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Gossypium

January 01, 1970

"Cotton plant" redirects here. For the city in the United States, see Cotton Plant, Arkansas.
For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see cotton.

Gossypium (/ɡɒˈsɪpiəm/)[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about 50 Gossypium species,[3] making it the largest genus in the tribe Gossypieae, and new species continue to be discovered.[3] The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz, which refers to a soft substance.[4]

Gossypium
Flower of Gossypium herbaceum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Gossypieae
Genus: Gossypium
L.[1]
Type species
Gossypium arboreum
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Erioxylum Rose & Standl.
  • Ingenhouzia DC.
  • Notoxylinon Lewton
  • Selera Ulbr.
  • Sturtia R.Br.
  • Thurberia A.Gray
  • Ultragossypium Roberty

Cotton is the primary natural fibre used by humans today, amounting to about 80% of world natural fibre production.[5] Where cotton is cultivated, it is a major oilseed crop and a main protein source for animal feed. Cotton is thus of great importance for agriculture, industry and trade, especially for tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Consequently, the genus Gossypium has long attracted the attention of scientists.

The origin of the genus Gossypium is dated to around 5–10 million years ago.[6] Gossypium species are distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics. Generally shrubs or shrub-like plants, the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in morphology and adaptation, ranging from fire-adapted, herbaceous perennials in Australia to trees in Mexico.[3] Most wild cottons are diploid, but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago.[6] The tetraploid species are G. hirsutum, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, G. barbadense, and G. darwinii.

Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs, most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1–2 m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multiannual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule called a "boll", each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called ginning. At the first ginning, the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning, the shorter fibres, called "linters", are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous lint). Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (97% of world production), G. barbadense (1–2%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, ~1%).[7] Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.

Selected species edit

Subgenus Gossypium edit

Subgenus Houzingenia edit

Subgenus Karpas edit

Subgenus Sturtia edit

Formerly placed in genus Gossypium edit

  • Gossypioides brevilanatum (Hochr.) J.B.Hutch. (as G. brevilanatum Hochr.)
  • Gossypioides kirkii (Mast.) J.B.Hutch. (as Gossypium kirkii Mast.)
  • Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewton (as G. drynarioides Seem.)[9]

Gossypium genome edit

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated[10] in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, allotetraploid cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, G. raimondii, a wild South American (Peru, Ecuador) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum, the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x.[11] They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Cotton pests and diseases edit

 
Cotton field in Sukhumi Botanical Garden, photo circa 1912
 
Cotton field in Greece

Pests edit

Diseases edit

See also: List of cotton diseases

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  2. ^ "Gossypium". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  3. ^ a b c Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, et al. (2009). "Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus". In Andrew H. Paterson (ed.). Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 3. pp. 3–22. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1. ISBN 978-0-387-70809-6.
  4. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  5. ^ Townsend, Terry (2020). "1B - World natural fibre production and employment". Handbook of Natural Fibres. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 15–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818398-4.00002-5. ISBN 9780128183984. S2CID 212822506.
  6. ^ a b Senchina DS, Alvarez I, Cronn RC, et al. (2003). "Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (4): 633–643. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg065. PMID 12679546.
  7. ^ Chaudhry, M. R. (2010). "10 - Cotton Production and Processing". Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 219–234. doi:10.1002/9780470660324.ch10. ISBN 9780470660324.
  8. ^ "Gossypium". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  9. ^ a b . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  10. ^ Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Dennis E, et al. (Dec 2007). "Toward sequencing cotton (Gossypium) genomes". Plant Physiol. 145 (4): 1303–10. doi:10.1104/pp.107.107672. PMC 2151711. PMID 18056866.
  11. ^ APPDMZ\gyoung. . www.monsanto.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-01-31.

External links edit

  • Central Institute for Cotton Research – located in India.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gossypium.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Gossypium.

January 01, 1970
gossypium, cotton, plant, redirects, here, city, united, states, cotton, plant, arkansas, information, cotton, production, industry, history, applications, cotton, genus, flowering, plants, tribe, gossypieae, mallow, family, malvaceae, from, which, cotton, har. Cotton plant redirects here For the city in the United States see Cotton Plant Arkansas For information on cotton production industry history and applications see cotton Gossypium ɡ ɒ ˈ s ɪ p i e m 2 is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family Malvaceae from which cotton is harvested It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds There are about 50 Gossypium species 3 making it the largest genus in the tribe Gossypieae and new species continue to be discovered 3 The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word goz which refers to a soft substance 4 Gossypium Flower of Gossypium herbaceum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Malvaceae Subfamily Malvoideae Tribe Gossypieae Genus GossypiumL 1 Type species Gossypium arboreumL Species See text Synonyms 1 Erioxylum Rose amp Standl Ingenhouzia DC Notoxylinon Lewton Selera Ulbr Sturtia R Br Thurberia A Gray Ultragossypium Roberty Cotton is the primary natural fibre used by humans today amounting to about 80 of world natural fibre production 5 Where cotton is cultivated it is a major oilseed crop and a main protein source for animal feed Cotton is thus of great importance for agriculture industry and trade especially for tropical and subtropical countries in Africa South America and Asia Consequently the genus Gossypium has long attracted the attention of scientists The origin of the genus Gossypium is dated to around 5 10 million years ago 6 Gossypium species are distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics Generally shrubs or shrub like plants the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in morphology and adaptation ranging from fire adapted herbaceous perennials in Australia to trees in Mexico 3 Most wild cottons are diploid but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1 5 to 2 million years ago 6 The tetraploid species are G hirsutum G tomentosum G mustelinum G barbadense and G darwinii Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs most often grown as annuals Plants are 1 2 m high in modern cropping systems sometimes higher in traditional multiannual cropping systems now largely disappearing The leaves are broad and lobed with three to five or rarely seven lobes The seeds are contained in a capsule called a boll each seed surrounded by fibres of two types These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called ginning At the first ginning the longer fibres called staples are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles At the second ginning the shorter fibres called linters are removed and these are woven into lower quality textiles which include the eponymous lint Commercial species of cotton plant are G hirsutum 97 of world production G barbadense 1 2 G arboreum and G herbaceum together 1 7 Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species Experiments are ongoing to cross breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species such as resistance to insects and diseases and drought tolerance Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white brown green and some mixing of these Contents 1 Selected species 1 1 Subgenus Gossypium 1 2 Subgenus Houzingenia 1 3 Subgenus Karpas 1 4 Subgenus Sturtia 1 5 Formerly placed in genus Gossypium 2 Gossypium genome 3 Cotton pests and diseases 3 1 Pests 3 2 Diseases 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksSelected species editSubgenus Gossypium edit Gossypium anomalum Wawra amp Peyr Gossypium arboreum L tree cotton India and Pakistan Gossypium herbaceum L Levant cotton southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula Subgenus Houzingenia edit Gossypium raimondii Ulbr one of the putative progenitor species of tetraploid cotton alongside G arboreum Gossypium thurberi Tod Arizona wild cotton Arizona and northern Mexico Subgenus Karpas edit Gossypium barbadense L Creole cotton Sea Island Cotton tropical South America Gossypium darwinii G Watt Darwin s cotton Galapagos Islands Gossypium hirsutum L upland cotton Central America Mexico the Caribbean and southern Florida Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex G Watt Gossypium tomentosum Nutt ex Seem Maʻo or Hawaiian cotton Hawaii Subgenus Sturtia edit Gossypium australe F Muell northwestern Australia Gossypium sturtianum J H Willis Sturt s desert rose Australia 8 9 Formerly placed in genus Gossypium edit Gossypioides brevilanatum Hochr J B Hutch as G brevilanatum Hochr Gossypioides kirkii Mast J B Hutch as Gossypium kirkii Mast Kokia drynarioides Seem Lewton as G drynarioides Seem 9 Gossypium genome editThis article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated 10 in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated allotetraploid cotton Allotetraploid means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes referred to as the At and Dt the t for tetraploid to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species The strategy is to sequence first the D genome relative of allotetraploid cottons G raimondii a wild South American Peru Ecuador cotton species because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA retrotransposons mainly It has nearly one third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton AD and each chromosome is only present once clarification needed The A genome of G arboreum the Old World cotton species grown in India in particular would be sequenced next Its genome is roughly twice the size of G raimondii s Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties This strategy is out of necessity if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences respectively Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high quality draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources The public sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs fosmids and plasmids as well as 454 reads These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome In 2010 two companies Monsanto and Illumina completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G raimondii about 50x 11 They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton but a lot of hard work remains Cotton pests and diseases edit nbsp Cotton field in Sukhumi Botanical Garden photo circa 1912 nbsp Cotton field in Greece Pests edit Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Cotton stainer Dysdercus koenigii Cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea and native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera are caterpillars that damage cotton crops Some other Lepidoptera butterfly and moth larvae also feed on cotton see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants Green mirid Creontiades dilutus a sucking insect Spider mites Tetranychus urticae T ludeni and T lambi Thrips Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei Diseases edit See also List of cotton diseases Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata Anthracnose boll rot caused by Colletotrichum gossypii Black root rot caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola Blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum Fusarium boll rot caused by Fusarium spp Phytophthora boll rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica Sclerotinia boll rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Stigmatomycosis caused by the fungi Ashbya gossypii Eremothecium coryli Nematospora coryli and Aureobasidium pullulansGallery edit nbsp A Gossypium hirsutum flower lateral view growing in Barcelona nbsp The same G hirsutum plant with the opening capsule nbsp G hirsutum flower with bumblebee pollinator Hemingway South Carolina nbsp G tomentosum boll nbsp Integrated pest management bollworm trap at a cotton field in Manning South Carolina nbsp Natural biocontrol predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in Hemingway South Carolina nbsp Cotton boll ready for harvest South Carolina nbsp Gossypium Sp Brun MHNTSee also editVegetable Lamb of Tartary a European legendary plant remotely based on cotton References edit a b Genus Gossypium L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2007 03 12 Archived from the original on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2011 09 08 Gossypium Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 2020 05 19 a b c Wendel JF Brubaker C Alvarez I et al 2009 Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus In Andrew H Paterson ed Plant Genetics and Genomics Crops and Models Vol 3 pp 3 22 doi 10 1007 978 0 387 70810 2 1 ISBN 978 0 387 70809 6 Gledhill D 2008 The Names of Plants 4 ed Cambridge University Press p 182 ISBN 978 0 521 86645 3 Townsend Terry 2020 1B World natural fibre production and employment Handbook of Natural Fibres Vol 1 2 ed Woodhead Publishing pp 15 36 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 818398 4 00002 5 ISBN 9780128183984 S2CID 212822506 a b Senchina DS Alvarez I Cronn RC et al 2003 Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium Mol Biol Evol 20 4 633 643 doi 10 1093 molbev msg065 PMID 12679546 Chaudhry M R 2010 10 Cotton Production and Processing Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp 219 234 doi 10 1002 9780470660324 ch10 ISBN 9780470660324 Gossypium Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 2011 09 08 a b GRIN Species Records of Gossypium Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 09 08 Chen ZJ Scheffler BE Dennis E et al Dec 2007 Toward sequencing cotton Gossypium genomes Plant Physiol 145 4 1303 10 doi 10 1104 pp 107 107672 PMC 2151711 PMID 18056866 APPDMZ gyoung Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing www monsanto com Archived from the original on 2016 02 01 Retrieved 2016 01 31 External links editCentral Institute for Cotton Research located in India nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gossypium nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gossypium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gossypium amp oldid 1218777387, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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