Haliotis asinina, common name the ass's-ear abalone, is a fairly large species of sea snail, a tropical gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones, also known as ormers or paua. Both the common name and the scientific name are based on the shape of the shell, which is long, narrow and curved, resembling the shape of a donkey's ear.
The maximum shell length of this species is up to 12 cm,[3][4] but it more commonly grows up to about 9 cm.[4] The shell of Haliotis asinina has a distinctly elongated contour, in clear resemblance to a donkey ear, hence the common name. Its outer surface is smooth and almost totally covered by the mantle in life, making encrustations of other animals (such as barnacles) quite uncommon in comparison to other abalones.[4] The shell of H. asinina presents 5 to 7 ovate open holes on the left side of the body whorl. These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone which form as the shell grows. Its spire is somewhat conspicuous, with a mostly posterior apex. The color may variate between green olive or brown externally, with distinct roughly triangular patches. As is the case in many other abalones, the interior surface of the shell is strongly iridescent, with shades of pink and green.[4]
This abalone dwells in shallow water coral reef areas of the intertidal and sublittoral zones, commonly reaching a depth around 10 m.[3][4] Though this species is quite abundant, aggregates of H. asinina are considered to be uncommon.[4]
Feeding habitsEdit
These large animals are nocturnal. They graze amongst turf algae and inhabit the undersides of boulders and coral bommies.[5]
Life cycleEdit
Several major transitions in shell pattern and morphology can be observed during the life of Haliotis asinina. The species has a pelagobenthic life cycle that includes a minimal period of three to four days in the plankton. Biomineralisation begins shortly after hatching, with the fabrication of the larval shell (protoconch) over about a 10-hour period. The initial differentiation of biomineralising cells is likely to include a localised thickening of the dorsal ectoderm followed by an invagination of cells to form the shell gland. The shell gland then evaginates to form the shell field which expands through mitotic divisions to direct the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) via the secretion of organic molecules. In this way the larval shell (protoconch) is formed. The construction of the haliotid protoconch is complete following torsion. These structures allow the veliger larva to completely retract into a protective environment and rapidly fall out of the water column.[5]
Trochophore of Haliotis asinina 11 hours post-fertilisation, with a calcified protoconch (pc)
Protoconch
The next phase of biomineralisation does not commence until the competent veliger larva contacts an environmental cue that induces metamorphosis. The protoconch remains developmentally inert until the animal contacts a specific cue that initiates the process of metamorphosis.[5]
The postlarval shell (teleoconch) is laid down rapidly following metamorphosis with marked variation in the rate of its production between individuals. The transition from protoconch to teleoconch (juvenile/adult shell) is clearly visible at metamorphosis, and suggests the action of a different biomineralising secretome. The early postlarval shell is more robust and opaque than the larval shell but has no pigmentation. While the initial teloconch is not pigmented, it is textured and opaque such that postlarval shell growth is easily discerned from the larval shell.[5]
SEM image of initial postlarval shell at metamorphosis. The white arrow indicates the metamorphosis from the larval shell (protoconch) to juvenile shell.
A photograph of two postlarvae on a coralline algal surface.
The juvenile Haliotis asinina teloconch rapidly develops a uniform maroon colouration several weeks after metamorphosis, similar to the crustose coralline algae (CCA) that the larva has settled upon. At about 1 mm in size, further changes in the morphogenetic program of the mantle are reflected in the shell. Structurally, a pronounced series of ridges and valleys and a line of respiratory pores (tremata) have appeared. Furthermore, it is at this stage of development that the first recognisable tablets of nacre can be detected. Colourmetrically, the uniform maroon background is now interrupted by oscillations of a pale cream colour, and is punctuated by a pattern of dots (that only occur on ridges) which are blue when overlying a maroon field and orange when overlying a cream field. This shell pattern may enhance the juvenile's ability to camouflage on the heterogeneous background of the CCA they inhabit at this stage of development.[5]
Live 1–2-month old juveniles
A 5 mm long juvenile shell of Haliotis asinina showing the tremata and ridges.
Juvenile shells of approximately 1 – 10 mm in length have blue and orange dots, as shown here.
This pattern is gradually lost with growth, as the shell becomes thicker and more elongate. At 10 to 15 mm, this ornate colouration pattern begins to fade, with maroon and cream fields apparently blending to give a brown background. Blue and orange dots however persist on the ridges.[5]
With further growth, the ridge-valley structure fades to give rise to a smooth adult shell, with irregular brown-green triangles on a light brown background. These large scale morphological changes are accompanied by mineralogical and crystallographic changes. Well defined tablets of nacre are present in shells larger than approximately 5 mm which are absent or poorly resolved in shells 1 mm or less. In larger shells, a ventral cap of CaCO3 that underlies the tablets of aragonitic nacre continues to thicken.[5]
Overall, ontogenetic changes in Haliotis asinina shell pigmentation and structure match changes in the habitats occupied during development.[5]
Shells of animals a little larger than 10 mm have dots but only on the shell ridges
Adult shell of Haliotis asinina. Note the similarity of the markings to the Sierpinski triangle.
The growth rate of Haliotis asinina is the fastest of all the abalones.[6] Individuals reach sexual maturity in one year.[6]
AnatomyEdit
Photo of 5 mm long juvenile with the shell removed.
Drawing shows that mantle (in gray) covers the majority of the dorsal surface of the animal.[7] The gills (g), digestive gland (dg), adductor muscle (am), epipodial tentacles (ept), right mantle lobe (rml), eyespot (es), cephalic tentacles (ct) and left mantle lobe (lml) are indicated.
Human usesEdit
The flesh of Haliotis asinina is edible, and it is usually collected for food and also for its shell in South East Asian countries.[4]
ReferencesEdit
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text (but not under GFDL) from reference.[5]
^Peters, H. (2021). "Haliotis asinina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T78749198A78772393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T78749198A78772393.en.
^ abcdefghPoutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1.[permanent dead link] Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 385.
^ abcdefghiJackson D. J., Wörheide G. & Degnan B. M. (2007). "Dynamic expression of ancient and novel molluscan shell genes during ecological transitions". BMC Evolutionary Biology7: 160. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-160.
^ abLucas T., Macbeth M., Degnan S. M., Knibb W. R. & Degnan B. M. (2006). "Heritability estimates for growth in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina using microsatellites to assign parentage". Aquaculture259(1–4): 146–152, abstract.
^Jackson D. J., McDougall C., Green K., Simpson F., Wörheide G. & Degnan B. M. (2006). "A rapidly evolving secretome builds and patterns a sea shell". BMC Biology4: 40. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-40.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systemae naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differetiis, synonymis, locis.v. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii 824 pp.
Donovan, E. 1808. Conchology. In, The new Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
Springsteen, F.J. & Leobrera, F.M. 1986. Shells of the Philippines. Manila : Carfel Seashell Museum 377 pp., 100 pls.
Wilson, B. 1993. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp.
Geiger, D.L. 2000 [1999]. Distribution and biogeography of the recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide. Bollettino Malacologico 35(5–12): 57-120
Geiger, D.L. & Poppe, G.T. 2000. A Conchological Iconography. The family Haliotidae. Germany : ConchBooks 135 pp.
Hylleberg, J & Kilburn, R.N. 2003. Marine Molluscs of Vietnam: Annotations, voucher material, and species in need of verification. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 28: 1–299
Degnan, S.D., Imron, Geiger, D.L. & Degnan, B.M. 2006. Evolution in temperate and tropical seas: disparate patterns in southern hemisphere abalone (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda: Haliotidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 249–256
Streit, K., Geiger, D.L. & Lieb, B. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and the geographic origin of Haliotidae traced by haemocyanin sequences. Journal of Molluscan Studies 72: 111–116
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haliotis asinina.
Marie B., Marie A., Jackson D. J., Dubost L., Degnan B. M., Milet C. & Marin F. (2010). "Proteomic analysis of the organic matrix of the abalone Haliotis asinina calcified shell". Proteome Science8: 54. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-8-54.
Photos of Haliotis asinina on Sealife Collection
October 19, 2023
haliotis, asinina, common, name, abalone, fairly, large, species, snail, tropical, gastropod, mollusk, family, haliotidae, abalones, also, known, ormers, paua, both, common, name, scientific, name, based, shape, shell, which, long, narrow, curved, resembling, . Haliotis asinina common name the ass s ear abalone is a fairly large species of sea snail a tropical gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae the abalones also known as ormers or paua Both the common name and the scientific name are based on the shape of the shell which is long narrow and curved resembling the shape of a donkey s ear Haliotis asininaTemporal range 71 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NA living specimen of Haliotis asininaFive views of a shellConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaSubclass VetigastropodaOrder LepetellidaFamily HaliotidaeGenus HaliotisSpecies H asininaBinomial nameHaliotis asininaLinnaeus 1758Synonyms 2 Haliotis asinum Donovan 1808A frontal view of a live Haliotis asinina out of the water Contents 1 Shell description 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 3 1 Habitat 3 2 Feeding habits 3 3 Life cycle 4 Anatomy 5 Human uses 6 References 7 External linksShell description EditThe maximum shell length of this species is up to 12 cm 3 4 but it more commonly grows up to about 9 cm 4 The shell of Haliotis asinina has a distinctly elongated contour in clear resemblance to a donkey ear hence the common name Its outer surface is smooth and almost totally covered by the mantle in life making encrustations of other animals such as barnacles quite uncommon in comparison to other abalones 4 The shell of H asinina presents 5 to 7 ovate open holes on the left side of the body whorl These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone which form as the shell grows Its spire is somewhat conspicuous with a mostly posterior apex The color may variate between green olive or brown externally with distinct roughly triangular patches As is the case in many other abalones the interior surface of the shell is strongly iridescent with shades of pink and green 4 Distribution EditThis is an Indo West Pacific species Eastern Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific It is common in the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands Pacific islands southern Japan and Australia Northern Territory Queensland Western Australia 4 Ecology EditHabitat Edit This abalone dwells in shallow water coral reef areas of the intertidal and sublittoral zones commonly reaching a depth around 10 m 3 4 Though this species is quite abundant aggregates of H asinina are considered to be uncommon 4 Feeding habits Edit These large animals are nocturnal They graze amongst turf algae and inhabit the undersides of boulders and coral bommies 5 Life cycle Edit Several major transitions in shell pattern and morphology can be observed during the life of Haliotis asinina The species has a pelagobenthic life cycle that includes a minimal period of three to four days in the plankton Biomineralisation begins shortly after hatching with the fabrication of the larval shell protoconch over about a 10 hour period The initial differentiation of biomineralising cells is likely to include a localised thickening of the dorsal ectoderm followed by an invagination of cells to form the shell gland The shell gland then evaginates to form the shell field which expands through mitotic divisions to direct the precipitation of calcium carbonate CaCO3 via the secretion of organic molecules In this way the larval shell protoconch is formed The construction of the haliotid protoconch is complete following torsion These structures allow the veliger larva to completely retract into a protective environment and rapidly fall out of the water column 5 nbsp SEM of 9 hour old trochophore of Haliotis asinina with shell field sf nbsp Trochophore of Haliotis asinina 11 hours post fertilisation with a calcified protoconch pc nbsp ProtoconchThe next phase of biomineralisation does not commence until the competent veliger larva contacts an environmental cue that induces metamorphosis The protoconch remains developmentally inert until the animal contacts a specific cue that initiates the process of metamorphosis 5 The postlarval shell teleoconch is laid down rapidly following metamorphosis with marked variation in the rate of its production between individuals The transition from protoconch to teleoconch juvenile adult shell is clearly visible at metamorphosis and suggests the action of a different biomineralising secretome The early postlarval shell is more robust and opaque than the larval shell but has no pigmentation While the initial teloconch is not pigmented it is textured and opaque such that postlarval shell growth is easily discerned from the larval shell 5 nbsp SEM image of initial postlarval shell at metamorphosis The white arrow indicates the metamorphosis from the larval shell protoconch to juvenile shell nbsp A photograph of two postlarvae on a coralline algal surface The juvenile Haliotis asinina teloconch rapidly develops a uniform maroon colouration several weeks after metamorphosis similar to the crustose coralline algae CCA that the larva has settled upon At about 1 mm in size further changes in the morphogenetic program of the mantle are reflected in the shell Structurally a pronounced series of ridges and valleys and a line of respiratory pores tremata have appeared Furthermore it is at this stage of development that the first recognisable tablets of nacre can be detected Colourmetrically the uniform maroon background is now interrupted by oscillations of a pale cream colour and is punctuated by a pattern of dots that only occur on ridges which are blue when overlying a maroon field and orange when overlying a cream field This shell pattern may enhance the juvenile s ability to camouflage on the heterogeneous background of the CCA they inhabit at this stage of development 5 nbsp Live 1 2 month old juveniles nbsp A 5 mm long juvenile shell of Haliotis asinina showing the tremata and ridges nbsp Juvenile shells of approximately 1 10 mm in length have blue and orange dots as shown here This pattern is gradually lost with growth as the shell becomes thicker and more elongate At 10 to 15 mm this ornate colouration pattern begins to fade with maroon and cream fields apparently blending to give a brown background Blue and orange dots however persist on the ridges 5 With further growth the ridge valley structure fades to give rise to a smooth adult shell with irregular brown green triangles on a light brown background These large scale morphological changes are accompanied by mineralogical and crystallographic changes Well defined tablets of nacre are present in shells larger than approximately 5 mm which are absent or poorly resolved in shells 1 mm or less In larger shells a ventral cap of CaCO3 that underlies the tablets of aragonitic nacre continues to thicken 5 Overall ontogenetic changes in Haliotis asinina shell pigmentation and structure match changes in the habitats occupied during development 5 nbsp Shells of animals a little larger than 10 mm have dots but only on the shell ridges nbsp Adult shell of Haliotis asinina Note the similarity of the markings to the Sierpinski triangle The growth rate of Haliotis asinina is the fastest of all the abalones 6 Individuals reach sexual maturity in one year 6 Anatomy Edit nbsp Photo of 5 mm long juvenile with the shell removed nbsp Drawing shows that mantle in gray covers the majority of the dorsal surface of the animal 7 The gills g digestive gland dg adductor muscle am epipodial tentacles ept right mantle lobe rml eyespot es cephalic tentacles ct and left mantle lobe lml are indicated Human uses EditThe flesh of Haliotis asinina is edible and it is usually collected for food and also for its shell in South East Asian countries 4 References EditThis article incorporates CC BY 2 0 text but not under GFDL from reference 5 Peters H 2021 Haliotis asinina IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T78749198A78772393 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 1 RLTS T78749198A78772393 en Haliotis asinina Linnaeus 1758 Retrieved through World Register of Marine Species on 29 March 2010 a b Haliotis asinina Donkey s ear abalone Sealifebase org accessed 10 July 2009 a b c d e f g h Poutiers J M 1998 Gastropods in FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1 permanent dead link Seaweeds corals bivalves and gastropods Rome FAO 1998 page 385 a b c d e f g h i Jackson D J Worheide G amp Degnan B M 2007 Dynamic expression of ancient and novel molluscan shell genes during ecological transitions BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 160 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 160 a b Lucas T Macbeth M Degnan S M Knibb W R amp Degnan B M 2006 Heritability estimates for growth in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina using microsatellites to assign parentage Aquaculture 259 1 4 146 152 abstract Jackson D J McDougall C Green K Simpson F Worheide G amp Degnan B M 2006 A rapidly evolving secretome builds and patterns a sea shell BMC Biology 4 40 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 4 40 Linnaeus C 1758 Systemae naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differetiis synonymis locis v Holmiae Laurentii Salvii 824 pp Donovan E 1808 Conchology In The new Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences Springsteen F J amp Leobrera F M 1986 Shells of the Philippines Manila Carfel Seashell Museum 377 pp 100 pls Wilson B 1993 Australian Marine Shells Prosobranch Gastropods Kallaroo Western Australia Odyssey Publishing Vol 1 408 pp Geiger D L 2000 1999 Distribution and biogeography of the recent Haliotidae Gastropoda Vetigastropoda world wide Bollettino Malacologico 35 5 12 57 120 Geiger D L amp Poppe G T 2000 A Conchological Iconography The family Haliotidae Germany ConchBooks 135 pp Hylleberg J amp Kilburn R N 2003 Marine Molluscs of Vietnam Annotations voucher material and species in need of verification Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 28 1 299 Degnan S D Imron Geiger D L amp Degnan B M 2006 Evolution in temperate and tropical seas disparate patterns in southern hemisphere abalone Mollusca Vetigastropoda Haliotidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 249 256 Streit K Geiger D L amp Lieb B 2006 Molecular phylogeny and the geographic origin of Haliotidae traced by haemocyanin sequences Journal of Molluscan Studies 72 111 116External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haliotis asinina Marie B Marie A Jackson D J Dubost L Degnan B M Milet C amp Marin F 2010 Proteomic analysis of the organic matrix of the abalone Haliotis asinina calcified shell Proteome Science 8 54 doi 10 1186 1477 5956 8 54 Photos of Haliotis asinina on Sealife Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haliotis asinina amp oldid 1178908100, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
