fbpx
Wikipedia

Disarmament

January 19, 2024

Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear arms. General and Complete Disarmament was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all WMD, coupled with the “balanced reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments, based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security.”[1]

Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares in the United Nations garden (1957)

History edit

At the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 government delegations debated about disarmament and the creation of an international court with binding powers. The court was considered necessary because it was understood that nation-states could not disarm into a vacuum. After World War I revulsion at the futility and tremendous cost of the war was widespread. A commonly held belief was that the cause of the war had been the escalating buildup of armaments in the previous half century among the great powers (see Anglo-German naval arms race). Although the Treaty of Versailles effectively disarmed Germany, a clause was inserted that called on all the great powers to likewise progressively disarm over a period of time. The newly formed League of Nations made this an explicit goal in the covenant of the league, which committed its signatories to reduce armaments 'to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations'.[2]

 
Battleships being dismantled for scrap in Philadelphia Navy Yard, after the Washington Naval Treaty imposed limits on capital ships
 
Martin Kobler addresses attendees at a disarmament ceremony in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo.

One of the earliest successful achievements in disarmament was obtained with the Washington Naval Treaty. Signed by the governments of Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy, it prevented the continued construction of capital ships and limited ships of other classification to under 10,000 tons displacement. The size of the three country's navies (the Royal Navy, United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy) was set at the ratio 5-5-3.[3]

In 1921 the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments was set up by the League of Nations to explore possibilities for disarmament. It was made up not of government representatives but of famous individuals who rarely agreed. Proposals ranged from abolishing chemical warfare and strategic bombing to the limitation of more conventional weapons, such as tanks. A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was vetoed by Great Britain, who feared that this pledge would strain its own commitment to police its British Empire. [4]

Another commission in 1926, set up to explore the possibilities for the reduction of army size, met similar difficulties. However acting outside the League. French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg drafted a treaty known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which denounced war of aggression. There were 65 signatories to the pact, but it set out no guidelines for action in the event of a war. It was in 1946 used to convict and execute Nazi leaders of war crimes.[5] [6]

A final attempt was made at the Geneva Disarmament Conference from 1932 to 1937, chaired by former British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson. Germany demanded the revision of the Versailles Treaty and the granting of military parity with the other powers, while France was determined to keep Germany demilitarised for its own security. Meanwhile, the British and Americans were not willing to offer France security commitments in exchange for conciliation with Germany. The talks broke down in 1933, when Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from the conference.[7]

Nuclear disarmament edit

Main article: Nuclear disarmament
 
United States and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006. These numbers include warheads not actively deployed, including those on reserve status or scheduled for dismantlement. Stockpile totals do not necessarily reflect nuclear capabilities since they ignore size, range, type, and delivery mode.
 
Workers cut launch tubes for nuclear missiles as part of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program.

Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

In the United Kingdom, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) held an inaugural public meeting at Central Hall, Westminster, on 17 February 1958, attended by five thousand people. After the meeting a few hundred left to demonstrate at Downing Street.[8][9]

CND's declared policies were the unconditional renunciation of the use, production of or dependence upon nuclear weapons by Britain and the bringing about of a general disarmament convention. The first Aldermaston March was organised by the CND and took place at Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square, London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons.[10][11] The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.

In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy gave a speech before the UN General Assembly where he announced the US "intention to challenge the Soviet Union, not to an arms race, but to a peace race – to advance together step by step, stage by stage, until general and complete disarmament has been achieved." He went on to call for a global general and complete disarmament, offering a rough outline for how this could be accomplished:

The program to be presented to this assembly - for general and complete disarmament under effective international control - moves to bridge the gap between those who insist on a gradual approach and those who talk only of the final and total achievement. It would create machinery to keep the peace as it destroys the machinery of war. It would proceed through balanced and safeguarded stages designed to give no state a military advantage over another. It would place the final responsibility for verification and control where it belongs, not with the big powers alone, not with one's adversary or one's self, but in an international organization within the framework of the United Nations. It would assure that indispensable condition of disarmament - true inspection - and apply it in stages proportionate to the stage of disarmament. It would cover delivery systems as well as weapons. It would ultimately halt their production as well as their testing, their transfer as well as their possession. It would achieve under the eyes of an international disarmament organization, a steady reduction in force, both nuclear and conventional, until it has abolished all armies and all weapons except those needed for internal order and a new United Nations Peace Force. And it starts that process now, today, even as the talks begin. In short, general and complete disarmament must no longer be a slogan, used to resist the first steps. It is no longer to be a goal without means of achieving it, without means of verifying its progress, without means of keeping the peace. It is now a realistic plan, and a test - a test of those only willing to talk and a test of those willing to act.[12]

Major nuclear disarmament groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Greenpeace and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.[13][14] Following decades of campaigning the New Zealand government banned nuclear-armed and powered ships from entering the country’s territorial waters in 1984 with the ban later extended to cover land and airspace.[15]

Police disarmament edit

 
Black Lives Matter banner reading "End gun violence, disarm the police" during the George Floyd protests in Columbus, Ohio

The police disarmament movement is a political movement that advocates disarming police officers and law enforcement officers who regularly carry weaponry, such as those in the United States. Proposed police disarmament methods range from simply emphasizing de-escalation and less-lethal alternatives over lethal force; to limiting police access to firearms to specific units (such as police tactical units or authorised firearms officers) or to when authorized or necessary; to defunding or replacing police with other systems of public safety. The concept dates back to the 1900s and has historically been championed by anarchists and libertarians alike.

Proponents of police disarmament cite police brutality and militarization, safety and trust concerns, and the potential in other public safety apparatuses instead of armed police, as factors that make police disarmament ideal or necessary. Critics of police disarmament argue the concept is unrealistic, citing the need for police officers to defend themselves, the inability of unarmed public safety agents to effectively handle violent crime and terrorism, and the necessity of law enforcement to maintain society.

Disarmament conferences and treaties edit

Naval edit

Weapons of Mass Destruction edit

Main article: List of weapons of mass destruction treaties

Space edit

Main article: Militarisation of space

Definitions of disarmament edit

In his definition of "disarmament", David Carlton writes in the Oxford University Press political dictionary, "But confidence in such measures of arms control, especially when unaccompanied by extensive means of verification, has not been strengthened by the revelation that the Soviet Union in its last years successfully concealed consistent and systematic cheating on its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention." He also notes, "Now a freeze or a mutually agreed increase is not strictly speaking disarmament at all. And such measures may not even be intended to be a first step towards any kind of reduction or abolition. For the aim may simply be to promote stability in force structures. Hence a new term to cover such cases has become fashionable since the 1960s, namely, arms control."[18]

References edit

  1. ^ UN General Assembly, Final Document of the First Special Session on Disarmament November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, para. 22.
  2. ^ Trevor N. Dupuy, and Gay M. Hammerman, eds. A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (1973).
  3. ^ Marriott, Leo (2005), Treaty Cruisers: The First International Warship Building Competition, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, ISBN 1-84415-188-3
  4. ^ Andrew Webster, "'Absolutely Irresponsible Amateurs': The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments, 1921–1924." Australian Journal of Politics & History 54.3 (2008): 373-388.
  5. ^ Julie M. Bunck, and Michael R. Fowler, "The Kellogg-Briand Pact: A Reappraisal." Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 27 (2018): 229-276.
  6. ^ , Yale UP, archived from the original on 2012-05-09
  7. ^ "The League And Disarmament: A Story Of Failure".
  8. ^ John Minnion and Philip Bolsover (eds), The CND Story, Allison and Busby, 1983, ISBN 0-85031-487-9.
  9. ^ "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)". Spartacus-Educational.com. from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  10. ^ A brief history of CND
  11. ^ "Early defections in march to Aldermaston". Guardian Unlimited. 1958-04-05.
  12. ^ "Address by President John F. Kennedy to the UN General Assembly". U.S. Department of State.
  13. ^ Jonathan Schell. The Spirit of June 12 2017-03-26 at the Wayback Machine The Nation, July 2, 2007.
  14. ^ 1982 - a million people march in New York City June 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Temocin, Pinar (2022-01-21). "From Protest to Politics: The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear-free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
  16. ^ Digest; Review of Reviews Incorporating Literary Digest. Funk and Wagnalls. 1921. p. 6-PA44. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  17. ^ The UN office at Geneva – Disarmament in Geneva
  18. ^ disarmament: Definition and Much More from Answers.com

Further reading edit

  • Cuthbertson, Ian, and Peter ME Volten. The Guns Fall Silent: The End of the Cold War and the Future of Conventional Disarmament (Routledge, 2019).
  • Dupuy, Trevor N., and Gay M. Hammerman, eds. A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (1973), 629 pp.
  • Eloranta, Jari. "Why did the League of Nations fail?." Cliometrica 5.1 (2011): 27-52. online[dead link] on League of Nations
  • Feldman, Jonathan M. "From the From Warfare State to 'Shadow State': Militarism, Economic Depletion and Reconstruction," Social Text, 91, Volume 25, Number 22 Summer, 2007.
  • Kitching, Carolyn J. Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament: 1919–1934 (Routledge, 2003.)
  • Marks, Sally. The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933 (Macmillan, 2003).
  • Melman, Seymour, ed. Inspection for Disarmament (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958).
  • Myrdal, Alva. The Game of Disarmament: How the United States and Russia run the arms race (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
  • Marcus G. Raskin. "Draft Treaty for a Comprehensive Program for Common Security and General Disarmament," in Essays of a Citizen: From National Security State to Democracy (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991): 227–291.
  • Wittner, Lawrence S. Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Disarmament Movement (Stanford University Press, 2009). 254pp online review

See also edit

External links edit

  • United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
  • EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament eLearning Course
  • Disarmament Insight Blogsite
  • Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
  • Archive of Related Writings, Seymour Melman Website
  • , Economic Reconstruction Website
  • Armament and Disarmament, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
  • League of Nations conference listing
  • , Columbia Encyclopedia

January 19, 2024
disarmament, reducing, limiting, abolishing, weapons, generally, refers, country, military, specific, type, weaponry, often, taken, mean, total, elimination, weapons, mass, destruction, such, nuclear, arms, general, complete, defined, united, nations, general,. Disarmament is the act of reducing limiting or abolishing weapons Disarmament generally refers to a country s military or specific type of weaponry Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear arms General and Complete Disarmament was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all WMD coupled with the balanced reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level taking into account the need of all States to protect their security 1 Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares in the United Nations garden 1957 Contents 1 History 1 1 Nuclear disarmament 1 2 Police disarmament 2 Disarmament conferences and treaties 2 1 Naval 2 2 Weapons of Mass Destruction 2 3 Space 3 Definitions of disarmament 4 References 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 External linksHistory editAt the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 government delegations debated about disarmament and the creation of an international court with binding powers The court was considered necessary because it was understood that nation states could not disarm into a vacuum After World War I revulsion at the futility and tremendous cost of the war was widespread A commonly held belief was that the cause of the war had been the escalating buildup of armaments in the previous half century among the great powers see Anglo German naval arms race Although the Treaty of Versailles effectively disarmed Germany a clause was inserted that called on all the great powers to likewise progressively disarm over a period of time The newly formed League of Nations made this an explicit goal in the covenant of the league which committed its signatories to reduce armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations 2 nbsp Battleships being dismantled for scrap in Philadelphia Navy Yard after the Washington Naval Treaty imposed limits on capital ships nbsp Martin Kobler addresses attendees at a disarmament ceremony in Goma Democratic Republic of Congo One of the earliest successful achievements in disarmament was obtained with the Washington Naval Treaty Signed by the governments of Great Britain the United States Japan France and Italy it prevented the continued construction of capital ships and limited ships of other classification to under 10 000 tons displacement The size of the three country s navies the Royal Navy United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy was set at the ratio 5 5 3 3 In 1921 the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments was set up by the League of Nations to explore possibilities for disarmament It was made up not of government representatives but of famous individuals who rarely agreed Proposals ranged from abolishing chemical warfare and strategic bombing to the limitation of more conventional weapons such as tanks A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force Since the onus of responsibility would in practice be on the great powers of the League it was vetoed by Great Britain who feared that this pledge would strain its own commitment to police its British Empire 4 Another commission in 1926 set up to explore the possibilities for the reduction of army size met similar difficulties However acting outside the League French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg drafted a treaty known as the Kellogg Briand Pact which denounced war of aggression There were 65 signatories to the pact but it set out no guidelines for action in the event of a war It was in 1946 used to convict and execute Nazi leaders of war crimes 5 6 A final attempt was made at the Geneva Disarmament Conference from 1932 to 1937 chaired by former British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson Germany demanded the revision of the Versailles Treaty and the granting of military parity with the other powers while France was determined to keep Germany demilitarised for its own security Meanwhile the British and Americans were not willing to offer France security commitments in exchange for conciliation with Germany The talks broke down in 1933 when Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from the conference 7 Nuclear disarmament edit Main article Nuclear disarmament nbsp United States and USSR Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles 1945 2006 These numbers include warheads not actively deployed including those on reserve status or scheduled for dismantlement Stockpile totals do not necessarily reflect nuclear capabilities since they ignore size range type and delivery mode nbsp Workers cut launch tubes for nuclear missiles as part of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear free world in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated In the United Kingdom the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CND held an inaugural public meeting at Central Hall Westminster on 17 February 1958 attended by five thousand people After the meeting a few hundred left to demonstrate at Downing Street 8 9 CND s declared policies were the unconditional renunciation of the use production of or dependence upon nuclear weapons by Britain and the bringing about of a general disarmament convention The first Aldermaston March was organised by the CND and took place at Easter 1958 when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square London to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire England to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons 10 11 The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four day marches In 1961 US President John F Kennedy gave a speech before the UN General Assembly where he announced the US intention to challenge the Soviet Union not to an arms race but to a peace race to advance together step by step stage by stage until general and complete disarmament has been achieved He went on to call for a global general and complete disarmament offering a rough outline for how this could be accomplished The program to be presented to this assembly for general and complete disarmament under effective international control moves to bridge the gap between those who insist on a gradual approach and those who talk only of the final and total achievement It would create machinery to keep the peace as it destroys the machinery of war It would proceed through balanced and safeguarded stages designed to give no state a military advantage over another It would place the final responsibility for verification and control where it belongs not with the big powers alone not with one s adversary or one s self but in an international organization within the framework of the United Nations It would assure that indispensable condition of disarmament true inspection and apply it in stages proportionate to the stage of disarmament It would cover delivery systems as well as weapons It would ultimately halt their production as well as their testing their transfer as well as their possession It would achieve under the eyes of an international disarmament organization a steady reduction in force both nuclear and conventional until it has abolished all armies and all weapons except those needed for internal order and a new United Nations Peace Force And it starts that process now today even as the talks begin In short general and complete disarmament must no longer be a slogan used to resist the first steps It is no longer to be a goal without means of achieving it without means of verifying its progress without means of keeping the peace It is now a realistic plan and a test a test of those only willing to talk and a test of those willing to act 12 Major nuclear disarmament groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Greenpeace and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War There have been many large anti nuclear demonstrations and protests On June 12 1982 one million people demonstrated in New York City s Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race It was the largest anti nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history 13 14 Following decades of campaigning the New Zealand government banned nuclear armed and powered ships from entering the country s territorial waters in 1984 with the ban later extended to cover land and airspace 15 Police disarmament edit nbsp Black Lives Matter banner reading End gun violence disarm the police during the George Floyd protests in Columbus OhioThe police disarmament movement is a political movement that advocates disarming police officers and law enforcement officers who regularly carry weaponry such as those in the United States Proposed police disarmament methods range from simply emphasizing de escalation and less lethal alternatives over lethal force to limiting police access to firearms to specific units such as police tactical units or authorised firearms officers or to when authorized or necessary to defunding or replacing police with other systems of public safety The concept dates back to the 1900s and has historically been championed by anarchists and libertarians alike Proponents of police disarmament cite police brutality and militarization safety and trust concerns and the potential in other public safety apparatuses instead of armed police as factors that make police disarmament ideal or necessary Critics of police disarmament argue the concept is unrealistic citing the need for police officers to defend themselves the inability of unarmed public safety agents to effectively handle violent crime and terrorism and the necessity of law enforcement to maintain society Disarmament conferences and treaties edit1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold Summit 16 1675 Strasbourg Agreement 1675 1899 Hague Peace Conference 1919 Treaty of Versailles 1925 Locarno Treaties 1927 Kellogg Briand Pact 1932 34 World Disarmament Conference 1960 Ten Nation Disarmament Committee 1962 1968 Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee 1969 1978 Conference of the Committee on Disarmament 1979 present Conference on Disarmament CD 17 Naval edit 1908 1909 London Naval Conference 1921 1922 Washington Naval Conference 1927 Geneva Naval Conference 1930 London Naval Conference leading to the London Naval Treaty 1935 London Naval Conference leading to the Second London Naval TreatyWeapons of Mass Destruction edit Main article List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 1970 Non Proliferation Treaty NPT 1975 Biological Weapons Convention BWC 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention CWC Space edit Main article Militarisation of space 1967 Outer Space TreatyDefinitions of disarmament editIn his definition of disarmament David Carlton writes in the Oxford University Press political dictionary But confidence in such measures of arms control especially when unaccompanied by extensive means of verification has not been strengthened by the revelation that the Soviet Union in its last years successfully concealed consistent and systematic cheating on its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention He also notes Now a freeze or a mutually agreed increase is not strictly speaking disarmament at all And such measures may not even be intended to be a first step towards any kind of reduction or abolition For the aim may simply be to promote stability in force structures Hence a new term to cover such cases has become fashionable since the 1960s namely arms control 18 References edit UN General Assembly Final Document of the First Special Session on Disarmament Archived November 17 2015 at the Wayback Machine para 22 Trevor N Dupuy and Gay M Hammerman eds A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament 1973 Marriott Leo 2005 Treaty Cruisers The First International Warship Building Competition Barnsley Pen amp Sword ISBN 1 84415 188 3 Andrew Webster Absolutely Irresponsible Amateurs The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments 1921 1924 Australian Journal of Politics amp History 54 3 2008 373 388 Julie M Bunck and Michael R Fowler The Kellogg Briand Pact A Reappraisal Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 27 2018 229 276 Kellogg Briand Pact 1928 Yale UP archived from the original on 2012 05 09 The League And Disarmament A Story Of Failure John Minnion and Philip Bolsover eds The CND Story Allison and Busby 1983 ISBN 0 85031 487 9 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CND Spartacus Educational com Archived from the original on 2011 05 14 Retrieved 2019 02 27 A brief history of CND Early defections in march to Aldermaston Guardian Unlimited 1958 04 05 Address by President John F Kennedy to the UN General Assembly U S Department of State Jonathan Schell The Spirit of June 12 Archived 2017 03 26 at the Wayback Machine The Nation July 2 2007 1982 a million people march in New York City Archived June 16 2010 at the Wayback Machine Temocin Pinar 2022 01 21 From Protest to Politics The Effectiveness of Civil Society in shaping the Nuclear free Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand The Commons Social Change Library Retrieved 2023 03 03 Digest Review of Reviews Incorporating Literary Digest Funk and Wagnalls 1921 p 6 PA44 Retrieved 2023 05 10 The UN office at Geneva Disarmament in Geneva disarmament Definition and Much More from Answers comFurther reading editCuthbertson Ian and Peter ME Volten The Guns Fall Silent The End of the Cold War and the Future of Conventional Disarmament Routledge 2019 Dupuy Trevor N and Gay M Hammerman eds A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament 1973 629 pp Eloranta Jari Why did the League of Nations fail Cliometrica 5 1 2011 27 52 online dead link on League of NationsFeldman Jonathan M From the From Warfare State to Shadow State Militarism Economic Depletion and Reconstruction Social Text 91 Volume 25 Number 22 Summer 2007 Kitching Carolyn J Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament 1919 1934 Routledge 2003 Marks Sally The Illusion of Peace International Relations in Europe 1918 1933 Macmillan 2003 Melman Seymour ed Inspection for Disarmament New York Columbia University Press 1958 Myrdal Alva The Game of Disarmament How the United States and Russia run the arms race New York Pantheon 1978 Marcus G Raskin Draft Treaty for a Comprehensive Program for Common Security and General Disarmament in Essays of a Citizen From National Security State to Democracy Armonk New York M E Sharpe Inc 1991 227 291 Wittner Lawrence S Confronting the Bomb A Short History of the World Disarmament Movement Stanford University Press 2009 254pp online reviewSee also editArms control Arms embargo Chemical weapons Guns versus butter model List of chemical arms control agreements Military Keynesianism Nuclear disarmament Decommissioning of Russian nuclear powered vessels Peace dividend United Nations Office for Disarmament AffairsExternal links editUnited Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs EU Non Proliferation and Disarmament eLearning Course Disarmament Insight Blogsite Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Archive of Related Writings Seymour Melman Website Archive of Related Writings Economic Reconstruction Website Armament and Disarmament Stockholm International Peace Research Institute League of Nations conference listing Naval conference Columbia Encyclopedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Disarmament amp oldid 1157637881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.