Mahfuz led raids into the provinces of Abyssinia for a number of years. He selected the season of Lent for his attacks, when the defenders were weakened by their fasts. He invaded the Amhara, Shewa, and Fatagar provinces south of the Awash River. According to Portuguese explorer Francisco Álvares, Mahfuz exclusively targeted Abyssinian soldiers capturing them however left civilians unharmed.[4]
Sources differ over the number of years Mahfuz raided Abyssinia. Francisco Álvares states that his raids began during the reign of Eskender, and lasted 25 years.[5] However, Beckingham and Huntingford note that the Ethiopian Paris Chronicle, which draws on contemporary Ethiopian records, dates the beginning of these raids to the ascension of Dawit II (Lebna Dengel) in 1508.[6] Mahfuz is reported to have caused the deaths of Ethiopian Emperors Na'od and Eskender.[7][8]
Upon reaching the age of majority, Emperor Lebna Dengel decided to forgo his observance of Lent and oppose the Imam in battle, despite the advice and wishes of his councilors and people. He sent spies out to determine Imam Mahfuz's plans for that year, and learning the Imam was in Fatagar led his army there. He found Imam Mahfuz with the sultan of Adal encamped on a plain that was surrounded by mountains. After first sending soldiers out to secure the passes, the Abyssinian Emperor closed upon Imam Mahfuz.
Although Imam Mahfuz managed to enable Sultan Muhammed to escape with but four horsemen, according to Alvarez, Imam Mafhuz knew he was trapped and sought to die with honor. He called to the Abyssinians a challenge to fight in single combat, and Gabra Endreyas, who had been a follower of Emperor Lebna Dengel's father, accepted and killed the Imam. Mahfuz's head was cut from his body and displayed publicly in the Emperor's court.[9] After defeating Mahfuz, Dawit II used appellation Wanag Segad, which is a combination of Ge'ez and Harari terms.[10]Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi later in his invasion of Abyssinia would kill an old Gabra as revenge for his victory against Mahfuz.[11]
^J. D., Fage (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN9780521209816.
^Bruce, James, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1805 edition), vol. 3, p. 143
^Hassen, Mohammed. "Review work Futuh al habasa". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 184. JSTOR 27828848.
^Aregay, Merid. Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences. University of London. p. 199.
^Alvarez, Francisco (1961) The Prester John of the Indies, translated by C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, p. 412.
^Their discussion of Mahfuz is taken from their Introduction to Alvarez, Prester John, pp. 16f.
^Burton, Richard. First Footsteps in East Africa. p. 179.
^Huntingford, G.W.B. The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
^Gate, Henry (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. p. 482. ISBN978-0195382075.
^Burton, Richard. Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Illustrated). Delphi Classics.
^Sihab ad-Din Ahmad, in his Futuh al-Habasa (translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst [Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003]) consistently uses the word "Jihad" to refer to Ahmad Gragn's conquest of Ethiopia.
January 31, 2023
mahfuz, other, uses, name, mohammed, harari, መሕፉዝ, arabic, محفوظ, died, july, 1517, harari, garad, emir, harar, governor, zeila, adal, sultanate, imam, zeila, garad, emir, reign16th, centurydiedjuly, 1517issuebati, wambaranamesmohammedreligionislam, contents, . For other uses see Mahfuz name Mahfuz or Mohammed Harari መሕፉዝ Arabic محفوظ died July 1517 was a Harari Garad Emir of Harar and Governor of Zeila in the Adal Sultanate 2 3 MahfuzImam of Zeila Garad and Emir 1 Reign16th centuryDiedJuly 1517IssueBati del WambaraNamesMohammedReligionIslam Contents 1 Life and reign 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 Notes and referencesLife and reign EditMahfuz led raids into the provinces of Abyssinia for a number of years He selected the season of Lent for his attacks when the defenders were weakened by their fasts He invaded the Amhara Shewa and Fatagar provinces south of the Awash River According to Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvares Mahfuz exclusively targeted Abyssinian soldiers capturing them however left civilians unharmed 4 Sources differ over the number of years Mahfuz raided Abyssinia Francisco Alvares states that his raids began during the reign of Eskender and lasted 25 years 5 However Beckingham and Huntingford note that the Ethiopian Paris Chronicle which draws on contemporary Ethiopian records dates the beginning of these raids to the ascension of Dawit II Lebna Dengel in 1508 6 Mahfuz is reported to have caused the deaths of Ethiopian Emperors Na od and Eskender 7 8 Upon reaching the age of majority Emperor Lebna Dengel decided to forgo his observance of Lent and oppose the Imam in battle despite the advice and wishes of his councilors and people He sent spies out to determine Imam Mahfuz s plans for that year and learning the Imam was in Fatagar led his army there He found Imam Mahfuz with the sultan of Adal encamped on a plain that was surrounded by mountains After first sending soldiers out to secure the passes the Abyssinian Emperor closed upon Imam Mahfuz Although Imam Mahfuz managed to enable Sultan Muhammed to escape with but four horsemen according to Alvarez Imam Mafhuz knew he was trapped and sought to die with honor He called to the Abyssinians a challenge to fight in single combat and Gabra Endreyas who had been a follower of Emperor Lebna Dengel s father accepted and killed the Imam Mahfuz s head was cut from his body and displayed publicly in the Emperor s court 9 After defeating Mahfuz Dawit II used appellation Wanag Segad which is a combination of Ge ez and Harari terms 10 Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi later in his invasion of Abyssinia would kill an old Gabra as revenge for his victory against Mahfuz 11 Legacy EditMahfuz daughter Bati del Wambara married Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate Ten years after Mahfuz s death Al Ghazi embarked on a Conquest of Abyssinia Futuh al Habash 12 See also EditAhmad ibn Ibrahim al GhaziNotes and references Edit J D Fage 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 Cambridge University Press p 166 ISBN 9780521209816 Bruce James Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 1805 edition vol 3 p 143 Hassen Mohammed Review work Futuh al habasa International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 184 JSTOR 27828848 Aregay Merid Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 1708 with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences University of London p 199 Alvarez Francisco 1961 The Prester John of the Indies translated by C F Beckingham and G W B Huntingford Cambridge Hakluyt Society p 412 Their discussion of Mahfuz is taken from their Introduction to Alvarez Prester John pp 16f Burton Richard First Footsteps in East Africa p 179 Huntingford G W B The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 Oxford University Press p 105 Alvarez p 413 Gate Henry 2 February 2012 Dictionary of African Biography OUP USA p 482 ISBN 978 0195382075 Burton Richard Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton Illustrated Delphi Classics Sihab ad Din Ahmad in his Futuh al Habasa translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst Hollywood Tsehai 2003 consistently uses the word Jihad to refer to Ahmad Gragn s conquest of Ethiopia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mahfuz amp oldid 1122303244, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
