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Ambergris

October 05, 2023

For other uses, see Ambergris (disambiguation).

Ambergris (/ˈæmbərɡriːs/ or /ˈæmbərɡrɪs/, Latin: ambra grisea, Old French: ambre gris), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales.[1] Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency.[2]

Ambergris
Ambergris from the North Sea

Ambergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to endure much longer, although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide.[3] Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers.[4]

Etymology Edit

The English word amber derives from the Arabic word ʿanbar عنبر[5] (ultimately from Middle Persian ambar,[6] also ambergris), via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word "amber," in its sense of "ambergris," was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century.[5]

The word "ambergris" comes from the Old French "ambre gris" or "grey amber".[7][8] The addition of "grey" came about when, in the Romance languages, the sense of the word "amber" was extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin), as white or yellow amber (ambre jaune), from as early as the late 13th century.[5] This fossilized resin became[when?] the dominant (and now exclusive) sense of "amber", leaving "ambergris" as the word for the whale secretion.

The archaic alternate spelling "ambergrease" arose as an eggcorn from the phonetic pronunciation of "ambergris," encouraged by the substance's waxy texture.[9]

Formation Edit

Ambergris is formed from a secretion of the bile duct in the intestines of the sperm whale, and can be found floating on the sea or washed up on coastlines. It is sometimes found in the abdomens of dead sperm whales.[7] Because the beaks of giant squids have been discovered within lumps of ambergris, scientists have theorized that the substance is produced by the whale's gastrointestinal tract to ease the passage of hard, sharp objects that it may have eaten.

Ambergris is passed like fecal matter. It is speculated that an ambergris mass too large to be passed through the intestines is expelled via the mouth, but this remains under debate.[10] Another theory states that an ambergris mass is formed when the colon of a whale is enlarged by a blockage from intestinal worms and cephalopod parts resulting in the death of the whale and the mass being excreted into the sea.[11] Ambergris takes years to form. Christopher Kemp, the author of Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris, says that it is only produced by sperm whales, and only by an estimated one percent of them. Ambergris is rare; once expelled by a whale, it often floats for years before making landfall.[12] The slim chances of finding ambergris and the legal ambiguity involved led perfume makers away from ambergris, and led chemists on a quest to find viable alternatives.[13]

Ambergris is found primarily in the Atlantic Ocean and on the coasts of South Africa; Brazil; Madagascar; the East Indies; The Maldives; China; Japan; India; Australia; New Zealand; and the Molucca Islands. Most commercially collected ambergris comes from The Bahamas in the Atlantic, particularly New Providence. In 2021, fishermen found a 127 kg (280-pound) piece of ambergris off the coast of Yemen, valued at US$1.5 million.[14] Fossilised ambergris from 1.75 million years ago has also been found.[15]

Physical properties Edit

Ambergris is found in lumps of various shapes and sizes, usually weighing from 15 grams (1⁄2 ounce) to 50 kilograms (110 pounds) or more.[7] When initially expelled by or removed from the whale, the fatty precursor of ambergris is pale white in color (sometimes streaked with black), soft, with a strong fecal smell. Following months to years of photodegradation and oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black color, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalic. Its scent has been generally described as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness. In this developed condition, ambergris has a specific gravity ranging from 0.780 to 0.926 (meaning it floats in water). It melts at about 62 °C (144 °F) to a fatty, yellow resinous liquid; and at 100 °C (212 °F) it is volatilised into a white vapor. It is soluble in ether, and in volatile and fixed oils.[7]

Chemical properties Edit

Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to acid. White crystals of a terpenoid known as ambrein, discovered by Ružička and Fernand Lardon in 1946,[16][17][18] can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol, then allowing the resulting solution to cool. Breakdown of the relatively scentless ambrein through oxidation produces ambroxide and ambrinol, the main odor components of ambergris.

  •  

    Ambrein

  •  

    Ambroxide

  •  

    Ambrinol

Ambroxide is now produced synthetically and used extensively in the perfume industry.[19]

Applications Edit

Ambergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk. Perfumes can still be found with ambergris.[20] Ambergris has historically been used in food and drink. A serving of eggs and ambergris was reportedly King Charles II of England's favorite dish.[21] A recipe for Rum Shrub liqueur from the mid 19th century called for a thread of ambergris to be added to rum, almonds, cloves, cassia, and the peel of oranges in making a cocktail from The English and Australian Cookery Book.[22] It has been used as a flavoring agent in Turkish coffee[23] and in hot chocolate in 18th century Europe.[24] The substance is considered an aphrodisiac in some cultures.[25]

Ancient Egyptians burned ambergris as incense, while in modern Egypt ambergris is used for scenting cigarettes.[26] The ancient Chinese called the substance "dragon's spittle fragrance".[27] During the Black Death in Europe, people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from contracting plague. This was because the fragrance covered the smell of the air which was believed to be a cause of plague.

During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a medication for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments.[27]

Legality Edit

Main article: International Whaling Commission § 1982 moratorium

From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, "millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result.[28] Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is not harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.

Urine, faeces, and ambergris (that has been naturally excreted by a sperm whale) are waste products not considered parts or derivatives of a CITES species and are therefore not covered by the provisions of the convention.[29]

Illegal

Legal

References Edit

  1. ^ "Ambergris". Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  2. ^ Burr, Chandler (2003). The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50797-7.
  3. ^ Panten, J. and Surburg, H. 2016. Flavors and Fragrances, 3. Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 1–45.
  4. ^ "Jovoy Paris 'Designed' for Fascinating Olfactory Experiences". Ikon London Magazine. October 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c "amber | Etymology, origin and meaning of amber by etymonline". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  6. ^ A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, D N MacKenzie, Oxford University Press, 1971 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 0 19 713559 5
  7. ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ambergris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 794.
  8. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 66.
  9. ^ "ambergris". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  10. ^ William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J. G.M. Thewissen (2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0080919935.
  11. ^ Clarke, R. (2006). "The origin of ambergris". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 5: 7–21. doi:10.5597/lajam00087. ISSN 2236-1057.
  12. ^ Kemp, Christopher (2012). Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris. University of Chicago Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-226-43036-2.
  13. ^ Daley, Jason (14 April 2016). "Your High-End Perfume Is Likely Part Whale Mucus". Smithsonian. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  14. ^ "A group of fishermen netted a $1.5 million whale-vomit windfall after dredging up a 127 280-pound hunk of the stuff". Business Insider.
  15. ^ Baldanza, Angela; Bizzarri, Roberto; Famiani, Federico; Monaco, Paolo; Pellegrino, Roberto; Sassi, Paola (30 July 2013). "Enigmatic, biogenically induced structures in Pleistocene marine deposits: A first record of fossil ambergris". Geology. 41 (10): 1075. Bibcode:2013Geo....41.1075B. doi:10.1130/G34731.1.
  16. ^ Ruzicka, L.; Lardon, F. (1946). "Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene. (105. Mitteilung) Über das Ambreïn, einen Bestandteil des grauen Ambra". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 29 (4): 912–921. doi:10.1002/hlca.19460290414.
  17. ^ Prelog, Vladimir; Jeger, Oskar (1980). "Leopold Ruzicka (13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976)". Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc. 26: 411–501. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0013. S2CID 71933568.
  18. ^ Hillier, Stephen G.; Lathe, Richard (2019). "Terpenes, hormones and life: Isoprene rule revisited". Journal of Endocrinology. 242 (2): R9–R22. doi:10.1530/JOE-19-0084. PMID 31051473.
  19. ^ "Ambrox/Ambroxan: a Modern Fascination on an Elegant Material". Perfume Shrine. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  20. ^ Spitznagel, Eric (January 12, 2012). . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  21. ^ Lord Macaulay (1848). "IV". The History of England from the Accession of James II. Vol. 1. Harper. p. 222.
  22. ^ Abbott, Edward (1864). The English and Australian Cookery Book. p. 272 (at the top).
  23. ^ . The Istanbul Guide. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  24. ^ Green, Matthew (March 11, 2017). "How the decadence and depravity of London's 18th century elite was fuelled by hot chocolate". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  25. ^ "The Origin of Ambergris".
  26. ^ Brady, George Stuart; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. (2002). "Ambergris". Materials Handbook: An Encyclopedia for Managers, Technical Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians, and Supervisors. McGraw-Hill. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-07-136076-0.
  27. ^ a b Graber, Cynthia (April 26, 2007). "Strange but True: Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable". Scientific American. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  28. ^ Sherrow, Victoria L. (2001). For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. pp. 129. ISBN 9781573562041.
  29. ^ CITES CoP16 Com. II Rec. 2 (Rev. 1), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013 Summary record of the second session of Committee II
  30. ^ "Whale and Dolphin permits – Ambergris". Environment.gov.au. 1979-06-28. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  31. ^ . Businessweek. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  32. ^ a b c d "Ambergris: lucky, lucrative and legal?". 10 September 2015.

Further reading Edit

  • Borschberg, Peter (April 2004). Pinto, Carla Alferes (ed.). "O comércio de âmbar asiático no início da época moderna (séculos XV–XVIII)" [The Asiatic Ambergris trade in the early modern period (15th to 18th century)]. Oriente (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Fundação Oriente. 8: 3–25. montalvoeascinciasdonossotempo.blogspot, accessed 21 August 2015
  • Clarke, Robert (2006). "The origin of ambergris". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 5 (1): 7–21. doi:10.5597/lajam00087.
  • Dannenfeldt, Karl H. (1982). (PDF). Isis. 73 (268): 382–97. doi:10.1086/353040. JSTOR 231442. PMID 6757176. S2CID 30323379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-24.
  • Dudley, Paul (1724). "An Essay upon the Natural History of Whales, with a Particular Account of the Ambergris Found in the Sperma Ceti Whale. In a Letter to the Publisher, from the Honourable Paul Dudley, Esq; F. R. S". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 33 (381–91): 256–69. Bibcode:1724RSPT...33..256D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0053. JSTOR 103782. S2CID 186208376.
  • Kemp, Christopher (2012). Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-43036-2.
  • Kemp, Christopher (2012). "The Origin of Ambergris". Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 8–16. ISBN 978-0-226-43036-2.
  • Kovatcheva, Assia; Golbraikh, Alexander; Oloff, Scott; Xiao, Yun-De; Zheng, Weifan; Wolschann, Peter; Buchbauer, Gerhard; Tropsha, Alexander (2004). (PDF). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 44 (2): 582–95. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.411.7708. doi:10.1021/ci034203t. PMID 15032539. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22.
  • Ohloff, Günther; Vial, Christian; Wolf, Hans Richard; Job, Kurt; Jégou, Elise; Polonsky, Judith; Lederer, Edgar (1980). "Stereochemistry-Odor Relationships in Enantiomeric Ambergris Fragrances". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 63 (7): 1932–46. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.880.1000. doi:10.1002/hlca.19800630721.

External links Edit

 
Look up ambergris in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Natural History Magazine Article (from 1933): Floating Gold – The Romance of Ambergris
  • Pathologist finds €500,000 ‘floating gold’ in dead whale in Canary Islands

October 05, 2023
ambergris, other, uses, disambiguation, latin, ambra, grisea, french, ambre, gris, ambergrease, grey, amber, solid, waxy, flammable, substance, dull, grey, blackish, colour, produced, digestive, system, sperm, whales, freshly, produced, ambergris, marine, feca. For other uses see Ambergris disambiguation Ambergris ˈ ae m b er ɡ r iː s or ˈ ae m b er ɡ r ɪ s Latin ambra grisea Old French ambre gris ambergrease or grey amber is a solid waxy flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales 1 Freshly produced ambergris has a marine fecal odor It acquires a sweet earthy scent as it ages commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency 2 AmbergrisAmbergris from the North SeaAmbergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to endure much longer although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide 3 Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Formation 3 Physical properties 4 Chemical properties 5 Applications 5 1 Legality 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditThe English word amber derives from the Arabic word ʿanbar عنبر 5 ultimately from Middle Persian ambar 6 also ambergris via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre The word amber in its sense of ambergris was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century 5 The word ambergris comes from the Old French ambre gris or grey amber 7 8 The addition of grey came about when in the Romance languages the sense of the word amber was extended to Baltic amber fossil resin as white or yellow amber ambre jaune from as early as the late 13th century 5 This fossilized resin became when the dominant and now exclusive sense of amber leaving ambergris as the word for the whale secretion The archaic alternate spelling ambergrease arose as an eggcorn from the phonetic pronunciation of ambergris encouraged by the substance s waxy texture 9 Formation EditAmbergris is formed from a secretion of the bile duct in the intestines of the sperm whale and can be found floating on the sea or washed up on coastlines It is sometimes found in the abdomens of dead sperm whales 7 Because the beaks of giant squids have been discovered within lumps of ambergris scientists have theorized that the substance is produced by the whale s gastrointestinal tract to ease the passage of hard sharp objects that it may have eaten Ambergris is passed like fecal matter It is speculated that an ambergris mass too large to be passed through the intestines is expelled via the mouth but this remains under debate 10 Another theory states that an ambergris mass is formed when the colon of a whale is enlarged by a blockage from intestinal worms and cephalopod parts resulting in the death of the whale and the mass being excreted into the sea 11 Ambergris takes years to form Christopher Kemp the author of Floating Gold A Natural and Unnatural History of Ambergris says that it is only produced by sperm whales and only by an estimated one percent of them Ambergris is rare once expelled by a whale it often floats for years before making landfall 12 The slim chances of finding ambergris and the legal ambiguity involved led perfume makers away from ambergris and led chemists on a quest to find viable alternatives 13 Ambergris is found primarily in the Atlantic Ocean and on the coasts of South Africa Brazil Madagascar the East Indies The Maldives China Japan India Australia New Zealand and the Molucca Islands Most commercially collected ambergris comes from The Bahamas in the Atlantic particularly New Providence In 2021 fishermen found a 127 kg 280 pound piece of ambergris off the coast of Yemen valued at US 1 5 million 14 Fossilised ambergris from 1 75 million years ago has also been found 15 Physical properties EditAmbergris is found in lumps of various shapes and sizes usually weighing from 15 grams 1 2 ounce to 50 kilograms 110 pounds or more 7 When initially expelled by or removed from the whale the fatty precursor of ambergris is pale white in color sometimes streaked with black soft with a strong fecal smell Following months to years of photodegradation and oxidation in the ocean this precursor gradually hardens developing a dark grey or black color a crusty and waxy texture and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet earthy marine and animalic Its scent has been generally described as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness In this developed condition ambergris has a specific gravity ranging from 0 780 to 0 926 meaning it floats in water It melts at about 62 C 144 F to a fatty yellow resinous liquid and at 100 C 212 F it is volatilised into a white vapor It is soluble in ether and in volatile and fixed oils 7 Chemical properties EditAmbergris is relatively nonreactive to acid White crystals of a terpenoid known as ambrein discovered by Ruzicka and Fernand Lardon in 1946 16 17 18 can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol then allowing the resulting solution to cool Breakdown of the relatively scentless ambrein through oxidation produces ambroxide and ambrinol the main odor components of ambergris nbsp Ambrein nbsp Ambroxide nbsp AmbrinolAmbroxide is now produced synthetically and used extensively in the perfume industry 19 Applications EditAmbergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk Perfumes can still be found with ambergris 20 Ambergris has historically been used in food and drink A serving of eggs and ambergris was reportedly King Charles II of England s favorite dish 21 A recipe for Rum Shrub liqueur from the mid 19th century called for a thread of ambergris to be added to rum almonds cloves cassia and the peel of oranges in making a cocktail from The English and Australian Cookery Book 22 It has been used as a flavoring agent in Turkish coffee 23 and in hot chocolate in 18th century Europe 24 The substance is considered an aphrodisiac in some cultures 25 Ancient Egyptians burned ambergris as incense while in modern Egypt ambergris is used for scenting cigarettes 26 The ancient Chinese called the substance dragon s spittle fragrance 27 During the Black Death in Europe people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from contracting plague This was because the fragrance covered the smell of the air which was believed to be a cause of plague During the Middle Ages Europeans used ambergris as a medication for headaches colds epilepsy and other ailments 27 Legality Edit Main article International Whaling Commission 1982 moratorium From the 18th to the mid 19th century the whaling industry prospered By some reports nearly 50 000 whales including sperm whales were killed each year Throughout the 1800s millions of whales were killed for their oil whalebone and ambergris to fuel profits and they soon became endangered as a species as a result 28 Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982 Although ambergris is not harvested from whales many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales Urine faeces and ambergris that has been naturally excreted by a sperm whale are waste products not considered parts or derivatives of a CITES species and are therefore not covered by the provisions of the convention 29 Illegal Australia Under federal law the export and import of ambergris for commercial purposes is banned by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The various states and territories have additional laws regarding ambergris 30 United States The possession and trade of ambergris is prohibited by the Endangered Species Act of 1973 31 India Sale or possession is illegal under the Wild Life Protection Act 1972 Legal United Kingdom 32 France 32 Switzerland 32 Maldives 32 References Edit Ambergris Britannica Retrieved 31 January 2013 Burr Chandler 2003 The Emperor of Scent A Story of Perfume Obsession and the Last Mystery of the Senses New York Random House ISBN 978 0 375 50797 7 Panten J and Surburg H 2016 Flavors and Fragrances 3 Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1 45 Jovoy Paris Designed for Fascinating Olfactory Experiences Ikon London Magazine October 2017 Retrieved October 12 2017 a b c amber Etymology origin and meaning of amber by etymonline Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 2023 01 11 A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary D N MacKenzie Oxford University Press 1971 Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0 19 713559 5 a b c d Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ambergris Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 794 Wedgwood Hensleigh 1855 On False Etymologies Transactions of the Philological Society 6 66 ambergris Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press December 2022 Retrieved 28 February 2023 Subscription or participating institution membership required William F Perrin Bernd Wursig J G M Thewissen 2009 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Academic Press p 28 ISBN 978 0080919935 Clarke R 2006 The origin of ambergris Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 5 7 21 doi 10 5597 lajam00087 ISSN 2236 1057 Kemp Christopher 2012 Floating Gold A Natural and Unnatural History of Ambergris University of Chicago Press pp 12 13 ISBN 978 0 226 43036 2 Daley Jason 14 April 2016 Your High End Perfume Is Likely Part Whale Mucus Smithsonian Retrieved 6 August 2018 A group of fishermen netted a 1 5 million whale vomit windfall after dredging up a 127 280 pound hunk of the stuff Business Insider Baldanza Angela Bizzarri Roberto Famiani Federico Monaco Paolo Pellegrino Roberto Sassi Paola 30 July 2013 Enigmatic biogenically induced structures in Pleistocene marine deposits A first record of fossil ambergris Geology 41 10 1075 Bibcode 2013Geo 41 1075B doi 10 1130 G34731 1 Ruzicka L Lardon F 1946 Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene 105 Mitteilung Uber das Ambrein einen Bestandteil des grauen Ambra Helvetica Chimica Acta 29 4 912 921 doi 10 1002 hlca 19460290414 Prelog Vladimir Jeger Oskar 1980 Leopold Ruzicka 13 September 1887 26 September 1976 Biogr Mem Fellows R Soc 26 411 501 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1980 0013 S2CID 71933568 Hillier Stephen G Lathe Richard 2019 Terpenes hormones and life Isoprene rule revisited Journal of Endocrinology 242 2 R9 R22 doi 10 1530 JOE 19 0084 PMID 31051473 Ambrox Ambroxan a Modern Fascination on an Elegant Material Perfume Shrine 5 November 2010 Retrieved 31 January 2013 Spitznagel Eric January 12 2012 Ambergris Treasure of the Deep Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on January 14 2012 Retrieved 31 January 2013 Lord Macaulay 1848 IV The History of England from the Accession of James II Vol 1 Harper p 222 Abbott Edward 1864 The English and Australian Cookery Book p 272 at the top The starting point of Turkish coffee Istanbul s historic coffeehouses The Istanbul Guide Archived from the original on 18 October 2020 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Green Matthew March 11 2017 How the decadence and depravity of London s 18th century elite was fuelled by hot chocolate The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 2022 01 12 Retrieved July 15 2017 The Origin of Ambergris Brady George Stuart Clauser Henry R Vaccari John A 2002 Ambergris Materials Handbook An Encyclopedia for Managers Technical Professionals Purchasing and Production Managers Technicians and Supervisors McGraw Hill p 64 ISBN 978 0 07 136076 0 a b Graber Cynthia April 26 2007 Strange but True Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable Scientific American Retrieved 31 January 2013 Sherrow Victoria L 2001 For Appearance Sake The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks Beauty and Grooming Greenwood pp 129 ISBN 9781573562041 CITES CoP16 Com II Rec 2 Rev 1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok Thailand 3 14 March 2013 Summary record of the second session of Committee II Whale and Dolphin permits Ambergris Environment gov au 1979 06 28 Retrieved 2014 03 13 Ambergris Treasure of the Deep Businessweek 2012 01 12 Archived from the original on January 14 2012 Retrieved 2014 03 13 a b c d Ambergris lucky lucrative and legal 10 September 2015 Further reading EditBorschberg Peter April 2004 Pinto Carla Alferes ed O comercio de ambar asiatico no inicio da epoca moderna seculos XV XVIII The Asiatic Ambergris trade in the early modern period 15th to 18th century Oriente in Portuguese Lisbon Fundacao Oriente 8 3 25 montalvoeascinciasdonossotempo blogspot accessed 21 August 2015 Clarke Robert 2006 The origin of ambergris Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 5 1 7 21 doi 10 5597 lajam00087 Dannenfeldt Karl H 1982 Ambergris The Search for Its Origin PDF Isis 73 268 382 97 doi 10 1086 353040 JSTOR 231442 PMID 6757176 S2CID 30323379 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 10 24 Dudley Paul 1724 An Essay upon the Natural History of Whales with a Particular Account of the Ambergris Found in the Sperma Ceti Whale In a Letter to the Publisher from the Honourable Paul Dudley Esq F R S Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 33 381 91 256 69 Bibcode 1724RSPT 33 256D doi 10 1098 rstl 1724 0053 JSTOR 103782 S2CID 186208376 Kemp Christopher 2012 Floating Gold A Natural and Unnatural History of Ambergris University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 43036 2 Kemp Christopher 2012 The Origin of Ambergris Floating Gold A Natural and Unnatural History of Ambergris Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 8 16 ISBN 978 0 226 43036 2 Kovatcheva Assia Golbraikh Alexander Oloff Scott Xiao Yun De Zheng Weifan Wolschann Peter Buchbauer Gerhard Tropsha Alexander 2004 Combinatorial QSAR of Ambergris Fragrance Compounds PDF Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 44 2 582 95 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 411 7708 doi 10 1021 ci034203t PMID 15032539 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 22 Ohloff Gunther Vial Christian Wolf Hans Richard Job Kurt Jegou Elise Polonsky Judith Lederer Edgar 1980 Stereochemistry Odor Relationships in Enantiomeric Ambergris Fragrances Helvetica Chimica Acta 63 7 1932 46 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 880 1000 doi 10 1002 hlca 19800630721 External links Edit nbsp Look up ambergris in Wiktionary the free dictionary Natural History Magazine Article from 1933 Floating Gold The Romance of Ambergris Ambergris A Pathfinder and Annotated Bibliography On the chemistry and ethics of Ambergris Pathologist finds 500 000 floating gold in dead whale in Canary Islands Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ambergris amp oldid 1172716149, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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