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Godzilla

Godzilla (Japanese: ゴジラ, Hepburn: Gojira, /ɡɒdˈzɪlə/; [ɡoꜜ(d)ʑiɾa] ) is a fictional monster, or kaiju, that debuted in the eponymous 1954 film, directed and cowritten by Ishirō Honda.[2] The character has since become an international pop culture icon, appearing in various media: 33 Japanese films produced by Toho Co., Ltd., five American films, and numerous video games, novels, comic books, and television shows. Godzilla has been dubbed the King of the Monsters, an epithet first used in Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), the American localization of the 1954 film.

Godzilla
Godzilla character
Godzilla as portrayed by Haruo Nakajima via suitmation in Godzilla (1954)[1]
First appearanceGodzilla (1954)[2]
Created by
Designed byAkira Watanabe[6]
Teizō Toshimitsu[6]
Portrayed by
In-universe information
Alias
SpeciesPrehistoric monster[24]
FamilyMinilla and Godzilla Junior (adopted sons)

Godzilla is a prehistoric reptilian monster, awakened and empowered after many years by nuclear radiation. With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness,[25] Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons.[26] Others have suggested that Godzilla is a metaphor for the United States, a "giant beast" woken from its "slumber" that then takes terrible vengeance on Japan.[27][28][29] As the film series expanded, some storylines took on less-serious undertones, portraying Godzilla as an antihero or as a lesser threat who defends humanity. Later films address disparate themes and commentary, including Japan's apathy, neglect, and ignorance of its imperial past,[30] natural disasters, and the human condition.[31]

Godzilla has been featured alongside many supporting characters and over the decades, has faced off against various human opponents, such as the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), in addition to other gargantuan monsters, including Gigan, King Ghidorah, and Mechagodzilla. Godzilla has fought alongside allies such as Anguirus, Mothra, and Rodan as well as had offspring, including Godzilla Junior and Minilla. Godzilla has also battled characters and creatures from other franchises, in crossover media—such as King Kong—as well as various Marvel Comics characters, like S.H.I.E.L.D.,[32] the Fantastic Four,[33] and the Avengers.[34]

Appearances

First appearing in 1954, Godzilla has starred in a total of thirty-eight films: thirty-three Japanese films produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd. and five American films, one produced by TriStar Pictures and four produced by Legendary Pictures. He has also appeared in countless other entertainment mediums, which include comic book lines, novelizations, and video games; each appearance expands upon the universe created by the films.

Development

Naming

Although the process of creating Godzilla's first film is comprehensively recorded, exactly how its name came to be remains unintelligible.[35] The most widely accepted report of its origin is that producer Tomoyuki Tanaka named the monster after a sturdy Toho worker Shiro Amikura, the later chief of the theater club of Toho, who was jokingly dubbed "Gujira" (グジラ) then "Gojira" (ゴジラ), a portmanteau of the Japanese words gorira (ゴリラ, "gorilla") and kujira (クジラ, "whale") due to his burly build to resemble a gorilla and his habit to favor whale meat.[36][37][38] The account has been acknowledged by Toho themselves,[36] director Ishirō Honda,[36][39] producer Tanaka,[40][39] special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya,[39] producer Ichirō Satō,[41] and production head Iwao Mori [ja],[40] with Satō and Mori recalling that the employee was named Shirō Amikura.[41][40] However, Honda's widow Kimi dismissed the employee-name story as a tall tale in a 1998 BBC documentary on Godzilla, believing that Honda, Tanaka, and Tsuburaya gave "considerable thought" to the name of the monster, stating, "the backstage boys at Toho loved to joke around with tall stories, but I don't believe that one".[36] Honda's longtime assistant director Kōji Kajita [ja] added: "Those of us who were closest to them don't even know how and why they came up with Gojira."[42]

Toho later translated the monster's Japanese name as "Godzilla" for overseas distribution.[43][42] The first recorded foreign usage of "Godzilla" was printed in the Hawaii Tribune-Herald on November 20, 1955.[44]

During the development of the American version of Godzilla Raids Again (1955), Godzilla's name was changed to "Gigantis" by producer Paul Schreibman, who wanted to create a character distinct from Godzilla.[45]

Characterization

Within the context of the Japanese films, Godzilla's exact origins vary, but it is generally depicted as an enormous, violent, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation.[46] Although the specific details of Godzilla's appearance have varied slightly over the years, the overall impression has remained consistent.[47] Inspired by the fictional Rhedosaurus created by animator Ray Harryhausen for the film The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms,[48] Godzilla's character design was conceived as that of an amphibious reptilian monster based around the loose concept of a dinosaur[49] with an erect standing posture, scaly skin, an anthropomorphic torso with muscular arms, lobed bony plates along its back and tail, and a furrowed brow.[50]

Art director Akira Watanabe combined attributes of a Tyrannosaurus, an Iguanodon, a Stegosaurus and an alligator[51] to form a sort of blended chimera, inspired by illustrations from an issue of Life magazine.[52] To emphasize the monster's relationship with the atomic bomb, its skin texture was inspired by the keloid scars seen on the survivors of Hiroshima.[53] The basic design has a reptilian visage, a robust build, an upright posture, a long tail and three rows of serrated plates along the back. In the original film, the plates were added for purely aesthetic purposes, in order to further differentiate Godzilla from any other living or extinct creature. Godzilla is sometimes depicted as green in comics, cartoons, and movie posters, but the costumes used in the movies were usually painted charcoal grey with bone-white dorsal plates up until the film Godzilla 2000: Millennium.[54]

In the original Japanese films, Godzilla and all the other monsters are referred to with gender-neutral pronouns equivalent to "it",[55] while in the English dubbed versions, Godzilla is explicitly described as a male. In his book, Godzilla co-creator Tomoyuki Tanaka suggested that the monster was probably male.[56] In the 1998 film Godzilla, the monster is referred to as a male and is depicted laying eggs through parthenogenesis.[57][58] In the Legendary Godzilla films, Godzilla is referred to as a male.[59][60]

Godzilla's allegiance and motivations have changed from film to film to suit the needs of the story. Although Godzilla does not like humans,[61] it will fight alongside humanity against common threats. However, it makes no special effort to protect human life or property[62] and will turn against its human allies on a whim. It is not motivated to attack by predatory instinct; it does not eat people[63] and instead sustains itself on nuclear radiation[64] and an omnivorous diet especially cetaceans and large fish.[65][56] When inquired if Godzilla was "good or bad", producer Shōgo Tomiyama likened it to a Shinto "God of Destruction" which lacks moral agency and cannot be held to human standards of good and evil. "He totally destroys everything and then there is a rebirth. Something new and fresh can begin."[63] Tomoyuki Tanaka noted in his book that Godzilla and humanity can become temporal allies against greater threats, however they are essentially enemies due to the difficulty to co-exist.[56]

Abilities

 
Godzilla's atomic heat beam, as shown in Godzilla (1954)
 
Godzilla battles King Kong in King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962). This film attracted the highest Japanese box office attendance figures in the entire Godzilla series to date.[66]

Godzilla's signature weapon is its "atomic heat beam" (also known as "atomic breath"[67]), nuclear energy that it generates inside of its body, uses electromagnetic force to concentrate it into a laser-like high velocity projectile and unleashes it from its jaws in the form of a blue or red radioactive beam.[68] Toho's special effects department has used various techniques to render the beam, from physical gas-powered flames[69] to hand-drawn or computer-generated fire. Godzilla is shown to possess immense physical strength and muscularity. Haruo Nakajima, the actor who played Godzilla in the original films, was a black belt in judo and used his expertise to choreograph the battle sequences.[70]

Godzilla is amphibious: it has a preference for traversing Earth's hydrosphere when in hibernation or migration, can breathe underwater due to pore-shaped gills[68][56] and is described in the original film by the character Dr. Yamane as a transitional form between a marine and a terrestrial reptile. Godzilla is shown to have great vitality: it is immune to conventional weaponry thanks to its rugged hide and ability to regenerate,[71] and as a result of surviving a nuclear explosion, it cannot be destroyed by anything less powerful. One incarnation possesses an electromagnetic pulse-producing organ in its body which generates an asymmetrical permeable shield, making it impervious to all damage except for a short period when the organ recycles.[72]

Various films, non-canonical television shows, comics, and games have depicted Godzilla with additional powers, such as an atomic pulse,[73] magnetism,[74] precognition,[75] fireballs,[76] convert electromagnetic energy into intensive body heat,[77] converting shed blood into temporary tentacle limbs,[78] an electric bite,[79] superhuman speed,[80] laser beams emitted from its eyes[81] and even flight.[82]

Roar

Godzilla has a distinctive disyllabic roar (transcribed in several comics as Skreeeonk!),[83][84] which was created by composer Akira Ifukube, who produced the sound by rubbing a pine tar-resin-coated glove along the string of a contrabass and then slowing down the playback.[85] In the American version of Godzilla Raids Again (1955) titled Gigantis the Fire Monster (1959), Godzilla's roar was mostly substituted with that of the monster Anguirus.[45] From The Return of Godzilla (1984) to Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991), Godzilla was given a deeper and more threatening-sounding roar than in previous films, though this change was reverted from Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992) onward.[86] For the 2014 American film, sound editors Ethan Van der Ryn and Erik Aadahl refused to disclose the source of the sounds used for their Godzilla's roar.[85] Aadahl described the two syllables of the roar as representing two different emotional reactions, with the first expressing fury and the second conveying the character's soul.[87]

Size

 
Teizō Toshimitsu sculpting a prototype for Godzilla's design

Godzilla's size is inconsistent, changing from film to film and even from scene to scene for the sake of artistic license.[63] The miniature sets and costumes were typically built at a 125150 scale[88] and filmed at 240 frames per second to create the illusion of great size.[89] In the original 1954 film, Godzilla was scaled to be 50 m (164 ft) tall.[90] This was done so Godzilla could just peer over the largest buildings in Tokyo at the time.[6] In the 1956 American version, Godzilla is estimated to be 121.9 m (400 ft) tall, because producer Joseph E. Levine felt that 50 m did not sound "powerful enough".[91]

As the series progressed, Toho would rescale the character, eventually making Godzilla as tall as 100 m (328 ft).[92] This was done so that it would not be dwarfed by the newer, bigger buildings in Tokyo's skyline, such as the 243-meter-tall (797 ft) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building which Godzilla destroyed in the film Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991). Supplementary information, such as character profiles, would also depict Godzilla as weighing between 20,000 and 60,000 metric tons (22,050 and 66,140 short tons).[93]

In the American film Godzilla (2014) from Legendary Pictures, Godzilla was scaled to be 108.2 m (355 ft) and weighing 90,000 short tons (81,650 metric tons), making it the largest film version at that time.[94] Director Gareth Edwards wanted Godzilla "to be so big as to be seen from anywhere in the city, but not too big that he couldn't be obscured".[95] For Shin Godzilla (2016), Godzilla was made even taller than the Legendary version, at 118.5 m (389 ft).[96][97] In Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters (2017), Godzilla's height was increased further still to 300 m (984 ft).[98] In Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) and Godzilla vs. Kong (2021), Godzilla's height was increased to 119.8 m (393 ft) from the 2014 incarnation.[99][100]

Special effects

 
Suit fitting on the set of Godzilla Raids Again (1955), with Haruo Nakajima portraying Godzilla on the left

Godzilla's appearance has traditionally been portrayed in the films by an actor wearing a latex costume, though the character has also been rendered in animatronic, stop-motion and computer-generated form.[101][102] Taking inspiration from King Kong, special effects artist Eiji Tsuburaya had initially wanted Godzilla to be portrayed via stop-motion, but prohibitive deadlines and a lack of experienced animators in Japan at the time made suitmation more practical.[citation needed]

The first suit, weighing in excess of 100 kg (220 lb), consisted of a body cavity made of thin wires and bamboo wrapped in chicken wire for support and covered in fabric and cushions, which were then coated in latex. It was held together by small hooks on the back, though subsequent Godzilla suits incorporated a zipper.[54] Prior to 1984, most Godzilla suits were made from scratch, thus resulting in slight design changes in each film appearance.[103] The most notable changes from 1962 to 1975 were the reduction in Godzilla's number of toes and the removal of the character's external ears and prominent fangs, features which would all later be reincorporated in the Godzilla designs from The Return of Godzilla (1984) onward.[104] The most consistent Godzilla design was maintained from Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989) to Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995), when the suit was given a cat-like face and double rows of teeth.[105]

Several suit actors had difficulties in performing as Godzilla due to the suits' weight, lack of ventilation and diminished visibility.[54] Haruo Nakajima, who portrayed Godzilla from 1954 to 1972, said the materials used to make the 1954 suit (rubber, plastic, cotton, and latex) were hard to find after World War II. The suit weighed 100 kilograms after its completion and required two men to help Nakajima put it on. When he first put it on, he sweated so heavily that his shirt was soaked within seconds.[106] Kenpachiro Satsuma in particular, who portrayed Godzilla from 1984 to 1995, described how the Godzilla suits he wore were even heavier and hotter than their predecessors because of the incorporation of animatronics.[107] Satsuma himself suffered numerous medical issues during his tenure, including oxygen deprivation, near-drowning, concussions, electric shocks and lacerations to the legs from the suits' steel wire reinforcements wearing through the rubber padding.[108] The ventilation problem was partially solved in the suit used in 1994's Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla, which was the first to include an air duct that allowed suit actors to last longer during performances.[109] In The Return of Godzilla (1984), some scenes made use of a 16-foot high robotic Godzilla (dubbed the "Cybot Godzilla") for use in close-up shots of the creature's head. The Cybot Godzilla consisted of a hydraulically powered mechanical endoskeleton covered in urethane skin containing 3,000 computer operated parts which permitted it to tilt its head and move its lips and arms.[110]

In Godzilla (1998), special effects artist Patrick Tatopoulos was instructed to redesign Godzilla as an incredibly fast runner.[111] At one point, it was planned to use motion capture from a human to create the movements of the computer-generated Godzilla, but it was said to have ended up looking too much like a man in a suit.[112] Tatopoulos subsequently reimagined the creature as a lean, digitigrade bipedal, iguana-like creature that stood with its back and tail parallel to the ground, rendered via CGI.[113] Several scenes had the monster portrayed by stuntmen in suits. The suits were similar to those used in the Toho films, with the actors' heads being located in the monster's neck region and the facial movements controlled via animatronics. However, because of the creature's horizontal posture, the stuntmen had to wear metal leg extenders, which allowed them to stand two meters (six feet) off the ground with their feet bent forward. The film's special effects crew also built a 16 scale animatronic Godzilla for close-up scenes, whose size outmatched that of Stan Winston's T. rex in Jurassic Park.[114] Kurt Carley performed the suitmation sequences for the adult Godzilla.[16]

In Godzilla (2014), the character was portrayed entirely via CGI. Godzilla's design in the reboot was intended to stay true to that of the original series, though the film's special effects team strove to make the monster "more dynamic than a guy in a big rubber suit."[115] To create a CG version of Godzilla, the Moving Picture Company (MPC) studied various animals such as bears, Komodo dragons, lizards, lions and wolves, which helped the visual effects artists visualize Godzilla's body structure, like that of its underlying bone, fat and muscle structure, as well as the thickness and texture of its scales.[116] Motion capture was also used for some of Godzilla's movements. T. J. Storm provided the performance capture for Godzilla by wearing sensors in front of a green screen.[18] Storm reprised the role of Godzilla in Godzilla: King of the Monsters, portraying the character through performance capture.[20] In Shin Godzilla, a majority of the character was portrayed via CGI, with Mansai Nomura portraying Godzilla through motion capture.[15] In 2024, Godzilla Minus One was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, becoming the first Godzilla film nominated for an Oscar.[117] In the 96th Academy Awards of 2024, it won the Oscars.

Cultural impact

 
Godzilla's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide[118][119] and remains an important facet of Japanese films, embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre. Godzilla's vaguely humanoid appearance and strained, lumbering movements endeared it to Japanese audiences, who could relate to Godzilla as a sympathetic character, despite its wrathful nature.[120] Audiences respond positively to the character because it acts out of rage and self-preservation and shows where science and technology can go wrong.[121]

In 1967, the Keukdong Entertainment Company of South Korea, with production assistance from Toei Company, produced Yongary, Monster from the Deep, a reptilian monster who invades South Korea to consume oil. The film and character has often been branded as an imitation of Godzilla.[122][123]

Godzilla has been considered a filmographic metaphor for the United States, as well as an allegory of nuclear weapons in general. The earlier Godzilla films, especially the original, portrayed Godzilla as a frightening nuclear-spawned monster. Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the possibility of recurrence.[124]

As the series progressed, so did Godzilla, changing into a less destructive and more heroic character.[125][126] Ghidorah (1964) was the turning point in Godzilla's transformation from villain to hero, by pitting him against a greater threat to humanity, King Ghidorah.[127] Godzilla has since been viewed as an anti-hero.[125] Roger Ebert cites Godzilla as a notable example of a villain-turned-hero, along with King Kong, Jaws (James Bond), the Terminator and John Rambo.[128]

Godzilla is considered "the original radioactive superhero" due to his accidental radioactive origin story predating Spider-Man (1962 debut),[125] though Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah in 1964.[127] By the 1970s, Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters in 1977 describing Godzilla as "Superhero of the '70s." Godzilla had surpassed Superman and Batman to become "the most universally popular superhero of 1977" according to Donald F. Glut.[129] Godzilla was also voted the most popular movie monster in The Monster Times poll in 1973, beating Count Dracula, King Kong, the Wolf Man, the Mummy, the Creature from the Black Lagoon and the Frankenstein Monster.[130]

 
Paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter's skeletal diagram of Godzilla in a modern dinosaur posture

In 1996, Godzilla received the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award,[131] as well as being given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004 to celebrate the premiere of the character's 50th anniversary film, Godzilla: Final Wars.[132] Godzilla's pop-cultural impact has led to the creation of numerous parodies and tributes, as seen in media such as Bambi Meets Godzilla, which was ranked as one of the "50 greatest cartoons",[133] two episodes of Mystery Science Theater 3000[134] and the song "Godzilla" by Blue Öyster Cult.[135] Godzilla has also been used in advertisements, such as in a commercial for Nike, where Godzilla lost an oversized one-on-one game of basketball to a giant version of NBA player Charles Barkley.[136] The commercial was subsequently adapted into a comic book illustrated by Jeff Butler.[137] Godzilla has also appeared in a commercial for Snickers candy bars, which served as an indirect promo for the 2014 film. Godzilla's success inspired the creation of numerous other monster characters, such as Gamera,[138][139] Reptilicus of Denmark,[140] Yonggary of South Korea,[122] Pulgasari of North Korea,[141] Gorgo of the United Kingdom[142] and the Cloverfield monster of the United States.[143] Dakosaurus is an extinct sea crocodile of the Jurassic Period, which researchers informally nicknamed "Godzilla".[144] Paleontologists have written tongue-in-cheek speculative articles about Godzilla's biology, with Kenneth Carpenter tentatively classifying it as a ceratosaur based on its skull shape, four-fingered hands, and dorsal scutes and paleontologist Darren Naish expressing skepticism, while commenting on Godzilla's unusual morphology.[145]

Godzilla's ubiquity in pop culture has led to the mistaken assumption that the character is in the public domain, resulting in litigation by Toho to protect their corporate asset from becoming a generic trademark. In April 2008, Subway depicted a giant monster in a commercial for their Five Dollar Footlongs sandwich promotion. Toho filed a lawsuit against Subway for using the character without permission, demanding $150,000 in compensation.[146] In February 2011, Toho sued Honda for depicting a fire-breathing monster in a commercial for the Honda Odyssey. The monster was never mentioned by name, being seen briefly on a video screen inside the minivan.[147] The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society christened a vessel the MV Gojira. Its purpose is to target and harass Japanese whalers in defense of whales in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The MV Gojira was renamed the MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011, due to legal pressure from Toho.[148] Gojira is the name of a French death metal band, formerly known as Godzilla; legal problems forced the band to change their name.[149] In May 2015, Toho launched a lawsuit against Voltage Pictures over a planned picture starring Anne Hathaway. Promotional material released at the Cannes Film Festival used images of Godzilla.[150]

Steven Spielberg cited Godzilla as an inspiration for Jurassic Park (1993), specifically Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), which he grew up watching.[151] Spielberg described Godzilla as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening."[152] Godzilla also influenced the Spielberg film Jaws (1975).[153][154] Godzilla has also been cited as an inspiration by filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Tim Burton.[155]

A carnivorous dinosaur from the Triassic period was named Gojirasaurus in 1997.[156] The main-belt asteroid 101781 Gojira, discovered by American astronomer Roy Tucker at the Goodricke-Pigott Observatory in 1999, was named in honor of the creature.[157] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 July 2018 (M.P.C. 110635).[158] The largest megamullion, located 600 kilometres to the south-east of Okinotorishima, the southernmost Japanese island, is named the Godzilla Megamullion. The Japan Coast Guard played a role in name, reaching an agreement with Toho. Toho's Chief Godzilla officer Keiji Ota stated that "I am truly honored that (the megamullion) bears Godzilla's name, the Earth's most powerful monster."[159]

Cultural ambassador

In April 2015, the Shinjuku ward of Tokyo named Godzilla a special resident and official tourism ambassador to encourage tourism.[160][161] During an unveiling of a giant Godzilla bust at Toho headquarters, Shinjuku mayor Kenichi Yoshizumi stated, "Godzilla is a character that is the pride of Japan." The mayor extended a residency certificate to an actor in a rubber suit representing Godzilla, but as the suit's hands were not designed for grasping, it was accepted on Godzilla's behalf by a Toho executive. Reporters noted that Shinjuku's ward has been flattened by Godzilla in three Toho movies.[161][160]

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External links

  • Official Godzilla website by Toho Co., Ltd
  • Official website of Toho Co., Ltd (Japanese)
  • on IMDb

godzilla, film, franchise, franchise, other, uses, disambiguation, ゴジラ, redirects, here, other, uses, gojira, saurus, redirects, here, dinosaur, gojirasaurus, japanese, ゴジラ, hepburn, gojira, ɡoꜜ, ʑiɾa, fictional, monster, kaiju, that, debuted, eponymous, 1954,. For the film franchise see Godzilla franchise For other uses see Godzilla disambiguation ゴジラ redirects here For other uses see Gojira Godzillasaurus redirects here For the dinosaur see Gojirasaurus Godzilla Japanese ゴジラ Hepburn Gojira ɡ ɒ d ˈ z ɪ l e ɡoꜜ d ʑiɾa is a fictional monster or kaiju that debuted in the eponymous 1954 film directed and cowritten by Ishirō Honda 2 The character has since become an international pop culture icon appearing in various media 33 Japanese films produced by Toho Co Ltd five American films and numerous video games novels comic books and television shows Godzilla has been dubbed the King of the Monsters an epithet first used in Godzilla King of the Monsters 1956 the American localization of the 1954 film GodzillaGodzilla characterGodzilla as portrayed by Haruo Nakajima via suitmation in Godzilla 1954 1 First appearanceGodzilla 1954 2 Created byTomoyuki Tanaka 3 Eiji Tsuburaya 4 Ishirō Honda 5 Designed byAkira Watanabe 6 Teizō Toshimitsu 6 Portrayed byShōwa era Haruo Nakajima 7 Katsumi Tezuka 6 Hiroshi Sekida 8 Seiji Onaka 8 Shinji Takagi 9 Isao Zushi 10 Toru Kawai 10 Hanna Barbera Ted Cassidy vocal effects 11 Heisei era Kenpachiro Satsuma 12 Millennium era Tsutomu Kitagawa 13 Mizuho Yoshida 14 Reiwa era Mansai Nomura 15 TriStar Pictures Kurt Carley 16 Frank Welker vocal effects 17 Legendary Pictures T J Storm 18 19 20 In universe informationAliasGigantis 21 Monster Zero One 22 Titanus Gojira 23 SpeciesPrehistoric monster 24 FamilyMinilla and Godzilla Junior adopted sons Godzilla is a prehistoric reptilian monster awakened and empowered after many years by nuclear radiation With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness 25 Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons 26 Others have suggested that Godzilla is a metaphor for the United States a giant beast woken from its slumber that then takes terrible vengeance on Japan 27 28 29 As the film series expanded some storylines took on less serious undertones portraying Godzilla as an antihero or as a lesser threat who defends humanity Later films address disparate themes and commentary including Japan s apathy neglect and ignorance of its imperial past 30 natural disasters and the human condition 31 Godzilla has been featured alongside many supporting characters and over the decades has faced off against various human opponents such as the Japan Self Defense Forces JSDF in addition to other gargantuan monsters including Gigan King Ghidorah and Mechagodzilla Godzilla has fought alongside allies such as Anguirus Mothra and Rodan as well as had offspring including Godzilla Junior and Minilla Godzilla has also battled characters and creatures from other franchises in crossover media such as King Kong as well as various Marvel Comics characters like S H I E L D 32 the Fantastic Four 33 and the Avengers 34 Contents 1 Appearances 2 Development 2 1 Naming 2 2 Characterization 2 2 1 Abilities 2 2 2 Roar 2 2 3 Size 2 3 Special effects 3 Cultural impact 3 1 Cultural ambassador 4 References 4 1 Sources 5 External linksAppearancesMain article Godzilla franchise First appearing in 1954 Godzilla has starred in a total of thirty eight films thirty three Japanese films produced and distributed by Toho Co Ltd and five American films one produced by TriStar Pictures and four produced by Legendary Pictures He has also appeared in countless other entertainment mediums which include comic book lines novelizations and video games each appearance expands upon the universe created by the films DevelopmentNaming Although the process of creating Godzilla s first film is comprehensively recorded exactly how its name came to be remains unintelligible 35 The most widely accepted report of its origin is that producer Tomoyuki Tanaka named the monster after a sturdy Toho worker Shiro Amikura the later chief of the theater club of Toho who was jokingly dubbed Gujira グジラ then Gojira ゴジラ a portmanteau of the Japanese words gorira ゴリラ gorilla and kujira 鯨 クジラ whale due to his burly build to resemble a gorilla and his habit to favor whale meat 36 37 38 The account has been acknowledged by Toho themselves 36 director Ishirō Honda 36 39 producer Tanaka 40 39 special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya 39 producer Ichirō Satō 41 and production head Iwao Mori ja 40 with Satō and Mori recalling that the employee was named Shirō Amikura 41 40 However Honda s widow Kimi dismissed the employee name story as a tall tale in a 1998 BBC documentary on Godzilla believing that Honda Tanaka and Tsuburaya gave considerable thought to the name of the monster stating the backstage boys at Toho loved to joke around with tall stories but I don t believe that one 36 Honda s longtime assistant director Kōji Kajita ja added Those of us who were closest to them don t even know how and why they came up with Gojira 42 Toho later translated the monster s Japanese name as Godzilla for overseas distribution 43 42 The first recorded foreign usage of Godzilla was printed in the Hawaii Tribune Herald on November 20 1955 44 During the development of the American version of Godzilla Raids Again 1955 Godzilla s name was changed to Gigantis by producer Paul Schreibman who wanted to create a character distinct from Godzilla 45 Characterization Within the context of the Japanese films Godzilla s exact origins vary but it is generally depicted as an enormous violent prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation 46 Although the specific details of Godzilla s appearance have varied slightly over the years the overall impression has remained consistent 47 Inspired by the fictional Rhedosaurus created by animator Ray Harryhausen for the film The Beast from 20 000 Fathoms 48 Godzilla s character design was conceived as that of an amphibious reptilian monster based around the loose concept of a dinosaur 49 with an erect standing posture scaly skin an anthropomorphic torso with muscular arms lobed bony plates along its back and tail and a furrowed brow 50 Art director Akira Watanabe combined attributes of a Tyrannosaurus an Iguanodon a Stegosaurus and an alligator 51 to form a sort of blended chimera inspired by illustrations from an issue of Life magazine 52 To emphasize the monster s relationship with the atomic bomb its skin texture was inspired by the keloid scars seen on the survivors of Hiroshima 53 The basic design has a reptilian visage a robust build an upright posture a long tail and three rows of serrated plates along the back In the original film the plates were added for purely aesthetic purposes in order to further differentiate Godzilla from any other living or extinct creature Godzilla is sometimes depicted as green in comics cartoons and movie posters but the costumes used in the movies were usually painted charcoal grey with bone white dorsal plates up until the film Godzilla 2000 Millennium 54 In the original Japanese films Godzilla and all the other monsters are referred to with gender neutral pronouns equivalent to it 55 while in the English dubbed versions Godzilla is explicitly described as a male In his book Godzilla co creator Tomoyuki Tanaka suggested that the monster was probably male 56 In the 1998 film Godzilla the monster is referred to as a male and is depicted laying eggs through parthenogenesis 57 58 In the Legendary Godzilla films Godzilla is referred to as a male 59 60 Godzilla s allegiance and motivations have changed from film to film to suit the needs of the story Although Godzilla does not like humans 61 it will fight alongside humanity against common threats However it makes no special effort to protect human life or property 62 and will turn against its human allies on a whim It is not motivated to attack by predatory instinct it does not eat people 63 and instead sustains itself on nuclear radiation 64 and an omnivorous diet especially cetaceans and large fish 65 56 When inquired if Godzilla was good or bad producer Shōgo Tomiyama likened it to a Shinto God of Destruction which lacks moral agency and cannot be held to human standards of good and evil He totally destroys everything and then there is a rebirth Something new and fresh can begin 63 Tomoyuki Tanaka noted in his book that Godzilla and humanity can become temporal allies against greater threats however they are essentially enemies due to the difficulty to co exist 56 Abilities nbsp Godzilla s atomic heat beam as shown in Godzilla 1954 nbsp Godzilla battles King Kong in King Kong vs Godzilla 1962 This film attracted the highest Japanese box office attendance figures in the entire Godzilla series to date 66 Godzilla s signature weapon is its atomic heat beam also known as atomic breath 67 nuclear energy that it generates inside of its body uses electromagnetic force to concentrate it into a laser like high velocity projectile and unleashes it from its jaws in the form of a blue or red radioactive beam 68 Toho s special effects department has used various techniques to render the beam from physical gas powered flames 69 to hand drawn or computer generated fire Godzilla is shown to possess immense physical strength and muscularity Haruo Nakajima the actor who played Godzilla in the original films was a black belt in judo and used his expertise to choreograph the battle sequences 70 Godzilla is amphibious it has a preference for traversing Earth s hydrosphere when in hibernation or migration can breathe underwater due to pore shaped gills 68 56 and is described in the original film by the character Dr Yamane as a transitional form between a marine and a terrestrial reptile Godzilla is shown to have great vitality it is immune to conventional weaponry thanks to its rugged hide and ability to regenerate 71 and as a result of surviving a nuclear explosion it cannot be destroyed by anything less powerful One incarnation possesses an electromagnetic pulse producing organ in its body which generates an asymmetrical permeable shield making it impervious to all damage except for a short period when the organ recycles 72 Various films non canonical television shows comics and games have depicted Godzilla with additional powers such as an atomic pulse 73 magnetism 74 precognition 75 fireballs 76 convert electromagnetic energy into intensive body heat 77 converting shed blood into temporary tentacle limbs 78 an electric bite 79 superhuman speed 80 laser beams emitted from its eyes 81 and even flight 82 Roar Godzilla has a distinctive disyllabic roar transcribed in several comics as Skreeeonk 83 84 which was created by composer Akira Ifukube who produced the sound by rubbing a pine tar resin coated glove along the string of a contrabass and then slowing down the playback 85 In the American version of Godzilla Raids Again 1955 titled Gigantis the Fire Monster 1959 Godzilla s roar was mostly substituted with that of the monster Anguirus 45 From The Return of Godzilla 1984 to Godzilla vs King Ghidorah 1991 Godzilla was given a deeper and more threatening sounding roar than in previous films though this change was reverted from Godzilla vs Mothra 1992 onward 86 For the 2014 American film sound editors Ethan Van der Ryn and Erik Aadahl refused to disclose the source of the sounds used for their Godzilla s roar 85 Aadahl described the two syllables of the roar as representing two different emotional reactions with the first expressing fury and the second conveying the character s soul 87 Size nbsp Teizō Toshimitsu sculpting a prototype for Godzilla s design Godzilla s size is inconsistent changing from film to film and even from scene to scene for the sake of artistic license 63 The miniature sets and costumes were typically built at a 1 25 1 50 scale 88 and filmed at 240 frames per second to create the illusion of great size 89 In the original 1954 film Godzilla was scaled to be 50 m 164 ft tall 90 This was done so Godzilla could just peer over the largest buildings in Tokyo at the time 6 In the 1956 American version Godzilla is estimated to be 121 9 m 400 ft tall because producer Joseph E Levine felt that 50 m did not sound powerful enough 91 As the series progressed Toho would rescale the character eventually making Godzilla as tall as 100 m 328 ft 92 This was done so that it would not be dwarfed by the newer bigger buildings in Tokyo s skyline such as the 243 meter tall 797 ft Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building which Godzilla destroyed in the film Godzilla vs King Ghidorah 1991 Supplementary information such as character profiles would also depict Godzilla as weighing between 20 000 and 60 000 metric tons 22 050 and 66 140 short tons 93 In the American film Godzilla 2014 from Legendary Pictures Godzilla was scaled to be 108 2 m 355 ft and weighing 90 000 short tons 81 650 metric tons making it the largest film version at that time 94 Director Gareth Edwards wanted Godzilla to be so big as to be seen from anywhere in the city but not too big that he couldn t be obscured 95 For Shin Godzilla 2016 Godzilla was made even taller than the Legendary version at 118 5 m 389 ft 96 97 In Godzilla Planet of the Monsters 2017 Godzilla s height was increased further still to 300 m 984 ft 98 In Godzilla King of the Monsters 2019 and Godzilla vs Kong 2021 Godzilla s height was increased to 119 8 m 393 ft from the 2014 incarnation 99 100 Special effects nbsp Suit fitting on the set of Godzilla Raids Again 1955 with Haruo Nakajima portraying Godzilla on the left Godzilla s appearance has traditionally been portrayed in the films by an actor wearing a latex costume though the character has also been rendered in animatronic stop motion and computer generated form 101 102 Taking inspiration from King Kong special effects artist Eiji Tsuburaya had initially wanted Godzilla to be portrayed via stop motion but prohibitive deadlines and a lack of experienced animators in Japan at the time made suitmation more practical citation needed The first suit weighing in excess of 100 kg 220 lb consisted of a body cavity made of thin wires and bamboo wrapped in chicken wire for support and covered in fabric and cushions which were then coated in latex It was held together by small hooks on the back though subsequent Godzilla suits incorporated a zipper 54 Prior to 1984 most Godzilla suits were made from scratch thus resulting in slight design changes in each film appearance 103 The most notable changes from 1962 to 1975 were the reduction in Godzilla s number of toes and the removal of the character s external ears and prominent fangs features which would all later be reincorporated in the Godzilla designs from The Return of Godzilla 1984 onward 104 The most consistent Godzilla design was maintained from Godzilla vs Biollante 1989 to Godzilla vs Destoroyah 1995 when the suit was given a cat like face and double rows of teeth 105 Several suit actors had difficulties in performing as Godzilla due to the suits weight lack of ventilation and diminished visibility 54 Haruo Nakajima who portrayed Godzilla from 1954 to 1972 said the materials used to make the 1954 suit rubber plastic cotton and latex were hard to find after World War II The suit weighed 100 kilograms after its completion and required two men to help Nakajima put it on When he first put it on he sweated so heavily that his shirt was soaked within seconds 106 Kenpachiro Satsuma in particular who portrayed Godzilla from 1984 to 1995 described how the Godzilla suits he wore were even heavier and hotter than their predecessors because of the incorporation of animatronics 107 Satsuma himself suffered numerous medical issues during his tenure including oxygen deprivation near drowning concussions electric shocks and lacerations to the legs from the suits steel wire reinforcements wearing through the rubber padding 108 The ventilation problem was partially solved in the suit used in 1994 s Godzilla vs SpaceGodzilla which was the first to include an air duct that allowed suit actors to last longer during performances 109 In The Return of Godzilla 1984 some scenes made use of a 16 foot high robotic Godzilla dubbed the Cybot Godzilla for use in close up shots of the creature s head The Cybot Godzilla consisted of a hydraulically powered mechanical endoskeleton covered in urethane skin containing 3 000 computer operated parts which permitted it to tilt its head and move its lips and arms 110 In Godzilla 1998 special effects artist Patrick Tatopoulos was instructed to redesign Godzilla as an incredibly fast runner 111 At one point it was planned to use motion capture from a human to create the movements of the computer generated Godzilla but it was said to have ended up looking too much like a man in a suit 112 Tatopoulos subsequently reimagined the creature as a lean digitigrade bipedal iguana like creature that stood with its back and tail parallel to the ground rendered via CGI 113 Several scenes had the monster portrayed by stuntmen in suits The suits were similar to those used in the Toho films with the actors heads being located in the monster s neck region and the facial movements controlled via animatronics However because of the creature s horizontal posture the stuntmen had to wear metal leg extenders which allowed them to stand two meters six feet off the ground with their feet bent forward The film s special effects crew also built a 1 6 scale animatronic Godzilla for close up scenes whose size outmatched that of Stan Winston s T rex in Jurassic Park 114 Kurt Carley performed the suitmation sequences for the adult Godzilla 16 In Godzilla 2014 the character was portrayed entirely via CGI Godzilla s design in the reboot was intended to stay true to that of the original series though the film s special effects team strove to make the monster more dynamic than a guy in a big rubber suit 115 To create a CG version of Godzilla the Moving Picture Company MPC studied various animals such as bears Komodo dragons lizards lions and wolves which helped the visual effects artists visualize Godzilla s body structure like that of its underlying bone fat and muscle structure as well as the thickness and texture of its scales 116 Motion capture was also used for some of Godzilla s movements T J Storm provided the performance capture for Godzilla by wearing sensors in front of a green screen 18 Storm reprised the role of Godzilla in Godzilla King of the Monsters portraying the character through performance capture 20 In Shin Godzilla a majority of the character was portrayed via CGI with Mansai Nomura portraying Godzilla through motion capture 15 In 2024 Godzilla Minus One was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects becoming the first Godzilla film nominated for an Oscar 117 In the 96th Academy Awards of 2024 it won the Oscars Cultural impactMain article Godzilla in popular culture nbsp Godzilla s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide 118 119 and remains an important facet of Japanese films embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre Godzilla s vaguely humanoid appearance and strained lumbering movements endeared it to Japanese audiences who could relate to Godzilla as a sympathetic character despite its wrathful nature 120 Audiences respond positively to the character because it acts out of rage and self preservation and shows where science and technology can go wrong 121 In 1967 the Keukdong Entertainment Company of South Korea with production assistance from Toei Company produced Yongary Monster from the Deep a reptilian monster who invades South Korea to consume oil The film and character has often been branded as an imitation of Godzilla 122 123 Godzilla has been considered a filmographic metaphor for the United States as well as an allegory of nuclear weapons in general The earlier Godzilla films especially the original portrayed Godzilla as a frightening nuclear spawned monster Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the possibility of recurrence 124 As the series progressed so did Godzilla changing into a less destructive and more heroic character 125 126 Ghidorah 1964 was the turning point in Godzilla s transformation from villain to hero by pitting him against a greater threat to humanity King Ghidorah 127 Godzilla has since been viewed as an anti hero 125 Roger Ebert cites Godzilla as a notable example of a villain turned hero along with King Kong Jaws James Bond the Terminator and John Rambo 128 Godzilla is considered the original radioactive superhero due to his accidental radioactive origin story predating Spider Man 1962 debut 125 though Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah in 1964 127 By the 1970s Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero with the magazine King of the Monsters in 1977 describing Godzilla as Superhero of the 70s Godzilla had surpassed Superman and Batman to become the most universally popular superhero of 1977 according to Donald F Glut 129 Godzilla was also voted the most popular movie monster in The Monster Times poll in 1973 beating Count Dracula King Kong the Wolf Man the Mummy the Creature from the Black Lagoon and the Frankenstein Monster 130 nbsp Paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter s skeletal diagram of Godzilla in a modern dinosaur posture In 1996 Godzilla received the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award 131 as well as being given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004 to celebrate the premiere of the character s 50th anniversary film Godzilla Final Wars 132 Godzilla s pop cultural impact has led to the creation of numerous parodies and tributes as seen in media such as Bambi Meets Godzilla which was ranked as one of the 50 greatest cartoons 133 two episodes of Mystery Science Theater 3000 134 and the song Godzilla by Blue Oyster Cult 135 Godzilla has also been used in advertisements such as in a commercial for Nike where Godzilla lost an oversized one on one game of basketball to a giant version of NBA player Charles Barkley 136 The commercial was subsequently adapted into a comic book illustrated by Jeff Butler 137 Godzilla has also appeared in a commercial for Snickers candy bars which served as an indirect promo for the 2014 film Godzilla s success inspired the creation of numerous other monster characters such as Gamera 138 139 Reptilicus of Denmark 140 Yonggary of South Korea 122 Pulgasari of North Korea 141 Gorgo of the United Kingdom 142 and the Cloverfield monster of the United States 143 Dakosaurus is an extinct sea crocodile of the Jurassic Period which researchers informally nicknamed Godzilla 144 Paleontologists have written tongue in cheek speculative articles about Godzilla s biology with Kenneth Carpenter tentatively classifying it as a ceratosaur based on its skull shape four fingered hands and dorsal scutes and paleontologist Darren Naish expressing skepticism while commenting on Godzilla s unusual morphology 145 Godzilla s ubiquity in pop culture has led to the mistaken assumption that the character is in the public domain resulting in litigation by Toho to protect their corporate asset from becoming a generic trademark In April 2008 Subway depicted a giant monster in a commercial for their Five Dollar Footlongs sandwich promotion Toho filed a lawsuit against Subway for using the character without permission demanding 150 000 in compensation 146 In February 2011 Toho sued Honda for depicting a fire breathing monster in a commercial for the Honda Odyssey The monster was never mentioned by name being seen briefly on a video screen inside the minivan 147 The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society christened a vessel the MV Gojira Its purpose is to target and harass Japanese whalers in defense of whales in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary The MV Gojira was renamed the MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 due to legal pressure from Toho 148 Gojira is the name of a French death metal band formerly known as Godzilla legal problems forced the band to change their name 149 In May 2015 Toho launched a lawsuit against Voltage Pictures over a planned picture starring Anne Hathaway Promotional material released at the Cannes Film Festival used images of Godzilla 150 Steven Spielberg cited Godzilla as an inspiration for Jurassic Park 1993 specifically Godzilla King of the Monsters 1956 which he grew up watching 151 Spielberg described Godzilla as the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening 152 Godzilla also influenced the Spielberg film Jaws 1975 153 154 Godzilla has also been cited as an inspiration by filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Tim Burton 155 A carnivorous dinosaur from the Triassic period was named Gojirasaurus in 1997 156 The main belt asteroid 101781 Gojira discovered by American astronomer Roy Tucker at the Goodricke Pigott Observatory in 1999 was named in honor of the creature 157 The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 July 2018 M P C 110635 158 The largest megamullion located 600 kilometres to the south east of Okinotorishima the southernmost Japanese island is named the Godzilla Megamullion The Japan Coast Guard played a role in name reaching an agreement with Toho Toho s Chief Godzilla officer Keiji Ota stated that I am truly honored that the megamullion bears Godzilla s name the Earth s most powerful monster 159 Cultural ambassador In April 2015 the Shinjuku ward of Tokyo named Godzilla a special resident and official tourism ambassador to encourage tourism 160 161 During an unveiling of a giant Godzilla bust at Toho headquarters Shinjuku mayor Kenichi Yoshizumi stated Godzilla is a character that is the pride of Japan The mayor extended a residency certificate to an actor in a rubber suit representing Godzilla but as the suit s hands were not designed for grasping it was accepted on Godzilla s behalf by a Toho executive Reporters noted that Shinjuku s ward has been flattened by Godzilla in three Toho movies 161 160 References Haruo Nakajima actor who played original Godzilla in a monster rubber suit dies at 88 South China Morning Post Associated Press August 8 2017 Archived from the original on June 5 2023 Retrieved June 4 2023 a b Williams Owen March 3 2021 An Essential Guide To All The Godzilla Movies Empire Archived from the original on August 6 2022 Retrieved August 6 2022 Ragone 2007 p 34 Doug Bolton July 7 2015 Godzilla creator Eiji Tsuburaya celebrated in Google Doodle The Independent Archived from the original on July 27 2022 Retrieved July 25 2021 Ryfle 1998 p 24 a b c d Ryfle 1998 p 27 Ryfle 1998 p 178 a b Ryfle 1998 p 142 Ryfle 1998 p 360 a b Ryfle 1998 p 361 Comey Jonathan January 1 1970 Critter chronology the history of Godzilla Cape Cod Times Archived from the original on December 31 2022 Retrieved December 31 2022 Ryfle 1998 p 263 Kalat 2010 p 232 Kalat 2010 p 241 a b Ashcraft Brian 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2015 Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Sources Barr Jason 2016 The Kaiju Film A Critical Study of Cinema s Biggest Monsters McFarland ISBN 978 0786499632 Edwards Gareth 2014 Godzilla Warner Bros Pictures Galbraith IV Stuart 1998 Monsters Are Attacking Tokyo The Incredible World of Japanese Fantasy Films Feral House ISBN 0922915474 Godziszewski Ed 1994 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Godzilla Daikaiju Enterprises Honda Ishiro 1970 Monster Zero English version Toho Co Ltd United Productions of America Iwahata Toshiaki September 1 1994 テレビマガジン特別編集 誕生40周年記念 ゴジラ大全集 TV Magazine Special Edition 40th Anniversary of the Birth of Godzilla Complete Works in Japanese Kodansha ISBN 4 06 178417 X Kalat David 2010 A Critical History and Filmography of Toho s Godzilla Series second ed McFarland ISBN 9780786447497 Lees J D Cerasini Marc 1998 The Official Godzilla Compendium Random House ISBN 0 679 88822 5 Motoyama Sho Matsunomoto Kazuhiro Asai Kazuyasu Suzuki Nobutaka Kato Masashi 2012 東宝特撮映画大全集 Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works in Japanese villagebooks ISBN 978 4 864 91013 2 Nagayama Yasuo 2002 Why do Monsters Attack Japan Chikuma Shobō ISBN 978 4480823519 Nelson Arvid 2019 Godzilla Aftershock Legendary Comics ISBN 978 1681160535 Perlmutter David 2018 The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1538103739 Ragone August 2007 Eiji Tsuburaya Master of Monsters Chronicle Books ISBN 978 0 8118 6078 9 Rhoads Sean McCorkie Brooke 2018 Japan s Green Monsters Environmental Commentary in Kaiju Cinema McFarland ISBN 9781476663906 Ryfle Steve 1998 Japan s Favorite Mon Star The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G ECW Press ISBN 9781550223484 Ryfle Steve Godziszewski Ed 2017 Ishiro Honda A Life in Film from Godzilla to Kurosawa Wesleyan University Press ISBN 978 0 8195 7087 1 Solomon Brian 2017 Godzilla FAQ All That s Left to Know about the King of the Monsters Applause Theatre amp Cinema Books ISBN 9781495045684 Tanaka Tomoyuki 1983 東宝特撮映画全史 The Complete History of Toho Special Effects Movies in Japanese Toho Publishing Business Office ISBN 4 924609 00 5 Tsutsui William M 2003 Godzilla on My Mind Fifty Years of the King of Monsters Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1403964742 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Godzilla nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Godzilla franchise Official Godzilla website by Toho Co Ltd Official website of Toho Co Ltd Japanese Godzilla on IMDb Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Godzilla amp oldid 1219848855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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