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Gobiesocidae

January 01, 1970

Clingfishes are fishes of the family Gobiesocidae, the only family in the order Gobiesociformes. These fairly small to very small fishes are widespread in tropical and temperate regions, mostly near the coast, but a few species in deeper seas or fresh water. Most species shelter in shallow reefs or seagrass beds, clinging to rocks, algae and seagrass leaves with their sucking disc, a structure on their chest.[1][2]

They are generally too small to be of interest to fisheries, although the relatively large Sicyases sanguineus regularly is caught as a food fish,[3] and some of the other species occasionally appear in the marine aquarium trade.[1]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Many clingfish live in the intertidal zone and can survive for long periods out of water, as first described for Diplecogaster bimaculata in 1891[4]
 
Lepadichthys lineatus and some other clingfish species are associated with crinoids[5]

Clingfishes are primarily found near the shore in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, including marginal seas such as the Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Gulf of California. The greatest species richness is in tropical and warm temperate regions, but the range of a few extends into colder waters, like Diplecogaster bimaculata (north to Norway), Apletodon dentatus, Lepadogaster candolii and L. purpurea (all three north to Scotland; the last formerly mistaken for the mostly Mediterranean L. lepadogaster), Gobiesox maeandricus (north to Alaska), Gobiesox marmoratus and Sicyases sanguineus (both to southernmost South America), and Gastrocymba quadriradiata (from New Zealand's subantarctic islands).[6][7][8][9][10]

Clingfishes mainly inhabit shallow rocky reefs and shores, coral reefs, seagrass meadows and algae beds. They often live in places exposed to strong currents and wave action, and some are amphibious. As long as the strongly amphibious, intertidal-living species are kept moist by splashing waves, they can survive for up to three–four days on land, gaining oxygen from the air by the branchial surfaces (gills), skin and perhaps the mouth.[4][11][12] At least a few species even tolerate a relatively high degree of water loss when on land.[4]

A relatively small number of species shelter in sea urchins or crinoids. Whether this relationship is obligate (clingfish always with a sea urchin or crinoid) or facultative (clingfish sometimes with a sea urchin or crinoid) varies with species. In some, only young clingfish are obligate and gradually move away as they become adult.[13][14][15] Three clingfish species, the Australian Cochleoceps bicolor and C. orientalis, and the warm East Atlantic Diplecogaster tonstricula, are cleaner fish that will cling onto the bodies of larger fish.[1][16][17]

Although several species can occur in brackish water, only seven (Gobiesox cephalus, G. fluviatilis, G. fulvus, G. juniperoserrai, G. juradoensis, G. mexicanus and G. potamius) from warmer parts of the Americas are freshwater fish that live in fast-flowing rivers and streams.[18][19]

Most known clingfish species are from relatively shallow coastal waters, but several inhabit the mesophotic zone and a few even deeper, with Alabes bathys, Gobiesox lanceolatus, Gymnoscyphus ascitus, Kopua kuiteri, K. nuimata and Protogobiesox asymmetricus reported from depths of 300–560 m (980–1,840 ft).[20][21] Because of their small size and typical habitat, it is however suspected that still-undiscovered deep-water species remain.[20] Even in shallow coastal waters many clingfish are highly cryptic and easily overlooked, mostly staying under cover, although there are species that are active and will swim in the open.[22] As a consequence their abundance is often not well known. Several species are only known from a single or a few specimens.[20][21][23] Species that appear uncommon or rare based on standard methods can actually be common if using methods that are more suitable for detecting them.[24] Studies of better-known species have shown that they can be locally abundant. As many as 23 individuals of Lepadogaster lepadogaster have been documented from a single square metre (more than two individuals per square foot).[25] As of 2018, the IUCN has evaluated the conservation status of 84 clingfish species (roughly half the species in the family). The majority of these are considered least concern (not threatened), 17 are considered data deficient (available data prevents an evaluation), 8 considered vulnerable and a single endangered. The vulnerable and endangered species all have small distributions, restricted to islands or a single bay.[26] Three Gobiesox species that are restricted to fresh water in Mexico have not been rated by the IUCN, but are considered threatened by Mexican authorities.[27]

Description edit

 
Alabes are eel-like, unlike other clingfish[16]

Clingfishes are typically small fish, with most species less than 7 cm (2.8 in) in length,[28] and the smallest no more than 1.5 cm (0.6 in).[1] Only a few species can surpass 12 cm (4.7 in) in length and the largest, Chorisochismus dentex and Sicyases sanguineus, both reach up to 30 cm (12 in).[4][29] Males typically grow larger than females.[2]

Most clingfish species have tapering bodies and flattened heads, appearing somewhat tadpole-like in their overall shape. They lack a swim bladder. The lateral line of clingfish is well developed, but may not extend to the posterior parts of the body. The skin of clingfishes is smooth and scaleless, with a thick layer of protective mucus.[2] In at least Diademichthys lineatus and Lepadichthys frenatus, the mucus production increases if the fish is disturbed. The taste of their mucus is highly bitter to humans and it can kill other fish. This is due to their skin and mucus containing a grammistin-like toxin (the toxin in soapfish, such as Grammistes). Whether any other clingfish has toxins in its skin or mucus is currently unknown.[5][30] Another defense appears to be present in a couple of Acyrtus and Arcos species. They have a spine at their gill cover and it appears to be connected to a venom gland. Although the evidence presently is circumstantial, this strongly suggests that the world's smallest venomous fish is Acyrtus artius, which is less than 3 cm (1.2 in) long.[31][32]

Sucking disc edit

 
Sucking disc of Sicyases sanguineus (viewed from below with mouth at the top)

Clingfish are named for their ability to firmly attach themselves to various surfaces, even in strong water currents or when battered by waves. This ability is aided by their sucking disc, which is located on the underside at the chest and is formed primarily by modified pelvic fins and adjacent tissue.[2][4][12][28] In some species it is divided in two, resulting in a larger front and a smaller rear sucking disc.[2] The sucking disc is covered in tiny hexagons and each of these consists of many microscopic hair-like structures (setae). This is similar to the structures that allow geckos to cling to walls. The sucking disc can be remarkably strong, in some species able to lift as much as 300 times the weight of the clingfish.[12] Gobies (family Gobiidae) can have a similar sucking disc, but unlike that family the single dorsal fin in clingfish is not spiny.[2] In a few clingfish species the disc is reduced or even absent, notably Alabes, which are quite eel-like in their shape and aptly named shore-eels.[1][16] The sucking disc is also reduced in some deep-water clingfish species.[12]

Colours edit

 
 
 
 

Most clingfish species have a cryptic colouration, often brown, grey, whitish, black, reddish or green shades, and in some cases they can rapidly change colour to match their background.[2][33][34]

Species of deep water are often orange-red (these long wave-length colours are the first that disappear with depth, making them suitable for camouflage).[21] Diademichthys lineatus, Discotrema species, Lepadichthys caritus and L. lineatus are strongly banded, which may function as a disruptive pattern when among sea urchin spines or crinoid arms, but may also be warning colours, as some members of these genera have poisonous skin and mucus (it is unknown if all of them are poisonous).[5][13][30] There are species with colours or patterns that are unsuitable for camouflage. Although Lepadogaster purpurea overall is cryptic, it has a pair of distinct large eyespots on the top of its head.[9] Cochleoceps bicolor, C. orientalis and Diplecogaster tonstricula are yellow to red with fine bluish lines. These three are cleaner fish.[16][17]

Feeding edit

Feeding varies depending on exact clingfish species. Most primarily feed on tiny crustaceans (such as amphipods, copepods, isopods, mysids, ostracods and shrimp) or gastropods (limpets and other sea snails). Other small animals that have been recorded in their diet include chitons, bivalves, medium-small crustacean like crabs and barnacles, sea urchins, worms, insect larvae, fish and fish eggs.[2][3][34][35] In some species, cannibalism where a large clingfish eats a smaller clingfish is not uncommon.[34][36]

Limpets and other shelled invertebrates are well-protected and often strongly attached to the rock surface. Clingfish species that feed extensively on them have developed specialized teeth and techniques to dislodge them. This includes rapidly inserting their relatively large, fang-like front teeth under the edge of the prey to flip it, or jamming the teeth on or under the shell's edge to make a small break.[11][12][29] However, the teeth of clingfish vary extensively depending on species.[37][38] In the opposite extreme of the species with relatively few large teeth is Nettorhamphos radula. This species has 1,800–2,300 microscopic teeth (about ten times more than known from any other clingfish), but its feeding behavior is unknown.[23][37]

Three clingfish species, Cochleoceps bicolor, C. orientalis and Diplecogaster tonstricula, have become cleaner fish. Large fish approach them and allow the small clingfish onto their body where the clingfish eats tiny parasites.[16][17] In contrast to this mutualistic relationship, certain clingfish species that live among the spines of sea urchins appear to be part of a more varied relationship. It can be either commensal (the clingfish gains protection from the sea urchin spines, but apparently neither benefits nor is a disadvantage to the sea urchin) or parasitic (the clingfish gains protection, and eats tube feet and pedicellaria from its sea urchin host).[14][15][39]

No clingfish species is known to be exclusively herbivorous, but some are omnivorous and will feed extensively on a range of algae (brown, green and red),[3] while other, more strictly carnivorous species may ingest plant material incidentally.[34]

Classification and taxonomy edit

The classification of the clingfishes varies. FishBase places Gobiesocidae as the only family in the order Gobiesociformes, under the superorder Paracanthopterygii;[40] whereas ITIS place them in the suborder Gobiesocoidei of the order Perciformes, under superorder Acanthopterygii. ITIS lists Gobiesociformes as invalid.[41] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World places the Gobiesociiformes in the clade Percomorpha as part of the series Ovalentaria.[42]

Mostly being very small and often cryptic, new species are regularly discovered and described. A major authoritative work on the family is a monograph that was published in 1955 by J.C. Briggs,[43] but in the half century after its publication, up until 2006, fifty-six new clingfish species were described, or on average more than one per year.[5] This pattern with regular descriptions of new species—and even new genera—has continued since then.[37][44][45][46] As of 2020, there are 182 recognized clingfish species.[47]

Subfamilies and genera edit

 
Chorisochismus dentex is the only member of its genus and the largest clingfish species[29]
 
The Connemara clingfish is typically referred to as Lepadogaster candolii, but genetic studies indicate that this makes the genus Lepadogaster polyphyletic[22]
 
Lepadogaster lepadogaster (shown) and L. purpurea were formerly considered a single species. Both inhabit the Mediterranean and the East Atlantic, but only L. purpurea ranges north to the British Isles[9][25]

Subfamilies and genera. The delimination of the subfamilies, and to some extent the genera, is not fully resolved.[22][46] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises only two subfamilies, Cheilobranchinae and Gobiesocinae.[42] Fishbase does list a third subfamily, the monotypic Protogobiesocinae which contains a single species Protogobiesox asymmetricus, this species having been described in 2016.[48] In 2020 the systematics of Gobiesocidae was reviewed and nine subfamilies were proposed: Cheilobranchinae, Chorisochisminae, Diademichthyinae, Diplocrepinae, Haplocylicinae, Gobiesocinae, Lepadogastrinae, Protogobiesocinae, and Trachelochisminae.[47]

Subfamily Cheilobranchinae

Subfamily Chorisochisminae

Subfamily Diademichthyinae

Subfamily Diplocrepinae

Subfamily Gobiesocinae

Subfamily Haplocylicinae

Subfamily Lepadogastrinae

Subfamily Protogobiesocinae

Subfamily Trachelochisminae

Incertae Sedis

References edit

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  36. ^ Johnson, C.R. (1970). "Notes on the Intertidal Life History of the Northern Clingfish, Gobiesox maeandricus (Girard)". The American Midland Naturalist. 83 (2): 625–627. doi:10.2307/2423966. JSTOR 2423966.
  37. ^ a b c Conway, K.W.; G.I. Moore; A.P. Summers (2017). "A New Genus and Species of Clingfish (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from Western Australia". Copeia. 105 (1): 128–140. doi:10.1643/CI-16-560. S2CID 90595940.
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  44. ^ Fricke, R. (2014). "Unguitrema nigrum, a new genus and species of clingfish (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from Madang, Papua New Guinea" (PDF). Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation. 13: 35–42.
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  46. ^ a b Conway, K.W.; A.L. Stewart; A.P. Summers (2018). "A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae)". ZooKeys (786): 75–104. doi:10.3897/zookeys.786.28539. PMC 6168618. PMID 30283237.
  47. ^ a b Kevin W. Conway; Cragen D. King; Adam P. Summers; Daemin Kim; Philip A. Hastings; Glenn I. Moore; Samuel P. Iglésias; Mark V. Erdmann; Carole C. Baldwin; Graham Short; Kyoji Fujiwara; Thomas Trnski; Gary Voelker; Lukas Rüber (23 December 2020). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Clingfishes (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae)—Implications for Classification" (PDF). Ichthyology & Herpetology. 108 (4): 886–906. doi:10.1643/CI2020054. eISSN 2766-1520. ISSN 2766-1512. S2CID 230507140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links edit

  • Smith, J.L.B. 1964. The clingfishes of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 30. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gobiesocidae.

January 01, 1970
gobiesocidae, clingfishes, fishes, family, only, family, order, gobiesociformes, these, fairly, small, very, small, fishes, widespread, tropical, temperate, regions, mostly, near, coast, species, deeper, seas, fresh, water, most, species, shelter, shallow, ree. Clingfishes are fishes of the family Gobiesocidae the only family in the order Gobiesociformes These fairly small to very small fishes are widespread in tropical and temperate regions mostly near the coast but a few species in deeper seas or fresh water Most species shelter in shallow reefs or seagrass beds clinging to rocks algae and seagrass leaves with their sucking disc a structure on their chest 1 2 Clingfishes Aspasmichthys ciconiae Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Clade Percomorpha unranked Ovalentaria Order Gobiesociformes Family GobiesocidaeBleeker 1860 Type species Gobiesox cephalusLacepede 1800 They are generally too small to be of interest to fisheries although the relatively large Sicyases sanguineus regularly is caught as a food fish 3 and some of the other species occasionally appear in the marine aquarium trade 1 Contents 1 Distribution and habitat 2 Description 2 1 Sucking disc 2 2 Colours 3 Feeding 4 Classification and taxonomy 4 1 Subfamilies and genera 5 References 6 External linksDistribution and habitat edit nbsp Many clingfish live in the intertidal zone and can survive for long periods out of water as first described for Diplecogaster bimaculata in 1891 4 nbsp Lepadichthys lineatus and some other clingfish species are associated with crinoids 5 Clingfishes are primarily found near the shore in the Atlantic Indian and Pacific Oceans including marginal seas such as the Mediterranean Gulf of Mexico Caribbean and Gulf of California The greatest species richness is in tropical and warm temperate regions but the range of a few extends into colder waters like Diplecogaster bimaculata north to Norway Apletodon dentatus Lepadogaster candolii and L purpurea all three north to Scotland the last formerly mistaken for the mostly Mediterranean L lepadogaster Gobiesox maeandricus north to Alaska Gobiesox marmoratus and Sicyases sanguineus both to southernmost South America and Gastrocymba quadriradiata from New Zealand s subantarctic islands 6 7 8 9 10 Clingfishes mainly inhabit shallow rocky reefs and shores coral reefs seagrass meadows and algae beds They often live in places exposed to strong currents and wave action and some are amphibious As long as the strongly amphibious intertidal living species are kept moist by splashing waves they can survive for up to three four days on land gaining oxygen from the air by the branchial surfaces gills skin and perhaps the mouth 4 11 12 At least a few species even tolerate a relatively high degree of water loss when on land 4 A relatively small number of species shelter in sea urchins or crinoids Whether this relationship is obligate clingfish always with a sea urchin or crinoid or facultative clingfish sometimes with a sea urchin or crinoid varies with species In some only young clingfish are obligate and gradually move away as they become adult 13 14 15 Three clingfish species the Australian Cochleoceps bicolor and C orientalis and the warm East Atlantic Diplecogaster tonstricula are cleaner fish that will cling onto the bodies of larger fish 1 16 17 Although several species can occur in brackish water only seven Gobiesox cephalus G fluviatilis G fulvus G juniperoserrai G juradoensis G mexicanus and G potamius from warmer parts of the Americas are freshwater fish that live in fast flowing rivers and streams 18 19 Most known clingfish species are from relatively shallow coastal waters but several inhabit the mesophotic zone and a few even deeper with Alabes bathys Gobiesox lanceolatus Gymnoscyphus ascitus Kopua kuiteri K nuimata and Protogobiesox asymmetricus reported from depths of 300 560 m 980 1 840 ft 20 21 Because of their small size and typical habitat it is however suspected that still undiscovered deep water species remain 20 Even in shallow coastal waters many clingfish are highly cryptic and easily overlooked mostly staying under cover although there are species that are active and will swim in the open 22 As a consequence their abundance is often not well known Several species are only known from a single or a few specimens 20 21 23 Species that appear uncommon or rare based on standard methods can actually be common if using methods that are more suitable for detecting them 24 Studies of better known species have shown that they can be locally abundant As many as 23 individuals of Lepadogaster lepadogaster have been documented from a single square metre more than two individuals per square foot 25 As of 2018 update the IUCN has evaluated the conservation status of 84 clingfish species roughly half the species in the family The majority of these are considered least concern not threatened 17 are considered data deficient available data prevents an evaluation 8 considered vulnerable and a single endangered The vulnerable and endangered species all have small distributions restricted to islands or a single bay 26 Three Gobiesox species that are restricted to fresh water in Mexico have not been rated by the IUCN but are considered threatened by Mexican authorities 27 Description edit nbsp Alabes are eel like unlike other clingfish 16 Clingfishes are typically small fish with most species less than 7 cm 2 8 in in length 28 and the smallest no more than 1 5 cm 0 6 in 1 Only a few species can surpass 12 cm 4 7 in in length and the largest Chorisochismus dentex and Sicyases sanguineus both reach up to 30 cm 12 in 4 29 Males typically grow larger than females 2 Most clingfish species have tapering bodies and flattened heads appearing somewhat tadpole like in their overall shape They lack a swim bladder The lateral line of clingfish is well developed but may not extend to the posterior parts of the body The skin of clingfishes is smooth and scaleless with a thick layer of protective mucus 2 In at least Diademichthys lineatus and Lepadichthys frenatus the mucus production increases if the fish is disturbed The taste of their mucus is highly bitter to humans and it can kill other fish This is due to their skin and mucus containing a grammistin like toxin the toxin in soapfish such as Grammistes Whether any other clingfish has toxins in its skin or mucus is currently unknown 5 30 Another defense appears to be present in a couple of Acyrtus and Arcos species They have a spine at their gill cover and it appears to be connected to a venom gland Although the evidence presently is circumstantial this strongly suggests that the world s smallest venomous fish is Acyrtus artius which is less than 3 cm 1 2 in long 31 32 Sucking disc edit nbsp Sucking disc of Sicyases sanguineus viewed from below with mouth at the top Clingfish are named for their ability to firmly attach themselves to various surfaces even in strong water currents or when battered by waves This ability is aided by their sucking disc which is located on the underside at the chest and is formed primarily by modified pelvic fins and adjacent tissue 2 4 12 28 In some species it is divided in two resulting in a larger front and a smaller rear sucking disc 2 The sucking disc is covered in tiny hexagons and each of these consists of many microscopic hair like structures setae This is similar to the structures that allow geckos to cling to walls The sucking disc can be remarkably strong in some species able to lift as much as 300 times the weight of the clingfish 12 Gobies family Gobiidae can have a similar sucking disc but unlike that family the single dorsal fin in clingfish is not spiny 2 In a few clingfish species the disc is reduced or even absent notably Alabes which are quite eel like in their shape and aptly named shore eels 1 16 The sucking disc is also reduced in some deep water clingfish species 12 Colours edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Gobiesox rhessodon top left is a typical cryptic clingfish Lepadogaster purpurea top right has two eyespots on top of its head Diademichthys lineatus bottom left has a striped disruptive pattern that may function as camouflage when between sea urchin spines but may also be warning colours as it is poisonous Cochleoceps orientalis bottom right is a quite brightly coloured cleaner fish Most clingfish species have a cryptic colouration often brown grey whitish black reddish or green shades and in some cases they can rapidly change colour to match their background 2 33 34 Species of deep water are often orange red these long wave length colours are the first that disappear with depth making them suitable for camouflage 21 Diademichthys lineatus Discotrema species Lepadichthys caritus and L lineatus are strongly banded which may function as a disruptive pattern when among sea urchin spines or crinoid arms but may also be warning colours as some members of these genera have poisonous skin and mucus it is unknown if all of them are poisonous 5 13 30 There are species with colours or patterns that are unsuitable for camouflage Although Lepadogaster purpurea overall is cryptic it has a pair of distinct large eyespots on the top of its head 9 Cochleoceps bicolor C orientalis and Diplecogaster tonstricula are yellow to red with fine bluish lines These three are cleaner fish 16 17 Feeding editFeeding varies depending on exact clingfish species Most primarily feed on tiny crustaceans such as amphipods copepods isopods mysids ostracods and shrimp or gastropods limpets and other sea snails Other small animals that have been recorded in their diet include chitons bivalves medium small crustacean like crabs and barnacles sea urchins worms insect larvae fish and fish eggs 2 3 34 35 In some species cannibalism where a large clingfish eats a smaller clingfish is not uncommon 34 36 Limpets and other shelled invertebrates are well protected and often strongly attached to the rock surface Clingfish species that feed extensively on them have developed specialized teeth and techniques to dislodge them This includes rapidly inserting their relatively large fang like front teeth under the edge of the prey to flip it or jamming the teeth on or under the shell s edge to make a small break 11 12 29 However the teeth of clingfish vary extensively depending on species 37 38 In the opposite extreme of the species with relatively few large teeth is Nettorhamphos radula This species has 1 800 2 300 microscopic teeth about ten times more than known from any other clingfish but its feeding behavior is unknown 23 37 Three clingfish species Cochleoceps bicolor C orientalis and Diplecogaster tonstricula have become cleaner fish Large fish approach them and allow the small clingfish onto their body where the clingfish eats tiny parasites 16 17 In contrast to this mutualistic relationship certain clingfish species that live among the spines of sea urchins appear to be part of a more varied relationship It can be either commensal the clingfish gains protection from the sea urchin spines but apparently neither benefits nor is a disadvantage to the sea urchin or parasitic the clingfish gains protection and eats tube feet and pedicellaria from its sea urchin host 14 15 39 No clingfish species is known to be exclusively herbivorous but some are omnivorous and will feed extensively on a range of algae brown green and red 3 while other more strictly carnivorous species may ingest plant material incidentally 34 Classification and taxonomy editThe classification of the clingfishes varies FishBase places Gobiesocidae as the only family in the order Gobiesociformes under the superorder Paracanthopterygii 40 whereas ITIS place them in the suborder Gobiesocoidei of the order Perciformes under superorder Acanthopterygii ITIS lists Gobiesociformes as invalid 41 The 5th edition of Fishes of the World places the Gobiesociiformes in the clade Percomorpha as part of the series Ovalentaria 42 Mostly being very small and often cryptic new species are regularly discovered and described A major authoritative work on the family is a monograph that was published in 1955 by J C Briggs 43 but in the half century after its publication up until 2006 fifty six new clingfish species were described or on average more than one per year 5 This pattern with regular descriptions of new species and even new genera has continued since then 37 44 45 46 As of 2020 update there are 182 recognized clingfish species 47 Subfamilies and genera edit nbsp Chorisochismus dentex is the only member of its genus and the largest clingfish species 29 nbsp The Connemara clingfish is typically referred to as Lepadogaster candolii but genetic studies indicate that this makes the genus Lepadogaster polyphyletic 22 nbsp Lepadogaster lepadogaster shown and L purpurea were formerly considered a single species Both inhabit the Mediterranean and the East Atlantic but only L purpurea ranges north to the British Isles 9 25 Subfamilies and genera The delimination of the subfamilies and to some extent the genera is not fully resolved 22 46 The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises only two subfamilies Cheilobranchinae and Gobiesocinae 42 Fishbase does list a third subfamily the monotypic Protogobiesocinae which contains a single species Protogobiesox asymmetricus this species having been described in 2016 48 In 2020 the systematics of Gobiesocidae was reviewed and nine subfamilies were proposed Cheilobranchinae Chorisochisminae Diademichthyinae Diplocrepinae Haplocylicinae Gobiesocinae Lepadogastrinae Protogobiesocinae and Trachelochisminae 47 Subfamily Cheilobranchinae Alabes Cloquet 1816 Barryichthys Conway Moore amp Summers 2019 Cochleoceps Whitley 1943 Nettorhamphos Conway Moore amp Summers 2017 Parvicrepis Whitley 1931 Posidonichthys Briggs 1993 Subfamily Chorisochisminae Chorisochismus Brisout de Barneville 1846 Eckloniaichthys Smith 1943 Subfamily Diademichthyinae Aspasma Jordan amp Fowler 1902 Aspasmichthys Briggs 1955 Aspasmodes Smith 1957 Briggsia Craig amp Randall 2009 Diademichthys Pfaff 1942 Discotrema Briggs 1976 Flabellicauda Fujiwara Conway amp Motomura 2021 Flexor Conway Stewart amp Summers 2018 Lepadichthys Waite 1904 Lepadicyathus Prokofiev 2005 Liobranchia Briggs 1955 Lissonanchus Smith 1966 Pherallodus Briggs 1955 Pherallodichthys Shiogaki amp Dotsu 1983 Propherallodus Shiogaki amp Dotsu 1983 Unguitrema Fricke 2014 Subfamily Diplocrepinae Diplocrepis Gunther 1861 Subfamily Gobiesocinae Acyrtops Schultz 1951 Acyrtus Schultz 1944 Arcos Schultz 1944 Derilissus Briggs 1969 Gobiesox Lacepede 1800 Rimicola Jordan amp Evermann 1896 Sicyases Muller amp Troschel 1843 Tomicodon Brisout de Barneville 1846 Subfamily Haplocylicinae Gastrocyathus Briggs 1955 Gastrocymba Briggs 1955 Gastroscyphus Briggs 1955 Haplocylix Briggs 1955 Subfamily Lepadogastrinae Apletodon Briggs 1955 Diplecogaster Fraser Brunner 1938 Gouania Nardo 1833 Lepadogaster Gouan 1770 Lecanogaster Briggs 1957 Opeatogenys Briggs 1955 Subfamily Protogobiesocinae Protogobiesox Fricke Chen amp Chen 2016 Gymnoscyphus Bohlke amp Robins 1970 Kopua Hardy 1984 Subfamily Trachelochisminae Dellichthys Briggs 1955 Trachelochismus Brisout de Barneville 1846 Incertae Sedis Aspasmogaster Waite 1907 Conidens Briggs 1955 Creocele Briggs 1955 Modicus Hardy 1983References edit a b c d e Bray Dianne Family GOBIESOCIDAE Fishes of Australia Retrieved 29 September 2014 a b c d e f g h Donaldson T J 2004 Gobiesocoidei Clingfishes And Singleslits encyclopedia com Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Retrieved 12 October 2018 a b c Paine R T A R Palmer 1978 Sicyases sanguineus a Unique Trophic Generalist from the Chilean Intertidal Zone Copeia 1978 1 75 81 doi 10 2307 1443824 JSTOR 1443824 a b c d e Graham J B ed 1997 Air Breathing Fishes Evolution Diversity and Adaptation Academic Press pp 41 42 ISBN 978 0 12 294860 2 a b c d Craig M T J E Randall 2008 Two New Species of the Indo Pacific Clingfish Genus Discotrema Gobiesocidae Copeia 2008 1 68 74 doi 10 1643 CI 07 025 S2CID 85251566 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2018 Diplecogaster bimaculata in FishBase October 2018 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2018 Gobiesox maeandricus in FishBase October 2018 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2018 Gastrocymba quadriradiata in FishBase October 2018 version a b c Henriques M R Lourenco F Almada G Calado D Goncalves T Guillemaud M L Cancela V C Almada 2002 A revision of the status of Lepadogaster lepadogaster Teleostei Gobiesocidae sympatric subspecies or a long misunderstood blend of species Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76 1 327 338 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8312 2002 00067 x hdl 10400 12 1305 Sielfeld W M Vargas 1999 Review of marine fish zoogeography of Chilean Patagonia 42 57 S Scientia Marina 63 451 463 doi 10 3989 scimar 1999 63s1451 a b Ebeling A W P Bernal A Zuleta 1970 Emersion of the amphibious Chiliean clingfish Sicyastes sanguineus Biol Bull 139 1 115 137 doi 10 2307 1540131 JSTOR 1540131 PMID 29332484 a b c d e Simon M 6 June 2014 Absurd Creature of the Week This Fish Can Support 300 Times Its Weight With a Super Suction Cup wired com Retrieved 12 October 2018 a b Karplus I 2014 Symbiosis in Fishes The Biology of Interspecific Partnerships Wiley Blackwell ISBN 9781405185899 a b Sakashita H 1992 Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish Diademichthys lineatus and its dependence on host sea urchin Environmental Biology of Fishes 34 1 95 101 doi 10 1007 BF00004787 S2CID 32656986 a b Conway K W A L Stewart A P Summers 2018 A new species of sea urchin associating clingfish of the genus Dellichthys from New Zealand Teleostei Gobiesocidae ZooKeys 740 77 95 doi 10 3897 zookeys 740 22712 PMC 5904551 PMID 29674890 a b c d e Hutchins B R Swainston 1986 Sea Fishes of Southern Australia Swainston Publishing Perth pp 32 33 ISBN 978 1 86252 661 7 a b c Fricke R P Wirtz A Brito 2015 Diplecogaster tonstricula a new species of cleaning clingfish Teleostei Gobiesocidae from the Canary Islands and Senegal eastern Atlantic Ocean with a review of the Diplecogaster ctenocrypta species group Journal of Natural History 50 11 12 731 748 doi 10 1080 00222933 2015 1079659 S2CID 85985356 Conway K W D Kim L Ruber H S Espinosa Perez P A Hastings 2017 Molecular systematics of the New World clingfish genus Gobiesox Teleostei Gobiesocidae and the origin of a freshwater clade Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 112 138 147 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2017 04 024 PMID 28461202 Mercado Silva N J J Schmitter Soto H Espinosa Perez 2016 Overlap of mountain clingfish Gobiesox fluviatilis and Mexican clingfish Gobiesox mexicanus in the Cuitzmala River Jalisco Mexico The Southwestern Naturalist 61 1 83 87 doi 10 1894 0038 4909 61 1 83 S2CID 89271402 a b c Hastings P A K W Conway 2017 Gobiesox lanceolatus a new species of clingfish Teleostei Gobiesocidae from Los Frailes submarine canyon Gulf of California Mexico Zootaxa 4221 3 393 400 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4221 3 8 PMID 28187671 S2CID 19062067 a b c Moore G I J B Hutchins M Okamoto 2012 A new species of the deepwater clingfish genus Kopua Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae from the East China Sea an example of antitropicality Zootaxa 3380 34 38 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3380 1 2 a b c Almada F M Henriques A Levy A Pereira J Robalo V C Almada 2008 Reclassification of Lepadogaster candollei based on molecular and meristic evidence with a redefinition of the genus Lepadogaster Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 3 1151 1156 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 05 021 hdl 10400 12 1471 PMID 18280755 a b Ma M 17 April 2017 New many toothed clingfish discovered with help of digital scans University of Washington Retrieved 11 October 2018 Craig M T Williams J T 2015 Arcos nudus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T185939A1792278 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T185939A1792278 en a b Wagner M S Bracun M Kovacic S P Iglesias D Y Sellos S Zogaris S Koblmuller 2017 Lepadogaster purpurea Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae from the eastern Mediterranean Sea Significantly extended distribution range Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 47 4 417 421 doi 10 3750 AIEP 02244 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 12 October 2018 Gobiesocidae Retrieved 12 October 2018 Ceballos G E D Pardo L M Estevez H E Perez eds 2016 Los peces dulceacuicolas de Mexico en peligro de extincion Fondo de Cultura Economic pp 420 426 ISBN 978 607 16 4087 1 a b Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2012 Gobiesocidae in FishBase October 2012 version a b c Stobbs R E 1980 Feeding Habits of the Giant Clingfish Chorisochismus dentex Pisces Gobiesocidae South African Journal of Zoology 15 3 146 149 doi 10 1080 02541858 1980 11447702 a b Hori K N Fusetani K Hashimoto K Aida J E Randall 1979 Occurrence of a grammistin like mucous toxin in the clingfish Diademichthys lineatus Toxicon 17 4 418 424 doi 10 1016 0041 0101 79 90271 X PMID 494325 Conway K W C Baldwin M D White 2014 Cryptic Diversity and Venom Glands in Western Atlantic Clingfishes of the Genus Acyrtus Teleostei Gobiesocidae PLOS ONE 9 5 e97664 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 997664C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0097664 PMC 4019652 PMID 24825326 Keartes S 22 May 2014 Could This be the World s Smallest Venomous Fish Earth Touch News Retrieved 12 October 2018 Briggs J C Hutchins J B 1998 Paxton J R Eschmeyer W N eds Encyclopedia of Fishes San Diego Academic Press pp 142 143 ISBN 978 0 12 547665 2 a b c d Pires T H S F Z Gibran 2011 Intertidal life field observations on the clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus in southeastern Brazil PDF Neotrop Ichthyol 9 1 233 240 doi 10 1590 S1679 62252011005000001 Hirayama S T Shiiba Y Sakai H Hashimoto K Gushima 2005 Fish egg predation by the small clingfish Pherallodichthys meshimaensis Gobiesocidae on the shallow reefs of Kuchierabu jima Island southern Japan Environmental Biology of Fishes 73 3 237 242 doi 10 1007 s10641 005 2260 2 S2CID 31859123 Johnson C R 1970 Notes on the Intertidal Life History of the Northern Clingfish Gobiesox maeandricus Girard The American Midland Naturalist 83 2 625 627 doi 10 2307 2423966 JSTOR 2423966 a b c Conway K W G I Moore A P Summers 2017 A New Genus and Species of Clingfish Teleostei Gobiesocidae from Western Australia Copeia 105 1 128 140 doi 10 1643 CI 16 560 S2CID 90595940 Conway K W N G Bertrand Z Browning Z W Lancon F J Clubb Jr 2015 Heterodonty in the New World An SEM Investigation of Oral Jaw Dentition in the Clingfishes of the Subfamily Gobiesocinae Teleostei Gobiesocidae Copeia 103 4 973 998 doi 10 1643 OT 15 234 S2CID 86305371 Russell B C 1983 The food and feeding habits of rocky reef fish of north eastern New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 17 2 121 145 doi 10 1080 00288330 1983 9515991 Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2012 Gobiesociformes in FishBase october 2012 version Gobiesociformes Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 5 February 2008 a b J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley p 351 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Briggs J C 1955 A monograph of the clingfishes Order Xenopterygii Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 6 1 224 Fricke R 2014 Unguitrema nigrum a new genus and species of clingfish Teleostei Gobiesocidae from Madang Papua New Guinea PDF Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation 13 35 42 Fricke R Chen J N Chen W J 2016 New case of lateral asymmetry in fishes A new subfamily genus and species of deep water clingfishes from Papua New Guinea western Pacific Ocean PDF Comptes Rendus Biologies 340 1 47 62 doi 10 1016 j crvi 2016 11 002 PMID 27979388 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Conway K W A L Stewart A P Summers 2018 A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitahua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand Teleostei Gobiesocidae ZooKeys 786 75 104 doi 10 3897 zookeys 786 28539 PMC 6168618 PMID 30283237 a b Kevin W Conway Cragen D King Adam P Summers Daemin Kim Philip A Hastings Glenn I Moore Samuel P Iglesias Mark V Erdmann Carole C Baldwin Graham Short Kyoji Fujiwara Thomas Trnski Gary Voelker Lukas Ruber 23 December 2020 Molecular Phylogenetics of the Clingfishes Teleostei Gobiesocidae Implications for Classification PDF Ichthyology amp Herpetology 108 4 886 906 doi 10 1643 CI2020054 eISSN 2766 1520 ISSN 2766 1512 S2CID 230507140 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2019 Species of Protogobiesox in FishBase April 2019 version External links editSmith J L B 1964 The clingfishes of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea Ichthyological Bulletin No 30 Department of Ichthyology Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gobiesocidae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gobiesocidae amp oldid 1205703730, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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