fbpx
Wikipedia

Stem duchy

August 25, 2023

A stem duchy (German: Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning "tribe", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the German Empire at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Empire in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Empire declined, the old tribal areas assumed new identities. The five stem duchies (sometimes also called "younger stem duchies" in contrast to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies) were: Bavaria, Franconia, Lotharingia (Lorraine), Saxony and Swabia (Alemannia).[1] The Salian emperors (reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the Hohenstaufen, and Frederick Barbarossa finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies.

The Holy Roman Empire, circa 1000
  Duchy of Saxony
  Lower Lorraine
  Upper Lorraine
  Duchy of Franconia
  Duchy of Swabia
  Duchy of Bavaria

The term Stammesherzogtum as used in German historiography dates to the mid-19th century, and from the beginning was closely related to the question of national unification. The term's applicability, and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany, consequently have a long history of controversy. The overly literal or etymologizing English translation "stem duchy" was coined in the early 20th century.[2] While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation "tribal", use of the term "stem duchies" has become conventional.[3]

German tribes (Stämme) Edit

 
Linguistic map of Old High German (Alemannic and Bavarian), Old Frankish, Old Saxon and Old Frisian at the time of Otto I, 10th century[4]

The derivation of the German people from a number of German tribes (Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme) developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography. This concept of German "stems" relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic Germanic tribes of late antiquity. A distinction was sometimes made between the "ancient stems" (Altstämme), which were in existence in the 10th century, and "recent stems" (Neustämme), which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of eastward expansion. The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague, and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute.[5] The terms Stamm, Nation or Volk variously used in modern German historiography reflect the Middle Latin gens, natio or populus of the medieval source material.

Traditional German historiography counts six Altstämme or "ancient stems", viz. Bavarians, Swabians (Alemanni), Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Thuringians. All of these were incorporated in the Carolingian Empire by the late 8th century. Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies; the former Merovingian duchy of Thuringia was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former Frisian Kingdom had been conquered into Francia already in 734. The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period (Lex Baiuvariorum, Lex Alamannorum, Lex Salica and Lex Ripuaria, Lex Saxonum, Lex Frisionum and Lex Thuringorum). Franconian, Saxon and Swabian law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into the 13th century.

The list of "recent stems" or Neustämme, is much less definite and subject to considerable variation; groups that have been listed under this heading include the Märker, Lausitzer, Mecklenburger, Upper Saxons, Pomeranians, Silesians, and East Prussians, roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries.

The use of Stämme, "tribes", rather than Völker "nations, peoples", emerged in the early 19th century in the context of the project of German unification. Karl Friedrich Eichhorn in 1808 still used Deutsche Völker "German nations". Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation (Volk) in its tribes (in seinen Stämmen). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the Weimar constitution of 1919, reading Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen [...] "The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...".

The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis,[6] although some historians have revived the terminology of "peoples" (Völker) rather than "tribes" (Stämme).[7]

The division remains in current use in the conventional classification of German dialects into Franconian, Alemannic, Thuringian, Bavarian and Low Saxon (including Friso-Saxon, with Frisian proper being regarded as a separate language). In the Free State of Bavaria, the division into "Bavarian stems" (bayerische Stämme) remains current for the populations of Altbayern (Bavaria proper), Franconia and Swabia.

East Francia Edit

Further information: Frankish Empire

Within East Francia were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms (regna) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria, which had been conquered by Charlemagne, and Alamannia, placed under Frankish administration in 746.[8] In German historiography they are called the jüngere Stammesherzogtümer, or "more recent tribal duchies",[9] although the term "stem duchies" is common in English. The duchies are often called "younger" (newer, more recent, etc.) in order to distinguish them from the older duchies which were vassal-states of the Merovingian monarchs. Historian Herwig Wolfram denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies, or between the stem duchies of Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire:

I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French", principautés territoriales, and the East-Frankish, "German", stem-duchies. . . Certainly, their names had already appeared during the Migrations. Yet, their political institutional, and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed. I have, moreover, refuted the basic difference between the so-called älteres Stammesfürstentum [older tribal principalities] and jüngeres Stammesfürstentum [newer tribal principalities], since I consider the duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution. . .[10]

After the division of the Kingdom in the Treaty of Verdun (843), Treaty of Meerssen (870), and Treaty of Ribemont (880), the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or East Francia was formed out of Bavaria, Alemannia, and Saxony together with eastern parts of the Frankish territory. The kingdom was divided in 864–865 among the sons of Louis the German, largely along the lines of the tribes. Royal power quickly disintegrated after 899 under the rule of Louis the Child, which allowed local magnates to revive the duchies as autonomous entities and rule their tribes under the supreme authority of the King.

Holy Roman Empire Edit

 
The Eastern Frankish Kingdom (919–1125) with the later stem duchies:
Saxony in yellow, Franconia in blue, Bavaria in green, Swabia in light orange, and Lotharingia in pink

After the death of the last Carolingian, Louis the Child, in 911, the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom. The dukes gathered and elected Conrad I to be their king. According to Tellenbach's thesis, the dukes created the duchies during Conrad's reign.[11] No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom. Even after the death of Conrad in 918, when the election of Henry the Fowler was disputed, his rival, Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, did not establish a separate kingdom but claimed the whole,[12] before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority.[8] Henry may even have promulgated a law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united.[8] Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission, but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry's son Otto the Great.[9] The Ottonians worked to preserve the duchies as offices of the crown, but by the reign of Henry IV the dukes had made them functionally hereditary.[13]

The five stem duchies were:[1]

Franconia (until 939)
The Conradine family, close to the royal court, obtained ducal hegemony in Franconia but never managed to unify the region. Franconia did not encompass the entire tribal territory of the Franks, which became known as Austrasia, and which was split into three parts in the Treaty of Verdun of 843, the other two parts becoming Lotharingia and the core of the kingdom of France, respectively. After attaining the Kingship in 911, the Conradines had to yield the crown to the Saxon Liudolfings. After a failed rebellion, the Conradines were deposed and the Duchy made into a land of the crown. The region fragmented into a conglomerate of noble territories and ecclesiastical principalities as early as 939 and was never restored as a political entity or administrative division. Neither did Franconia retain its cultural or linguistic identity; the Franconian dialects are now arrayed along the dialect continuum known as the "Rhenish fan", split into High Franconian, Central Franconian and Low Franconian branches and their sub-dialects.
Lotharingia (until 959)
As a central component of the Frankish kingdom and with an essentially Frankish tribal identity, Lotharingia was split off Austrasia as part of Middle Francia in 843, and organized as a Duchy in 903. It kept changing position between the Eastern and the Western Kingdom until 939, when it was firmly incorporated into the Eastern Kingdom. In 959 the Duchy was divided into Lower Lotharingia (which in turn fragmented further into the counties and duchies of the Netherlands (present day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) only to be reunited by the Dukes of Burgundy) and Upper Lotharingia (parts of which developed into the French territory called Lorraine). Lower Lorraine remained a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until 1190, when it passed to the Dukes of Brabant.
Swabia (until 1268)
Alamannia had been nominally associated with the Frankish kingdom since the end of the 5th century, but it became a duchy under direct Frankish control only in 746. The names Alemannia and Swabia were used more or less interchangeably during the high medieval period. The Thurgau-based Hunfridings first rose to the position of Dukes but soon lost the rule in their struggle with the Liudolfing kings. After various families, the Duchy passed to the Hohenstaufen family in 1079. Their rise to the Kingship made Swabia a royal base, but their fall in the 13th century left Swabia in complete disarray, with remains falling to the Wittelsbach, Württemberg, and Habsburg families, the latter soon after facing the secession of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The core territory of Swabia continued its existence as the County of Württemberg, raised to the status of Duchy in 1495, which in turn became the Kingdom of Württemberg within 19th-century Germany.
Saxony (until 1296)
The Liudolfing family, which had long been employed in the administration of Saxony, rose to the position of Dukes and even Kings after 919. In the 11th century, the Duchy was ruled by the Billungs. After 1137 the House of Welf dominated the duchy. The fall of Duke Henry the Lion in 1180 resulted in the dismantling of the stem duchy, splitting off the Duchy of Westphalia and the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, leaving a core Duchy of Saxony on the river Elbe, enfeoffed to the Ascanians. This remainder was eventually split into Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg in 1296, the latter raised to the status of Electorate in 1356, which became independent as the Kingdom of Saxony after the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire.
Bavaria
The Luitpolding family, responsible for the defense of the March of Carinthia, rose to the position of Dukes. They were succeeded by a branch of the Liudolfing dynasty and eventually the Welfs, whose struggle with the Hohenstaufen Kings resulted in Bavaria being stripped of Austria (1156), Styria and Tyrol (1180). The reduced territorial duchy was given to the Wittelsbach family. Bavaria remained under the control of the Wittelsbach family until the First World War, although it was repeatedly divided into sub-duchies among branches of the family during the 13th to 15th centuries, re-united under Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria in 1503. In 1623, it was raised to the status of Electorate, and following the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire it became independent as a Kingdom.

Legacy Edit

The complicated political history of the Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishment of most early medieval duchies. Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The duchy of Bavaria is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy, eventually emerging as the Free State of Bavaria within modern Germany. Some of the other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire; thus, the Electorate of Saxony, while not directly continuing the duchy of Saxony, gives rise to the modern state of Saxony. The duchies of Franconia and Swabia, on the other hand, disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of Swabia and Franconia. The Merovingian duchy of Thuringia did not become a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908, and the modern state of Thuringia was established in 1920.

References Edit

  1. ^ a b See Donald C. Jackman, The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology, 1990, p. 87, citing Hans-Werner Guetz, "Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jüngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert, 1977.
  2. ^ Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814–1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114; Emerton uses English stem in its archaic sense of "stock, race, ancestry" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; : "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (p. 105); "All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (p. 175)
  3. ^ "Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (Stamm), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. [...] The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, 1982, p. 4.
  4. ^ The High German consonant shift at this time was in its final phase, and would generate the so-called Rhenish fan of Franconian dialectal division and the division into Upper German, Central German and Low German in conventional use for modern German dialects. A Thuringian dialect is not indicated as there is no documentary evidence for a separate Thuringian variant of Old High German (Thuringia is subsumed under Old Frankish in the map). The division of Old High German into Alemannic and Bavarian is also conventional, as clear dialectal features dividing the two branches emerge only in the Middle High German period.
  5. ^ Hans-Werner Goetz: Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.): Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, pp. 229–253 (p. 247).
  6. ^ Carl Erdmann: "Der Name Deutsch" In: Karl der Große oder Charlemagne? Acht Antworten deutscher Geschichtsforscher. Berlin 1935, S. 94–105. Hans Kurt Schulze: Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter. Band 1: Stamm, Gefolgschaft, Lehenswesen, Grundherrschaft. Urban-Taschenbuch, Stuttgart 1985, p. 37. Hans-Werner Goetz: "Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem". In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.): Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, 229–253 (p. 238).
  7. ^ so Carlrichard Brühl, Deutschland – Frankreich: die Geburt zweier Völker. 2nd ed. 1995, pp. 243ff
  8. ^ a b c Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities, pp. 290–91.
  9. ^ a b Patrick J. Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 44.
  10. ^ Herwig Wolfram, "The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non-royal Rulership", Viator, 2 (1971), p. 41.
  11. ^ This thesis was popularised for English scholars by Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, 2nd ed. (New York: 1947).
  12. ^ That he claimed the whole, and not just Bavaria, has been doubted by Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance, p. 44.
  13. ^ James Westfall Thompson, "German Feudalism", The American Historical Review, 28, 3 (1923), p. 454.

See also Edit

August 25, 2023
stem, duchy, stem, duchy, german, stammesherzogtum, from, stamm, meaning, tribe, reference, franks, saxons, bavarians, swabians, constituent, duchy, german, empire, time, extinction, carolingian, dynasty, death, louis, child, through, transitional, period, lea. A stem duchy German Stammesherzogtum from Stamm meaning tribe in reference to the Franks Saxons Bavarians and Swabians was a constituent duchy of the German Empire at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty death of Louis the Child in 911 and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Empire in the 8th century As the Carolingian Empire declined the old tribal areas assumed new identities The five stem duchies sometimes also called younger stem duchies in contrast to the pre Carolingian tribal duchies were Bavaria Franconia Lotharingia Lorraine Saxony and Swabia Alemannia 1 The Salian emperors reigned 1027 1125 retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany but the stem duchies became increasingly obsolete during the early high medieval period under the Hohenstaufen and Frederick Barbarossa finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies The Holy Roman Empire circa 1000 Duchy of Saxony Lower Lorraine Upper Lorraine Duchy of Franconia Duchy of Swabia Duchy of BavariaThe term Stammesherzogtum as used in German historiography dates to the mid 19th century and from the beginning was closely related to the question of national unification The term s applicability and the nature of the stem duchies in medieval Germany consequently have a long history of controversy The overly literal or etymologizing English translation stem duchy was coined in the early 20th century 2 While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation tribal use of the term stem duchies has become conventional 3 Contents 1 German tribes Stamme 2 East Francia 3 Holy Roman Empire 4 Legacy 5 References 6 See alsoGerman tribes Stamme Edit Linguistic map of Old High German Alemannic and Bavarian Old Frankish Old Saxon and Old Frisian at the time of Otto I 10th century 4 The derivation of the German people from a number of German tribes Deutsche Stamme Volksstamme developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography This concept of German stems relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic Germanic tribes of late antiquity A distinction was sometimes made between the ancient stems Altstamme which were in existence in the 10th century and recent stems Neustamme which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of eastward expansion The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute 5 The terms Stamm Nation or Volk variously used in modern German historiography reflect the Middle Latin gens natio or populus of the medieval source material Traditional German historiography counts six Altstamme or ancient stems viz Bavarians Swabians Alemanni Franks Saxons Frisians and Thuringians All of these were incorporated in the Carolingian Empire by the late 8th century Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies the former Merovingian duchy of Thuringia was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former Frisian Kingdom had been conquered into Francia already in 734 The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period Lex Baiuvariorum Lex Alamannorum Lex Salica and Lex Ripuaria Lex Saxonum Lex Frisionum and Lex Thuringorum Franconian Saxon and Swabian law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into the 13th century The list of recent stems or Neustamme is much less definite and subject to considerable variation groups that have been listed under this heading include the Marker Lausitzer Mecklenburger Upper Saxons Pomeranians Silesians and East Prussians roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries The use of Stamme tribes rather than Volker nations peoples emerged in the early 19th century in the context of the project of German unification Karl Friedrich Eichhorn in 1808 still used Deutsche Volker German nations Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation Volk in its tribes in seinen Stammen This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the Weimar constitution of 1919 reading Das deutsche Volk einig in seinen Stammen The German nation people united in its tribes stems The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis 6 although some historians have revived the terminology of peoples Volker rather than tribes Stamme 7 The division remains in current use in the conventional classification of German dialects into Franconian Alemannic Thuringian Bavarian and Low Saxon including Friso Saxon with Frisian proper being regarded as a separate language In the Free State of Bavaria the division into Bavarian stems bayerische Stamme remains current for the populations of Altbayern Bavaria proper Franconia and Swabia East Francia EditFurther information Frankish Empire Within East Francia were large duchies sometimes called kingdoms regna after their former status which had a certain level of internal solidarity Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria which had been conquered by Charlemagne and Alamannia placed under Frankish administration in 746 8 In German historiography they are called the jungere Stammesherzogtumer or more recent tribal duchies 9 although the term stem duchies is common in English The duchies are often called younger newer more recent etc in order to distinguish them from the older duchies which were vassal states of the Merovingian monarchs Historian Herwig Wolfram denied any real distinction between older and younger stem duchies or between the stem duchies of Germany and similar territorial principalities in other parts of the Carolingian empire I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West Frankish French principautes territoriales and the East Frankish German stem duchies Certainly their names had already appeared during the Migrations Yet their political institutional and biological structures had more often than not thoroughly changed I have moreover refuted the basic difference between the so called alteres Stammesfurstentum older tribal principalities and jungeres Stammesfurstentum newer tribal principalities since I consider the duchies before and after Charlemagne to have been basically the same Frankish institution 10 After the division of the Kingdom in the Treaty of Verdun 843 Treaty of Meerssen 870 and Treaty of Ribemont 880 the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or East Francia was formed out of Bavaria Alemannia and Saxony together with eastern parts of the Frankish territory The kingdom was divided in 864 865 among the sons of Louis the German largely along the lines of the tribes Royal power quickly disintegrated after 899 under the rule of Louis the Child which allowed local magnates to revive the duchies as autonomous entities and rule their tribes under the supreme authority of the King Holy Roman Empire Edit The Eastern Frankish Kingdom 919 1125 with the later stem duchies Saxony in yellow Franconia in blue Bavaria in green Swabia in light orange and Lotharingia in pinkAfter the death of the last Carolingian Louis the Child in 911 the stem duchies acknowledged the unity of the kingdom The dukes gathered and elected Conrad I to be their king According to Tellenbach s thesis the dukes created the duchies during Conrad s reign 11 No duke attempted to set up an independent kingdom Even after the death of Conrad in 918 when the election of Henry the Fowler was disputed his rival Arnulf Duke of Bavaria did not establish a separate kingdom but claimed the whole 12 before being forced by Henry to submit to royal authority 8 Henry may even have promulgated a law stipulating that the kingdom would thereafter be united 8 Arnulf continued to rule it like a king even after his submission but after his death in 937 it was quickly brought under royal control by Henry s son Otto the Great 9 The Ottonians worked to preserve the duchies as offices of the crown but by the reign of Henry IV the dukes had made them functionally hereditary 13 The five stem duchies were 1 Franconia until 939 The Conradine family close to the royal court obtained ducal hegemony in Franconia but never managed to unify the region Franconia did not encompass the entire tribal territory of the Franks which became known as Austrasia and which was split into three parts in the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the other two parts becoming Lotharingia and the core of the kingdom of France respectively After attaining the Kingship in 911 the Conradines had to yield the crown to the Saxon Liudolfings After a failed rebellion the Conradines were deposed and the Duchy made into a land of the crown The region fragmented into a conglomerate of noble territories and ecclesiastical principalities as early as 939 and was never restored as a political entity or administrative division Neither did Franconia retain its cultural or linguistic identity the Franconian dialects are now arrayed along the dialect continuum known as the Rhenish fan split into High Franconian Central Franconian and Low Franconian branches and their sub dialects Lotharingia until 959 As a central component of the Frankish kingdom and with an essentially Frankish tribal identity Lotharingia was split off Austrasia as part of Middle Francia in 843 and organized as a Duchy in 903 It kept changing position between the Eastern and the Western Kingdom until 939 when it was firmly incorporated into the Eastern Kingdom In 959 the Duchy was divided into Lower Lotharingia which in turn fragmented further into the counties and duchies of the Netherlands present day Belgium the Netherlands and Luxembourg only to be reunited by the Dukes of Burgundy and Upper Lotharingia parts of which developed into the French territory called Lorraine Lower Lorraine remained a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until 1190 when it passed to the Dukes of Brabant Swabia until 1268 Alamannia had been nominally associated with the Frankish kingdom since the end of the 5th century but it became a duchy under direct Frankish control only in 746 The names Alemannia and Swabia were used more or less interchangeably during the high medieval period The Thurgau based Hunfridings first rose to the position of Dukes but soon lost the rule in their struggle with the Liudolfing kings After various families the Duchy passed to the Hohenstaufen family in 1079 Their rise to the Kingship made Swabia a royal base but their fall in the 13th century left Swabia in complete disarray with remains falling to the Wittelsbach Wurttemberg and Habsburg families the latter soon after facing the secession of the Old Swiss Confederacy The core territory of Swabia continued its existence as the County of Wurttemberg raised to the status of Duchy in 1495 which in turn became the Kingdom of Wurttemberg within 19th century Germany Saxony until 1296 The Liudolfing family which had long been employed in the administration of Saxony rose to the position of Dukes and even Kings after 919 In the 11th century the Duchy was ruled by the Billungs After 1137 the House of Welf dominated the duchy The fall of Duke Henry the Lion in 1180 resulted in the dismantling of the stem duchy splitting off the Duchy of Westphalia and the Duchy of Brunswick Luneburg leaving a core Duchy of Saxony on the river Elbe enfeoffed to the Ascanians This remainder was eventually split into Saxe Lauenburg and Saxe Wittenberg in 1296 the latter raised to the status of Electorate in 1356 which became independent as the Kingdom of Saxony after the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire Bavaria The Luitpolding family responsible for the defense of the March of Carinthia rose to the position of Dukes They were succeeded by a branch of the Liudolfing dynasty and eventually the Welfs whose struggle with the Hohenstaufen Kings resulted in Bavaria being stripped of Austria 1156 Styria and Tyrol 1180 The reduced territorial duchy was given to the Wittelsbach family Bavaria remained under the control of the Wittelsbach family until the First World War although it was repeatedly divided into sub duchies among branches of the family during the 13th to 15th centuries re united under Albert IV Duke of Bavaria in 1503 In 1623 it was raised to the status of Electorate and following the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire it became independent as a Kingdom Legacy EditThe complicated political history of the Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishment of most early medieval duchies Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies The duchy of Bavaria is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy eventually emerging as the Free State of Bavaria within modern Germany Some of the other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire thus the Electorate of Saxony while not directly continuing the duchy of Saxony gives rise to the modern state of Saxony The duchies of Franconia and Swabia on the other hand disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of Swabia and Franconia The Merovingian duchy of Thuringia did not become a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908 and the modern state of Thuringia was established in 1920 References Edit a b See Donald C Jackman The Konradiner A Study in Genealogical Methodology 1990 p 87 citing Hans Werner Guetz Dux und Ducatus Begriffs und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten jungeren Stammesherzogtums an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert 1977 Ephraim Emerton Mediaeval Europe 814 1300 1903 Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis 888 950 pp 89 114 Emerton uses English stem in its archaic sense of stock race ancestry Webster s 1828 a race or generation of progenitors Oxford Dictionaries archaic or literary The main line of descent of a family or nation We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems each far more conscious of its stem unity than of its share in the unity of the nation p 105 All five stems were represented at the election of Conrad II in 1024 by their leading men not yet so far as we know by any well defined process of representation but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal p 175 Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal or as the Germans call them stem Stamm duchies of Saxony Franconia Bavaria Swabia and Lorraine The people of the various stem duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity In this respect Teutonic Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity Hajo Holborn A History of Modern Germany The Reformation 1982 p 4 The High German consonant shift at this time was in its final phase and would generate the so called Rhenish fan of Franconian dialectal division and the division into Upper German Central German and Low German in conventional use for modern German dialects A Thuringian dialect is not indicated as there is no documentary evidence for a separate Thuringian variant of Old High German Thuringia is subsumed under Old Frankish in the map The division of Old High German into Alemannic and Bavarian is also conventional as clear dialectal features dividing the two branches emerge only in the Middle High German period Hans Werner Goetz Die Deutschen Stamme als Forschungsproblem In Heinrich Beck Dieter Geuenich Heiko Steuer Dietrich Hakelberg ed Zur Geschichte der Gleichung germanisch deutsch Walter de Gruyter Berlin 2004 pp 229 253 p 247 Carl Erdmann Der Name Deutsch In Karl der Grosse oder Charlemagne Acht Antworten deutscher Geschichtsforscher Berlin 1935 S 94 105 Hans Kurt Schulze Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter Band 1 Stamm Gefolgschaft Lehenswesen Grundherrschaft Urban Taschenbuch Stuttgart 1985 p 37 Hans Werner Goetz Die Deutschen Stamme als Forschungsproblem In Heinrich Beck Dieter Geuenich Heiko Steuer Dietrich Hakelberg ed Zur Geschichte der Gleichung germanisch deutsch Walter de Gruyter Berlin 2004 229 253 p 238 so Carlrichard Bruhl Deutschland Frankreich die Geburt zweier Volker 2nd ed 1995 pp 243ff a b c Reynolds Kingdoms and Communities pp 290 91 a b Patrick J Geary Phantoms of Remembrance Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press 1994 p 44 Herwig Wolfram The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non royal Rulership Viator 2 1971 p 41 This thesis was popularised for English scholars by Geoffrey Barraclough The Origins of Modern Germany 2nd ed New York 1947 That he claimed the whole and not just Bavaria has been doubted by Geary Phantoms of Remembrance p 44 James Westfall Thompson German Feudalism The American Historical Review 28 3 1923 p 454 See also EditKingdom of Germany Prince elector Imperial circle Peerage of France Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stem duchy amp oldid 1167419094 German tribes, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.