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HMS New Zealand (1911)

April 09, 2024

For other ships with the same name, see HMS New Zealand.

HMS New Zealand was one of three Indefatigable-class battlecruisers. Launched in 1911, the ship was funded by the government of New Zealand as a gift to Britain,[2] and she was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1912. She had been intended for the China Station, but was released by the New Zealand government at the request of the Admiralty for service in British waters.

New Zealand in Australia, May 1919
History
United Kingdom
NameNew Zealand
NamesakeDominion of New Zealand
BuilderFairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering, Govan
Laid down20 June 1910
Launched1 July 1911
Commissioned19 November 1912
Stricken19 December 1922
FateSold for scrap, 22 January 1923
General characteristics
Class and typeIndefatigable-class battlecruiser
Displacement
Length590 ft 3.5 in (179.9 m)
Beam80 ft (24.4 m)
Draught27 ft (8.2 m)
Installed power
Propulsion4 × shafts; 2 × steam turbine sets
Speed25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph)
Range
  • 3,340 nmi (6,190 km; 3,840 mi) at 23.5 knots (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph)
  • 6,690 nmi (12,390 km; 7,700 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)[1]
Complement818 (1913), 853 (1919), 1070 (1921)[1]
Armament
Armour
  • Belt: 4–6 in (102–152 mm)
  • Decks: 1.5–2.5 in (38–64 mm)
  • Turrets: 7 in (178 mm)

During 1913, New Zealand was sent on a ten-month tour of the British Dominions, with an emphasis on a visit to her namesake nation. She was back in British waters at the start of the First World War, and operated as part of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet, in opposition to the German High Seas Fleet. During the war, the battlecruiser participated in all three of the major North Sea battles—Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank, and Jutland—and was involved in the response to the inconclusive Raid on Scarborough, and the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. New Zealand contributed to the destruction of two cruisers during her wartime service and was hit by enemy fire only once, sustaining no casualties; her status as a "lucky ship" was attributed by the crew to a Māori piupiu (warrior's skirt) and hei-tiki (pendant) worn by the captain during battle.

After the war, New Zealand was sent on a second world tour, this time to allow Admiral John Jellicoe to review the naval defences of the Dominions. In 1920, the battlecruiser was placed in reserve. She was broken up for scrap in 1922 in order to meet the United Kingdom's tonnage limit in the disarmament provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty.

Design edit

The Indefatigable class was not a significant improvement on the preceding Invincible class; the main difference was the enlargement of the dimensions to give the ships' two wing turrets a wider arc of fire. The ships were smaller and not as well protected as the contemporary German battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann and subsequent German designs. While Von der Tann's characteristics were not known when the lead ship of the class, Indefatigable, was laid down in February 1909, the Royal Navy obtained accurate information on the German ship before work began on New Zealand and her sister ship HMAS Australia.[3]

 
Starboard elevation and deck plan as depicted in Brassey's Naval Annual, 1915. Note: plan is of Invincible-class battlecruisers; the Indefatigable-class had a third superstructure element with 'P' & 'Q' turrets more widely spaced.

New Zealand had an overall length of 590 feet (179.8 m), a beam of 80 feet (24.4 m), and a draught of 29 feet 9 inches (9.1 m) at deep load. The ship displaced 18,500 long tons (18,800 t) at load and 22,130 long tons (22,490 t) at deep load.[4] She initially had a crew of 818 officers and ratings, though this was to increase in subsequent years.[1] At the time of her visit to New Zealand in 1913 the engineering department had a staff of 335.[5]

The ship was powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two propeller shafts, using steam provided by 31 coal-burning Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at 44,000 shaft horsepower (33,000 kW) and were intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). However, during trials in 1912, the turbines produced over 49,000 shp (37,000 kW), which allowed New Zealand to reach 26.39 knots (48.87 km/h; 30.37 mph).[6] The ship carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 6,690 nautical miles (12,390 km; 7,700 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[1]

The ship carried eight BL 12-inch Mk X guns in four twin gun turrets. Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline, identified as 'A' and 'X' respectively. The other two were wing turrets mounted amidships and staggered diagonally: 'P' was forward and to port of the centre funnel, while 'Q' was situated starboard and aft. Each wing turret had a limited ability to fire to the opposite side, but if the ship was full broadside to her target she could bring all eight main guns to bear. Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen 4-inch BL Mk VII guns positioned in the superstructure.[7] She mounted two 18-inch submerged torpedo tubes, one on each side aft of 'X' barbette, and twelve torpedoes were carried.[8]

The Indefatigables were protected by a waterline 4–6-inch (102–152 mm) armoured belt that extended between and covered the end barbettes. Their armoured deck ranged in thickness between 1.5 and 2.5 inches (38 and 64 mm) with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern. The turret faces were 7 inches (178 mm) thick, and the turrets were supported by barbettes of the same thickness.[9]

New Zealand's 'A' turret was fitted with a 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof. It was also equipped to control the entire main armament in the event that the normal fire control positions were knocked out or communication between the primary positions and the gun layers was disabled.[10]

Wartime modifications edit

The ship was fitted with a single QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss anti-aircraft (AA) gun from October 1914 to the end of 1915.[11] In March 1915, a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt[Note 1] AA gun was added. It was provided with 500 rounds. The battlecruiser's 4-inch guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields during a refit in November to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action. Two aft guns were removed at the same time.[12]

New Zealand received a fire-control director sometime between mid-1915 and May 1916; this centralised fire control under the director officer, who now fired the guns. The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target. This greatly increased accuracy, as it was easier to spot the fall of shells and eliminated the problem of the ship's roll dispersing the shells when each turret fired independently.[13]

To address deficiencies in the armour of British capital ships raised by the Battle of Jutland New Zealand entered the dockyard in November 1916 where an additional inch of armour was added to selected horizontal areas of the main deck. In the forward part of the ship it covered the magazines for A-turret and the 4-inch guns; midships to cover the magazines for Q- and P-turrets, while it was extended vertically by 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) to protect the magazine trunks and escape shafts.[14][15] During a refit in June 1917 the armour was again improved when 1-inch armour plate was added on the lower deck at the bottom of the Inner and Outer Upper Coal bunkers as well as over the boiler.[14]

By 1918, New Zealand carried two aircraft, a Sopwith Pup and a Sopwith 1½ Strutter, on flying-off ramps fitted on top of 'P' and 'Q' turrets.[8] The Pup was intended to shoot down Zeppelins while the 1½ Strutter was used for spotting and reconnaissance.[16] Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather.[17]

Post-war modifications edit

In preparation for its role as Admiral Jellicoe’s personal transport for his planned visit to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand New Zealand was refitted between December 1918 and February 1919.[18] The fore topmast and both top gallants were replaced. Her flying-off platforms were removed and new peacetime trim was installed. The range clocks were removed and the deflection scales on the turrets were painted over. The lower forward four-inch guns were removed and replaced with cabins on the port and starboard sides of the forward superstructure to house Jellicoe and provide offices for his staff of eight.[19][20]

While in Bombay in 1919 the battlecruiser was painted in a light grey colour.

Acquisition and construction edit

 
New Zealand's bell; this bell had previously been used on the battleship of the same name

At the start of the 20th century, the British Admiralty maintained that naval defence of the British Empire, including the Dominions, should be unified under the Royal Navy.[21] Attitudes on this matter softened during the first decade, and at the 1909 Imperial Conference, the Admiralty proposed the creation of Fleet Units: forces consisting of a battlecruiser, three light cruisers, six destroyers, and three submarines.[22] While Australia and Canada were encouraged to purchase fleet units to serve as the core of new national navies, other fleet units would be operated by the Royal Navy at distant bases, particularly in the Far East; New Zealand was asked to partially subsidise a fleet unit for the China Station.[23]

To this end, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Sir Joseph Ward, announced on 22 March 1909 that his country would fund a battleship (later changed to an Indefatigable-class battlecruiser) as an example to other countries.[24] It is unclear why this design was selected, given that it was known to be inferior to the battlecruisers entering service with the Imperial German Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine). Historian John Roberts has suggested that the request may have been attributable to the Royal Navy's practice of using small battleships and large cruisers as flagships of stations far from the United Kingdom, or it might have reflected the preferences of the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet John Fisher, preferences not widely shared.[25] The New Zealand Government took out a loan to fund the cost of the ship.[26]

When it came to naming the new ship the most obvious name was already being used by the existing King Edward VII-class battleship HMS New Zealand. It was decided to transfer the name to the new battlecruiser and to rename the older ship. Among the suggested names were Arawa, Caledonia, Wellington and Maori (which was already being used by a destroyer, and thus would have required a double renaming) being floated before Zealandia was eventually decided upon and subsequently approved by the King.[27]

Construction edit

Wright[28] has identified that the Controller of the Admiralty John Jellicoe had wanted to have Australia and New Zealand constructed by the same shipbuilder. This would have reduced construction costs and simplified administration. Tenders were issued early in 1910, but of those who were prepared to tender, all were only prepared to construct one vessel.[28] Both Australia and New Zealand for unknown reasons agreed to accept that of John Brown & Company which was highest of the two successful tenders, but the former signalled its acceptance first, leaving New Zealand to accept that of Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering.[29][28] The estimated cost of Fairfield’s offer was £1.8 million, which included the guns and the first issue of ammunition.[28] Fairfield had already built HMS Indomitable, which would have given them confidence in their cost estimate, which included all stores including first coal and ammunition. In the end John Brown & Company delivered Australia well under their original tendered price.

New Zealand's keel was laid at Fairfield's yard on the Clyde on 20 June 1910.[30][31]

The construction contract was between the Admiralty and Fairfield (using the Admiralty’s standard contract terms) and was overseen by the Admiralty with manufacturer’s payment claims being approved and then passed on by the Admiralty to the New Zealand High Commission’s office in London for forwarding onto New Zealand for payment. Variation claims were often individually itemised (such as £1. 12s. 6d. for a specific drawing) and passed on for payment, with some payments still being processed as late as the 1914-15 financial year. The ship was built with all stores supplied from the Admiralty at the "Rate Book" price plus 20 per cent,[29] with exception of the coal. The Admiralty did not charge New Zealand for its management of the project. Fairchild’s share of the contract made a profit of £50,454 (6 per cent).[32]

The four main gun mountings were made by Armstrong Whitworth’s Elswick Ordnance Works,[33] at a cost of £207,593 (excluding delivery and assembly)[34] while the guns were supplied by both Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers. The 22 x 12-inch guns (which included six spares) and 36 x 4-inch guns (which included four spares) required to equip both of the Dominion’s ships cost a combined total of £249,550.[35]

New Zealand was launched on 1 July 1911 in front of 8,000 onlookers by Lady Theresa Ward, the wife of Sir Joseph Ward, using a bottle of New Zealand wine for the christening.[36][1][37] Following her launch New Zealand was moved by the Clyde Shipping Company’s tugs Flying Linnet and Flying Swallow to the shipyard’s fitting out basin, for installation of the boilers, engines, and auxiliary machinery though temporary openings in the main deck before the superstructure and armament was installed.[38]

The battlecruiser's first captain, 40 year old Lionel Halsey took command on 21 September 1912.[39]

Sea trials began in October with the hull checked in dry dock on 8 October prior to a 30 hour steam test at three-quarter power being undertaken on the 9 and 10 October.[40] Full power tests were conducted off Polperro on 14 October with 49,048 hp being generated. These tests found that she met her design speed with an average speed over an eight hour period of 25.1 knots (by log) and 26.1 knots (by bearings) while experiencing near ideal sea conditions with the machinery generating 49,048 hp at an average of 297.687 revolutions.[40] Over the “measured mile” she reached 25.49 knots (based on revolutions) and 26.3 knots (by bearings).[40] Following gun and torpedo trials in mid-October the battlecruiser returned to Fairfield to correct any defects and make modifications before acceptance inspections commenced in mid-November.

New Zealand was formally commissioned at Govan on 19 November 1912.[41] The Admiralty required that all new ships be drydocked as part of the acceptance process to allow the completion and inspection of all underwater fittings. As Fairchild didn’t have their own drydock, the ship sailed from Govan with the nucleus of her crew to Devonport to use that shipyard’s facilities. By now the ship’s hull had spent a considerable time in Fairchild’s often polluted fitting out basin, so the hull was cleaned and then painted with a fresh anti-fouling coating.[42]

The ship was officially completed on 23 November 1912, when she reached her nominally full complement of crew.[43][44] Her officers by now included three New Zealanders, Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle (1887–1965),[45] Lieutenant Rupert Clare Garsia and Midshipman Hugh Beckett Anderson (1897–1971), all from Christchurch.

 
William Lionel Wylie, Tower House, Portsmouth [HMS “New Zealand” fitting out]

To signal her upcoming completion the New Zealand government commissioned the marine artist William Lionel Wyllie to produce a painting of New Zealand which he titled Tower House', Portsmouth [HMS “New Zealand” fitting out].[46] In subsequent years he also produced other paintings of the ship.

Service history edit

In December 1912 the battlecruiser began the task of working up prior to joining the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. While at sea over the 1912-13 New Year some of the masting was damaged by a storm.

1913 circumnavigation of the world edit

Main article: HMS New Zealand's 1913 circumnavigation
 
Painting by Walter Armiger Bowring showing the arrival of HMS New Zealand in New Zealand in 1913

In 1912 it was agreed that the ship would visit its donor country as a 'thank you' for funding its construction, with a basic nine month long itinerary developed in the last months of 1912.[47] To facilitate the flag-waving cruise New Zealand was temporary detached from the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron on 20 January 1913 for the duration of the voyage with Halsey having independent command.[44] The initial date of departure progressively moved backward into 1913 with the ship finally departing the Royal Navy dockyard at Devonport on 28 January for Portsmouth which it reached two days later.

On 3 February, 300 expatriate New Zealanders organized by Sir Thomas Mackenzie (New Zealand’s High Commissioner to the United Kingdom) visited the ship at which he unveiled the battlecruiser’s coat of arms (which had been gifted by the country’s expatriate community in the United Kingdom).[47] This was followed by a visit by King George V (accompanied by Winston Churchill and James Allen (New Zealand’s Minister of Finance and Defence) and other high–ranking officials on 5 February 1913.[48]

As soon as the King’s party had departed New Zealand took on coal before departing Portsmouth on 6 February.[44] There were stops at St Vincent, Ascension Island, Cape Town, Simon’s Town and Durban in South Africa and then at Melbourne in Australia before New Zealand reached Wellington, New Zealand on 12 April. This was the start of an event that gripped the country as thousands of New Zealanders came to catch a sight of and where possible visit “our Dreadnought”. For the ship’s crew this meant having to attend a constant parade of events and festivities.

After an 11 day stay in the capital New Zealand proceeded up the east coast of the North Island to visit Napier, Gisborne and Auckland, before streaming south to visit Lyttelton, Akaroa, where she exercised with HMS Pyramus before continuing on to Timaru, Otago Harbour, Bluff, Milford Sound, Greymouth, Westport, Nelson, Picton, before stopping again at Wellington. From there she proceeded up the West Coast of the North Island visiting Wanganui, Russell and back to Auckland which was reached on 21 June.

 
The HMS New Zealand in Akaroa Harbour with the Britomart Monument in the foreground

The battlecruiser received numerous gifts while in New Zealand, including a naval ensign and a union jack.[49][50] Two greenstone hei-tiki (pendants), which were intended to ward off evil were gifted to the ship.[51] One was given by the Boy Scouts of Wellington on 13 April.[52] and the second by Christchurch businessman C. J. Sloman in May 1913. He had deposited the hei-tiki at Canterbury Museum in 1913 and then uplifted it a few months later in order to lend it to the ship on the condition that it had to be returned to Canterbury Museum should the name New Zealand ever be removed from the navy list.[52][53]

The most notable gift was the personal gift to Halsey of a Māori piupiu (a warrior's skirt made from rolled flax).[54] According to legend the chief who gave the piupiu to Halsey, instructed him to wear it during battle in order to protect the ship and its crew. If he did, then the ship would be involved in three sea battles; it would be hit only once; and that no one on board would be killed.[50] On many of these occasions speeches were often given in the Māori language, which may resulted in a misunderstanding about the purpose of the gift. It is unclear exactly who presented the piupiu to Halsey, as he did not record details about who it was or about any prophesy. There are a number of possibilities as to who gifted the piupiu. One is that it was given by Rotorua Māori in Auckland on 26 June. Another is that it was given by Rangitīaria Dennan in Rotorua on 7 May. This account is supported by Halsey’s daughter, which mentions meeting Dennan and a discussion with him about her father being gifted a piupiu when he made an honorary chief of the tribe.[50] Another possibility was that the piupiu was given by the Te Arawa chief Mita Taupopoki.[50] On the 17 April a large group from Ngāti Raukawa visited the battlecruiser in Wellington at which it is recorded that “a presentation of piupiu (garments of war)” were made.[55] Another likely candidate was that the piupiu was given to Halsey on behalf of Ngāi Tahu chief Mana Himiona Te Ataotu by Southern Māori MP, Taare Rakatauhake Parata (Charles Rere Parata) when he visited the ship in Wellington on 19 April 1913.[50] On this occasion a piupiu was recorded as being given.[56] A delegation of 25 leading Māori (including Māori members of parliament) did visit the battlecruiser in Wellington on 21 April among whom was Tureiti Te Heuheu Tukino V a leading chief of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa,[50] But this occasion it was reported that “two kiwi robes, a tangiwai pendant, two korowai robes, and a kickio ("carpet mat") were gifted.[56]

As a result of this visit the officers and crew of New Zealand were to maintain a close relationship with her donor country and its citizens over her years of service and her adventures were closely followed in the Dominion’s newspapers. Though none of the crew were Māori they would occasionally perform the haka (in which they had received instruction while in New Zealand) at functions. The ship’s Māori connection was also maintained by its official letterhead paper featuring the "Aotearoa", which was the Māori word for New Zealand.[52]

By the time the battlecruiser departed New Zealand from Auckland on 28 June for Fiji, a total of 376,114[57] New Zealanders had visited the vessel during her time in the country, though other sources quote 376,086,[58] 368,118.[59] and 378,068. It is estimated that approximately another 125,000 had been able to see the ship either from the shore or from boats.[57] At the time the country had a population of one million. The battlecruiser streamed across the Pacific via Suva, Fiji and Honolulu to dock on 23 July at the naval base of Esquimalt on Vancouver Island, Canada.[57]

 
Civilians visit HMS New Zealand at Vancouver 1913

After departing Esquimalt New Zealand headed south stopping at Mazatlán, Acapulco, Panama City, Callao, Valparaíso, Punta Arenas, before she steamed through the Strait of Magellan and on to Montevideo, Rio Janeiro, then various islands of the Caribbean and finally Halifax, Nova Scotia (in Canada) before arriving in Portsmouth on 8 December 1913 having circumnavigated the globe.[60]

She had sailed 45,320 miles, consumed 31,833 tons of coal and had been visited by 500,151 people in what was the longest voyage to date by a vessel of the dreadnought era.[61]

The voyage was judged such a success that Halsey was knighted for his efforts.

Assigned to the Grand fleet edit

The Admiralty requested that New Zealand return to the United Kingdom when the tour concluded, rather than remain in the Pacific region as originally planned. The New Zealand Government acceded to the request. As a result upon her return to the United Kingdom, New Zealand joined the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (1st BCS) of the Grand Fleet. The squadron visited Brest in February 1914, and Riga, Reval and Kronstadt in the Russian Empire the following June. While there they were visited by the Tsar and Tssarina on the 27 June and that evening hosted in a formal ball in conjunction with Lion, which was moored alongside. On the 29 June the squadron departed for the United Kingdom. The intention was that New Zealand would decommission on 30 August prior to transferring to the Mediterranean fleet where she would become the flagship of Rear Admiral Archibald Moore, but the outbreak of war cancelled that deployment.[62]

First World War edit

On 19 August 1914, shortly after the First World War began, New Zealand was transferred to the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron (2nd BCS).[60]

Battle of Heligoland Bight edit

Main article: Battle of Heligoland (1914)
 
New Zealand steaming during the Battle of Heligoland Bight

New Zealand's first wartime action was the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914, as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral David Beatty. Beatty's ships were originally intended to provide distant support for the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast, in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks once the tide rose. When the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule at 11:35,[Note 2] the battlecruisers, led by Beatty aboard his flagship, Lion, began to head south at full speed to reinforce the smaller British ships; the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the sandbar at the mouth of the Jade estuary.[63]

The brand-new light cruiser Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Cöln when Beatty's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12:37. By this time, New Zealand had fallen behind the three newer and faster battlecruisers and was not in position to significantly participate in the battle. Strassburg was able to evade fire by hiding in the mists, but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by the British squadron. Before the German ship could be sunk, Beatty was distracted by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser SMS Ariadne off his starboard bow. He turned to pursue, but Ariadne was set afire after only three salvos fired from under 6,000 yards (5,500 m). At 13:10, Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire. Shortly after turning north, the battlecruisers encountered the crippled Cöln, which was sunk by two salvos from Lion.[64] During the battle, New Zealand's captain, Lionel Halsey, wore the Māori piupiu over his uniform, setting a tradition followed for the duration of the war.[65] Two days after the battle, New Zealand was transferred back to the 1st BCS, when the battlecruiser Inflexible arrived from the Mediterranean.[66]

Raid on Scarborough edit

Main article: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby

The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast in an attempt to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail. An earlier raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 had been partially successful, but a larger-scale operation was later devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper. The fast battlecruisers would conduct the bombardment, while the rest of the High Seas Fleet stationed itself east of Dogger Bank, so they could cover the battlecruisers' return and destroy any pursuing British vessels. Having broken the German naval codes, the British were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey, although they were not aware of the High Seas Fleet's presence. Admiral Beatty's 1st BCS (now reduced to four ships, including New Zealand) and the 2nd Battle Squadron (consisting of six dreadnoughts) were detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank.[67]

Admiral Hipper's raiders set sail on 15 December 1914, and successfully bombarded several English towns; British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 05:15 and fought an inconclusive action with them. Vice Admiral Sir George Warrender, commanding the 2nd Battle Squadron, had received a signal at 05:40 that the destroyer Lynx was engaging enemy destroyers, although Beatty had not. The destroyer Shark spotted the German armoured cruiser SMS Roon and her escorts at about 07:00, but could not transmit the message until 07:25. Admiral Warrender received the signal, as did New Zealand, but Beatty, aboard Lion, did not, even though New Zealand had been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and the flagship. Warrender attempted to pass on Shark's message to Beatty at 07:36, but did not manage to make contact until 07:55. On receiving the message, Beatty reversed course, and dispatched New Zealand to search for Roon. She was being overhauled by New Zealand when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 09:00. Beatty ordered New Zealand to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough.[68]

 
Relative positions of the British and German forces at about 12:00 hours

The British forces, heading west to cover the main route through the minefields protecting the coast of England, split up while passing the shallow Southwest Patch of Dogger Bank; Beatty's ships headed to the north, while Warrender passed to the south. This left a 15-nautical-mile (28 km; 17 mi) gap between them, through which the German light forces began to move. At 12:25, the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper. The light cruiser Southampton spotted the light cruiser SMS Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty. At 12:30, Beatty turned his battlecruisers toward the German ships, which he presumed were the advance screen for Hipper's ships. However, those were some 50 kilometres (31 mi) behind. The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, which had been screening for Beatty's ships, detached to pursue the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions.[Note 3] This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape, and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the north-east of the British forces and also made good their escape.[69]

New Zealand became flagship of the 2nd BCS of the Grand Fleet on 15 January 1915, and saw action the following week in the Battle of Dogger Bank.[66]

Battle of Dogger Bank edit

Main article: Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)

On 23 January 1915, a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Hipper sortied to clear Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements. Alerted by decoded German transmissions, a larger force of British battlecruisers, including New Zealand, sailed under the command of Admiral Beatty to intercept. Contact was initiated at 07:20. on the 24th, when Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg. By 07:35, the Germans had spotted Beatty's force and Hipper ordered a turn south at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), believing that this speed would outdistance any British battleships to the north-west; he planned to increase speed to the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher's maximum of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) if necessary to outrun any battlecruisers.[70]

Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practical speed to catch the Germans before they could escape. New Zealand and Indomitable were the slowest of Beatty's ships, and gradually fell behind the newer battlecruisers, despite New Zealand achieving an indicated speed of 27 knots due to the original overdesign of the engines and to the efforts of her stokers.[71] Despite dropping behind, New Zealand was able to open fire on Blücher by 09:35, and continued to engage the armoured cruiser after the other British battlecruisers had switched targets to the German battlecruisers. After about an hour, New Zealand had knocked out Blücher's forward turret, and Indomitable began to fire on her as well at 10:31. Two 12-inch shells pierced the German ship's armoured deck and exploded in an ammunition room four minutes later. This started a fire amidships that destroyed her two port 21 cm (8.3 in) turrets, while the concussion damaged her engines so that her speed dropped to 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph), and jammed her steering gear. At 10:48, Beatty ordered Indomitable to attack her, but the combination of a signalling error by Beatty's flag lieutenant and heavy damage to Beatty's flagship Lion, which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal halyards, caused the rest of the British battlecruisers, temporarily under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Gordon Moore in New Zealand, to think that that signal applied to them. In response, they turned away from Hipper's main body and engaged Blücher.[72] New Zealand fired 147 shells at Blücher before the German ship capsized and sank at 12:07 after being torpedoed by Arethusa.[73]

Halsey had again worn the piupiu over his uniform during the battle, and the lack of damage to New Zealand was once more attributed to its good luck properties.[65]

New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship of the 2nd BCS on 22 February 1915.[74] The squadron joined the Grand Fleet in a sortie on 29 March, in response to intelligence that the German fleet was leaving port as the precursor to a major operation. By the next night, the German ships had withdrawn, and the squadron returned to Rosyth. On 11 April, the British fleet was again deployed on the intelligence that a German force was planning an operation. The Germans intended to lay mines at the Swarte Bank, but after a scouting Zeppelin located a British light cruiser squadron, they began to prepare for what they thought was a British attack. Heavy fog and the need to refuel caused Australia and the British vessels to return to port on 17 April, and although they were redeployed that night, they were unable to stop two German light cruisers from laying the minefield.

In June 1915 Halsey was promoted to Captain of the fleet with rank of Commodore on HMS Iron Duke and was succeeded as captain of New Zealand by J.F.E. (Jimmy) Green.[75] Despite it being his personal property Halsey left the piupiu in the care of Green.[57]

From 26 to 28 January 1916, the 2nd BCS was positioned off the Skagerrak while the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron swept the strait in an unsuccessful search for a possible minelayer.[76]

Collison with HMAS Australia edit

On the morning of 21 April 1916, the 2nd BCS left Rosyth at 04:00 (accompanied by the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron and destroyers) again bound for the Skagerrak, this time to support efforts to disrupt the transport of Swedish ore to Germany.[77] The planned destroyer sweep of the Kattegat was cancelled when word came that the High Seas Fleet was mobilising for an operation of their own (later learned to be timed to coincide with the Irish Easter Rising), and the British ships were ordered to a rendezvous point in the middle of the North Sea, with the 1st and 3rd Battlecruiser Squadrons while the rest of the Grand Fleet made for the south-eastern end of the Long Forties.

At 15:30 on the afternoon of 22 April, the three squadrons of battlecruisers were patrolling together to the north-west of Horn Reefs when heavy fog came down, while the ships were steaming abreast at 19.5 knots, with Australia on the port flank.[78][77] Concerned about possible submarine attack Beatty issued instructions at 15:35 for the fleet to commence zigzagging. It took some time for the instruction to be relayed by signal flag down the line and so it wasn't until 15:40 that Australia with a cruiser to her port side commenced her first zigzag and swung to starboard.[77] The crew were aware that New Zealand was on that side about five cables (926 metres) away but the poor visibility meant that as they made their turn they didn’t see her until it was too late and they hit at 15:43, despite Australia attempting to turn away to port.[78] Australia’s side was torn open from frames 59 to 78 by the armour plate on the hull below her sister ships P-turret, while as New Zealand turned away her outer port propeller damaged Australia’s hull below her Q-turret.[79][80]

Australia slowed to half-speed as the mist hid her sister ship, but the damage to New Zealand’s propeller caused a temporary loss of control and she swung back in front of Australia which despite turning to port, had her stem crushed at 15:46 as she scraped the side of New Zealand, just behind her P-turret.[78] Both ships to come to a complete stop about 30–40 yd (27–37 m) apart while their respective officers assessed the damage. The damage control teams on the Australia were soon busy storing up bulkheads and sealing off the damage portions to prevent any more water entering the ship. Meanwhile off watch Australian sailors took advantage of a convenient potato locker to hurl both its contents and insults at the crew of their nearby sister ship.[78] New Zealand was soon underway, returning to Rosyth with the rest of the squadron.

The same fog caused the battleship Neptune to collide with a merchant ship and the destroyers Ambuscade, Ardent and Garland to collide with one another.[81]

Once it was safe to proceed Australia with her speed restricted to 12, and then later to 16 knots arrived back at Rosyth to find both drydocks occupied, one by New Zealand and the other by HMS Dreadnought so she departed for Newcastle-on-Tyne, where she was further damaged trying to dock during strong winds. As this facility couldn’t handle all of the repairs that it needed the battlecruiser was ordered to Devonport. Australia was not able to return to sea until 31 May, thus missing the Battle of Jutland.

Meanwhile New Zealand replaced her damaged propeller with Australia’s spare propeller which was in store at Rosyth and returned to the fleet on 30 May, a day before the start of the Battle of Jutland.[77][82] Due to the continued absence of Australia Rear Admiral William Christopher Pakenham transferred his flag from Indefatigable to New Zealand.[74]

Battle of Jutland edit

Main article: Battle of Jutland
 
Assembled officers of New Zealand together with Winston Churchill and King George V

On 31 May 1916, the 2nd BCS consisted of its flagship New Zealand and Indefatigable; Australia was still under repair following her collision with New Zealand.[81] The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet, which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea. The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea. Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 15:30. Two minutes later, he ordered a course change to east-south-east to position himself astride the German's line of retreat and called his ships' crews to action stations. He also ordered the 2nd BCS, which had been leading, to fall in astern of the 1st BCS. Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard, away from the British, to assume a south-easterly course, and reduced speed to 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up. With this turn, Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet, then about 60 miles (97 km) behind him. Around this time, Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper.[83]

Thus began the so-called "Run to the South" as Beatty changed course to steer east-south-east at 15:45, paralleling Hipper's course, now that the range closed to under 18,000 yards (16,000 m). The Germans opened fire first at 15:48, followed by the British. The British ships were still in the process of making their turn, and only the two leading ships, Lion and Princess Royal, had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire. The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and the furthest to the west, and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east. The German fire was accurate from the beginning, but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze. Indefatigable aimed at Von der Tann, while New Zealand, disengaged herself, targeted SMS Moltke. By 15:54, the range was down to 12,900 yards (11,800 m) and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 15:57. Indefatigable was destroyed at about 16:03, when her magazines exploded.[84]

After Indefatigable's loss, New Zealand shifted her fire to Von der Tann in accordance with Beatty's standing instructions. The range had grown too far for accurate shooting, so Beatty altered course four points to port to close the range again between 16:12 and 16:15. By this time, the 5th Battle Squadron, consisting of four Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, had closed up and was engaging Von der Tann and Moltke. At 16:23, a 13.5-inch (340 mm) shell from Tiger struck near Von der Tann's rear turret, starting a fire among the practice targets stowed there that completely obscured the ship and caused New Zealand to shift fire to Moltke.[85] At 16:26, the ship was hit by a 28-centimetre (11 in) shell, fired by Von der Tann, on 'X' barbette that detonated on contact and knocked loose a piece of armour that briefly jammed 'X' turret and blew a hole in the upper deck.[86] Four minutes later, Southampton, scouting in front of Beatty's ships, spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet charging north at top speed. Three minutes later, she sighted the topmasts of Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer's battleships, but did not transmit a message to Beatty for another five minutes. Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting himself before ordering a sixteen-point turn to starboard in succession. New Zealand, the last ship in the line, turned prematurely to stay outside the range of the oncoming battleships.[87]

 
A chunk of armour knocked from New Zealand's 'X' turret during the Battle of Jutland on display at the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum in Auckland

New Zealand was straddled several times by the battleship SMS Prinzregent Luitpold but was not hit.[88] Beatty's ships maintained full speed in an attempt to increase the distance between them and the High Seas Fleet, and gradually moved out of range. They turned north and then north-east to try to rendezvous with the main body of the Grand Fleet. At 17:40, they opened fire again on the German battlecruisers. The setting sun blinded the German gunners, and as they could not make out the British ships, they turned away to the north-east at 5:47.[89] Beatty gradually turned more towards the east to allow him to cover the deployment of the Grand Fleet in battle formation and to move ahead of it, but he mistimed his manoeuvre and forced the leading division to fall off towards the east, further away from the Germans. By 18:35, Beatty was following Indomitable and Inflexible of the 3rd BCS as they were steering east-south-east, leading the Grand Fleet, and continuing to engage Hipper's battlecruisers to their south-west. A few minutes earlier, Scheer had ordered a simultaneous 180° starboard turn and Beatty lost sight of the High Seas Fleet in the haze.[90] Twenty minutes later, Scheer ordered another 180° turn which put them on a converging course again with the British, which had altered course to the south. This allowed the Grand Fleet to cross Scheer's T, forming a battle line that cut across his battle line and badly damaging his leading ships. Scheer ordered yet another 180° turn at 19:13 in an attempt to extricate the High Seas Fleet from the trap into which he had sent them.[91]

This was successful, and the British lost sight of the Germans until 8:05, when Castor spotted smoke bearing west-north-west. Ten minutes later, she had closed the range enough to identify German torpedo boats, and engaged them. Beatty turned west upon hearing gunfire and spotted the German battlecruisers only 8,500 yards (7,800 m) away. Inflexible opened fire at 20:20, followed by the rest of Beatty's battlecruisers.[92] New Zealand and Indomitable concentrated their fire on SMS Seydlitz, and hit her five times before she turned west to disengage.[93] Shortly after 20:30, the pre-dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve's II Battle Squadron were spotted and fire switched to them. The Germans had poor visibility and were able to fire only a few rounds at them before turning away to the west. The British battlecruisers hit the German ships several times before they blended into the haze around 8:40.[94] After this, Beatty changed course to south-south-east and maintained that course, ahead of both the Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet, until 02:55 the next morning, when the order was given to reverse course and head home.[95]

New Zealand arrived back in Rosyth on 2 June and dropped anchor at 09:55. The crew had approximately 50 minutes rest before with the potential possibly that she may have to put to sea again they began the task of refuelling with 1,178 tons of coal and then replenishing the ammunition with 480 12-inch shells, work which continued until 03:30 on the following morning.[96]

New Zealand fired 430 twelve-inch shells during the battle, 100 from A-turret, 129 from P-turret, 105 from Q-turret and 96 from X-turret, more than any other ship on either side.[97] Despite this rate of fire, only four successful hits were credited to her: three on Seydlitz and one on the pre-dreadnought SMS Schleswig-Holstein.[98] This gave a hit rate of less than one per cent. Other than the single hit on X-turret the only other damage was from near misses and was minimal, consisting of a shell through the silk jack, a splinter hitting the ensign staff, the No. 3 cutter hit had some damage to its bow and the No.2 picket boat was hit in three places.[96] This confirmed to the crew that the piupiu and hei-tiki worn by Captain Green, brought good luck.[65]

Post-Jutland career edit

The ship's company were firm believers both in the old chief's prophecy and in the ability of the piu piu and tiki to ward off trouble. More than a year after the Battle of Jutland, on the last occasion that New Zealand sighted enemy ships and went to action stations, a seaman was seen to climb a ladder to the bridge and take a quick look around. "It's all right," he called to his mates below, "he's got them on"—a shout that assured them that the captain was wearing the piu piu and tiki.

Grant Howard, The Navy in New Zealand[99]

New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship on 9 June and temporarily attached to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, until HMS Renown relieved her in September.[100] On the evening of 18 August, the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 that indicated that the High Seas Fleet, minus II Squadron, would be leaving harbour that night. The German objective was to bombard Sunderland on 19 August, based on extensive reconnaissance provided by airships and submarines. The Grand Fleet sailed with 29 dreadnought battleships and six battlecruisers. Throughout the next day, Jellicoe and Scheer received conflicting intelligence; after reaching the location in the North Sea where the British expected to encounter the High Seas Fleet, they turned north in the erroneous belief that they had entered a minefield. Scheer turned south again, then steered south-eastward to pursue a lone British battle squadron sighted by an airship, which was in fact the Harwich Force of cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Tyrwhitt. Realising their mistake, the Germans changed course for home. The only contact came in the evening when Tyrwhitt sighted the High Seas Fleet but was unable to achieve an advantageous attack position before dark, and broke off contact. The British and the German fleets returned home; the British lost two cruisers to submarine attacks, and one German dreadnought had been torpedoed.[101] New Zealand underwent a refit at Rosyth in November 1916. She temporarily replaced Australia as squadron flagship between 29 November and 7 January 1917.[74]

On 1 October 1917 Green following a promotion to Rear-Admiral gave up his command of the ship, but it wasn’t until 13 December 1917 that Captain Edward Kennedy took on temporary command, which he held until 17 January 1918 when Richard Webb took over the permanent captain. Webb remained captain until September 1918 when he was made a Rear-admiral and left to take up the role of Assistant High Commissioner at Constantinople.[75] In the latter stages of the war a number of New Zealand soldiers on leave were able to take advantage of the open invitation extended to them by New Zealand’s captain to visit the ship.[102]

German minesweepers and escorting light cruisers were attempting to clear British-laid minefields in the Heligoland Bight in late 1917. The Admiralty planned a large operation for 17 November to destroy the ships, and allocated two light cruiser squadrons and the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and, more distantly, the 1st Battle Squadron of battleships. New Zealand was attached to the 1st BCS for this operation, which became known as the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. New Zealand did not fire her guns during the battle.[103] As in previous engagements, Captain Green wore the piupiu and tiki for luck.[99]

During 1918, New Zealand and the Grand Fleet's other capital ships were used on occasion to escort convoys between the United Kingdom and Norway. The 2nd BCS spent the period from 8 to 21 February covering these convoys in company with battleships and destroyers, and put to sea on 6 March in company with the 1st BCS to support minelayers. The 2nd BCS again supported minelayers in the North Sea from 25 June or 26 June to the end of July. During September and October, New Zealand and the 2nd BCS supervised and protected minelaying operations north of Orkney.[104]

By the time of the 1918 armistice New Zealand had since August 1914 sailed 84,458 nautical miles, consumed 97,034 tons of coal and fired a total of 664 12-inch shells in action.[105][75]

As a member of the 2nd BCS the battlecruiser was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet in November 1918.[106] To witness the event New Zealand embarked five soldiers from the New Zealand Division and a New Zealand newspaper reporter. New Zealand was assigned responsibility for checking the compliance of SMS Derfflinger with the terms of its internment.[107]

Post-war edit

 
New Zealand dry-docked at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney during Admiral Jellicoe's tour of the Dominions

In September 1918 Leonard Andrew Boyd Donaldson took over command of the ship and remained in command until 11 February 1919.[75] In December 1918 New Zealand was used to convey Queen Maud and Prince Olav from Norway for their state visit of the United Kingdom.[108]

With the war at an end most of the United Kingdom’s older capital ships were put into reserve, as they were by now obsolete and with the government wishing to make significant cuts in its military expenditure there was little chance of their returning to full service, especially once the formal peace treaty was signed with Germany in mid-1919. One exception was New Zealand, which it was decided would be used to transport, Admiral Jellicoe on what was to be an expected yearlong visit to India and the dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand to assist with planning and coordinating their naval policies and defences.

To prepare her for voyage the battlecruiser underwent a refit between December 1918 and 11 February 1919 at the end of which she was recommissioned with a virtually all new crew under the command of Captain Oliver Elles Leggett.[18][109] Among the crew were four New Zealanders, Alexander David Boyle who was by now a Lieutenant Commander, Surgeon Lieutenant George Donald Macintosh,[110] Sub-Lieutenant Mervyn S. Thomas[111] and midshipman Derek Perry. Lady Jellicoe accompanied her husband, as well as a staff of eight to assist him with his work.[112] Also on the ship was Clutha Mackenzie (the blind son of the New Zealand High Commissioner) who was returning to New Zealand as Jellicoe's guest.[113][114]

The battlecruiser departed Portsmouth on 31 February 1919 and while crossing the Bay of Biscay encountered a storm that forced the evacuation of the newly constructed accommodation for Jellicoe and his staff when it became apparent that the dockyard had failed to seal the holes in the structure.[18] After a 24 hour stop at Gibraltar[115] for Jellicoe to make his first official visit the battlecruiser continued onto Port Said to take on approximately 2,000 tons of coal before continuing through the Suez Canal to make a brief stop at Suez where Jellicoe rejoined it (having left it at Port Said to visit Cairo)[115] before crossing the Arabian Sea Ocean to reach Bombay Bombay on 14 March.[115] While Jellicoe was engaged in a week of consultations in Delhi,[115] 1,740 tons of coal was taken on board and the opportunity was taken for the battlecruiser to be painted in the dockyard. This was completed on 22 March, just in time for the ship to host a ball three days later.[116] The battlecruiser then made a two day visit to Karachi before returning to Bombay.[115] Unfortunately while in Karachi a sailor, A. B. Rennie was killed after falling off a balcony while on shore. Once back in Bombay some of the crew got into trouble while on shore leave, which was cancelled in response.

New Zealand departed Bombay on 1 May for Columbo, which was reached two days later, where 1,800 tons of coal and 700 tons of oil was taken on board, in preparation for the journey across the Indian Ocean. By the 9 May the battlecruiser was in the vicinity of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the opportunity was taken to divert so that the crew could see the remains of SMS Emden.[117]

 
HMS New Zealand berthed at Outer Harbor, South Australia

The battlecruiser arrived at Albany, Western Australia, on 15 May, where Jellicoe and his staff disembarked to take an overland route across the country. New Zealand sailed via Perth, Outer Harbor (near Adelaide), Melbourne and Hobart with the opportunity taken for New Zealand to exercise with Australia and other units of the RAN prior to reaching Sydney. Here the ship was drydocked in Sunderland Dock at Cockatoo Island where its bottom was scraped and painted, before being refloated and coaled. The battlecruiser left Sydney on 16 August for New Zealand.[118]

Wellington was reached on 20 August, where, as the influenza pandemic was rampant. As a result the crew was subjected to a medical inspection before anyone was allowed to disembark. While in Wellington the ship was visited by approximately 50,000 New Zealanders prior to the 24 August before it proceeded south to Lyttelton, which was reached on 1 September. The ship then proceeded north to anchor off Picton on 13 September where it spent two days and then after a stop in Wellington it sailed up the east coast of the North Island to reach Auckland on 22 September.[119] Jellicoe During the next six weeks he visited ports throughout the country and carried out, while preparing a three-volume report for the government. The ship was particularly popular in New Zealand, with Jellicoe, the officers and crew attending numerous social engagements. The tour around the country allowed Jellicoe and his staff to familiarize themselves with the country as they prepared recommendations for the New Zealand government on its naval policy. Crowds flocked to visit the battlecruiser as they had done in 1913. Jellicoe, too, was popular and he later returned to New Zealand to serve as Governor-General from 1920 to 1924.[120]

The battlecruiser left Auckland on 3 October,[121] briefing stopping at Suva in Fiji and Samoa with mail, where at the latter her 12-inch guns were fired to entertain the local chiefs,[108] then Fanning Island for (six hours)[122] and Hawaii. Enroute the ship called upon Christmas Island (Kiritimati), southeast of Fanning Island, on 19 November 1920, thinking it uninhabited. Instead, they were greeted by Joe English, of Medford, Massachusetts, who had been manager of a copra plantation on the island, but had become marooned with two others, when the war had broken out. The men were rescued.[123]

The battlecruiser arrived in Canada, the final country to be assessed when it docked on 8 November and docking at Esquimalt on Vancouver Island.[120] The Jellicoes left the ship on 20 November to tour Canada and the United States by train before re-joining it in Key West.[124] On 11 November 1919 two rugby teams from the ship competed against local teams from Victoria. The officers played the Wanderers and the crew played V.I.A.A (Vancouver Island Athletic Association).[125]

 
Remains of New Zealand, at Rosyth, 1924

After leaving Vancouver the ship stopped at San Diego, before passing via the Panama Canal into the Caribbean where as well as visiting Havana time was spent in Jamaica, where exercising of the main armament was undertaken. During a stop at Port of Spain on the island of Trinidad Petty Officer Thorn fell off a wharf and was drowned.[121] Heading north the battlecruiser picked Jellicoe at Key West on 8 January 1920 [124]

The battlecruiser reached Portsmouth on 3 February 1920 having covered 33,514 nautical miles.[124] As Jellicoe had been promoted to Admiral of the Fleet while overseas the ship was greeted by the appropriate 19-gun salute from HMS Victory.

Put into reserve edit

On 6 February New Zealand was pulled by tugs to a mooring on the Hamoaze. Most of the crew sent on six weeks leave, with a skeleton crew of 250 remaining behind under the command of Lieutenant Commander Alexander David Boyle.[126]

Leggett gave up command of New Zealand and was succeeded by Captain Hartley Russell Gwennap Moore (1881–1953) on 11 March 1920. Moore remained in that position until July 1921.[75]

New Zealand was paid off into reserve on 15 March 1920. By this time the battlecruiser was regarded as obsolete by the Royal Navy, as she was coal powered and her 12-inch guns were inferior to the 15-inch (381 mm) guns deployed on the latest generation of capital ships.

New Zealand was briefly recommissioned on 1 July 1921 with a reserve crew to replace HMS Hercules as flagship at Rosyth under the command of Captain Ralph Eliot (1881–1958), who had previously been in command of Hercules.[127][75] Eliot was to be the ship’s last captain, and remained in command until 1 September 1921.[75]

Scrapping edit

Along with all of the other British 12-inch battleships and battlecruisers it was agreed that New Zealand would be scrapped to meet the tonnage restrictions set on the British Empire by the Washington Naval Treaty.[74]

New Zealand was sold for scrap together with Agincourt and Princess Royal to the Exeter based electrical engineering firm of J&W Purves with the proviso that they had to be demolished within 18 months of the Washington Naval Treaty being ratified.[128] To meet the Admiralty’s desire to provided work for unemployed dock workers at Rosyth Dockyard the contract was immediately transferred the contract to a new entity chaired by A. Wallace Cowan (1877–1964) called the Rosyth Shipbreaking Company which would undertake the scrapping of the vessels at Rosyth.[129] It took until 19 December 1922 to legally organize the transfer of the ships from the Royal Navy to the new company, which had among its directors Admiral J.F.E. Green who had commanded the ship at the Battle of Jutland.[130] Leased facilities were set up adjacent to where the vessels were lying alongside a wharf on the south side of the main basin in the Naval Dockyard at Rosyth.[128] The vessels were taken over on 25 January 1923 with work commencing first on New Zealand. By March 1923 her superstructure had been removed and she was moved out of the basin and beached above the low tide mark on a beach outside of the wall of the northwest dockyard. A large portion of New Zealand;s hull was still being dismantled in July 1924 and it wasn’t until September 1924 that the last components of New Zealand were removed from the site. And her place on the beach was taken over by the Princess Royal.[128] Between them the three vessels yielded 40,000 tons of steel, approximately 10,000 tons of armour plate and even 3,000 tons of coal still in their bunkers.[129]

The New Zealand government received £20,000 from the sale of the vessel.[129]

The New Zealand Government completed paying off the loan used to fund the ship in the 1944/45 financial year.[26]

Artifacts edit

 
One of New Zealand's 4-inch guns, outside the Auckland Museum

By the time of the decision to scrap New Zealand had a impressive collection of silverware and trophies (officially listed at 47 in January 1919).[49]

As well as the above mentioned silverware and trophies numerous other items were removed from the vessel prior to scrapping and sent back to New Zealand. Among the items were the ship's bell, a boomerang, two greenstone mere (clubs), silver cups, gunnery shields, two hei-tiki, a complete laundry, a 42-foot long motor launch, the ship’s flags, some searchlights, a steering wheel, four 4-inch QF guns and associated rangefinders. Some furniture was sent to the High Commission in London, though they lost out on the wardroom buffet, which ended up in New Zealand’s Parliament restaurant, Bellamy’s. Most of these items arrived in New Zealand in late 1923. The ship’s former captains were sent furniture from the captain’s cabin.

The 4-inch guns, a range finder and laundry equipment, were used by military units. During the Second World War, the 4-inch guns were the main armament of the land batteries which protected the entrances to the harbours at Auckland, Wellington and Lyttelton.[131] Two of these guns have since 23 November 1929 been located outside of the northern entrance to the Auckland War Memorial Museum. At the outbreak of World War Two, they were removed with one being returned to service while the other gun which was too damaged to repair, was placed in storage at the museum. Two guns were once again returned to display outside the museum in 1959.

On 12 December 1924 A. Wallace Cowan presented an ink stand and cigar boxes made from the ship’s timbers to New Zealand High Commissioner Sir James Allen and current New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey (who was in the United Kingdom at the time), while a third cigar box was sent to Ward.[130] One of these cigar boxes is currently held by the Auckland Museum. Teak from the ship was used as flooring in Cowan’s house. A photo album of the breaking up of the vessel was presented by Cowan’s daughter to the New Zealand Royal Navy in 1968 and is now held by National Archives New Zealand.[128]

Auckland War Memorial Museum has among its collection Pelorus Jack’s silver collar (a gift received from the New Zealanders of Transvaal), another brass-studded collar and his harness.[132] Another collar, gifted by the Pretoria Public Works Department, is held by the Royal New Zealand Navy Museum, Devonport.[132]

The other artifacts are on display in various museums in New Zealand.[26] The hei-tiki donated by C. J. Sloman has been in the Canterbury Museum since 1932.[50] Having once been on display in the Wellington Maritime Museum the auxiliary steering wheel and an engine telegraph are now, together with other items is in the possession of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington.[26]

Other than for when it was lent for display at the 1940 Centennial Exhibition in New Zealand the captain's piupiu remained with Halsey until his death in 1949.[50] His daughter Ruth bequeathed it to New Zealand upon her death in 2002 and since 2005[50] it has been on display at the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum in Auckland alongside the ship's bell,[133] the wardroom buffet and other artifacts, including the piece of armour knocked off of X-turret at the Battle of Jutland.[2][26] When HMS Queen Mary exploded at the Battle of Jutland debris from the ship fell on New Zealand, among which was a ring-bolt. This is now in the collection of the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum.[134]

The South Canterbury Museum in Timaru, New Zealand holds the silk naval ensign which flew from HMS "New Zealand" during all of its naval engagements in World War I (including at the Battle of Jutland). The naval ensign and a union jack were purchased by the women's branch of the Navy League in Timaru and presented to the ship when it visited Timaru in May 1913.[135][136]

Ship's mascot edit

 
"Pelorus Jack", the ship's mascot in the muzzle of a 12-inch gun (1914).

The ship’s first mascot was a bulldog donated by a New Zealander resident in London and named after the famous dolphin that greeted ships at French pass in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand. The first was "discharged dead" from the Navy on 24 April 1916 after falling down the forward funnel. His will requested not only that his successor be a “bull pup of honest parentage, clean habits, and moral tendencies”, but also that “no Dachshound or other dog of Teutonic extraction” be permitted on board the ship (except as rations for his successor).[132]

His successor’s service at the Battle of Jutland [137] caused him to become afraid of gunfire and when it was considered it was unlikely he could survive the ship’s return voyage through the tropics back to the United Kingdom he was discharged with the rank of leading sea dog and given to the people of Auckland in October 1919. Following six month quarantine Jack was taken under the care of the superintendent of parks.[138]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
  2. ^ The times used in this section are in UT, which is one hour behind CET, which is often used in German works.
  3. ^ Beatty had intended on retaining only the two rearmost light cruisers from Goodenough's squadron; however, Nottingham's signalman misinterpreted the signal, thinking that it was intended for the whole squadron, and thus transmitted it to Goodenough, who ordered his ships back into their screening positions ahead of Beatty's battlecruisers.[69]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Burt, p. 109
  2. ^ a b New Zealand Defence Force. "A Nation's Gift – The HMS New Zealand Story". Press release. Scoop Independent News. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  3. ^ Roberts, pp. 28–29
  4. ^ Roberts, pp. 43–44
  5. ^ "A Battleship's Engine Rooms". Press. Christchurch. 17 April 1913. Retrieved 8 September 2022. This contemporary newspaper article provides a description of a visit to the ship's engine and boiler rooms.
  6. ^ Roberts, pp. 76, 80
  7. ^ Roberts, pp. 81–84
  8. ^ a b Campbell (1978), p. 14
  9. ^ Roberts, p. 112
  10. ^ Roberts, pp. 90–91
  11. ^ Roberts, p. 83
  12. ^ Campbell (1978), p. 13
  13. ^ Roberts, pp. 92–93
  14. ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 186
  15. ^ Roberts, p. 113
  16. ^ Layman, pp. 114–115
  17. ^ Roberts, p. 92
  18. ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 189
  19. ^ Gordon, pp. 11–12
  20. ^ Burt, p. 116
  21. ^ Frame, p. 71
  22. ^ Lambert, p. 64
  23. ^ Lambert, pp. 64–65
  24. ^ Lambert, pp. 64–67
  25. ^ Roberts, pp. 29–31
  26. ^ a b c d e "HMS New Zealand: 'A Grim and Formidable Fighting Machine'". Collections. Te Papa. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  27. ^ Wright (2021), pp. 72-74
  28. ^ a b c d Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 62
  29. ^ a b "Naval Crisis and Gift of HMS New Zealand". Torpedo Bay Museum. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  30. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 70
  31. ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 134
  32. ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 241
  33. ^ Johnston & Buxton, pp. 191
  34. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 136
  35. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 63
  36. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 74
  37. ^ "The Dominions and the Navy: First Colonial Dreadnought, The "New Zealand" Launched". Dominion. Wellington. 11 August 1911. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  38. ^ Johnston & Buxton, pp. 132, 167
  39. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 82
  40. ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 83
  41. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 85
  42. ^ Johnston & Buxton, p. 152
  43. ^ . Royal New Zealand Navy. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  44. ^ a b c Burt, p. 117
  45. ^ "Captain Alexander David Boyle". Torpedo Bay Museum. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  46. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 87
  47. ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 88-90
  48. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 91-92
  49. ^ a b "H.M.S. New Zealand". Press. Christchurch. 28 January 1919. Retrieved 8 September 2022. This newspaper article lists all of silverware and trophies given to New Zealand up until January 1919. It also notes that upon the outbreak of the war that Halsey did not put them on shore for safe keeping. He was of the opinion that their donors would have preferred that they not be separated from the battlecruiser and if she was sunk, should go down with her. Subsequent captains continued this policy.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hill, Marguerite (8 June 2016). "The Taonga of HMS New Zealand". WW100. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  51. ^ "HMS New Zealand in Wellington". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  52. ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, pp. 104-109
  53. ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand's Tiki". Press. Christchurch. 2 February 1918. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  54. ^ Mansfield, Bill (9 July 2013). . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  55. ^ "Maori Chiefs Visit Warship". Evening Post. Wellington. 18 April 1913. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  56. ^ a b "Maori Greetings". New Zealand Times. 22 April 1913. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  57. ^ a b c d Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 110
  58. ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Leaving Auckland To-Day". Ashburton Guardian. Ashburton. 28 June 1913. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  59. ^ "New Zealand HMS". Torpedo Bay Museum. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  60. ^ a b Burt, p. 118
  61. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 112
  62. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 119
  63. ^ Tarrant, p. 24
  64. ^ Massie, pp. 109–113
  65. ^ a b c "Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CB, DLJP 1872–1949". Naval Historical Society of Australia. 30 September 1975. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  66. ^ a b Burt, p. 119
  67. ^ Massie, pp. 333–334
  68. ^ Massie, pp. 342–343
  69. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 31
  70. ^ Massie, pp. 376–384
  71. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 144
  72. ^ Massie, pp. 385–406
  73. ^ Preston, p. 27. Other sources dispute the number of shells fired by New Zealand with Wright's ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 147 stating 151 shells (12 shells of common 12-inch and 139 shells of 12-inch high explosive) during the action. The Dreadnought Project states 149, made up of 8 shells of common 12-inch and 141 shells of 12-inch high explosive.
  74. ^ a b c d Roberts, p. 123
  75. ^ a b c d e f g "H.M.S. New Zealand (1911)". Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  76. ^ Jose, pp. 269–271
  77. ^ a b c d Ross, Trevor Wilson (31 December 1975). "Battle Cruisers in Collision". Naval Historical Review (December 1975). Liverpool, NSW, Australia: Naval Historical Society of Australia.
  78. ^ a b c d Pelvin, p. 23
  79. ^ Jose, pp. 272–274
  80. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 153-154
  81. ^ a b Burt, p. 121
  82. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 153-155
  83. ^ Tarrant, pp. 69, 71, 75
  84. ^ Tarrant, pp. 80–85
  85. ^ Tarrant, pp. 89–90
  86. ^ Campbell (1998), pp. 48, 76
  87. ^ Massie, pp. 595–600
  88. ^ Tarrant, p. 100
  89. ^ Tarrant, p. 109
  90. ^ Tarrant, pp. 130–138
  91. ^ Tarrant, pp. 149, 157
  92. ^ Tarrant, p. 175
  93. ^ Campbell (1998), p. 272
  94. ^ Tarrant, pp. 177–178
  95. ^ Tarrant, pp. 178, 224
  96. ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 180
  97. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 180. The Dreadnought_Project states 432 (2 of common 12-inch and 41 shells of 12-inch high explosive). Other sources state 420 shells were fired.
  98. ^ Campbell (1978), p. 18
  99. ^ a b Howard, pp. 30–31
  100. ^ Parkes, p. 517
  101. ^ Marder, pp. 287–296
  102. ^ "New Zealanders Abroad". Auckland Star. Auckland. 8 December 1917. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  103. ^ Newbolt, pp. 164–165
  104. ^ Jose, pp. 279, 282, 303
  105. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 187
  106. ^ "Operation ZZ". World War One: The Great War at Sea. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  107. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 188
  108. ^ a b Till, p. 59
  109. ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Lord Jellicoe's Staff, Records of the Officers". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 25 June 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  110. ^ "George Donald MacIntosh". Auckland Museum. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  111. ^ "Auckland Naval Officer Posted to the New Zealand". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 29 March 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  112. ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Distinguished Officers on Board". Dominion. Wellington. 1 July 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  113. ^ "Mr. Clutha Mackenzie". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 1 March 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  114. ^ Hansen, Penelope (February 2006). "Mackenzie, Clutha Nantes". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 September 2022. He was later to edit the booklet The Story of HMS New Zealand for the New Zealand Navy League.
  115. ^ a b c d e "Lord Jellicoe's Tour: Incidents on the Voyage. Reception in India". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 6 June 1919. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  116. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 191
  117. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 192
  118. ^ Gordon, pp. 14, 18, 21
  119. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 195
  120. ^ a b Gordon, p. 21
  121. ^ a b Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 196
  122. ^ "H.M.S. New Zealand: Three Men Discovered on Christmas Island". Evening Post. Wellington. 22 October 1919. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  123. ^ Bailey, p. 48
  124. ^ a b c Burt, p. 120
  125. ^ The Daily Colonist (1919-11-11). University of Victoria Libraries. 1919.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  126. ^ Wright, Matthew (19 July 2020). "The Washington Treaty and the Royal Navy's scrapping programmes". Navy General Board. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  127. ^ "Naval Appointments". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 16 July 1921. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  128. ^ a b c d Dobson, p. 219
  129. ^ a b c Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 202
  130. ^ a b "H.M.S. New Zealand: Trophies of Reminder. Presentation to the Dominion". Otago Witness. Dunedin. 29 January 1924. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  131. ^ Henderson et al., pp. 312–313
  132. ^ a b c "Pelorus Jack, the mascot". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  133. ^ "HMS New Zealand's Ship's Bell". Torpedo Bay Museum. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  134. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 166
  135. ^ "The New Zealand's Flags". Timaru Herald. Timaru. 8 October 1919. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  136. ^ Montgomerie, Jack (31 May 2016). "Giant battlecruiser flag returns to public view in Timaru on Jutland anniversary". Timaru Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  137. ^ Wright, ‘‘The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire’’, p. 86
  138. ^ "New Zealand's Mascot: "An Able Sea Dog"". New Zealand Herald. Auckland. 3 October 1919. Retrieved 16 August 2022.

Bibliography edit

  • Bailey (1977). The Christmas Island Story. London: Stacey International. ISBN 0-905743-08-3.
  • Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One (Hardcover) (2012 ed.). Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-147-2.
  • Campbell, John (1986). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-324-5.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1978). Battle Cruisers. Warship Special. Vol. 1. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-130-0.
  • Dobson, Aidan M. (2022). "Warship Gallery: The Scrapping of HMS Agincourt, New Zealand, Princess Royal at Rosyth, 1923—1925". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2022 (Hardcover). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 219–224. ISBN 978-1-4728-4781-2.
  • Frame, Tom (2004). No Pleasure Cruise: The Story of the Royal Australian Navy. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-233-4. OCLC 55980812.
  • Gordon, Andrew, Dr. (2006). "The Best Laid Staff Work: An Insider's View of Jellicoe's 1919 Naval Mission to the Dominions". In Forbes, Andrew; Lovi, Michelle (eds.). (PDF). Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs; No. 19. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. pp. 11–23. ISBN 0-642-29644-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Henderson, Alan; et al. (2008). The Gunners: A History of New Zealand Artillery. Auckland: Penguin Group (New Zealand). ISBN 978-0-7900-1141-7.
  • Howard, Grant (1981). The Navy in New Zealand: An Illustrated History. Wellington and Sydney: A. H. and A. W. Reed. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-589-01355-6.
  • Johnston, Ian & Buxton, Ian (2013). The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships (Hardcover). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-027-6.
  • Jose, Arthur W. (1941) [1928]. . The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. IX (9th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 215763279. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  • Lambert, Nicholas (1996). "Economy or Empire?: The Fleet Unit Concept and the Quest for Collective Security in the Pacific, 1909–14". Far-Flung Lines: Essays on Imperial Defense in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4216-9.
  • Layman, R. D. (1996). Naval Aviation in the First World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-617-5.
  • Marder, Arthur J. (2014) [1978]. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919. Vol. III: Jutland and After, May 1916 – December 1916 (Second ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-200-4.
  • Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War. London: Random House. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.
  • Newbolt, Henry (1996) [1931]. Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. V. Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-255-1.
  • Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1966]. British Battleships, Warrior 1860 to Vanguard 1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament (New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
  • Pelvin, Richard (2018). "The Battlecruiser Australia (1911)". In Taylor, Bruce (ed.). The World of the Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-0870219061.
  • Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
  • Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-068-1.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (1999) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-917-8.
  • Till, Geoffrey (2014). Understanding Victory: Naval Operations from Trafalgar to the Falklands. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98724-4.
  • Wright, Matthew J. (2021). The Battlecruiser New Zealand: A Gift to Empire. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-5267-8403-2. OCLC 1206393324.

Further reading edit

  • Bell, Christopher M. (2015). "Sentiment vs Strategy: British Naval Policy, Imperial Defence, and the Development of Dominion Navies, 1911–14". The International History Review. 37 (2). London: Taylor & Francis: 262–281. doi:10.1080/07075332.2014.900817. S2CID 153798301.
  • Carne, William (2021). The Making of a Royal Naval Officer (Hardcover). Lewes, England: Uniform Press. ISBN 978-1913491598. Carne served as a midshipman on HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland.
  • Lambert, Nicholas A. (2002). Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution (Paperback). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1570034923.
  • Seligmann, Mathew S. (2012). The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901–1914: Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War against Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957403-2.
  • Tracy, Nicholas, ed. (2020). The Collective Naval Defence of Empire, 1900–1940. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781000341621.
  • Wright, Matthew J. (2001). Blue Water Kiwis: New Zealand's Naval Story 1870-2001 (Hardcover). Auckland: Reed Books. ISBN 0-7900-0817-3.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS New Zealand (ship, 1911).
  • A New Zealander at the Battle of Jutland. Audio of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle of HMS "New Zealand" recalling his experiences at the Battle of Jutland.
  • Auckland's Reception to the Battleship HMS New Zealand. Historic film of the battlecruiser steaming into the Hauraki Gulf on 29 April 1913. Taken by Charles Newham.
  • Battle of Heligoland Bight – LT AD Boyle. Extracts from the diary of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle.
  • Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project – HMS New Zealand Crew List
  • Crossing the Line. Describes the ceremony that occurred when crossed the equator in the Indian Ocean on her 1919 world tour.
  • HMS New Zealand [H.C. Gore. Extracts]. Historic film of the battlecruiser during her visit to Otago Harbour taken by Henry Gore in June 1913.
  • HMS New Zealand (1914-1918). Historic film of Sir John Jellicoe and staff aboard the battlecruiser at Portsmouth in February 1919 prior to departure on his tour to Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
  • "H.M.S. New Zealand (1911)". The Dreadnought Project.
  • Imperial War Museums: Lives of the First World War: HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland (Crew List)
  • King George V Inspects HMS New Zealand. Historic film of the battlecruiser being inspected by King George V at the Portsmouth Royal Dockyard on 5 February 1913 just prior to departing on her world cruise. Present were Rear Admiral Herbert Leopold Heath, Winston Churchill, Sir Thomas Mackenzie, Sir Joseph Ward, James Allen, Sir John Jellicoe, Prince Louis of Battenberg and Sir Hedworth Meux.
  • Objects related to HMS New Zealand from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  • Record of HMS New Zealand from RNZN History
  • . Auckland War Memorial Museum Te Paenga Hira and Torpedo Bay Navy Museum Te Waka Huia O Te Taua Moana O Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.

April 09, 2024
zealand, 1911, other, ships, with, same, name, zealand, zealand, three, indefatigable, class, battlecruisers, launched, 1911, ship, funded, government, zealand, gift, britain, commissioned, into, royal, navy, 1912, been, intended, china, station, released, zea. For other ships with the same name see HMS New Zealand HMS New Zealand was one of three Indefatigable class battlecruisers Launched in 1911 the ship was funded by the government of New Zealand as a gift to Britain 2 and she was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1912 She had been intended for the China Station but was released by the New Zealand government at the request of the Admiralty for service in British waters New Zealand in Australia May 1919HistoryUnited KingdomNameNew ZealandNamesakeDominion of New ZealandBuilderFairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering GovanLaid down20 June 1910Launched1 July 1911Commissioned19 November 1912Stricken19 December 1922FateSold for scrap 22 January 1923General characteristicsClass and typeIndefatigable class battlecruiserDisplacement18 500 long tons 18 800 t at normal load 22 130 long tons 22 490 t at deep loadLength590 ft 3 5 in 179 9 m Beam80 ft 24 4 m Draught27 ft 8 2 m Installed power31 Babcock amp Wilcox boilers 44 000 shp 33 000 kW Propulsion4 shafts 2 steam turbine setsSpeed25 knots 46 km h 29 mph Range3 340 nmi 6 190 km 3 840 mi at 23 5 knots 43 5 km h 27 0 mph 6 690 nmi 12 390 km 7 700 mi at 10 knots 19 km h 12 mph 1 Complement818 1913 853 1919 1070 1921 1 Armament4 twin 12 inch 305 mm guns 16 single 4 inch 102 mm guns 2 single 18 inch 457 mm torpedo tubes ArmourBelt 4 6 in 102 152 mm Decks 1 5 2 5 in 38 64 mm Turrets 7 in 178 mm During 1913 New Zealand was sent on a ten month tour of the British Dominions with an emphasis on a visit to her namesake nation She was back in British waters at the start of the First World War and operated as part of the Royal Navy s Grand Fleet in opposition to the German High Seas Fleet During the war the battlecruiser participated in all three of the major North Sea battles Heligoland Bight Dogger Bank and Jutland and was involved in the response to the inconclusive Raid on Scarborough and the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight New Zealand contributed to the destruction of two cruisers during her wartime service and was hit by enemy fire only once sustaining no casualties her status as a lucky ship was attributed by the crew to a Maori piupiu warrior s skirt and hei tiki pendant worn by the captain during battle After the war New Zealand was sent on a second world tour this time to allow Admiral John Jellicoe to review the naval defences of the Dominions In 1920 the battlecruiser was placed in reserve She was broken up for scrap in 1922 in order to meet the United Kingdom s tonnage limit in the disarmament provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty Contents 1 Design 1 1 Wartime modifications 1 2 Post war modifications 2 Acquisition and construction 2 1 Construction 3 Service history 3 1 1913 circumnavigation of the world 3 2 Assigned to the Grand fleet 3 3 First World War 3 3 1 Battle of Heligoland Bight 3 3 2 Raid on Scarborough 3 3 3 Battle of Dogger Bank 3 3 4 Collison with HMAS Australia 3 3 5 Battle of Jutland 3 3 6 Post Jutland career 3 4 Post war 3 5 Put into reserve 3 6 Scrapping 4 Artifacts 5 Ship s mascot 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External linksDesign editThe Indefatigable class was not a significant improvement on the preceding Invincible class the main difference was the enlargement of the dimensions to give the ships two wing turrets a wider arc of fire The ships were smaller and not as well protected as the contemporary German battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann and subsequent German designs While Von der Tann s characteristics were not known when the lead ship of the class Indefatigable was laid down in February 1909 the Royal Navy obtained accurate information on the German ship before work began on New Zealand and her sister ship HMAS Australia 3 nbsp Starboard elevation and deck plan as depicted in Brassey s Naval Annual 1915 Note plan is of Invincible class battlecruisers the Indefatigable class had a third superstructure element with P amp Q turrets more widely spaced New Zealand had an overall length of 590 feet 179 8 m a beam of 80 feet 24 4 m and a draught of 29 feet 9 inches 9 1 m at deep load The ship displaced 18 500 long tons 18 800 t at load and 22 130 long tons 22 490 t at deep load 4 She initially had a crew of 818 officers and ratings though this was to increase in subsequent years 1 At the time of her visit to New Zealand in 1913 the engineering department had a staff of 335 5 The ship was powered by two sets of Parsons direct drive steam turbines each driving two propeller shafts using steam provided by 31 coal burning Babcock amp Wilcox boilers The turbines were rated at 44 000 shaft horsepower 33 000 kW and were intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 25 knots 46 km h 29 mph However during trials in 1912 the turbines produced over 49 000 shp 37 000 kW which allowed New Zealand to reach 26 39 knots 48 87 km h 30 37 mph 6 The ship carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 6 690 nautical miles 12 390 km 7 700 mi at a speed of 10 knots 19 km h 12 mph 1 The ship carried eight BL 12 inch Mk X guns in four twin gun turrets Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline identified as A and X respectively The other two were wing turrets mounted amidships and staggered diagonally P was forward and to port of the centre funnel while Q was situated starboard and aft Each wing turret had a limited ability to fire to the opposite side but if the ship was full broadside to her target she could bring all eight main guns to bear Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen 4 inch BL Mk VII guns positioned in the superstructure 7 She mounted two 18 inch submerged torpedo tubes one on each side aft of X barbette and twelve torpedoes were carried 8 The Indefatigables were protected by a waterline 4 6 inch 102 152 mm armoured belt that extended between and covered the end barbettes Their armoured deck ranged in thickness between 1 5 and 2 5 inches 38 and 64 mm with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern The turret faces were 7 inches 178 mm thick and the turrets were supported by barbettes of the same thickness 9 New Zealand s A turret was fitted with a 9 foot 2 7 m rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof It was also equipped to control the entire main armament in the event that the normal fire control positions were knocked out or communication between the primary positions and the gun layers was disabled 10 Wartime modifications edit The ship was fitted with a single QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss anti aircraft AA gun from October 1914 to the end of 1915 11 In March 1915 a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt Note 1 AA gun was added It was provided with 500 rounds The battlecruiser s 4 inch guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields during a refit in November to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action Two aft guns were removed at the same time 12 New Zealand received a fire control director sometime between mid 1915 and May 1916 this centralised fire control under the director officer who now fired the guns The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target This greatly increased accuracy as it was easier to spot the fall of shells and eliminated the problem of the ship s roll dispersing the shells when each turret fired independently 13 To address deficiencies in the armour of British capital ships raised by the Battle of Jutland New Zealand entered the dockyard in November 1916 where an additional inch of armour was added to selected horizontal areas of the main deck In the forward part of the ship it covered the magazines for A turret and the 4 inch guns midships to cover the magazines for Q and P turrets while it was extended vertically by 3 feet 6 inches 1 07 m to protect the magazine trunks and escape shafts 14 15 During a refit in June 1917 the armour was again improved when 1 inch armour plate was added on the lower deck at the bottom of the Inner and Outer Upper Coal bunkers as well as over the boiler 14 By 1918 New Zealand carried two aircraft a Sopwith Pup and a Sopwith 1 Strutter on flying off ramps fitted on top of P and Q turrets 8 The Pup was intended to shoot down Zeppelins while the 1 Strutter was used for spotting and reconnaissance 16 Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather 17 Post war modifications edit In preparation for its role as Admiral Jellicoe s personal transport for his planned visit to Australia Canada India and New Zealand New Zealand was refitted between December 1918 and February 1919 18 The fore topmast and both top gallants were replaced Her flying off platforms were removed and new peacetime trim was installed The range clocks were removed and the deflection scales on the turrets were painted over The lower forward four inch guns were removed and replaced with cabins on the port and starboard sides of the forward superstructure to house Jellicoe and provide offices for his staff of eight 19 20 While in Bombay in 1919 the battlecruiser was painted in a light grey colour Acquisition and construction edit nbsp New Zealand s bell this bell had previously been used on the battleship of the same nameAt the start of the 20th century the British Admiralty maintained that naval defence of the British Empire including the Dominions should be unified under the Royal Navy 21 Attitudes on this matter softened during the first decade and at the 1909 Imperial Conference the Admiralty proposed the creation of Fleet Units forces consisting of a battlecruiser three light cruisers six destroyers and three submarines 22 While Australia and Canada were encouraged to purchase fleet units to serve as the core of new national navies other fleet units would be operated by the Royal Navy at distant bases particularly in the Far East New Zealand was asked to partially subsidise a fleet unit for the China Station 23 To this end the Prime Minister of New Zealand Sir Joseph Ward announced on 22 March 1909 that his country would fund a battleship later changed to an Indefatigable class battlecruiser as an example to other countries 24 It is unclear why this design was selected given that it was known to be inferior to the battlecruisers entering service with the Imperial German Navy German Kaiserliche Marine Historian John Roberts has suggested that the request may have been attributable to the Royal Navy s practice of using small battleships and large cruisers as flagships of stations far from the United Kingdom or it might have reflected the preferences of the First Sea Lord Admiral of the Fleet John Fisher preferences not widely shared 25 The New Zealand Government took out a loan to fund the cost of the ship 26 When it came to naming the new ship the most obvious name was already being used by the existing King Edward VII class battleship HMS New Zealand It was decided to transfer the name to the new battlecruiser and to rename the older ship Among the suggested names were Arawa Caledonia Wellington and Maori which was already being used by a destroyer and thus would have required a double renaming being floated before Zealandia was eventually decided upon and subsequently approved by the King 27 Construction edit Wright 28 has identified that the Controller of the Admiralty John Jellicoe had wanted to have Australia and New Zealand constructed by the same shipbuilder This would have reduced construction costs and simplified administration Tenders were issued early in 1910 but of those who were prepared to tender all were only prepared to construct one vessel 28 Both Australia and New Zealand for unknown reasons agreed to accept that of John Brown amp Company which was highest of the two successful tenders but the former signalled its acceptance first leaving New Zealand to accept that of Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering 29 28 The estimated cost of Fairfield s offer was 1 8 million which included the guns and the first issue of ammunition 28 Fairfield had already built HMS Indomitable which would have given them confidence in their cost estimate which included all stores including first coal and ammunition In the end John Brown amp Company delivered Australia well under their original tendered price New Zealand s keel was laid at Fairfield s yard on the Clyde on 20 June 1910 30 31 The construction contract was between the Admiralty and Fairfield using the Admiralty s standard contract terms and was overseen by the Admiralty with manufacturer s payment claims being approved and then passed on by the Admiralty to the New Zealand High Commission s office in London for forwarding onto New Zealand for payment Variation claims were often individually itemised such as 1 12s 6d for a specific drawing and passed on for payment with some payments still being processed as late as the 1914 15 financial year The ship was built with all stores supplied from the Admiralty at the Rate Book price plus 20 per cent 29 with exception of the coal The Admiralty did not charge New Zealand for its management of the project Fairchild s share of the contract made a profit of 50 454 6 per cent 32 The four main gun mountings were made by Armstrong Whitworth s Elswick Ordnance Works 33 at a cost of 207 593 excluding delivery and assembly 34 while the guns were supplied by both Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers The 22 x 12 inch guns which included six spares and 36 x 4 inch guns which included four spares required to equip both of the Dominion s ships cost a combined total of 249 550 35 New Zealand was launched on 1 July 1911 in front of 8 000 onlookers by Lady Theresa Ward the wife of Sir Joseph Ward using a bottle of New Zealand wine for the christening 36 1 37 Following her launch New Zealand was moved by the Clyde Shipping Company s tugs Flying Linnet and Flying Swallow to the shipyard s fitting out basin for installation of the boilers engines and auxiliary machinery though temporary openings in the main deck before the superstructure and armament was installed 38 The battlecruiser s first captain 40 year old Lionel Halsey took command on 21 September 1912 39 Sea trials began in October with the hull checked in dry dock on 8 October prior to a 30 hour steam test at three quarter power being undertaken on the 9 and 10 October 40 Full power tests were conducted off Polperro on 14 October with 49 048 hp being generated These tests found that she met her design speed with an average speed over an eight hour period of 25 1 knots by log and 26 1 knots by bearings while experiencing near ideal sea conditions with the machinery generating 49 048 hp at an average of 297 687 revolutions 40 Over the measured mile she reached 25 49 knots based on revolutions and 26 3 knots by bearings 40 Following gun and torpedo trials in mid October the battlecruiser returned to Fairfield to correct any defects and make modifications before acceptance inspections commenced in mid November New Zealand was formally commissioned at Govan on 19 November 1912 41 The Admiralty required that all new ships be drydocked as part of the acceptance process to allow the completion and inspection of all underwater fittings As Fairchild didn t have their own drydock the ship sailed from Govan with the nucleus of her crew to Devonport to use that shipyard s facilities By now the ship s hull had spent a considerable time in Fairchild s often polluted fitting out basin so the hull was cleaned and then painted with a fresh anti fouling coating 42 The ship was officially completed on 23 November 1912 when she reached her nominally full complement of crew 43 44 Her officers by now included three New Zealanders Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle 1887 1965 45 Lieutenant Rupert Clare Garsia and Midshipman Hugh Beckett Anderson 1897 1971 all from Christchurch nbsp William Lionel Wylie Tower House Portsmouth HMS New Zealand fitting out To signal her upcoming completion the New Zealand government commissioned the marine artist William Lionel Wyllie to produce a painting of New Zealand which he titled Tower House Portsmouth HMS New Zealand fitting out 46 In subsequent years he also produced other paintings of the ship Service history editIn December 1912 the battlecruiser began the task of working up prior to joining the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron While at sea over the 1912 13 New Year some of the masting was damaged by a storm 1913 circumnavigation of the world edit Main article HMS New Zealand s 1913 circumnavigation nbsp Painting by Walter Armiger Bowring showing the arrival of HMS New Zealand in New Zealand in 1913In 1912 it was agreed that the ship would visit its donor country as a thank you for funding its construction with a basic nine month long itinerary developed in the last months of 1912 47 To facilitate the flag waving cruise New Zealand was temporary detached from the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron on 20 January 1913 for the duration of the voyage with Halsey having independent command 44 The initial date of departure progressively moved backward into 1913 with the ship finally departing the Royal Navy dockyard at Devonport on 28 January for Portsmouth which it reached two days later On 3 February 300 expatriate New Zealanders organized by Sir Thomas Mackenzie New Zealand s High Commissioner to the United Kingdom visited the ship at which he unveiled the battlecruiser s coat of arms which had been gifted by the country s expatriate community in the United Kingdom 47 This was followed by a visit by King George V accompanied by Winston Churchill and James Allen New Zealand s Minister of Finance and Defence and other high ranking officials on 5 February 1913 48 As soon as the King s party had departed New Zealand took on coal before departing Portsmouth on 6 February 44 There were stops at St Vincent Ascension Island Cape Town Simon s Town and Durban in South Africa and then at Melbourne in Australia before New Zealand reached Wellington New Zealand on 12 April This was the start of an event that gripped the country as thousands of New Zealanders came to catch a sight of and where possible visit our Dreadnought For the ship s crew this meant having to attend a constant parade of events and festivities After an 11 day stay in the capital New Zealand proceeded up the east coast of the North Island to visit Napier Gisborne and Auckland before streaming south to visit Lyttelton Akaroa where she exercised with HMS Pyramus before continuing on to Timaru Otago Harbour Bluff Milford Sound Greymouth Westport Nelson Picton before stopping again at Wellington From there she proceeded up the West Coast of the North Island visiting Wanganui Russell and back to Auckland which was reached on 21 June nbsp The HMS New Zealand in Akaroa Harbour with the Britomart Monument in the foregroundThe battlecruiser received numerous gifts while in New Zealand including a naval ensign and a union jack 49 50 Two greenstone hei tiki pendants which were intended to ward off evil were gifted to the ship 51 One was given by the Boy Scouts of Wellington on 13 April 52 and the second by Christchurch businessman C J Sloman in May 1913 He had deposited the hei tiki at Canterbury Museum in 1913 and then uplifted it a few months later in order to lend it to the ship on the condition that it had to be returned to Canterbury Museum should the name New Zealand ever be removed from the navy list 52 53 The most notable gift was the personal gift to Halsey of a Maori piupiu a warrior s skirt made from rolled flax 54 According to legend the chief who gave the piupiu to Halsey instructed him to wear it during battle in order to protect the ship and its crew If he did then the ship would be involved in three sea battles it would be hit only once and that no one on board would be killed 50 On many of these occasions speeches were often given in the Maori language which may resulted in a misunderstanding about the purpose of the gift It is unclear exactly who presented the piupiu to Halsey as he did not record details about who it was or about any prophesy There are a number of possibilities as to who gifted the piupiu One is that it was given by Rotorua Maori in Auckland on 26 June Another is that it was given by Rangitiaria Dennan in Rotorua on 7 May This account is supported by Halsey s daughter which mentions meeting Dennan and a discussion with him about her father being gifted a piupiu when he made an honorary chief of the tribe 50 Another possibility was that the piupiu was given by the Te Arawa chief Mita Taupopoki 50 On the 17 April a large group from Ngati Raukawa visited the battlecruiser in Wellington at which it is recorded that a presentation of piupiu garments of war were made 55 Another likely candidate was that the piupiu was given to Halsey on behalf of Ngai Tahu chief Mana Himiona Te Ataotu by Southern Maori MP Taare Rakatauhake Parata Charles Rere Parata when he visited the ship in Wellington on 19 April 1913 50 On this occasion a piupiu was recorded as being given 56 A delegation of 25 leading Maori including Maori members of parliament did visit the battlecruiser in Wellington on 21 April among whom was Tureiti Te Heuheu Tukino V a leading chief of the Ngati Tuwharetoa 50 But this occasion it was reported that two kiwi robes a tangiwai pendant two korowai robes and a kickio carpet mat were gifted 56 As a result of this visit the officers and crew of New Zealand were to maintain a close relationship with her donor country and its citizens over her years of service and her adventures were closely followed in the Dominion s newspapers Though none of the crew were Maori they would occasionally perform the haka in which they had received instruction while in New Zealand at functions The ship s Maori connection was also maintained by its official letterhead paper featuring the Aotearoa which was the Maori word for New Zealand 52 By the time the battlecruiser departed New Zealand from Auckland on 28 June for Fiji a total of 376 114 57 New Zealanders had visited the vessel during her time in the country though other sources quote 376 086 58 368 118 59 and 378 068 It is estimated that approximately another 125 000 had been able to see the ship either from the shore or from boats 57 At the time the country had a population of one million The battlecruiser streamed across the Pacific via Suva Fiji and Honolulu to dock on 23 July at the naval base of Esquimalt on Vancouver Island Canada 57 nbsp Civilians visit HMS New Zealand at Vancouver 1913After departing Esquimalt New Zealand headed south stopping at Mazatlan Acapulco Panama City Callao Valparaiso Punta Arenas before she steamed through the Strait of Magellan and on to Montevideo Rio Janeiro then various islands of the Caribbean and finally Halifax Nova Scotia in Canada before arriving in Portsmouth on 8 December 1913 having circumnavigated the globe 60 She had sailed 45 320 miles consumed 31 833 tons of coal and had been visited by 500 151 people in what was the longest voyage to date by a vessel of the dreadnought era 61 The voyage was judged such a success that Halsey was knighted for his efforts Assigned to the Grand fleet edit The Admiralty requested that New Zealand return to the United Kingdom when the tour concluded rather than remain in the Pacific region as originally planned The New Zealand Government acceded to the request As a result upon her return to the United Kingdom New Zealand joined the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron 1st BCS of the Grand Fleet The squadron visited Brest in February 1914 and Riga Reval and Kronstadt in the Russian Empire the following June While there they were visited by the Tsar and Tssarina on the 27 June and that evening hosted in a formal ball in conjunction with Lion which was moored alongside On the 29 June the squadron departed for the United Kingdom The intention was that New Zealand would decommission on 30 August prior to transferring to the Mediterranean fleet where she would become the flagship of Rear Admiral Archibald Moore but the outbreak of war cancelled that deployment 62 First World War edit On 19 August 1914 shortly after the First World War began New Zealand was transferred to the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron 2nd BCS 60 Battle of Heligoland Bight edit Main article Battle of Heligoland 1914 nbsp New Zealand steaming during the Battle of Heligoland BightNew Zealand s first wartime action was the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914 as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral David Beatty Beatty s ships were originally intended to provide distant support for the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks once the tide rose When the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule at 11 35 Note 2 the battlecruisers led by Beatty aboard his flagship Lion began to head south at full speed to reinforce the smaller British ships the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the sandbar at the mouth of the Jade estuary 63 The brand new light cruiser Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Coln when Beatty s battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12 37 By this time New Zealand had fallen behind the three newer and faster battlecruisers and was not in position to significantly participate in the battle Strassburg was able to evade fire by hiding in the mists but Coln remained visible and was quickly crippled by the British squadron Before the German ship could be sunk Beatty was distracted by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser SMS Ariadne off his starboard bow He turned to pursue but Ariadne was set afire after only three salvos fired from under 6 000 yards 5 500 m At 13 10 Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire Shortly after turning north the battlecruisers encountered the crippled Coln which was sunk by two salvos from Lion 64 During the battle New Zealand s captain Lionel Halsey wore the Maori piupiu over his uniform setting a tradition followed for the duration of the war 65 Two days after the battle New Zealand was transferred back to the 1st BCS when the battlecruiser Inflexible arrived from the Mediterranean 66 Raid on Scarborough edit Main article Raid on Scarborough Hartlepool and Whitby The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast in an attempt to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail An earlier raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 had been partially successful but a larger scale operation was later devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper The fast battlecruisers would conduct the bombardment while the rest of the High Seas Fleet stationed itself east of Dogger Bank so they could cover the battlecruisers return and destroy any pursuing British vessels Having broken the German naval codes the British were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey although they were not aware of the High Seas Fleet s presence Admiral Beatty s 1st BCS now reduced to four ships including New Zealand and the 2nd Battle Squadron consisting of six dreadnoughts were detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank 67 Admiral Hipper s raiders set sail on 15 December 1914 and successfully bombarded several English towns British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 05 15 and fought an inconclusive action with them Vice Admiral Sir George Warrender commanding the 2nd Battle Squadron had received a signal at 05 40 that the destroyer Lynx was engaging enemy destroyers although Beatty had not The destroyer Shark spotted the German armoured cruiser SMS Roon and her escorts at about 07 00 but could not transmit the message until 07 25 Admiral Warrender received the signal as did New Zealand but Beatty aboard Lion did not even though New Zealand had been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and the flagship Warrender attempted to pass on Shark s message to Beatty at 07 36 but did not manage to make contact until 07 55 On receiving the message Beatty reversed course and dispatched New Zealand to search for Roon She was being overhauled by New Zealand when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 09 00 Beatty ordered New Zealand to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough 68 nbsp Relative positions of the British and German forces at about 12 00 hoursThe British forces heading west to cover the main route through the minefields protecting the coast of England split up while passing the shallow Southwest Patch of Dogger Bank Beatty s ships headed to the north while Warrender passed to the south This left a 15 nautical mile 28 km 17 mi gap between them through which the German light forces began to move At 12 25 the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper The light cruiser Southampton spotted the light cruiser SMS Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty At 12 30 Beatty turned his battlecruisers toward the German ships which he presumed were the advance screen for Hipper s ships However those were some 50 kilometres 31 mi behind The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron which had been screening for Beatty s ships detached to pursue the German cruisers but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions Note 3 This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers The German battlecruisers wheeled to the north east of the British forces and also made good their escape 69 New Zealand became flagship of the 2nd BCS of the Grand Fleet on 15 January 1915 and saw action the following week in the Battle of Dogger Bank 66 Battle of Dogger Bank edit Main article Battle of Dogger Bank 1915 On 23 January 1915 a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Hipper sortied to clear Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements Alerted by decoded German transmissions a larger force of British battlecruisers including New Zealand sailed under the command of Admiral Beatty to intercept Contact was initiated at 07 20 on the 24th when Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg By 07 35 the Germans had spotted Beatty s force and Hipper ordered a turn south at 20 knots 37 km h 23 mph believing that this speed would outdistance any British battleships to the north west he planned to increase speed to the armoured cruiser SMS Blucher s maximum of 23 knots 43 km h 26 mph if necessary to outrun any battlecruisers 70 Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practical speed to catch the Germans before they could escape New Zealand and Indomitable were the slowest of Beatty s ships and gradually fell behind the newer battlecruisers despite New Zealand achieving an indicated speed of 27 knots due to the original overdesign of the engines and to the efforts of her stokers 71 Despite dropping behind New Zealand was able to open fire on Blucher by 09 35 and continued to engage the armoured cruiser after the other British battlecruisers had switched targets to the German battlecruisers After about an hour New Zealand had knocked out Blucher s forward turret and Indomitable began to fire on her as well at 10 31 Two 12 inch shells pierced the German ship s armoured deck and exploded in an ammunition room four minutes later This started a fire amidships that destroyed her two port 21 cm 8 3 in turrets while the concussion damaged her engines so that her speed dropped to 17 knots 31 km h 20 mph and jammed her steering gear At 10 48 Beatty ordered Indomitable to attack her but the combination of a signalling error by Beatty s flag lieutenant and heavy damage to Beatty s flagship Lion which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal halyards caused the rest of the British battlecruisers temporarily under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Gordon Moore in New Zealand to think that that signal applied to them In response they turned away from Hipper s main body and engaged Blucher 72 New Zealand fired 147 shells at Blucher before the German ship capsized and sank at 12 07 after being torpedoed by Arethusa 73 Halsey had again worn the piupiu over his uniform during the battle and the lack of damage to New Zealand was once more attributed to its good luck properties 65 New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship of the 2nd BCS on 22 February 1915 74 The squadron joined the Grand Fleet in a sortie on 29 March in response to intelligence that the German fleet was leaving port as the precursor to a major operation By the next night the German ships had withdrawn and the squadron returned to Rosyth On 11 April the British fleet was again deployed on the intelligence that a German force was planning an operation The Germans intended to lay mines at the Swarte Bank but after a scouting Zeppelin located a British light cruiser squadron they began to prepare for what they thought was a British attack Heavy fog and the need to refuel caused Australia and the British vessels to return to port on 17 April and although they were redeployed that night they were unable to stop two German light cruisers from laying the minefield In June 1915 Halsey was promoted to Captain of the fleet with rank of Commodore on HMS Iron Duke and was succeeded as captain of New Zealand by J F E Jimmy Green 75 Despite it being his personal property Halsey left the piupiu in the care of Green 57 From 26 to 28 January 1916 the 2nd BCS was positioned off the Skagerrak while the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron swept the strait in an unsuccessful search for a possible minelayer 76 Collison with HMAS Australia edit On the morning of 21 April 1916 the 2nd BCS left Rosyth at 04 00 accompanied by the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron and destroyers again bound for the Skagerrak this time to support efforts to disrupt the transport of Swedish ore to Germany 77 The planned destroyer sweep of the Kattegat was cancelled when word came that the High Seas Fleet was mobilising for an operation of their own later learned to be timed to coincide with the Irish Easter Rising and the British ships were ordered to a rendezvous point in the middle of the North Sea with the 1st and 3rd Battlecruiser Squadrons while the rest of the Grand Fleet made for the south eastern end of the Long Forties At 15 30 on the afternoon of 22 April the three squadrons of battlecruisers were patrolling together to the north west of Horn Reefs when heavy fog came down while the ships were steaming abreast at 19 5 knots with Australia on the port flank 78 77 Concerned about possible submarine attack Beatty issued instructions at 15 35 for the fleet to commence zigzagging It took some time for the instruction to be relayed by signal flag down the line and so it wasn t until 15 40 that Australia with a cruiser to her port side commenced her first zigzag and swung to starboard 77 The crew were aware that New Zealand was on that side about five cables 926 metres away but the poor visibility meant that as they made their turn they didn t see her until it was too late and they hit at 15 43 despite Australia attempting to turn away to port 78 Australia s side was torn open from frames 59 to 78 by the armour plate on the hull below her sister ships P turret while as New Zealand turned away her outer port propeller damaged Australia s hull below her Q turret 79 80 Australia slowed to half speed as the mist hid her sister ship but the damage to New Zealand s propeller caused a temporary loss of control and she swung back in front of Australia which despite turning to port had her stem crushed at 15 46 as she scraped the side of New Zealand just behind her P turret 78 Both ships to come to a complete stop about 30 40 yd 27 37 m apart while their respective officers assessed the damage The damage control teams on the Australia were soon busy storing up bulkheads and sealing off the damage portions to prevent any more water entering the ship Meanwhile off watch Australian sailors took advantage of a convenient potato locker to hurl both its contents and insults at the crew of their nearby sister ship 78 New Zealand was soon underway returning to Rosyth with the rest of the squadron The same fog caused the battleship Neptune to collide with a merchant ship and the destroyers Ambuscade Ardent and Garland to collide with one another 81 Once it was safe to proceed Australia with her speed restricted to 12 and then later to 16 knots arrived back at Rosyth to find both drydocks occupied one by New Zealand and the other by HMS Dreadnought so she departed for Newcastle on Tyne where she was further damaged trying to dock during strong winds As this facility couldn t handle all of the repairs that it needed the battlecruiser was ordered to Devonport Australia was not able to return to sea until 31 May thus missing the Battle of Jutland Meanwhile New Zealand replaced her damaged propeller with Australia s spare propeller which was in store at Rosyth and returned to the fleet on 30 May a day before the start of the Battle of Jutland 77 82 Due to the continued absence of Australia Rear Admiral William Christopher Pakenham transferred his flag from Indefatigable to New Zealand 74 Battle of Jutland edit Main article Battle of Jutland nbsp Assembled officers of New Zealand together with Winston Churchill and King George VOn 31 May 1916 the 2nd BCS consisted of its flagship New Zealand and Indefatigable Australia was still under repair following her collision with New Zealand 81 The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty s Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea Hipper s battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15 20 but Beatty s ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 15 30 Two minutes later he ordered a course change to east south east to position himself astride the German s line of retreat and called his ships crews to action stations He also ordered the 2nd BCS which had been leading to fall in astern of the 1st BCS Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard away from the British to assume a south easterly course and reduced speed to 18 knots 33 km h 21 mph to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet then about 60 miles 97 km behind him Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper 83 Thus began the so called Run to the South as Beatty changed course to steer east south east at 15 45 paralleling Hipper s course now that the range closed to under 18 000 yards 16 000 m The Germans opened fire first at 15 48 followed by the British The British ships were still in the process of making their turn and only the two leading ships Lion and Princess Royal had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and the furthest to the west and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east The German fire was accurate from the beginning but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze Indefatigable aimed at Von der Tann while New Zealand disengaged herself targeted SMS Moltke By 15 54 the range was down to 12 900 yards 11 800 m and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 15 57 Indefatigable was destroyed at about 16 03 when her magazines exploded 84 After Indefatigable s loss New Zealand shifted her fire to Von der Tann in accordance with Beatty s standing instructions The range had grown too far for accurate shooting so Beatty altered course four points to port to close the range again between 16 12 and 16 15 By this time the 5th Battle Squadron consisting of four Queen Elizabeth class battleships had closed up and was engaging Von der Tann and Moltke At 16 23 a 13 5 inch 340 mm shell from Tiger struck near Von der Tann s rear turret starting a fire among the practice targets stowed there that completely obscured the ship and caused New Zealand to shift fire to Moltke 85 At 16 26 the ship was hit by a 28 centimetre 11 in shell fired by Von der Tann on X barbette that detonated on contact and knocked loose a piece of armour that briefly jammed X turret and blew a hole in the upper deck 86 Four minutes later Southampton scouting in front of Beatty s ships spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet charging north at top speed Three minutes later she sighted the topmasts of Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer s battleships but did not transmit a message to Beatty for another five minutes Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting himself before ordering a sixteen point turn to starboard in succession New Zealand the last ship in the line turned prematurely to stay outside the range of the oncoming battleships 87 nbsp A chunk of armour knocked from New Zealand s X turret during the Battle of Jutland on display at the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum in AucklandNew Zealand was straddled several times by the battleship SMS Prinzregent Luitpold but was not hit 88 Beatty s ships maintained full speed in an attempt to increase the distance between them and the High Seas Fleet and gradually moved out of range They turned north and then north east to try to rendezvous with the main body of the Grand Fleet At 17 40 they opened fire again on the German battlecruisers The setting sun blinded the German gunners and as they could not make out the British ships they turned away to the north east at 5 47 89 Beatty gradually turned more towards the east to allow him to cover the deployment of the Grand Fleet in battle formation and to move ahead of it but he mistimed his manoeuvre and forced the leading division to fall off towards the east further away from the Germans By 18 35 Beatty was following Indomitable and Inflexible of the 3rd BCS as they were steering east south east leading the Grand Fleet and continuing to engage Hipper s battlecruisers to their south west A few minutes earlier Scheer had ordered a simultaneous 180 starboard turn and Beatty lost sight of the High Seas Fleet in the haze 90 Twenty minutes later Scheer ordered another 180 turn which put them on a converging course again with the British which had altered course to the south This allowed the Grand Fleet to cross Scheer s T forming a battle line that cut across his battle line and badly damaging his leading ships Scheer ordered yet another 180 turn at 19 13 in an attempt to extricate the High Seas Fleet from the trap into which he had sent them 91 This was successful and the British lost sight of the Germans until 8 05 when Castor spotted smoke bearing west north west Ten minutes later she had closed the range enough to identify German torpedo boats and engaged them Beatty turned west upon hearing gunfire and spotted the German battlecruisers only 8 500 yards 7 800 m away Inflexible opened fire at 20 20 followed by the rest of Beatty s battlecruisers 92 New Zealand and Indomitable concentrated their fire on SMS Seydlitz and hit her five times before she turned west to disengage 93 Shortly after 20 30 the pre dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve s II Battle Squadron were spotted and fire switched to them The Germans had poor visibility and were able to fire only a few rounds at them before turning away to the west The British battlecruisers hit the German ships several times before they blended into the haze around 8 40 94 After this Beatty changed course to south south east and maintained that course ahead of both the Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet until 02 55 the next morning when the order was given to reverse course and head home 95 New Zealand arrived back in Rosyth on 2 June and dropped anchor at 09 55 The crew had approximately 50 minutes rest before with the potential possibly that she may have to put to sea again they began the task of refuelling with 1 178 tons of coal and then replenishing the ammunition with 480 12 inch shells work which continued until 03 30 on the following morning 96 New Zealand fired 430 twelve inch shells during the battle 100 from A turret 129 from P turret 105 from Q turret and 96 from X turret more than any other ship on either side 97 Despite this rate of fire only four successful hits were credited to her three on Seydlitz and one on the pre dreadnought SMS Schleswig Holstein 98 This gave a hit rate of less than one per cent Other than the single hit on X turret the only other damage was from near misses and was minimal consisting of a shell through the silk jack a splinter hitting the ensign staff the No 3 cutter hit had some damage to its bow and the No 2 picket boat was hit in three places 96 This confirmed to the crew that the piupiu and hei tiki worn by Captain Green brought good luck 65 Post Jutland career edit The ship s company were firm believers both in the old chief s prophecy and in the ability of the piu piu and tiki to ward off trouble More than a year after the Battle of Jutland on the last occasion that New Zealand sighted enemy ships and went to action stations a seaman was seen to climb a ladder to the bridge and take a quick look around It s all right he called to his mates below he s got them on a shout that assured them that the captain was wearing the piu piu and tiki Grant Howard The Navy in New Zealand 99 New Zealand was relieved by Australia as flagship on 9 June and temporarily attached to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron until HMS Renown relieved her in September 100 On the evening of 18 August the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 that indicated that the High Seas Fleet minus II Squadron would be leaving harbour that night The German objective was to bombard Sunderland on 19 August based on extensive reconnaissance provided by airships and submarines The Grand Fleet sailed with 29 dreadnought battleships and six battlecruisers Throughout the next day Jellicoe and Scheer received conflicting intelligence after reaching the location in the North Sea where the British expected to encounter the High Seas Fleet they turned north in the erroneous belief that they had entered a minefield Scheer turned south again then steered south eastward to pursue a lone British battle squadron sighted by an airship which was in fact the Harwich Force of cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Tyrwhitt Realising their mistake the Germans changed course for home The only contact came in the evening when Tyrwhitt sighted the High Seas Fleet but was unable to achieve an advantageous attack position before dark and broke off contact The British and the German fleets returned home the British lost two cruisers to submarine attacks and one German dreadnought had been torpedoed 101 New Zealand underwent a refit at Rosyth in November 1916 She temporarily replaced Australia as squadron flagship between 29 November and 7 January 1917 74 On 1 October 1917 Green following a promotion to Rear Admiral gave up his command of the ship but it wasn t until 13 December 1917 that Captain Edward Kennedy took on temporary command which he held until 17 January 1918 when Richard Webb took over the permanent captain Webb remained captain until September 1918 when he was made a Rear admiral and left to take up the role of Assistant High Commissioner at Constantinople 75 In the latter stages of the war a number of New Zealand soldiers on leave were able to take advantage of the open invitation extended to them by New Zealand s captain to visit the ship 102 German minesweepers and escorting light cruisers were attempting to clear British laid minefields in the Heligoland Bight in late 1917 The Admiralty planned a large operation for 17 November to destroy the ships and allocated two light cruiser squadrons and the 1st Cruiser Squadron covered by the reinforced 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and more distantly the 1st Battle Squadron of battleships New Zealand was attached to the 1st BCS for this operation which became known as the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight New Zealand did not fire her guns during the battle 103 As in previous engagements Captain Green wore the piupiu and tiki for luck 99 During 1918 New Zealand and the Grand Fleet s other capital ships were used on occasion to escort convoys between the United Kingdom and Norway The 2nd BCS spent the period from 8 to 21 February covering these convoys in company with battleships and destroyers and put to sea on 6 March in company with the 1st BCS to support minelayers The 2nd BCS again supported minelayers in the North Sea from 25 June or 26 June to the end of July During September and October New Zealand and the 2nd BCS supervised and protected minelaying operations north of Orkney 104 By the time of the 1918 armistice New Zealand had since August 1914 sailed 84 458 nautical miles consumed 97 034 tons of coal and fired a total of 664 12 inch shells in action 105 75 As a member of the 2nd BCS the battlecruiser was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet in November 1918 106 To witness the event New Zealand embarked five soldiers from the New Zealand Division and a New Zealand newspaper reporter New Zealand was assigned responsibility for checking the compliance of SMS Derfflinger with the terms of its internment 107 Post war edit nbsp New Zealand dry docked at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in Sydney during Admiral Jellicoe s tour of the DominionsIn September 1918 Leonard Andrew Boyd Donaldson took over command of the ship and remained in command until 11 February 1919 75 In December 1918 New Zealand was used to convey Queen Maud and Prince Olav from Norway for their state visit of the United Kingdom 108 With the war at an end most of the United Kingdom s older capital ships were put into reserve as they were by now obsolete and with the government wishing to make significant cuts in its military expenditure there was little chance of their returning to full service especially once the formal peace treaty was signed with Germany in mid 1919 One exception was New Zealand which it was decided would be used to transport Admiral Jellicoe on what was to be an expected yearlong visit to India and the dominions of Australia Canada and New Zealand to assist with planning and coordinating their naval policies and defences To prepare her for voyage the battlecruiser underwent a refit between December 1918 and 11 February 1919 at the end of which she was recommissioned with a virtually all new crew under the command of Captain Oliver Elles Leggett 18 109 Among the crew were four New Zealanders Alexander David Boyle who was by now a Lieutenant Commander Surgeon Lieutenant George Donald Macintosh 110 Sub Lieutenant Mervyn S Thomas 111 and midshipman Derek Perry Lady Jellicoe accompanied her husband as well as a staff of eight to assist him with his work 112 Also on the ship was Clutha Mackenzie the blind son of the New Zealand High Commissioner who was returning to New Zealand as Jellicoe s guest 113 114 The battlecruiser departed Portsmouth on 31 February 1919 and while crossing the Bay of Biscay encountered a storm that forced the evacuation of the newly constructed accommodation for Jellicoe and his staff when it became apparent that the dockyard had failed to seal the holes in the structure 18 After a 24 hour stop at Gibraltar 115 for Jellicoe to make his first official visit the battlecruiser continued onto Port Said to take on approximately 2 000 tons of coal before continuing through the Suez Canal to make a brief stop at Suez where Jellicoe rejoined it having left it at Port Said to visit Cairo 115 before crossing the Arabian Sea Ocean to reach Bombay Bombay on 14 March 115 While Jellicoe was engaged in a week of consultations in Delhi 115 1 740 tons of coal was taken on board and the opportunity was taken for the battlecruiser to be painted in the dockyard This was completed on 22 March just in time for the ship to host a ball three days later 116 The battlecruiser then made a two day visit to Karachi before returning to Bombay 115 Unfortunately while in Karachi a sailor A B Rennie was killed after falling off a balcony while on shore Once back in Bombay some of the crew got into trouble while on shore leave which was cancelled in response New Zealand departed Bombay on 1 May for Columbo which was reached two days later where 1 800 tons of coal and 700 tons of oil was taken on board in preparation for the journey across the Indian Ocean By the 9 May the battlecruiser was in the vicinity of the Cocos Keeling Islands and the opportunity was taken to divert so that the crew could see the remains of SMS Emden 117 nbsp HMS New Zealand berthed at Outer Harbor South AustraliaThe battlecruiser arrived at Albany Western Australia on 15 May where Jellicoe and his staff disembarked to take an overland route across the country New Zealand sailed via Perth Outer Harbor near Adelaide Melbourne and Hobart with the opportunity taken for New Zealand to exercise with Australia and other units of the RAN prior to reaching Sydney Here the ship was drydocked in Sunderland Dock at Cockatoo Island where its bottom was scraped and painted before being refloated and coaled The battlecruiser left Sydney on 16 August for New Zealand 118 Wellington was reached on 20 August where as the influenza pandemic was rampant As a result the crew was subjected to a medical inspection before anyone was allowed to disembark While in Wellington the ship was visited by approximately 50 000 New Zealanders prior to the 24 August before it proceeded south to Lyttelton which was reached on 1 September The ship then proceeded north to anchor off Picton on 13 September where it spent two days and then after a stop in Wellington it sailed up the east coast of the North Island to reach Auckland on 22 September 119 Jellicoe During the next six weeks he visited ports throughout the country and carried out while preparing a three volume report for the government The ship was particularly popular in New Zealand with Jellicoe the officers and crew attending numerous social engagements The tour around the country allowed Jellicoe and his staff to familiarize themselves with the country as they prepared recommendations for the New Zealand government on its naval policy Crowds flocked to visit the battlecruiser as they had done in 1913 Jellicoe too was popular and he later returned to New Zealand to serve as Governor General from 1920 to 1924 120 The battlecruiser left Auckland on 3 October 121 briefing stopping at Suva in Fiji and Samoa with mail where at the latter her 12 inch guns were fired to entertain the local chiefs 108 then Fanning Island for six hours 122 and Hawaii Enroute the ship called upon Christmas Island Kiritimati southeast of Fanning Island on 19 November 1920 thinking it uninhabited Instead they were greeted by Joe English of Medford Massachusetts who had been manager of a copra plantation on the island but had become marooned with two others when the war had broken out The men were rescued 123 The battlecruiser arrived in Canada the final country to be assessed when it docked on 8 November and docking at Esquimalt on Vancouver Island 120 The Jellicoes left the ship on 20 November to tour Canada and the United States by train before re joining it in Key West 124 On 11 November 1919 two rugby teams from the ship competed against local teams from Victoria The officers played the Wanderers and the crew played V I A A Vancouver Island Athletic Association 125 nbsp Remains of New Zealand at Rosyth 1924After leaving Vancouver the ship stopped at San Diego before passing via the Panama Canal into the Caribbean where as well as visiting Havana time was spent in Jamaica where exercising of the main armament was undertaken During a stop at Port of Spain on the island of Trinidad Petty Officer Thorn fell off a wharf and was drowned 121 Heading north the battlecruiser picked Jellicoe at Key West on 8 January 1920 124 The battlecruiser reached Portsmouth on 3 February 1920 having covered 33 514 nautical miles 124 As Jellicoe had been promoted to Admiral of the Fleet while overseas the ship was greeted by the appropriate 19 gun salute from HMS Victory Put into reserve edit On 6 February New Zealand was pulled by tugs to a mooring on the Hamoaze Most of the crew sent on six weeks leave with a skeleton crew of 250 remaining behind under the command of Lieutenant Commander Alexander David Boyle 126 Leggett gave up command of New Zealand and was succeeded by Captain Hartley Russell Gwennap Moore 1881 1953 on 11 March 1920 Moore remained in that position until July 1921 75 New Zealand was paid off into reserve on 15 March 1920 By this time the battlecruiser was regarded as obsolete by the Royal Navy as she was coal powered and her 12 inch guns were inferior to the 15 inch 381 mm guns deployed on the latest generation of capital ships New Zealand was briefly recommissioned on 1 July 1921 with a reserve crew to replace HMS Hercules as flagship at Rosyth under the command of Captain Ralph Eliot 1881 1958 who had previously been in command of Hercules 127 75 Eliot was to be the ship s last captain and remained in command until 1 September 1921 75 Scrapping edit Along with all of the other British 12 inch battleships and battlecruisers it was agreed that New Zealand would be scrapped to meet the tonnage restrictions set on the British Empire by the Washington Naval Treaty 74 New Zealand was sold for scrap together with Agincourt and Princess Royal to the Exeter based electrical engineering firm of J amp W Purves with the proviso that they had to be demolished within 18 months of the Washington Naval Treaty being ratified 128 To meet the Admiralty s desire to provided work for unemployed dock workers at Rosyth Dockyard the contract was immediately transferred the contract to a new entity chaired by A Wallace Cowan 1877 1964 called the Rosyth Shipbreaking Company which would undertake the scrapping of the vessels at Rosyth 129 It took until 19 December 1922 to legally organize the transfer of the ships from the Royal Navy to the new company which had among its directors Admiral J F E Green who had commanded the ship at the Battle of Jutland 130 Leased facilities were set up adjacent to where the vessels were lying alongside a wharf on the south side of the main basin in the Naval Dockyard at Rosyth 128 The vessels were taken over on 25 January 1923 with work commencing first on New Zealand By March 1923 her superstructure had been removed and she was moved out of the basin and beached above the low tide mark on a beach outside of the wall of the northwest dockyard A large portion of New Zealand s hull was still being dismantled in July 1924 and it wasn t until September 1924 that the last components of New Zealand were removed from the site And her place on the beach was taken over by the Princess Royal 128 Between them the three vessels yielded 40 000 tons of steel approximately 10 000 tons of armour plate and even 3 000 tons of coal still in their bunkers 129 The New Zealand government received 20 000 from the sale of the vessel 129 The New Zealand Government completed paying off the loan used to fund the ship in the 1944 45 financial year 26 Artifacts edit nbsp One of New Zealand s 4 inch guns outside the Auckland MuseumBy the time of the decision to scrap New Zealand had a impressive collection of silverware and trophies officially listed at 47 in January 1919 49 As well as the above mentioned silverware and trophies numerous other items were removed from the vessel prior to scrapping and sent back to New Zealand Among the items were the ship s bell a boomerang two greenstone mere clubs silver cups gunnery shields two hei tiki a complete laundry a 42 foot long motor launch the ship s flags some searchlights a steering wheel four 4 inch QF guns and associated rangefinders Some furniture was sent to the High Commission in London though they lost out on the wardroom buffet which ended up in New Zealand s Parliament restaurant Bellamy s Most of these items arrived in New Zealand in late 1923 The ship s former captains were sent furniture from the captain s cabin The 4 inch guns a range finder and laundry equipment were used by military units During the Second World War the 4 inch guns were the main armament of the land batteries which protected the entrances to the harbours at Auckland Wellington and Lyttelton 131 Two of these guns have since 23 November 1929 been located outside of the northern entrance to the Auckland War Memorial Museum At the outbreak of World War Two they were removed with one being returned to service while the other gun which was too damaged to repair was placed in storage at the museum Two guns were once again returned to display outside the museum in 1959 On 12 December 1924 A Wallace Cowan presented an ink stand and cigar boxes made from the ship s timbers to New Zealand High Commissioner Sir James Allen and current New Zealand Prime Minister William Massey who was in the United Kingdom at the time while a third cigar box was sent to Ward 130 One of these cigar boxes is currently held by the Auckland Museum Teak from the ship was used as flooring in Cowan s house A photo album of the breaking up of the vessel was presented by Cowan s daughter to the New Zealand Royal Navy in 1968 and is now held by National Archives New Zealand 128 Auckland War Memorial Museum has among its collection Pelorus Jack s silver collar a gift received from the New Zealanders of Transvaal another brass studded collar and his harness 132 Another collar gifted by the Pretoria Public Works Department is held by the Royal New Zealand Navy Museum Devonport 132 The other artifacts are on display in various museums in New Zealand 26 The hei tiki donated by C J Sloman has been in the Canterbury Museum since 1932 50 Having once been on display in the Wellington Maritime Museum the auxiliary steering wheel and an engine telegraph are now together with other items is in the possession of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington 26 Other than for when it was lent for display at the 1940 Centennial Exhibition in New Zealand the captain s piupiu remained with Halsey until his death in 1949 50 His daughter Ruth bequeathed it to New Zealand upon her death in 2002 and since 2005 50 it has been on display at the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum in Auckland alongside the ship s bell 133 the wardroom buffet and other artifacts including the piece of armour knocked off of X turret at the Battle of Jutland 2 26 When HMS Queen Mary exploded at the Battle of Jutland debris from the ship fell on New Zealand among which was a ring bolt This is now in the collection of the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum 134 The South Canterbury Museum in Timaru New Zealand holds the silk naval ensign which flew from HMS New Zealand during all of its naval engagements in World War I including at the Battle of Jutland The naval ensign and a union jack were purchased by the women s branch of the Navy League in Timaru and presented to the ship when it visited Timaru in May 1913 135 136 Ship s mascot edit nbsp Pelorus Jack the ship s mascot in the muzzle of a 12 inch gun 1914 The ship s first mascot was a bulldog donated by a New Zealander resident in London and named after the famous dolphin that greeted ships at French pass in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand The first was discharged dead from the Navy on 24 April 1916 after falling down the forward funnel His will requested not only that his successor be a bull pup of honest parentage clean habits and moral tendencies but also that no Dachshound or other dog of Teutonic extraction be permitted on board the ship except as rations for his successor 132 His successor s service at the Battle of Jutland 137 caused him to become afraid of gunfire and when it was considered it was unlikely he could survive the ship s return voyage through the tropics back to the United Kingdom he was discharged with the rank of leading sea dog and given to the people of Auckland in October 1919 Following six month quarantine Jack was taken under the care of the superintendent of parks 138 Footnotes edit cwt is the abbreviation for hundredweight 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun The times used in this section are in UT which is one hour behind CET which is often used in German works Beatty had intended on retaining only the two rearmost light cruisers from Goodenough s squadron however Nottingham s signalman misinterpreted the signal thinking that it was intended for the whole squadron and thus transmitted it to Goodenough who ordered his ships back into their screening positions ahead of Beatty s battlecruisers 69 References edit a b c d e Burt p 109 a b New Zealand Defence Force A Nation s Gift The HMS New Zealand Story Press release Scoop Independent News Retrieved 11 June 2012 Roberts pp 28 29 Roberts pp 43 44 A Battleship s Engine Rooms Press Christchurch 17 April 1913 Retrieved 8 September 2022 This contemporary newspaper article provides a description of a visit to the ship s engine and boiler rooms Roberts pp 76 80 Roberts pp 81 84 a b Campbell 1978 p 14 Roberts p 112 Roberts pp 90 91 Roberts p 83 Campbell 1978 p 13 Roberts pp 92 93 a b Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 186 Roberts p 113 Layman pp 114 115 Roberts p 92 a b c Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 189 Gordon pp 11 12 Burt p 116 Frame p 71 Lambert p 64 Lambert pp 64 65 Lambert pp 64 67 Roberts pp 29 31 a b c d e HMS New Zealand A Grim and Formidable Fighting Machine Collections Te Papa Retrieved 11 June 2012 Wright 2021 pp 72 74 a b c d Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 62 a b Naval Crisis and Gift of HMS New Zealand Torpedo Bay Museum 4 November 2015 Retrieved 19 May 2022 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 70 Johnston amp Buxton p 134 Johnston amp Buxton p 241 Johnston amp Buxton pp 191 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 136 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 63 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 74 The Dominions and the Navy First Colonial Dreadnought The New Zealand Launched Dominion Wellington 11 August 1911 Retrieved 20 March 2022 Johnston amp Buxton pp 132 167 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 82 a b c Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 83 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 85 Johnston amp Buxton p 152 RNZN Museum HMS New Zealand Royal New Zealand Navy Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 Retrieved 21 May 2010 a b c Burt p 117 Captain Alexander David Boyle Torpedo Bay Museum 4 November 2015 Retrieved 26 August 2022 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 87 a b Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire pp 88 90 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire pp 91 92 a b H M S New Zealand Press Christchurch 28 January 1919 Retrieved 8 September 2022 This newspaper article lists all of silverware and trophies given to New Zealand up until January 1919 It also notes that upon the outbreak of the war that Halsey did not put them on shore for safe keeping He was of the opinion that their donors would have preferred that they not be separated from the battlecruiser and if she was sunk should go down with her Subsequent captains continued this policy a b c d e f g h i Hill Marguerite 8 June 2016 The Taonga of HMS New Zealand WW100 Retrieved 10 August 2022 HMS New Zealand in Wellington Ministry for Culture and Heritage 7 April 2008 Retrieved 21 May 2010 a b c Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire pp 104 109 H M S New Zealand s Tiki Press Christchurch 2 February 1918 Retrieved 19 August 2022 Mansfield Bill 9 July 2013 Law of the Sea Control of the Oceans Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2020 Maori Chiefs Visit Warship Evening Post Wellington 18 April 1913 Retrieved 18 June 2022 a b Maori Greetings New Zealand Times 22 April 1913 Retrieved 29 August 2022 a b c d Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 110 H M S New Zealand Leaving Auckland To Day Ashburton Guardian Ashburton 28 June 1913 Retrieved 18 June 2021 New Zealand HMS Torpedo Bay Museum Retrieved 10 June 2022 a b Burt p 118 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 112 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 119 Tarrant p 24 Massie pp 109 113 a b c Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey GCMG GCVO KCIE CB DLJP 1872 1949 Naval Historical Society of Australia 30 September 1975 Retrieved 26 December 2009 a b Burt p 119 Massie pp 333 334 Massie pp 342 343 a b Tarrant p 31 Massie pp 376 384 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 144 Massie pp 385 406 Preston p 27 Other sources dispute the number of shells fired by New Zealand with Wright s The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 147 stating 151 shells 12 shells of common 12 inch and 139 shells of 12 inch high explosive during the action The Dreadnought Project states 149 made up of 8 shells of common 12 inch and 141 shells of 12 inch high explosive a b c d Roberts p 123 a b c d e f g H M S New Zealand 1911 Dreadnought Project Retrieved 22 August 2022 Jose pp 269 271 a b c d Ross Trevor Wilson 31 December 1975 Battle Cruisers in Collision Naval Historical Review December 1975 Liverpool NSW Australia Naval Historical Society of Australia a b c d Pelvin p 23 Jose pp 272 274 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 153 154 a b Burt p 121 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 153 155 Tarrant pp 69 71 75 Tarrant pp 80 85 Tarrant pp 89 90 Campbell 1998 pp 48 76 Massie pp 595 600 Tarrant p 100 Tarrant p 109 Tarrant pp 130 138 Tarrant pp 149 157 Tarrant p 175 Campbell 1998 p 272 Tarrant pp 177 178 Tarrant pp 178 224 a b Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 180 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 180 The Dreadnought Project states 432 2 of common 12 inch and 41 shells of 12 inch high explosive Other sources state 420 shells were fired Campbell 1978 p 18 a b Howard pp 30 31 Parkes p 517 Marder pp 287 296 New Zealanders Abroad Auckland Star Auckland 8 December 1917 Retrieved 19 August 2022 Newbolt pp 164 165 Jose pp 279 282 303 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 187 Operation ZZ World War One The Great War at Sea Retrieved 13 May 2010 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 188 a b Till p 59 H M S New Zealand Lord Jellicoe s Staff Records of the Officers New Zealand Herald Auckland 25 June 1919 Retrieved 11 September 2022 George Donald MacIntosh Auckland Museum 7 June 2021 Retrieved 27 August 2022 Auckland Naval Officer Posted to the New Zealand New Zealand Herald Auckland 29 March 1919 Retrieved 11 September 2022 H M S New Zealand Distinguished Officers on Board Dominion Wellington 1 July 1919 Retrieved 11 September 2022 Mr Clutha Mackenzie New Zealand Herald Auckland 1 March 1919 Retrieved 11 September 2022 Hansen Penelope February 2006 Mackenzie Clutha Nantes Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 11 September 2022 He was later to edit the booklet The Story of HMS New Zealand for the New Zealand Navy League a b c d e Lord Jellicoe s Tour Incidents on the Voyage Reception in India New Zealand Herald Auckland 6 June 1919 Retrieved 11 September 2022 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 191 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 192 Gordon pp 14 18 21 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 195 a b Gordon p 21 a b Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 196 H M S New Zealand Three Men Discovered on Christmas Island Evening Post Wellington 22 October 1919 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Bailey p 48 a b c Burt p 120 The Daily Colonist 1919 11 11 University of Victoria Libraries 1919 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Wright Matthew 19 July 2020 The Washington Treaty and the Royal Navy s scrapping programmes Navy General Board Retrieved 10 August 2022 Naval Appointments New Zealand Herald Auckland 16 July 1921 Retrieved 12 August 2022 a b c d Dobson p 219 a b c Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 202 a b H M S New Zealand Trophies of Reminder Presentation to the Dominion Otago Witness Dunedin 29 January 1924 Retrieved 12 August 2022 Henderson et al pp 312 313 a b c Pelorus Jack the mascot Ministry for Culture and Heritage 8 June 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2022 HMS New Zealand s Ship s Bell Torpedo Bay Museum 25 January 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2022 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 166 The New Zealand s Flags Timaru Herald Timaru 8 October 1919 Retrieved 22 July 2022 Montgomerie Jack 31 May 2016 Giant battlecruiser flag returns to public view in Timaru on Jutland anniversary Timaru Herald Retrieved 22 July 2022 Wright The Battlecruiser New Zealand A Gift to Empire p 86 New Zealand s Mascot An Able Sea Dog New Zealand Herald Auckland 3 October 1919 Retrieved 16 August 2022 Bibliography editBailey 1977 The Christmas Island Story London Stacey International ISBN 0 905743 08 3 Burt R A 1986 British Battleships of World War One Hardcover 2012 ed Barnsley England Seaforth Publishing ISBN 978 1 84832 147 2 Campbell John 1986 Jutland An Analysis of the Fighting Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 324 5 Campbell N J M 1978 Battle Cruisers Warship Special Vol 1 Greenwich UK Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 85177 130 0 Dobson Aidan M 2022 Warship Gallery The Scrapping of HMS Agincourt New Zealand Princess Royal at Rosyth 1923 1925 In Jordan John ed Warship 2022 Hardcover Oxford Osprey Publishing pp 219 224 ISBN 978 1 4728 4781 2 Frame Tom 2004 No Pleasure Cruise The Story of the Royal Australian Navy Crows Nest Australia Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 74114 233 4 OCLC 55980812 Gordon Andrew Dr 2006 The Best Laid Staff Work An Insider s View of Jellicoe s 1919 Naval Mission to the Dominions In Forbes Andrew Lovi Michelle eds Australian Maritime Issues 2006 SPC A Annual PDF Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs No 19 Canberra Sea Power Centre Australia pp 11 23 ISBN 0 642 29644 8 Archived from the original PDF on 13 June 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Henderson Alan et al 2008 The Gunners A History of New Zealand Artillery Auckland Penguin Group New Zealand ISBN 978 0 7900 1141 7 Howard Grant 1981 The Navy in New Zealand An Illustrated History Wellington and Sydney A H and A W Reed pp 30 31 ISBN 0 589 01355 6 Johnston Ian amp Buxton Ian 2013 The Battleship Builders Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships Hardcover Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 59114 027 6 Jose Arthur W 1941 1928 The Royal Australian Navy 1914 1918 The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 1918 Vol IX 9th ed Sydney Australia Angus and Robertson OCLC 215763279 Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 Retrieved 22 March 2010 Lambert Nicholas 1996 Economy or Empire The Fleet Unit Concept and the Quest for Collective Security in the Pacific 1909 14 Far Flung Lines Essays on Imperial Defense in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman London Frank Cass ISBN 0 7146 4216 9 Layman R D 1996 Naval Aviation in the First World War Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 617 5 Marder Arthur J 2014 1978 From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era 1904 1919 Vol III Jutland and After May 1916 December 1916 Second ed Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 84832 200 4 Massie Robert 2004 Castles of Steel Britain Germany and the Winning of the Great War London Random House ISBN 0 224 04092 8 Newbolt Henry 1996 1931 Naval Operations History of the Great War Based on Official Documents Vol V Nashville Tennessee Battery Press ISBN 0 89839 255 1 Parkes Oscar 1990 1966 British Battleships Warrior1860 toVanguard1950 A History of Design Construction and Armament New amp rev ed Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 075 4 Pelvin Richard 2018 The Battlecruiser Australia 1911 In Taylor Bruce ed The World of the Battleship The Lives and Careers of Twenty One Capital Ships of the World s Navies 1880 1990 Barnsley Seaforth Publishing ISBN 978 0870219061 Preston Antony 1985 Great Britain and Empire Forces In Gray Randal ed Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1906 1921 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press pp 1 104 ISBN 0 85177 245 5 Roberts John 1997 Battlecruisers Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 068 1 Tarrant V E 1999 1995 Jutland The German Perspective A New View of the Great Battle 31 May 1916 London Brockhampton Press ISBN 1 86019 917 8 Till Geoffrey 2014 Understanding Victory Naval Operations from Trafalgar to the Falklands Santa Barbara Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 98724 4 Wright Matthew J 2021 The BattlecruiserNew Zealand A Gift to Empire Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 5267 8403 2 OCLC 1206393324 Further reading editBell Christopher M 2015 Sentiment vs Strategy British Naval Policy Imperial Defence and the Development of Dominion Navies 1911 14 The International History Review 37 2 London Taylor amp Francis 262 281 doi 10 1080 07075332 2014 900817 S2CID 153798301 Carne William 2021 The Making of a Royal Naval Officer Hardcover Lewes England Uniform Press ISBN 978 1913491598 Carne served as a midshipman on HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland Lambert Nicholas A 2002 Sir John Fisher s Naval Revolution Paperback Columbia South Carolina University of South Carolina Press ISBN 978 1570034923 Seligmann Mathew S 2012 The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901 1914 Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War against Germany Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 957403 2 Tracy Nicholas ed 2020 The Collective Naval Defence of Empire 1900 1940 Abingdon on Thames England Routledge ISBN 9781000341621 Wright Matthew J 2001 Blue Water Kiwis New Zealand s Naval Story 1870 2001 Hardcover Auckland Reed Books ISBN 0 7900 0817 3 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS New Zealand ship 1911 A New Zealander at the Battle of Jutland Audio of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle of HMS New Zealand recalling his experiences at the Battle of Jutland Auckland s Reception to the Battleship HMS New Zealand Historic film of the battlecruiser steaming into the Hauraki Gulf on 29 April 1913 Taken by Charles Newham Battle of Heligoland Bight LT AD Boyle Extracts from the diary of Lieutenant Alexander David Boyle Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project HMS New Zealand Crew List Crossing the Line Describes the ceremony that occurred when crossed the equator in the Indian Ocean on her 1919 world tour HMS New Zealand H C Gore Extracts Historic film of the battlecruiser during her visit to Otago Harbour taken by Henry Gore in June 1913 HMS New Zealand 1914 1918 Historic film of Sir John Jellicoe and staff aboard the battlecruiser at Portsmouth in February 1919 prior to departure on his tour to Canada Australia and New Zealand H M S New Zealand 1911 The Dreadnought Project Imperial War Museums Lives of the First World War HMS New Zealand at the Battle of Jutland Crew List King George V Inspects HMS New Zealand Historic film of the battlecruiser being inspected by King George V at the Portsmouth Royal Dockyard on 5 February 1913 just prior to departing on her world cruise Present were Rear Admiral Herbert Leopold Heath Winston Churchill Sir Thomas Mackenzie Sir Joseph Ward James Allen Sir John Jellicoe Prince Louis of Battenberg and Sir Hedworth Meux Objects related to HMS New Zealand from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Record of HMS New Zealand from RNZN History The Bulldog and the Battlecruiser The 1913 Voyage of HMS New Zealand Auckland War Memorial Museum Te Paenga Hira and Torpedo Bay Navy Museum Te Waka Huia O Te Taua Moana O Aotearoa Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HMS New Zealand 1911 amp oldid 1217298925, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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