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Ingvar runestones

January 06, 2023

The Ingvar Runestones (Swedish: Ingvarstenarna) is the name of around 26 Varangian Runestones that were raised in commemoration of those who died in the Swedish Viking expedition to the Caspian Sea of Ingvar the Far-Travelled.

Oslo
Copenhagen
Gothenburg
Stockholm
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Clickable map of the geographic distribution of the Ingvar Runestones in southern Sweden (modern administrative borders and cities are shown)

The Ingvar expedition was the single Swedish event that is mentioned on most runestones,[1] and in number, they are only surpassed by the approximately 30 Greece Runestones and the approximately 30 England Runestones. It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041 with many ships. The Vikings came to the south-eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and they appear to have taken part in the Battle of Sasireti, in Georgia. Few returned, as many died in battle, but most of them, including Ingvar, died of disease.[2]

The expedition was also immortalized as a saga in Iceland in the 11th century, the Yngvars saga víðförla, and in the Georgian chronicle Kartlis tskhovreba, where king Julfr of the saga corresponds to king Baghrat IV.[3]

Beside the Tillinge Runestone in Uppland and a rune stone on Gotland, the Ingvar Runestones are the only remaining runic inscriptions that mention Serkland. Below follows a presentation of the runestones, but additional runestones that are associated with the expedition are: Sö 360, U 513, U 540, U 785, Vs 1-2, Vs 18 and Vg 184.[4] The nine runestones that mention Serkland can also be grouped as a runestone group of their own, in line with the same guidelines that apply to runestone groups such as the Ingvar Runestones and the England Runestones.[5]

The transcriptions into Old Norse are in the Swedish and Danish dialect to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions, while the English translation provided by Rundata gives the names in the de facto standard dialect (the Icelandic and Norwegian dialect):

Uppland

U 439

 
Runestone U 439

This runestone in runestone style Fp and is one of the Serkland runestones. It was located at Steninge Palace, but it is now lost. Johan Bureus, one of the first prominent Swedish runologists, visited Steninge on May 8, 1595, and made a drawing of the runestone which stood by the jetty.[6] Only 50 years later it had disappeared and in a letter written in 1645 it was explained that the stone had been used in the construction of a new stone jetty.[6]

The inscription contained an Old Norse poem.[7] Of the names in the text, Sæbiorn means "sea bear,"[8] Hærlæif means "warrior love relic" or "beloved warrior,"[9] and Þorgærðr is the name of a goddess, Þorgerðr, which combines the god name Thor and gerðr, the latter word meaning "fenced in."[10] Ingvar, the leader of the expedition, has a name meaning "the god Ing's warrior."[11] This runestone is attributed to the runemaster Äskil.[12]

Latin transliteration:

[harlaif × auk × þurkarþr × litu × raisa × stain × þina at × sabi faþur sin × is||sturþi × austr × skibi × maþ ikuari a/a| |askalat-/skalat-]

Runic Swedish transcription:

Hærlæif ok Þorgærðr lētu ræisa stæin þenna at Sæbiorn, faður sinn. Es stȳrði austr skipi með Ingvari ą̄ Æistaland(?)/Særkland[i](?).

English translation:

"Herleif and Þorgerðr had this stone raised in memory of Sæbjǫrn, their father, who steered a ship east with Ingvarr to Estonia(?)/Serkland(?)."

U 644

 
Runestone U 644

This runestone in style Fp is located at Ekilla bro. It is raised in memory of the same man as U 654, below.[13] The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvéttr.[14] Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod's attack on Constantinople in 1043.[14]

The monument is more than 2 metres high, and it was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century during the national revision of historic monuments.[15] It was at the time lying under the stone bridge that crossed the river north of Ekilla.[15] It would remain lying there until 1860, when it was moved with great difficulty by Richard Dybeck.[15] After one failed attempt a crew of 12 men managed to move it out of the water and raise it 25 metres north of the bridge, where it still remains.[15] Next to it, there are two barrows and a monument of raised stones.[15] There were formerly two other runestones at the bridge, but they were moved to Ekolsund in the early 19th century.[15] One of them speaks of the same family as U 644, and it is raised after Andvéttr and his sons Gunnleifr and Kárr (one of the sons has the same name as his grandfather and the other one has the same name as his uncle).[15]

The inscription is finished with a Christian prayer, which shows that the family was Christian.[15] It is of note that andinni ("the spirit") is in the definite form, as this is a grammatic category that does not appear in Old Norse until the end of the Viking Age.[15] It would remain rare even in the medieval Swedish provincial laws.[15] The same form was used on a lost runestone in the vicinity, which, however, was not made by the same runemaster, which suggest that there were two runemasters in the region using the same linguistic innovation.[15]

Latin transliteration:

an(u)(i)(t)r : auk · kiti : auk · kar : auk · blisi · auk · tiarfr · þir · raistu · stain þina · aftiʀ · kunlaif · foþur : sin han : fil · austr : miþ : ikuari kuþ heabi ąntini

Runic Swedish transcription:

Andvēttr ok <kiti> ok Kārr ok Blesi ok Diarfʀ þæiʀ ræistu stæin þenna æftiʀ Gunnlæif, faður sinn. Hann fell austr með Ingvari. Guð hialpi andinni.

English translation:

"Andvéttr and <kiti> and Kárr and Blesi and Djarfr, they raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father. He fell in the east with Ingvarr. May God help (his) spirit."

U 654

 
Runestone U 654

The Varpsund runestone is in style Fp. It is almost three metres tall, and it is located on a promontory between Stora Ullfjärden ("Great fjord of Ullr") and Ryssviken ("Bay of the Russians") so as to be well visible for both those travelling on land and those travelling by water.[16] It contains an Old Norse poem.[17]

The runestone was depicted as early as 1599 by Johannes Bureus, and in the 17th century on a drawing by Johan Hadorph and Johan Leitz.[16] Unfortunately, the names of two of the brothers who are mentioned on the stone were already lost at that time.[16] Luckily, the brothers raised a second stone (U 644, above) at Ekilla Bro a few kilometres to the south of Varpsund,[13] which is why scholars are certain that their names were Andvéttr and Blesi.[16]

The runemaster's name is partially superficially carved and the last rune has disappeared, but it was probably Alrikr.[16] It is a characteristic of this runemaster that the r-rune is used where the R-rune should be. Moreover, the u-rune is probably used on this stone for an u-umlauted a.[16] These are dialect traits typical of the Old Norse dialect of Iceland and Norway (Old West Norse).

The inscription mentions the knarr, which was a larger seagoing trading vessel with ample cargo space.[16] The knarr is mentioned in five other Viking Age runestones, two in Södermanland and three in Uppland.[16] A sixth inscription is found in the medieval church of Sakshaug in the fjord of Trondheim, Norway, where someone has carved the image of a knarr and written in runes "there was a knarr outside".[16]

The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvéttr.[14] Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod's attack on Constantinople in 1043.[14]

Latin transliteration:

+ a--itr : auk · ka(r) auk : kiti : auk : -[l]isi : auk · tiarfr : ris[t]u : stain : þena : aftir : kunlaif : foþur sin ¶ is u[a]s nus(t)(r) · m[i](þ) ikuari : tribin kuþ : hialbi : o(t) þaira ¶ al-ikr| |raistik · runar ¶ is kuni + ual · knari stura

Runic Swedish transcription:

A[ndv]ēttr ok Kārr ok <kiti> ok [B]lesi ok Diarfʀ ræistu stæin þenna æftiʀ Gunnlæif, faður sinn. Es vas austr með Ingvari drepinn. Guð hialpi and þæiʀa. Al[r]īkʀ(?) ræist-ek rūnaʀ. Es kunni væl knærri stȳra.

English translation:

"Andvéttr and Kárr and <kiti> and Blesi and Djarfr raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father, who was killed in the east with Ingvarr. May God help their spirits. Alríkr(?), I carved the runes. He could steer a cargo-ship well."

U 661

 
Runestone U 661

This stone is in style Fp. It is located c. 500 metres south-west of the church of Råby in a gravefield with c. 175 registered pre-historic monuments.[3] Among these monuments, there are many raised stones, mostly in stone circles, 34 barrows and a triangular cairn.[3] The runestone contains an Old Norse poem.[18]

The runestone was examined in the early 17th century by Johannes Bureus and it was included in his book Monumenta Sveo-Gothica Hactenus Expulta.[3]

The artwork of the stone is in line with many of the other Ingvar runestones, but it is debated whether they were made by the same runemaster or not.[3] It is of note that the u-rune appears to be used for an u-umlauted a,[3] an umlaut which existed in Sweden, but was typical of the dialect of Iceland and Norway (Old West Norse).

Latin transliteration:

kairui × auk × kula × ristu × stain þina × aftir × ąnunt × fąþur sia is uas × austr × tauþr × miþ × ikuari × kuþ × hialbi ąt × ąnutar

Runic Swedish transcription:

Gæiʀvī ok Gulla ræistu stæin þenna æftiʀ Anund, faður sinn. Es vas austr dauðr með Ingvari. Guð hialpi and Anundaʀ.

English translation:

"Geirvé and Gulla raised this stone in memory of Ǫnundr, their father, who died in the east with Ingvarr. May God help Ǫnundr's spirit."

U 778

 
Runestone U 778

This stone is in runestone style Fp and was carved by the runemaster Áskell. It is located in the porch of the church of Svinnegarn. It contains an Old Norse poem.[19]

The text refers to the lið of Ingvar. This word, translated by Rundata as "retinue," is often used in reference to the Þingalið, the Scandinavian forces that served the English kings from 1013–1066, and is used that way on runestone U 668. It has been suggested that lið could also refer to a "collection of ships."[20]

Latin transliteration:

þialfi × auk × hulmnlauk × litu × raisa × staina þisa × ala × at baka × sun sin × is ati × ain × sir × skib × auk × austr × stu[rþi ×] i × ikuars × liþ × kuþ hialbi × ąt × baka × ask(i)l × raist

Runic Swedish transcription:

Þialfi ok Holmlaug lētu ræisa stæina þessa alla at Banka/Bagga, sun sinn. Es ātti æinn sēʀ skip ok austr stȳrði ī Ingvars lið. Guð hialpi and Banka/Bagga. Æskell ræist.

English translation:

"Þjalfi and Holmlaug had all of these stones raised in memory of Banki/Baggi, their son, who alone owned a ship and steered to the east in Ingvarr's retinue. May God help Banki's/Baggi's spirit. Áskell carved."

U 837

 
Runestone U 837

This stone is located in Alsta, Nysätra. It was discovered in the 1940s by a local boy, and an unsuccessful search was initiated to find the remaining parts. It is presently located in the forest about 100 metres from the road. Its identity as an Ingvar runestone is based on the remaining runes -rs + liþ, which agree with ikuars × liþ ("Ingvar's retinue") on runestone U 778.

Latin transliteration:

... ...k × hulmk... ... ...(r)s + liþ × kuþ × hialb(i) ...

Runic Swedish transcription:

... [o]k Holmg[æiʀʀ](?) ... [Ingva]rs(?) lið. Guð hialpi ...

English translation:

"... and Holmgeirr(?) ... Ingvarr's(?) retinue. May God help ..."

U 1143

 
Runestone U 1143

This stone is located at the church of Tierp. It is tentatively categorized as style Pr1. Although very worn today, the text of the inscription is known from a drawing made by Johan Peringskiöld.

Latin transliteration:

[klintr auk blikr × ristu stin × þinsi · iftiʀ kunu(i)þ] × faþur × sin + han [× foʀ bort miþ (i)kuari + kuþ trutin hialbi ont …](r)[a ·] kristin[a þuriʀ + t]r(ą)(n)[i × ri]s[ti +]

Runic Swedish transcription:

Klintr(?) ok Blæikʀ ræistu stæin þennsi æftiʀ Gunnvið, faður sinn. Hann fōr bort með Ingvari. Guð drōttinn hialpi and [ald]ra kristinna. Þōriʀ [ru]na[ʀ](?)/[Tr]an[i](?) risti.

English translation:

"Klettr(?) and Bleikr raised this stone in memory of Gunnviðr, their father. He travelled away with Ingvarr. May Lord God help the spirits of all Christians. Þórir carved the runes(?) / Þórir the Crane(?) carved."

U Fv1992;157

 
Runestone U FV 1992;157

This stone in style Fp[21] was reported by road construction workers on April 6, 1990. A runologist arrived and noted that it was missing some parts. It was also lying with text upwards and it had probably been dug up and moved by machinery the previous winter from somewhere in the vicinity. The existence of lichen showed that it had not been completely covered by soil. Later in the month, an archaeological excavation uncovered two missing pieces of the stone. On the 23rd it was moved to the museum of Sigtuna and on May 16, it was transported to a stonemason who mended the stone.[22]

The stone is a light grey and finely grained granite, and it is 2.30 m tall and 1.73 m wide. The runemaster does not appear to have prepared the surface much and so the surface is quite coarse, but still the runes are legible. It was made by the same runemaster as the Ingvar runestone U 439 and probably the Ingvar runestone U 661. It is the only Ingvar runestone that talks of the construction of a bridge. The excavation had established that the stone had been located beside a road, and there was once a creek at the location across which the bridge had passed.[22] The reference to bridge-building in the runic text is fairly common in rune stones during this time period and are interpreted as Christian references related to the soul passing the bridge into the afterlife. At this time, the Catholic Church sponsored the building of roads and bridges through the use of indulgences in return for intercession for the soul.[23] There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the 11th century, including runic inscriptions Sö 101, U 489, and U 617.[23]

Since it could not be reerected at its original location, the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration arranged so that it could be installed in the new terminal 2 for domestic flights. It was inaugurated in the terminal with a solemn ceremony by the Civil Aviation Administration on May 17, 1992.[22]

Latin transliteration:

× kunar : auk biurn : auk × þurkrimr × ra-… …tain : þina · at þurst… × bruþur sin : is uas austr : tauþr · m… …ari × auk × karþ… …u þisi

Runic Swedish transcription:

Gunnarr ok Biorn ok Þorgrīmʀ ræ[istu s]tæin þenna at Þorst[æin] brōður sinn, es vas austr dauðr m[eð Ingv]ari, ok gærð[u br]ō þessi.

English translation:

"Gunnarr and Bjôrn and Þorgrímr raised this stone in memory of Þorsteinn, their brother, who was dead in the east with Ingvarr, and made this bridge."

Södermanland

Sö 9

 
Runestone Sö 9

This stone is located in Lifsinge and it is in style Fp. The runemaster used the imagery of the cross in the center to emphasize salvation; the text meaning "may God help Ulfr's soul" surrounds the cross.[24]

Latin transliteration:

barkuiþr × auk × þu : helka × raistu × stain × þansi : at · ulf : sun · sin · han × entaþis + miþ : ikuari + kuþ + hialbi + salu ulfs ×

Runic Swedish transcription:

Bergviðr/Barkviðr ok þau Hælga ræistu stæin þannsi at Ulf, sun sinn. Hann ændaðis með Ingvari. Guð hialpi sālu Ulfs.

English translation:

"Bergviðr/Barkviðr and Helga, they raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, their son. He met his end with Ingvarr. May God help Ulfr's soul."

Sö 96

 
Runestone Sö 96

This stone in style Fp is located at the church of Jäder.

Latin transliteration:

-(t)ain : þansi : at : begli : faþur : sii :: buanta :: sifuʀ :: han : uaʀ : fa... ...

Runic Swedish transcription:

[s]tæin þannsi at Bægli, faður sinn, bōanda Sæfuʀ. Hann vaʀ fa[rinn](?) ...

English translation:

"this stone in memory of Beglir, his father, Sæfa's husbandman. He travelled(?) ..."

Sö 105

 
Runestone Sö 105

This stone in style Fp is located in Högstena, Södermanland. It was raised by Holmviðr in memory of his son Þorbjörn.

Based on other runestones, the wider family connections of those mentioned on this runestone has been reconstructed as follows: Holmviðr was a wealthy landowner who also appears on the runestone Sö 116.[25] He was married to Gýriðr, the sister of Sigfastr, the owner of Snottsta, who is mentioned on runestones U 623 and U 331,[25] but for further information on the family saga of Sigfastr and his descendants, see the articles Gerlög and Inga, and Estrid.

Latin transliteration:

: hulmuiþr : -þi-(s)… …(ʀ) …ur--(r)- su[n] han : uaʀ : fa-in : m(i)- : ikuari ×+

Runic Swedish transcription:

Holmviðr ... [Þ]or[bæ]r[n](?) sun [sinn]. Hann vaʀ fa[r]inn me[ð] Ingvari.

English translation:

"Holmviðr ... Þorbjǫrn(?), his son. He travelled with Ingvarr."

Sö 107

 
Runestone Sö 107

This stone was originally located in Balsta. It was moved to Eskilstuna in the 17th century, and then moved to Gredby in 1930 adjacent to Sö 108 and Sö 109. It is tentatively categorized as style Pr2. The name Skarfr from the inscription translates as "cormorant."[26]

Latin transliteration:

: rulifʀ : raisti : stein : þnsi : at : faþur : sin : skarf : ha[n] uaʀ : farin : miþ : ikuari :

Runic Swedish transcription:

Hrōðlæifʀ ræisti stæin þennsi/þannsi at faður sinn Skarf. Hann vaʀ farinn með Ingvari.

English translation:

"Hróðleifr raised this stone in memory of his father Skarfr. He travelled with Ingvarr."

Sö 108

 
Runestone Sö 108

This stone in style Fp is located in Gredby. The father's name Ulf means "wolf," while the son Gunnulf's name combines gunnr to make "war-wolf."[26]

Latin transliteration:

kunulfʀ : raisti : stein : þansi : at : ulf : faþur : sin : han : uaʀ i : faru : miþ : ikuari :

Runic Swedish transcription:

Gunnulfʀ ræisti stæin þannsi at Ulf, faður sinn. Hann vaʀ ī faru með Ingvari.

English translation:

"Gunnulfr raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, his father. He was on a voyage with Ingvarr."

Sö 131

 
Runestone Sö 131

This stone in style RAK is one of the Serkland Runestones, and it is located in Lundby. When Richard Dybeck visited the grave field in the mid-19th century, someone pointed out a stone which rose only three inches above the ground and which was said to be "written".[27] Dybeck excavated the stone and discovered that it was a runestone with an interesting inscription.[27] In Dybeck's time, there were also the remains of a stone ship next to the runestone.[27]

Skarði is a rather unusual name, but it appears in runic inscriptions in Sweden, Norway and Denmark.[27] The name is probably derived from a word for "score" and it probably refers to someone who is hare lipped.[27] The name Spjóti is also unusual and the unique name Spjót is found on the nearby Kjula Runestone.[27] The word heðan ("from here") is only found in one single Viking Age runic inscription.[27]

The last part of the inscription is an alliterative poem.[27] This kind of verse appears on several runestones and it is well known from Old West Norse poetry.[27]

Latin transliteration:

: sbiuti : halftan : þaiʀ : raisþu : stain : þansi : eftiʀ : skarþa : bruþur sin : fur : austr : hiþan : miþ : ikuari : ą sirklanti : likʀ : sunʀ iuintaʀ

Runic Swedish transcription:

Spiūti, Halfdan, þæiʀ ræisþu stæin þannsi æftiʀ Skarða, brōður sinn.
Fōr austr hēðan
með Ingvari,
ą̄ Særklandi liggʀ
sunʀ Øyvindaʀ.

English translation:

"Spjóti (and) Halfdan, they raised this stone in memory of Skarði, their brother. From here (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr; in Serkland lies Eyvindr's son."

Sö 173

 
The three raised stones at Tystberga.
 
Runestone Sö 173

In the village of Tystberga there are three raised stones.[28] Two of them are runestones called Sö 173 and Sö 374, of which the last one has a cross.[28] Sö 173 is categorized as both style Fp and style Pr2. Both inscriptions are from the 11th century and tell of the same family.[28] They probably refer to Viking expeditions both westwards and eastwards.[28]

The location was first described by Lukas Gadd during the nationwide revision of pre-historic monuments that took place in the 17th century.[28] In a paddock at the state owned homestead of Tystberga there was a flat stone lying with runes and next to it there was another flat stone that was leaning.[28] In addition, there was a large square stone surrounded with rows of smaller stones, which Gadd described as a "fairly large cemetery".[28] Not far from the stones, there were also two giant passage graves, about 20 paces long.[28]

There is a depiction of the cross-less stone from the 17th century, made by Johan Hadorph and Johan Peringskiöld.[28] This depiction has helped scholars reconstruct the parts that are damaged today.[28] The runestone was raised anew by Richard Dybeck in 1864.[28] In 1936, Ivar Schnell examined the stone, and he noted that there was a large stone next to it.[28] When this stone was raised, they discovered that it was also a runestone, and it was probably the one that had been previously described by Lukas Gadd as the "square stone".[28] In the vicinity, Schnell found a destroyed stone without runes which probably was the leaning stone described by Gadd.[28] Since they would hinder agriculture, the three stones were re-erected at a distance of 60 metres, at the side of the road.[28] The stone circle and the other monuments described by Gadd could not be found anymore.[28]

The runes mani can be interpreted in two ways, since runic inscriptions never repeat two runes.[28] One possibility is that it refers to Máni, the moon, and the other alternative is the male name Manni which is derived from maðr ("man").[28] The runes mus:kia are more challenging and the older interpretation that it was Mus-Gea is now rejected.[28] It is probably a nominalization of myskia which means "darken" as during sunset, and one scholar has suggested that it could mean "sunset" and "twilight" and refer to e.g. a hair colour.[28] A second theory is that the name refers to the animal bat.[28] It is also disputed whether it is a man's name or a woman's name, but most scholars think that it refers to a woman.[28] The name Myskia appears in a second runic inscription[29] in Södermanland, and it may refer to the same person.[28]

The last part of the cross-less inscription is both unusual and partly problematic.[28] The word ystarla could without context be interpreted as both "westwards" and "eastwards", but since an austarla appears later in the inscription, it is agreed that ystarla means "westwards".[28] It is unusual, but not unique, that the y-rune ( ) represents the v phoneme.[28] An additional reason for this interpretation is the fact that it would allow the last part of the inscription to be interpreted as a poem in the meter fornyrðislag.[28] This would explain the use of the rune since vestarla permits alliteration with um vaʀit.[28] It is not known whether he refers to Hróðgeirr (Roger) or Holmsteinn, but most think that it is Holmsteinn who had been westwards.[28] The plural ending -u in the verb form dou shows that both Hróðgeirr and Holmsteinn died in the Ingvar expedition.[28]

Latin transliteration:

§A mus:kia/mes:kia : a(u)[k :] (m)an(i) : litu : rasa : ku[(m)(l) : þausi : at : b]ruþur · (s)in : hr(u)þkaiʀ · auk : faþur sin hulm:stain ·
§B · han hafþi · ystarla u(m) : uaʀit · lenki : tuu : a:ustarla : meþ : inkuari

Runic Swedish transcription:

§A Myskia ok Manni/Māni lētu ræisa kumbl þausi at brōður sinn Hrōðgæiʀ ok faður sinn Holmstæin.
§B Hann hafði vestarla
um vaʀit længi,
dōu austarla
með Ingvari.

English translation:

§A "Myskja and Manni/Máni had these monuments raised in memory of their brother Hróðgeirr and their father Holmsteinn."
§B "He had long been in the west; they died in the east with Ingvarr."

Sö 179

 
Runestone Sö 179
A reading of the Gripsholm stone's text in Old East Norse.

The Gripsholm Runestone is one of the Serkland Runestones and it is in style Fp. It is located beside the drive of Gripsholm Castle together with another runestone from the 11th century, Sö 178, but their original location is unknown.[30]

The runestone was discovered in the early 1820s by Wallin, the caretaker of the castle, and it was then forming the threshold of the cellar of the eastern tower of the castle, the so-called "theatre tower".[30] It was under both side walls of the door and also covered with tar, which suggests that it had been part of another construction before being used as construction material for the castle.[30] It would take an additional 100 years before the stone was retrieved from the castle and could be read in its entirety.[30]

The inscription says that it is raised in memory of Haraldr, the brother of Ingvar, and he is believed to have died in the region of the Caspian Sea.[30] A subject that has been vividly discussed is why the runestone is raised only after Haraldr and not after Ingvar, and the most widely accepted explanation is that Tóla was only Harald's mother and that the two men were only half-brothers.[30] It is also possible that there were originally two stones of which one was in memory of Ingvar, but that Ingvar's stone has disappeared.[30] A third possibility is that "brother" refers to brother-in-arms, blood brother, or something similar, and this is a use of the word that appears on one of the runestones in Hällestad in Scania.[30]

One theory proposed by Braun connects this stone to the runestones U 513, U 540, and Sö 279, and it holds Ingvar the Far-Travelled to be the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old.[31]

The second half of the inscription is in alliterative verse of the form fornyrðislag.[30] The phrase to feed the eagle is a kenning which means "to kill enemies".[30]

Latin transliteration:

× tula : lit : raisa : stain : þinsa| |at : sun : sin : haralt : bruþur : inkuars : þaiʀ furu : trikila : fiari : at : kuli : auk : a:ustarla| |ar:ni : kafu : tuu : sunar:la : a sirk:lan:ti

Runic Swedish transcription:

Tōla lēt ræisa stæin þennsa at sun sinn Harald, brōður Ingvars.
Þæiʀ fōru drængila
fiarri at gulli
ok austarla
ærni gāfu,
dōu sunnarla
ą̄ Særklandi.

English translation:

"Tóla had this stone raised in memory of her son Haraldr, Ingvarr's brother. They travelled manfully far for gold, and in the east gave (food) to the eagle. (They) died in the south in Serkland."

Sö 254

 
Runestone Sö 254

This stone is located in Vansta and it is in style Fp.

Latin transliteration:

· suan : auk stain : raistu · stain : at · tos(t)a : faþur : sin : is uarþ : tauþr · i liþi : ikuars : au(k) at · þo(r)stain : auk kt : aystain : alhiltar · s--

Runic Swedish transcription:

Svæinn ok Stæinn ræistu stæin at Tosta, faður sinn, es varð dauðr ī liði Ingvars, ok at Þorstæin ok at Øystæin, Alfhildaʀ s[un].

English translation:

"Sveinn and Steinn raised the stone in memory of Tosti, their father, who died in Ingvarr's retinue, and in memory of Þorsteinn, and in memory of Eysteinn, Alfhildr's son."

Sö 277

 
Runestone Sö 277

This stone is located at the cathedral of Strängnäs, and it is in style Pr2.

Latin transliteration:

u--r : auk : inki:burk : (l)itu : ra... ... ...- : …a at · uerþr · iki : inkuars : ma... ...

Runic Swedish transcription:

ok Ingiborg lētu ræ[isa] ... ... ... <at> verðr ængi Ingvars ma[nna] ...

English translation:

"and Ingibjǫrg, they had raised ... ... ... in memory of ... will not be among Ingvarr's men ..."

Sö 279

 
Runestone Sö 279

This stone is one of the Serkland Runestones and it is located at Strängnäs Cathedral. It is in style Pr2. One theory proposed by Braun connects this stone to the runestones U 513, U 540, and Sö 179, and it holds Ingvar the Far-Travelled to be the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old.[31]

Latin transliteration:

ai... ... ...(u)a : --(a)- ... ...uni ÷ aimunt... ... sunarla : a : se(r)kl...

Runic Swedish transcription:

Æi... ... [hagg]va [st]æ[in] ... [s]yni Æimund[aʀ] ... sunnarla ą̄ Særkl[andi].

English translation:

"Ei-... ... the stone cut ... Eimundr's sons ... in the south in Serkland."

Sö 281

 
Runestone Sö 281

This stone is located at the Strängnäs Cathedral and it is in style Pr2.

Latin transliteration:

(a)lui : lit * kira : kubl : ifti... ... burþur : ulfs * þiʀ * a(u)... ... (m)iþ * ikuari : ą : sirk*la(t)...

Runic Swedish transcription:

vī lēt gærva kumbl æfti[ʀ] ... brōður Ulfs. Þæiʀ au[str]/au[starla] ... með Ingvari ą̄ Særkland[i].

English translation:

"-vé had the monument made in memory of ... Ulfr's brother. They in / to the east ... with Ingvarr in Serkland."

Sö 287

 
Runestone Sö 287 in a 17th-century drawing

This stone was located in Hunhammar, but it has disappeared.

Latin transliteration:

[× antuitʀ : reisti : stin : iftiʀ : huka : bruþur sin eʀ : uar : tauþe(r) : miþ : ink... ...k : iftir : þurkils bruþur : kuþan biarlaukr : irfi : lit : reisa : iftir : biaþr : sin]

Runic Swedish transcription:

Andvēttr ræisti stæin æftiʀ Huga, brōður sinn, eʀ vaʀ dauðr með Ing[vari, o]k æftiʀ Þorgīls, brōður gōðan. Biarnlaugr ærfi(?) let ræisa æftiʀ faður(?) sinn.

English translation:

"Andvéttr raised the stone in memory of Hugi, his brother, who died with Ingvarr, and in memory of Þorgísl, (his) good brother. Bjarnlaugr, the heir(?), had (the stone) raised in memory of his father(?)"

Sö 320

 
Runestone Sö 320

This stone is located in the park of the manor house Stäringe beside the runestone Sö 319. It is in style Fp.

Latin transliteration:

: kaiʀuatr : auk : anutr : auk : utamr : rita : stain : at : byrst(a)in · bruþur : sin : saʀ uaʀ : austr · miþ ikuari : trik : snialan : sun : lifayaʀ ×

Runic Swedish transcription:

Gæiʀhvatr ok Anundr ok Ōtamʀ [lētu] rētta stæin at Bȳrstæin, brōður sinn, sāʀ vaʀ austr með Ingvari, dræng sniallan, sun Līføyaʀ.

English translation:

"Geirhvatr and Ǫnundr and Ótamr had the stone erected in memory of Bjórsteinn, their brother. He was in the east with Ingvarr, an able valiant man, the son of Lífey."

Sö 335

 
Runestone Sö 335

This stone is located at the church ruin of Ärja and it is in style Fp. It contains the word skipari which means "shipmate". This word is found in a second runestone in Södermanland and there are six other attestations in stones from southern Sweden and Denmark.[32] From this usage, it seems that Holmsteinn was a captain of one of the ships of the expedition and Ósníkinn a crew member.[33]

The first rune in the inscription is apparently superfluous, and this can be compared with the fact that the name Ingvar is spelled with two initial i-runes.[32] What name was written in the first runes is not certain, but some scholars have proposed that it was a not hitherto known woman's name Ulfvi.[32] Another proposal is that it was a misspelling of the name Ulfr or the rare name Ulfvid.[32] The name Osnikin appears in half a dozen inscriptions in Uppland and Södermanland and it means, like osniken still does in modern Swedish, "generous."[32]

Latin transliteration:

u ulf=ui : raisti : stain þana| |at bruþur sin : u:snikin saʀ furs : a:ust:arla : maþ : i:ikn:u:ari : ksibari hulmstains

Runic Swedish transcription:

Ulfʀ(?) ræisti stæin þenna at brōður sinn Ōsnīkin, sāʀ fōrs austarla með Ingvari, skipari Holmstæins.

English translation:

"Ulfr(?) raised this stone in memory of his brother Ósníkinn. He travelled to the east with Ingvarr; (he was) Holmsteinn's seaman."

Västmanland

Vs 19

 
Runestone Vs 19

This stone is located in Berga, Skultuna. It is in style Fp and it is made by the same runemaster as runestone Vs 18. It is dated to the 1040s. The name Gunnvaldr in the inscription combines gunnr meaning "war" and valdr meaning "wielder" or "keeper," while the name Ormr means "serpent" or "dragon."[26]

Latin transliteration:

khu[nal-](r) · [(l)it … stain · þinsa ef]tir · horm · stob sen · trek| |ku-…n · auk · uas · farin · (o)(s)-r · miþ · ikuari · hiolbi k[-þ · salu h…ns ·]

Runic Swedish transcription:

Gunnal[d]r lēt [ræisa] stæin þennsa æftiʀ Orm, stiūp sinn, dræng gō[ða]n, ok vas farinn aus[t]r með Ingvari. Hialpi G[u]ð sālu h[a]ns.

English translation:

"Gunnvaldr had this stone raised in memory of Ormr, his stepson, a good valiant man. And (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr. May God help his soul."

Östergötland

Ög 145

 
Runestone Ög 145

This stone is located at the church of Dagsberg.

Latin transliteration:

ur : sin : eʀ : furs : ... hilfnai : (a)(u)str

Runic Swedish transcription:

[fað]ur/[brōð]ur sinn, eʀ fōrs ... hælfningi(?) austr.

English translation:

"his father/ brother, who perished ... troop(?) in the east."

Ög 155

 
Runestone Ög 155

This stone is tentatively categorized as style RAK. It is located in Sylten, and it is the southernmost of the Ingvar runestones.[34] It was known in the 17th century and a drawing by Johan Hadorph, Petrus Helgonius and Petrus Törnewall is preserved.[34] Later, the stone was toppled and partially covered with soil. In 1896, it was re-erected by the owner of the homestead of Bjällbrunna and moved a small distance.[34]

The word helfningr (appears in the dative case as the eastern dialectal form hælfningi) is originally a word for "half" but it could also mean "troop."[34] It only appears in one additional runestone, which is located at the church of Dagsberg in Östergötland (see Ög 145).[34]

The i-rune can represent both the i and the e phonemes, which means that the first name can be interpreted both as the woman's name Þorfríðr and the man's name Þorfreðr.[34] It is consequently not known whether it was the mother or the father who raised the stone.[34]

Ásgautr was a common name which appears in about 30 runic inscriptions.[34] Gauti (modern Göte) was, however, rare in the runic inscriptions of the Viking Age and the only additional runestone where it appears is on U 516[34] (although damaged or unclear inscriptions on runestones Sö 14, G 65, and Norway's N 331 also have words translated as the name Gauti). It is believed to mean an inhabitant of Götaland, i.e. a Geat.[34] The personal name element Gaut appears, however, in not only this part of Scandinavia but also in Svealand and in Denmark.[34]

Latin transliteration:

þurfriþ × risti × eftiʀ × askut × auk × kauta sunu × sina × stin × þasi × han × kuti × etaþis × i × ikuars × hilfniki ×

Runic Swedish transcription:

Þorfrīðr/Þorfreðr ræisti æftiʀ Āsgaut ok Gauta, sunu sina, stæin þannsi. Hann Gauti ændaðis ī Ingvars hælfningi.

English translation:

"Þorfríðr/Þorfreðr raised this stone in memory of Ásgautr and Gauti, her/his sons. Gauti met his end in Ingvarr's troop."

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Pritsak 1981: 424
  2. ^ Thunberg 2010: 5-17
  3. ^ a b c d e f The article Råby 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine at the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  4. ^ Pritsak 1981: 451–53
  5. ^ Thunberg 2011: 84-85
  6. ^ a b An article at the homepage of the local heritage society of Märsta. 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved January 14, 2007.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  8. ^ Ferguson 1883: 63.
  9. ^ Yonge 1884:lxxv.
  10. ^ Orchard 1997: 54.
  11. ^ Yonge 1884: lxxix.
  12. ^ Jansson 1987: 44.
  13. ^ a b Pritsak 1981: 452
  14. ^ a b c d Pritsak 1981: 457
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The article Ekilla bro 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine at the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i The article Varpsund 2011-06-01 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  19. ^ U 778 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. 2006-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Jesch 2001: 190–91.
  21. ^ Entry U Fv1992 in Rundata.
  22. ^ a b c Gustavson 1992: 156–58
  23. ^ a b Gräslund 2003: 490–92.
  24. ^ Andrén 2003: 413–14.
  25. ^ a b Pritsak 1981: 455–57
  26. ^ a b c Entry in Icelandic-English Dictionary (1878).
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i The article Lundby 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The article Tystberga 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  29. ^ According to Rundata it is the runestone Sö 13.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The article Gripsholm 2011-02-03 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved July 5, 2007.
  31. ^ a b Pritsak 1981: 425
  32. ^ a b c d e The article Ärja öderkyrka 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.
  33. ^ Jesch 2001: 185.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The article Sylten 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board, retrieved May 20, 2007.

Sources

  • Andrén, Anders (2003). "The Meaning of Animal Art: An Interpretation of Scandinavian Rune-Stones". In Veit, Ulrich (ed.). Spuren und Botschaften: Interpretationen Materieller Kultur. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN 3-8309-1229-3.
  • Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1878). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press.
  • Ferguson, Robert (1883). Surnames as a Science. London: George Routledge & Sons.
  • Fischer, Svante (1999). Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum.
  • Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2003). "The Role of Scandinavian Women in Christianisation: The Neglected Evidence". In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300. Boydell Press. pp. 483–96. ISBN 1-903153-11-5.
  • Gustavson, H. (1992). Runfynd 1989 och 1990, in Fornvännen Årgång 87. pp. 153–74.
  • Jansson, Sven B. F. (1987). Runes In Sweden. Translated by Foote, Peter. Royal Academy of Letters. ISBN 91-7844-067-X.
  • Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-826-9.
  • Larsson, Mats G. (1990). Ett Ödesdigert Vikingatåg. Ingvar den Vittfarnes resa 1036–1041 ISBN 91-7486-908-6
  • Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
  • Pritsak, Omeljan. (1981). The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. ISBN 0-674-64465-4
  • Thunberg, Carl L. (2010). Ingvarståget och dess monument´. (Eng. "The Ingvar Expedition and its Monuments") ISBN 978-91-637-5724-2
  • Thunberg, Carl L. (2011). Särkland och dess källmaterial. (Eng. "Serkland and its Source Material") ISBN 978-91-637-5727-3
  • Yonge, Charlotte Mary (1884). History of Christian Names. London: MacMillan & Company.
  • An online presentation, where some the runestones are available with pictures.
  • Rundata

External links

  • An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark, at the University of Nottingham
  • Drawing of U 1143 by Johan Peringskiöld.
  • Svante Fischer (1999). Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum
  • Carl L. Thunberg (2010). Ingvarståget och dess monument
  • The Ingvar Runestones on Google Maps (after Carl L. Thunberg 2010)

January 06, 2023
ingvar, runestones, ingvar, runestones, swedish, ingvarstenarna, name, around, varangian, runestones, that, were, raised, commemoration, those, died, swedish, viking, expedition, caspian, ingvar, travelled, oslocopenhagengothenburgstockholmclass, notpageimage,. The Ingvar Runestones Swedish Ingvarstenarna is the name of around 26 Varangian Runestones that were raised in commemoration of those who died in the Swedish Viking expedition to the Caspian Sea of Ingvar the Far Travelled OsloCopenhagenGothenburgStockholmclass notpageimage Clickable map of the geographic distribution of the Ingvar Runestones in southern Sweden modern administrative borders and cities are shown The Ingvar expedition was the single Swedish event that is mentioned on most runestones 1 and in number they are only surpassed by the approximately 30 Greece Runestones and the approximately 30 England Runestones It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041 with many ships The Vikings came to the south eastern shores of the Caspian Sea and they appear to have taken part in the Battle of Sasireti in Georgia Few returned as many died in battle but most of them including Ingvar died of disease 2 The expedition was also immortalized as a saga in Iceland in the 11th century the Yngvars saga vidforla and in the Georgian chronicle Kartlis tskhovreba where king Julfr of the saga corresponds to king Baghrat IV 3 Beside the Tillinge Runestone in Uppland and a rune stone on Gotland the Ingvar Runestones are the only remaining runic inscriptions that mention Serkland Below follows a presentation of the runestones but additional runestones that are associated with the expedition are So 360 U 513 U 540 U 785 Vs 1 2 Vs 18 and Vg 184 4 The nine runestones that mention Serkland can also be grouped as a runestone group of their own in line with the same guidelines that apply to runestone groups such as the Ingvar Runestones and the England Runestones 5 The transcriptions into Old Norse are in the Swedish and Danish dialect to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions while the English translation provided by Rundata gives the names in the de facto standard dialect the Icelandic and Norwegian dialect Contents 1 Uppland 1 1 U 439 1 2 U 644 1 3 U 654 1 4 U 661 1 5 U 778 1 6 U 837 1 7 U 1143 1 8 U Fv1992 157 2 Sodermanland 2 1 So 9 2 2 So 96 2 3 So 105 2 4 So 107 2 5 So 108 2 6 So 131 2 7 So 173 2 8 So 179 2 9 So 254 2 10 So 277 2 11 So 279 2 12 So 281 2 13 So 287 2 14 So 320 2 15 So 335 3 Vastmanland 3 1 Vs 19 4 Ostergotland 4 1 Og 145 4 2 Og 155 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Sources 8 External linksUppland EditU 439 Edit Runestone U 439 This runestone in runestone style Fp and is one of the Serkland runestones It was located at Steninge Palace but it is now lost Johan Bureus one of the first prominent Swedish runologists visited Steninge on May 8 1595 and made a drawing of the runestone which stood by the jetty 6 Only 50 years later it had disappeared and in a letter written in 1645 it was explained that the stone had been used in the construction of a new stone jetty 6 The inscription contained an Old Norse poem 7 Of the names in the text Saebiorn means sea bear 8 Haerlaeif means warrior love relic or beloved warrior 9 and THorgaerdr is the name of a goddess THorgerdr which combines the god name Thor and gerdr the latter word meaning fenced in 10 Ingvar the leader of the expedition has a name meaning the god Ing s warrior 11 This runestone is attributed to the runemaster Askil 12 Latin transliteration harlaif auk thurkarthr litu raisa stain thina at sabi fathur sin is sturthi austr skibi math ikuari a a askalat skalat Runic Swedish transcription Haerlaeif ok THorgaerdr letu raeisa staein thenna at Saebiorn fadur sinn Es stȳrdi austr skipi med Ingvari a AEistaland Saerkland i English translation Herleif and THorgerdr had this stone raised in memory of Saebjǫrn their father who steered a ship east with Ingvarr to Estonia Serkland U 644 Edit Runestone U 644 This runestone in style Fp is located at Ekilla bro It is raised in memory of the same man as U 654 below 13 The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvettr 14 Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod s attack on Constantinople in 1043 14 The monument is more than 2 metres high and it was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century during the national revision of historic monuments 15 It was at the time lying under the stone bridge that crossed the river north of Ekilla 15 It would remain lying there until 1860 when it was moved with great difficulty by Richard Dybeck 15 After one failed attempt a crew of 12 men managed to move it out of the water and raise it 25 metres north of the bridge where it still remains 15 Next to it there are two barrows and a monument of raised stones 15 There were formerly two other runestones at the bridge but they were moved to Ekolsund in the early 19th century 15 One of them speaks of the same family as U 644 and it is raised after Andvettr and his sons Gunnleifr and Karr one of the sons has the same name as his grandfather and the other one has the same name as his uncle 15 The inscription is finished with a Christian prayer which shows that the family was Christian 15 It is of note that andinni the spirit is in the definite form as this is a grammatic category that does not appear in Old Norse until the end of the Viking Age 15 It would remain rare even in the medieval Swedish provincial laws 15 The same form was used on a lost runestone in the vicinity which however was not made by the same runemaster which suggest that there were two runemasters in the region using the same linguistic innovation 15 Latin transliteration an u i t r auk kiti auk kar auk blisi auk tiarfr thir raistu stain thina aftiʀ kunlaif fothur sin han fil austr mith ikuari kuth heabi antiniRunic Swedish transcription Andvettr ok lt kiti gt ok Karr ok Blesi ok Diarfʀ thaeiʀ raeistu staein thenna aeftiʀ Gunnlaeif fadur sinn Hann fell austr med Ingvari Gud hialpi andinni English translation Andvettr and lt kiti gt and Karr and Blesi and Djarfr they raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr their father He fell in the east with Ingvarr May God help his spirit U 654 Edit Runestone U 654The Varpsund runestone is in style Fp It is almost three metres tall and it is located on a promontory between Stora Ullfjarden Great fjord of Ullr and Ryssviken Bay of the Russians so as to be well visible for both those travelling on land and those travelling by water 16 It contains an Old Norse poem 17 The runestone was depicted as early as 1599 by Johannes Bureus and in the 17th century on a drawing by Johan Hadorph and Johan Leitz 16 Unfortunately the names of two of the brothers who are mentioned on the stone were already lost at that time 16 Luckily the brothers raised a second stone U 644 above at Ekilla Bro a few kilometres to the south of Varpsund 13 which is why scholars are certain that their names were Andvettr and Blesi 16 The runemaster s name is partially superficially carved and the last rune has disappeared but it was probably Alrikr 16 It is a characteristic of this runemaster that the r rune is used where the R rune should be Moreover the u rune is probably used on this stone for an u umlauted a 16 These are dialect traits typical of the Old Norse dialect of Iceland and Norway Old West Norse The inscription mentions the knarr which was a larger seagoing trading vessel with ample cargo space 16 The knarr is mentioned in five other Viking Age runestones two in Sodermanland and three in Uppland 16 A sixth inscription is found in the medieval church of Sakshaug in the fjord of Trondheim Norway where someone has carved the image of a knarr and written in runes there was a knarr outside 16 The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvettr 14 Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod s attack on Constantinople in 1043 14 Latin transliteration a itr auk ka r auk kiti auk l isi auk tiarfr ris t u stain thena aftir kunlaif fothur sin is u a s nus t r m i th ikuari tribin kuth hialbi o t thaira al ikr raistik runar is kuni ual knari sturaRunic Swedish transcription A ndv ettr ok Karr ok lt kiti gt ok B lesi ok Diarfʀ raeistu staein thenna aeftiʀ Gunnlaeif fadur sinn Es vas austr med Ingvari drepinn Gud hialpi and thaeiʀa Al r ikʀ raeist ek runaʀ Es kunni vael knaerri stȳra English translation Andvettr and Karr and lt kiti gt and Blesi and Djarfr raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr their father who was killed in the east with Ingvarr May God help their spirits Alrikr I carved the runes He could steer a cargo ship well U 661 Edit Runestone U 661This stone is in style Fp It is located c 500 metres south west of the church of Raby in a gravefield with c 175 registered pre historic monuments 3 Among these monuments there are many raised stones mostly in stone circles 34 barrows and a triangular cairn 3 The runestone contains an Old Norse poem 18 The runestone was examined in the early 17th century by Johannes Bureus and it was included in his book Monumenta Sveo Gothica Hactenus Expulta 3 The artwork of the stone is in line with many of the other Ingvar runestones but it is debated whether they were made by the same runemaster or not 3 It is of note that the u rune appears to be used for an u umlauted a 3 an umlaut which existed in Sweden but was typical of the dialect of Iceland and Norway Old West Norse Latin transliteration kairui auk kula ristu stain thina aftir anunt fathur sia is uas austr tauthr mith ikuari kuth hialbi at anutarRunic Swedish transcription Gaeiʀvi ok Gulla raeistu staein thenna aeftiʀ Anund fadur sinn Es vas austr daudr med Ingvari Gud hialpi and Anundaʀ English translation Geirve and Gulla raised this stone in memory of Ǫnundr their father who died in the east with Ingvarr May God help Ǫnundr s spirit U 778 Edit Runestone U 778 This stone is in runestone style Fp and was carved by the runemaster Askell It is located in the porch of the church of Svinnegarn It contains an Old Norse poem 19 The text refers to the lid of Ingvar This word translated by Rundata as retinue is often used in reference to the THingalid the Scandinavian forces that served the English kings from 1013 1066 and is used that way on runestone U 668 It has been suggested that lid could also refer to a collection of ships 20 Latin transliteration thialfi auk hulmnlauk litu raisa staina thisa ala at baka sun sin is ati ain sir skib auk austr stu rthi i ikuars lith kuth hialbi at baka ask i l raistRunic Swedish transcription THialfi ok Holmlaug letu raeisa staeina thessa alla at Banka Bagga sun sinn Es atti aeinn seʀ skip ok austr stȳrdi i Ingvars lid Gud hialpi and Banka Bagga AEskell raeist English translation THjalfi and Holmlaug had all of these stones raised in memory of Banki Baggi their son who alone owned a ship and steered to the east in Ingvarr s retinue May God help Banki s Baggi s spirit Askell carved U 837 Edit Runestone U 837 This stone is located in Alsta Nysatra It was discovered in the 1940s by a local boy and an unsuccessful search was initiated to find the remaining parts It is presently located in the forest about 100 metres from the road Its identity as an Ingvar runestone is based on the remaining runes rs lith which agree with ikuars lith Ingvar s retinue on runestone U 778 Latin transliteration k hulmk r s lith kuth hialb i Runic Swedish transcription o k Holmg aeiʀʀ Ingva rs lid Gud hialpi English translation and Holmgeirr Ingvarr s retinue May God help U 1143 Edit Runestone U 1143 This stone is located at the church of Tierp It is tentatively categorized as style Pr1 Although very worn today the text of the inscription is known from a drawing made by Johan Peringskiold Latin transliteration klintr auk blikr ristu stin thinsi iftiʀ kunu i th fathur sin han foʀ bort mith i kuari kuth trutin hialbi ont r a kristin a thuriʀ t r a n i ri s ti Runic Swedish transcription Klintr ok Blaeikʀ raeistu staein thennsi aeftiʀ Gunnvid fadur sinn Hann fōr bort med Ingvari Gud drōttinn hialpi and ald ra kristinna THōriʀ ru na ʀ Tr an i risti English translation Klettr and Bleikr raised this stone in memory of Gunnvidr their father He travelled away with Ingvarr May Lord God help the spirits of all Christians THorir carved the runes THorir the Crane carved U Fv1992 157 Edit Runestone U FV 1992 157This stone in style Fp 21 was reported by road construction workers on April 6 1990 A runologist arrived and noted that it was missing some parts It was also lying with text upwards and it had probably been dug up and moved by machinery the previous winter from somewhere in the vicinity The existence of lichen showed that it had not been completely covered by soil Later in the month an archaeological excavation uncovered two missing pieces of the stone On the 23rd it was moved to the museum of Sigtuna and on May 16 it was transported to a stonemason who mended the stone 22 The stone is a light grey and finely grained granite and it is 2 30 m tall and 1 73 m wide The runemaster does not appear to have prepared the surface much and so the surface is quite coarse but still the runes are legible It was made by the same runemaster as the Ingvar runestone U 439 and probably the Ingvar runestone U 661 It is the only Ingvar runestone that talks of the construction of a bridge The excavation had established that the stone had been located beside a road and there was once a creek at the location across which the bridge had passed 22 The reference to bridge building in the runic text is fairly common in rune stones during this time period and are interpreted as Christian references related to the soul passing the bridge into the afterlife At this time the Catholic Church sponsored the building of roads and bridges through the use of indulgences in return for intercession for the soul 23 There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the 11th century including runic inscriptions So 101 U 489 and U 617 23 Since it could not be reerected at its original location the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration arranged so that it could be installed in the new terminal 2 for domestic flights It was inaugurated in the terminal with a solemn ceremony by the Civil Aviation Administration on May 17 1992 22 Latin transliteration kunar auk biurn auk thurkrimr ra tain thina at thurst bruthur sin is uas austr tauthr m ari auk karth u thisiRunic Swedish transcription Gunnarr ok Biorn ok THorgrimʀ rae istu s taein thenna at THorst aein brōdur sinn es vas austr daudr m ed Ingv ari ok gaerd u br ō thessi English translation Gunnarr and Bjorn and THorgrimr raised this stone in memory of THorsteinn their brother who was dead in the east with Ingvarr and made this bridge Sodermanland EditSo 9 Edit Runestone So 9 This stone is located in Lifsinge and it is in style Fp The runemaster used the imagery of the cross in the center to emphasize salvation the text meaning may God help Ulfr s soul surrounds the cross 24 Latin transliteration barkuithr auk thu helka raistu stain thansi at ulf sun sin han entathis mith ikuari kuth hialbi salu ulfs Runic Swedish transcription Bergvidr Barkvidr ok thau Haelga raeistu staein thannsi at Ulf sun sinn Hann aendadis med Ingvari Gud hialpi salu Ulfs English translation Bergvidr Barkvidr and Helga they raised this stone in memory of Ulfr their son He met his end with Ingvarr May God help Ulfr s soul So 96 Edit Runestone So 96 This stone in style Fp is located at the church of Jader Latin transliteration t ain thansi at begli fathur sii buanta sifuʀ han uaʀ fa Runic Swedish transcription s taein thannsi at Baegli fadur sinn bōanda Saefuʀ Hann vaʀ fa rinn English translation this stone in memory of Beglir his father Saefa s husbandman He travelled So 105 Edit Runestone So 105 This stone in style Fp is located in Hogstena Sodermanland It was raised by Holmvidr in memory of his son THorbjorn Based on other runestones the wider family connections of those mentioned on this runestone has been reconstructed as follows Holmvidr was a wealthy landowner who also appears on the runestone So 116 25 He was married to Gyridr the sister of Sigfastr the owner of Snottsta who is mentioned on runestones U 623 and U 331 25 but for further information on the family saga of Sigfastr and his descendants see the articles Gerlog and Inga and Estrid Latin transliteration hulmuithr thi s ʀ ur r su n han uaʀ fa in m i ikuari Runic Swedish transcription Holmvidr TH or bae r n sun sinn Hann vaʀ fa r inn me d Ingvari English translation Holmvidr THorbjǫrn his son He travelled with Ingvarr So 107 Edit Runestone So 107 This stone was originally located in Balsta It was moved to Eskilstuna in the 17th century and then moved to Gredby in 1930 adjacent to So 108 and So 109 It is tentatively categorized as style Pr2 The name Skarfr from the inscription translates as cormorant 26 Latin transliteration rulifʀ raisti stein thnsi at fathur sin skarf ha n uaʀ farin mith ikuari Runic Swedish transcription Hrōdlaeifʀ raeisti staein thennsi thannsi at fadur sinn Skarf Hann vaʀ farinn med Ingvari English translation Hrodleifr raised this stone in memory of his father Skarfr He travelled with Ingvarr So 108 Edit Runestone So 108 This stone in style Fp is located in Gredby The father s name Ulf means wolf while the son Gunnulf s name combines gunnr to make war wolf 26 Latin transliteration kunulfʀ raisti stein thansi at ulf fathur sin han uaʀ i faru mith ikuari Runic Swedish transcription Gunnulfʀ raeisti staein thannsi at Ulf fadur sinn Hann vaʀ i faru med Ingvari English translation Gunnulfr raised this stone in memory of Ulfr his father He was on a voyage with Ingvarr So 131 Edit Runestone So 131This stone in style RAK is one of the Serkland Runestones and it is located in Lundby When Richard Dybeck visited the grave field in the mid 19th century someone pointed out a stone which rose only three inches above the ground and which was said to be written 27 Dybeck excavated the stone and discovered that it was a runestone with an interesting inscription 27 In Dybeck s time there were also the remains of a stone ship next to the runestone 27 Skardi is a rather unusual name but it appears in runic inscriptions in Sweden Norway and Denmark 27 The name is probably derived from a word for score and it probably refers to someone who is hare lipped 27 The name Spjoti is also unusual and the unique name Spjot is found on the nearby Kjula Runestone 27 The word hedan from here is only found in one single Viking Age runic inscription 27 The last part of the inscription is an alliterative poem 27 This kind of verse appears on several runestones and it is well known from Old West Norse poetry 27 Latin transliteration sbiuti halftan thaiʀ raisthu stain thansi eftiʀ skartha bruthur sin fur austr hithan mith ikuari a sirklanti likʀ sunʀ iuintaʀRunic Swedish transcription Spiuti Halfdan thaeiʀ raeisthu staein thannsi aeftiʀ Skarda brōdur sinn Fōr austr hedan med Ingvari a Saerklandi liggʀ sunʀ Oyvindaʀ dd English translation Spjoti and Halfdan they raised this stone in memory of Skardi their brother From here he travelled to the east with Ingvarr in Serkland lies Eyvindr s son So 173 Edit The three raised stones at Tystberga Runestone So 173 In the village of Tystberga there are three raised stones 28 Two of them are runestones called So 173 and So 374 of which the last one has a cross 28 So 173 is categorized as both style Fp and style Pr2 Both inscriptions are from the 11th century and tell of the same family 28 They probably refer to Viking expeditions both westwards and eastwards 28 The location was first described by Lukas Gadd during the nationwide revision of pre historic monuments that took place in the 17th century 28 In a paddock at the state owned homestead of Tystberga there was a flat stone lying with runes and next to it there was another flat stone that was leaning 28 In addition there was a large square stone surrounded with rows of smaller stones which Gadd described as a fairly large cemetery 28 Not far from the stones there were also two giant passage graves about 20 paces long 28 There is a depiction of the cross less stone from the 17th century made by Johan Hadorph and Johan Peringskiold 28 This depiction has helped scholars reconstruct the parts that are damaged today 28 The runestone was raised anew by Richard Dybeck in 1864 28 In 1936 Ivar Schnell examined the stone and he noted that there was a large stone next to it 28 When this stone was raised they discovered that it was also a runestone and it was probably the one that had been previously described by Lukas Gadd as the square stone 28 In the vicinity Schnell found a destroyed stone without runes which probably was the leaning stone described by Gadd 28 Since they would hinder agriculture the three stones were re erected at a distance of 60 metres at the side of the road 28 The stone circle and the other monuments described by Gadd could not be found anymore 28 The runes mani can be interpreted in two ways since runic inscriptions never repeat two runes 28 One possibility is that it refers to Mani the moon and the other alternative is the male name Manni which is derived from madr man 28 The runes mus kia are more challenging and the older interpretation that it was Mus Gea is now rejected 28 It is probably a nominalization of myskia which means darken as during sunset and one scholar has suggested that it could mean sunset and twilight and refer to e g a hair colour 28 A second theory is that the name refers to the animal bat 28 It is also disputed whether it is a man s name or a woman s name but most scholars think that it refers to a woman 28 The name Myskia appears in a second runic inscription 29 in Sodermanland and it may refer to the same person 28 The last part of the cross less inscription is both unusual and partly problematic 28 The word ystarla could without context be interpreted as both westwards and eastwards but since an austarla appears later in the inscription it is agreed that ystarla means westwards 28 It is unusual but not unique that the y rune represents the v phoneme 28 An additional reason for this interpretation is the fact that it would allow the last part of the inscription to be interpreted as a poem in the meter fornyrdislag 28 This would explain the use of the rune since vestarla permits alliteration with um vaʀit 28 It is not known whether he refers to Hrodgeirr Roger or Holmsteinn but most think that it is Holmsteinn who had been westwards 28 The plural ending u in the verb form dou shows that both Hrodgeirr and Holmsteinn died in the Ingvar expedition 28 Latin transliteration A mus kia mes kia a u k m an i litu rasa ku m l thausi at b ruthur s in hr u thkaiʀ auk fathur sin hulm stain B han hafthi ystarla u m uaʀit lenki tuu a ustarla meth inkuariRunic Swedish transcription A Myskia ok Manni Mani letu raeisa kumbl thausi at brōdur sinn Hrōdgaeiʀ ok fadur sinn Holmstaein B Hann hafdi vestarla um vaʀit laengi dōu austarla med Ingvari dd English translation A Myskja and Manni Mani had these monuments raised in memory of their brother Hrodgeirr and their father Holmsteinn B He had long been in the west they died in the east with Ingvarr So 179 Edit Runestone So 179 source source source A reading of the Gripsholm stone s text in Old East Norse The Gripsholm Runestone is one of the Serkland Runestones and it is in style Fp It is located beside the drive of Gripsholm Castle together with another runestone from the 11th century So 178 but their original location is unknown 30 The runestone was discovered in the early 1820s by Wallin the caretaker of the castle and it was then forming the threshold of the cellar of the eastern tower of the castle the so called theatre tower 30 It was under both side walls of the door and also covered with tar which suggests that it had been part of another construction before being used as construction material for the castle 30 It would take an additional 100 years before the stone was retrieved from the castle and could be read in its entirety 30 The inscription says that it is raised in memory of Haraldr the brother of Ingvar and he is believed to have died in the region of the Caspian Sea 30 A subject that has been vividly discussed is why the runestone is raised only after Haraldr and not after Ingvar and the most widely accepted explanation is that Tola was only Harald s mother and that the two men were only half brothers 30 It is also possible that there were originally two stones of which one was in memory of Ingvar but that Ingvar s stone has disappeared 30 A third possibility is that brother refers to brother in arms blood brother or something similar and this is a use of the word that appears on one of the runestones in Hallestad in Scania 30 One theory proposed by Braun connects this stone to the runestones U 513 U 540 and So 279 and it holds Ingvar the Far Travelled to be the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old 31 The second half of the inscription is in alliterative verse of the form fornyrdislag 30 The phrase to feed the eagle is a kenning which means to kill enemies 30 Latin transliteration tula lit raisa stain thinsa at sun sin haralt bruthur inkuars thaiʀ furu trikila fiari at kuli auk a ustarla ar ni kafu tuu sunar la a sirk lan tiRunic Swedish transcription Tōla let raeisa staein thennsa at sun sinn Harald brōdur Ingvars THaeiʀ fōru draengila fiarri at gulli ok austarla aerni gafu dōu sunnarla a Saerklandi dd English translation Tola had this stone raised in memory of her son Haraldr Ingvarr s brother They travelled manfully far for gold and in the east gave food to the eagle They died in the south in Serkland So 254 Edit Runestone So 254 This stone is located in Vansta and it is in style Fp Latin transliteration suan auk stain raistu stain at tos t a fathur sin is uarth tauthr i lithi ikuars au k at tho r stain auk kt aystain alhiltar s Runic Swedish transcription Svaeinn ok Staeinn raeistu staein at Tosta fadur sinn es vard daudr i lidi Ingvars ok at THorstaein ok at Oystaein Alfhildaʀ s un English translation Sveinn and Steinn raised the stone in memory of Tosti their father who died in Ingvarr s retinue and in memory of THorsteinn and in memory of Eysteinn Alfhildr s son So 277 Edit Runestone So 277 This stone is located at the cathedral of Strangnas and it is in style Pr2 Latin transliteration u r auk inki burk l itu ra a at uerthr iki inkuars ma Runic Swedish transcription ok Ingiborg letu rae isa lt at gt verdr aengi Ingvars ma nna English translation and Ingibjǫrg they had raised in memory of will not be among Ingvarr s men So 279 Edit Runestone So 279 This stone is one of the Serkland Runestones and it is located at Strangnas Cathedral It is in style Pr2 One theory proposed by Braun connects this stone to the runestones U 513 U 540 and So 179 and it holds Ingvar the Far Travelled to be the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old 31 Latin transliteration ai u a a uni aimunt sunarla a se r kl Runic Swedish transcription AEi hagg va st ae in s yni AEimund aʀ sunnarla a Saerkl andi English translation Ei the stone cut Eimundr s sons in the south in Serkland So 281 Edit Runestone So 281 This stone is located at the Strangnas Cathedral and it is in style Pr2 Latin transliteration a lui lit kira kubl ifti burthur ulfs thiʀ a u m ith ikuari a sirk la t Runic Swedish transcription vi let gaerva kumbl aefti ʀ brōdur Ulfs THaeiʀ au str au starla med Ingvari a Saerkland i English translation ve had the monument made in memory of Ulfr s brother They in to the east with Ingvarr in Serkland So 287 Edit Runestone So 287 in a 17th century drawing This stone was located in Hunhammar but it has disappeared Latin transliteration antuitʀ reisti stin iftiʀ huka bruthur sin eʀ uar tauthe r mith ink k iftir thurkils bruthur kuthan biarlaukr irfi lit reisa iftir biathr sin Runic Swedish transcription Andvettr raeisti staein aeftiʀ Huga brōdur sinn eʀ vaʀ daudr med Ing vari o k aeftiʀ THorgils brōdur gōdan Biarnlaugr aerfi let raeisa aeftiʀ fadur sinn English translation Andvettr raised the stone in memory of Hugi his brother who died with Ingvarr and in memory of THorgisl his good brother Bjarnlaugr the heir had the stone raised in memory of his father So 320 Edit Runestone So 320 This stone is located in the park of the manor house Staringe beside the runestone So 319 It is in style Fp Latin transliteration kaiʀuatr auk anutr auk utamr rita stain at byrst a in bruthur sin saʀ uaʀ austr mith ikuari trik snialan sun lifayaʀ Runic Swedish transcription Gaeiʀhvatr ok Anundr ok Ōtamʀ letu retta staein at Bȳrstaein brōdur sinn saʀ vaʀ austr med Ingvari draeng sniallan sun Lifoyaʀ English translation Geirhvatr and Ǫnundr and otamr had the stone erected in memory of Bjorsteinn their brother He was in the east with Ingvarr an able valiant man the son of Lifey So 335 Edit Runestone So 335 This stone is located at the church ruin of Arja and it is in style Fp It contains the word skipari which means shipmate This word is found in a second runestone in Sodermanland and there are six other attestations in stones from southern Sweden and Denmark 32 From this usage it seems that Holmsteinn was a captain of one of the ships of the expedition and osnikinn a crew member 33 The first rune in the inscription is apparently superfluous and this can be compared with the fact that the name Ingvar is spelled with two initial i runes 32 What name was written in the first runes is not certain but some scholars have proposed that it was a not hitherto known woman s name Ulfvi 32 Another proposal is that it was a misspelling of the name Ulfr or the rare name Ulfvid 32 The name Osnikin appears in half a dozen inscriptions in Uppland and Sodermanland and it means like osniken still does in modern Swedish generous 32 Latin transliteration u ulf ui raisti stain thana at bruthur sin u snikin saʀ furs a ust arla math i ikn u ari ksibari hulmstainsRunic Swedish transcription Ulfʀ raeisti staein thenna at brōdur sinn Ōsnikin saʀ fōrs austarla med Ingvari skipari Holmstaeins English translation Ulfr raised this stone in memory of his brother osnikinn He travelled to the east with Ingvarr he was Holmsteinn s seaman Vastmanland EditVs 19 Edit Runestone Vs 19 This stone is located in Berga Skultuna It is in style Fp and it is made by the same runemaster as runestone Vs 18 It is dated to the 1040s The name Gunnvaldr in the inscription combines gunnr meaning war and valdr meaning wielder or keeper while the name Ormr means serpent or dragon 26 Latin transliteration khu nal r l it stain thinsa ef tir horm stob sen trek ku n auk uas farin o s r mith ikuari hiolbi k th salu h ns Runic Swedish transcription Gunnal d r let raeisa staein thennsa aeftiʀ Orm stiup sinn draeng gō da n ok vas farinn aus t r med Ingvari Hialpi G u d salu h a ns English translation Gunnvaldr had this stone raised in memory of Ormr his stepson a good valiant man And he travelled to the east with Ingvarr May God help his soul Ostergotland EditOg 145 Edit Runestone Og 145 This stone is located at the church of Dagsberg Latin transliteration ur sin eʀ furs hilfnai a u strRunic Swedish transcription fad ur brōd ur sinn eʀ fōrs haelfningi austr English translation his father brother who perished troop in the east Og 155 Edit Runestone Og 155 This stone is tentatively categorized as style RAK It is located in Sylten and it is the southernmost of the Ingvar runestones 34 It was known in the 17th century and a drawing by Johan Hadorph Petrus Helgonius and Petrus Tornewall is preserved 34 Later the stone was toppled and partially covered with soil In 1896 it was re erected by the owner of the homestead of Bjallbrunna and moved a small distance 34 The word helfningr appears in the dative case as the eastern dialectal form haelfningi is originally a word for half but it could also mean troop 34 It only appears in one additional runestone which is located at the church of Dagsberg in Ostergotland see Og 145 34 The i rune can represent both the i and the e phonemes which means that the first name can be interpreted both as the woman s name THorfridr and the man s name THorfredr 34 It is consequently not known whether it was the mother or the father who raised the stone 34 Asgautr was a common name which appears in about 30 runic inscriptions 34 Gauti modern Gote was however rare in the runic inscriptions of the Viking Age and the only additional runestone where it appears is on U 516 34 although damaged or unclear inscriptions on runestones So 14 G 65 and Norway s N 331 also have words translated as the name Gauti It is believed to mean an inhabitant of Gotaland i e a Geat 34 The personal name element Gaut appears however in not only this part of Scandinavia but also in Svealand and in Denmark 34 Latin transliteration thurfrith risti eftiʀ askut auk kauta sunu sina stin thasi han kuti etathis i ikuars hilfniki Runic Swedish transcription THorfridr THorfredr raeisti aeftiʀ Asgaut ok Gauta sunu sina staein thannsi Hann Gauti aendadis i Ingvars haelfningi English translation THorfridr THorfredr raised this stone in memory of Asgautr and Gauti her his sons Gauti met his end in Ingvarr s troop See also EditList of runestonesNotes and references Edit Pritsak 1981 424 Thunberg 2010 5 17 a b c d e f The article Raby Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine at the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 Pritsak 1981 451 53 Thunberg 2011 84 85 a b An article at the homepage of the local heritage society of Marsta Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine retrieved January 14 2007 U 439 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Archived from the original on 2007 09 01 Retrieved 2007 01 14 Ferguson 1883 63 Yonge 1884 lxxv Orchard 1997 54 Yonge 1884 lxxix Jansson 1987 44 a b Pritsak 1981 452 a b c d Pritsak 1981 457 a b c d e f g h i j k The article Ekilla bro Archived 2010 07 06 at the Wayback Machine at the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 a b c d e f g h i The article Varpsund Archived 2011 06 01 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 U 654 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Archived from the original on 2011 04 13 Retrieved 2007 01 14 U 661 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Archived from the original on 2011 04 13 Retrieved 2007 01 14 U 778 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Archived 2006 08 25 at the Wayback Machine Jesch 2001 190 91 Entry U Fv1992 in Rundata a b c Gustavson 1992 156 58 a b Graslund 2003 490 92 Andren 2003 413 14 a b Pritsak 1981 455 57 a b c Entry in Icelandic English Dictionary 1878 a b c d e f g h i The article Lundby Archived 2011 06 07 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The article Tystberga Archived 2007 09 30 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 According to Rundata it is the runestone So 13 a b c d e f g h i j The article Gripsholm Archived 2011 02 03 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved July 5 2007 a b Pritsak 1981 425 a b c d e The article Arja oderkyrka Archived 2007 09 30 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 Jesch 2001 185 a b c d e f g h i j k The article Sylten Archived 2011 06 07 at the Wayback Machine on the site of the Swedish National Heritage Board retrieved May 20 2007 Sources EditAndren Anders 2003 The Meaning of Animal Art An Interpretation of Scandinavian Rune Stones In Veit Ulrich ed Spuren und Botschaften Interpretationen Materieller Kultur Waxmann Verlag ISBN 3 8309 1229 3 Cleasby Richard Vigfusson Gudbrandur 1878 An Icelandic English Dictionary Clarendon Press Ferguson Robert 1883 Surnames as a Science London George Routledge amp Sons Fischer Svante 1999 Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum Graslund Anne Sofie 2003 The Role of Scandinavian Women in Christianisation The Neglected Evidence In Carver Martin ed The Cross Goes North Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300 1300 Boydell Press pp 483 96 ISBN 1 903153 11 5 Gustavson H 1992 Runfynd 1989 och 1990 in Fornvannen Argang 87 pp 153 74 Jansson Sven B F 1987 Runes In Sweden Translated by Foote Peter Royal Academy of Letters ISBN 91 7844 067 X Jesch Judith 2001 Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse Boydell Press ISBN 0 85115 826 9 Larsson Mats G 1990 Ett Odesdigert Vikingatag Ingvar den Vittfarnes resa 1036 1041 ISBN 91 7486 908 6 Orchard Andy 1997 Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend Cassell ISBN 0 304 34520 2 Pritsak Omeljan 1981 The Origin of Rus Cambridge Mass Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute ISBN 0 674 64465 4 Thunberg Carl L 2010 Ingvarstaget och dess monument Eng The Ingvar Expedition and its Monuments ISBN 978 91 637 5724 2 Thunberg Carl L 2011 Sarkland och dess kallmaterial Eng Serkland and its Source Material ISBN 978 91 637 5727 3 Tunstall Peter 2005 The Saga of Yngvar the Traveller Yonge Charlotte Mary 1884 History of Christian Names London MacMillan amp Company An online presentation where some the runestones are available with pictures RundataExternal links EditAn English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark at the University of Nottingham Drawing of U 1143 by Johan Peringskiold Svante Fischer 1999 Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum Carl L Thunberg 2010 Ingvarstaget och dess monument The Ingvar Runestones on Google Maps after Carl L Thunberg 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ingvar runestones amp oldid 1130573701 So 179, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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