Media Inc Retrieved 17 July 2021 Somali Oromo border referendum of December 2004 Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website accessed 11 February 2009 Regional Overview Oromia Region Focus on Ethiopia April 2005 p 5 accessed 11 February 2009 Regional Update Oromiya Focus on Ethiopia Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine May 2005 p 5 accessed 11 February 2009 Ethiopia Regions Major Cities amp Towns Population Statistics in Maps and Charts citypopulation de Samia Zekaria 2007 Table 2 9 Population by Urban Rural Residence Sex and Single Years of Age 2007 The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Statistical Report at National Level Addis Ababa Central Statistics Agency p 71 Households by sources of drinking water safe water sources PDF CSA Selected Basic Welfare Indicators Archived from the original PDF on 18 November 2008 Retrieved 28 January 2009 Ethiopia Atlas of Key Demographic and Health Indicators 2005 PDF Calverton Macro International 2008 pp 2 3 10 Retrieved 28 January 2009 Population and Housing Census 1994 Oromiay Region Analytical Report PDF Addis Ababa Central Statistics Agency CSA p 37 Retrieved 15 September 2021 Population and Housing Census 2007 Oromia Statistical PDF Addis Ababa Central Statistics Agency CSA p 223 Retrieved 15 September 2021 a b Population and Housing Census 1994 Oromiay Region Analytical Report PDF Addis Ababa Central Statistics Agency CSA p 54 Retrieved 15 September 2021 a b Population and Housing Census 2007 Oromia Statistical PDF Addis Ababa Central Statistics Agency CSA pp 280 281 Retrieved 15 September 2021 Afaan Oromo University of Pennsylvania School of African Studies Shaban Abdurahman One to five Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages Africa News a b The world factbook cia gov 22 November 2021 ቤት FMOH moh gov et Children s books breathe new life into Oromo language BBC Oromo Ethnologue Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 Retrieved 22 August 2016 Languages of Ethiopia Ethnologue 19 February 1999 Retrieved 10 August 2013 Ethiopian Gold Export Soars ezega com gold mining companies in ethiopia n d Khat is big business in Ethiopia Deutsche Welle 10 July 2019 CSA 2005 National Statistics Tables D 4 D 7 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 18 November 2008 Deininger Klaus et al Tenure Security and Land Related Investment WP 2991 Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 Retrieved 23 March 2006 Dambi Dollo University Website Mettu University website Oda Bultum University Website Oromia state university website Oromia zone oromiyaa gov et sirni hundeeffama Godina Baalee Bahaa obnoromia com in Oromo Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia web 2022 https www statsethiopia gov et wp content uploads 2022 07 Population Size by Sex Zone and Wereda July 2022 pdf The West Guji Zone was created by nine districts and two towns taken from the Borena Zone and Guji Zone Its area and 2022 population are included in the figures for those Zones Tom Gardner 6 July 2017 Ethiopians are having a tense debate over who really owns Addis Ababa Quartz Africa Retrieved 30 August 2021 Ethiopia in brief n d Spelled Finfine in the official website of Oromia Supreme Court http www oromiyaa gov et web supreme court The State of Oromia Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oromia Region Map of Oromia Region at UN OCHA PDF file FDRE States Basic Information OromiaMedia Oromia Culture and Tourism Bureau Oromia President office Sheger Times Oromia TV Coordinates 7 59 21 N 39 22 52 E 7 9890616 N 39 3811798 E 7 9890616 39 3811798 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oromia amp oldid 1128770148, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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