It was created out of the former Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia under King Lothair II, that had been established in 855. Lotharingia was divided for much of the later ninth century, reunited under Louis the Younger by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont and upon the death of East Frankish king Louis the Child in 911 it joined West Francia under King Charles the Simple. It then formed a duchy in its own right, and about 925 Duke Gilbert declared homage to the German king Henry the Fowler, an act which King Rudolph of France was helpless to revert. From that time on Lotharingia (or Lorraine) remained a German stem duchy, the border with France did not change throughout the Middle Ages.
In 959 King Henry's son Duke Bruno the Great divided Lotharingia into two duchies: Lower and Upper Lorraine (or Lower and Upper Lotharingia) and granted Count Godfrey I of Mons (Hainaut) the title of a duke of Lower Lorraine. Godfrey's lands were to the north (lower down the Rhine river system), while Upper Lorraine was to the south (further up the river system). Both duchies formed the western part of the Holy Roman Empire established by Bruno's elder brother Emperor Otto I in 962.
Both Lotharingian duchies took very separate paths thereafter: Upon the death of Godfrey's son Duke Richar, Lower Lotharingia was directly ruled by the emperor, until in 977 Otto II enfeoffed Charles, the exiled younger brother of King Lothair of France. Lower and Upper Lorraine were once again briefly reunited under Gothelo I from 1033 to 1044. After that, the Lower duchy was quickly marginalised,[citation needed] while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine.
Over the next decades the significance of the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia diminished and furthermore was affected by the conflict between Emperors Henry IV and Henry V: In 1100 Henry IV had enfeoffed Count Henry of Limburg, whom Henry V, having enforced the abdication of his father, immediately deposed and replaced by Count Godfrey I of Louvain. Upon the death of Duke Godfrey III in 1190, his son Duke Henry I of Brabant inherited the ducal title by order of Emperor Henry VI at the Diet of Schwäbisch Hall. Thereby the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia finally lost its territorial authority, while the remnant Imperial fief held by the dukes of Brabant was later called the Duchy of Lothier (or Lothryk).
^The Numismatic Chronicle. Royal Numismatic Society. 2006.
^Bachrach, David S. (2014). Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN978-1-84383-927-9.
^"Treaty of Joinville". (in French) In Davenport, Frances G. European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004.
May 10, 2023
lower, lotharingia, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Lower Lotharingia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia 1 also called Northern Lotharingia 2 3 Lower Lorraine or Northern Lorraine and also referred to as Lothier or Lottier 4 in titles was a stem duchy established in 959 of the medieval Kingdom of Germany which encompassed almost all of the modern Netherlands the region of Frisia was loosely associated with the duchy but the dukes exercised no de facto control over the territory central and eastern Belgium Luxemburg the northern part of the German Rhineland province and the eastern parts of France s Nord Pas de Calais region Duchy of Lower LotharingiaNeder Lotharingen959 1190Flag Coat of armsGreen Lower Northern Lotharingia in 977 borders of current states in purple StatusPart of East Francia until 962Part of Holy Roman EmpireCommon languagesOld DutchOld FrisianOld FrenchOld Low GermanReligionChristianityGovernmentFeudal DuchyDuke 959 964Godfrey I first 1142 1190Godfrey III last Historical eraMiddle Ages Established959 Disestablished1190Preceded by Succeeded byLotharingia Prince Bishopric of LiegeElectorate of CologneBishopric of CambraiCounty of ClevesDuchy of LimburgCounty of NamurLandgraviate of BrabantCounty of HollandBishopric of UtrechtCounty of LouvainDuchy of GueldersCounty of HainautCounty of JulichCounty of BergCounty of Loon Contents 1 History 2 Successor states 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory EditIt was created out of the former Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia under King Lothair II that had been established in 855 Lotharingia was divided for much of the later ninth century reunited under Louis the Younger by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont and upon the death of East Frankish king Louis the Child in 911 it joined West Francia under King Charles the Simple It then formed a duchy in its own right and about 925 Duke Gilbert declared homage to the German king Henry the Fowler an act which King Rudolph of France was helpless to revert From that time on Lotharingia or Lorraine remained a German stem duchy the border with France did not change throughout the Middle Ages In 959 King Henry s son Duke Bruno the Great divided Lotharingia into two duchies Lower and Upper Lorraine or Lower and Upper Lotharingia and granted Count Godfrey I of Mons Hainaut the title of a duke of Lower Lorraine Godfrey s lands were to the north lower down the Rhine river system while Upper Lorraine was to the south further up the river system Both duchies formed the western part of the Holy Roman Empire established by Bruno s elder brother Emperor Otto I in 962 Both Lotharingian duchies took very separate paths thereafter Upon the death of Godfrey s son Duke Richar Lower Lotharingia was directly ruled by the emperor until in 977 Otto II enfeoffed Charles the exiled younger brother of King Lothair of France Lower and Upper Lorraine were once again briefly reunited under Gothelo I from 1033 to 1044 After that the Lower duchy was quickly marginalised citation needed while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine Over the next decades the significance of the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia diminished and furthermore was affected by the conflict between Emperors Henry IV and Henry V In 1100 Henry IV had enfeoffed Count Henry of Limburg whom Henry V having enforced the abdication of his father immediately deposed and replaced by Count Godfrey I of Louvain Upon the death of Duke Godfrey III in 1190 his son Duke Henry I of Brabant inherited the ducal title by order of Emperor Henry VI at the Diet of Schwabisch Hall Thereby the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia finally lost its territorial authority while the remnant Imperial fief held by the dukes of Brabant was later called the Duchy of Lothier or Lothryk History of the Low CountriesFrisii BelgaeCana nefates Chamavi Tubantes Gallia Belgica 55 BC 5th c AD Germania Inferior 83 5th c Salian Franks Bataviunpopulated 4th 5th c Saxons Salian Franks 4th 5th c Frisian Kingdom 6th c 734 Frankish Kingdom 481 843 Carolingian Empire 800 843 Austrasia 511 687 Middle Francia 843 855 WestFrancia 843 Kingdom of Lotharingia 855 959 Duchy of Lower Lorraine 959 Frisia FrisianFreedom 11 16thcentury County ofHolland 880 1432 Bishopric of Utrecht 695 1456 Duchy ofBrabant 1183 1430 Duchy ofGuelders 1046 1543 County ofFlanders 862 1384 County ofHainaut 1071 1432 County ofNamur 981 1421 P Bish of Liege 980 1794 Duchy ofLuxem bourg 1059 1443 Burgundian Netherlands 1384 1482 Habsburg Netherlands 1482 1795 Seventeen Provinces after 1543 Dutch Republic 1581 1795 Spanish Netherlands 1556 1714 Austrian Netherlands 1714 1795 United States of Belgium 1790 R Liege 1789 91 Batavian Republic 1795 1806 Kingdom of Holland 1806 1810 associated with French First Republic 1795 1804 part of First French Empire 1804 1815 Princip of the Netherlands 1813 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815 1830 Gr D L 1815 Kingdom of the Netherlands 1839 Kingdom of Belgium 1830 Gr D ofLuxem bourg 1890 Successor states EditAfter the territorial power of the duchy was shattered many fiefdoms came to imperial immediacy in its area The most important ones of these were Archbishopric of Cologne Prince Bishopric of Liege Bishopric of Utrecht Bishopric of Cambrai Duchy of Limburg County of Guelders includes also the shire Teisterbant Margravate of Ename later called Imperial Flanders or the County of Aalst County of Julich County of Namur County of Cleves County of Hainault including the Margravate of Valenciennes and the County of Bergen County of Holland County of Berg County of Loon County of HorneThe following successor states remained under the authority of the titular dukes of Lower Lotharingia Lothier Margraviate of Antwerp County of Leuven and Brussels Duchy of BrabantSee also EditList of rulers of LorraineReferences Edit Baedeker Jarrold Court Alec 1992 Netherlands Pearson Education Canada ISBN 978 0 13 063611 9 The Numismatic Chronicle Royal Numismatic Society 2006 Bachrach David S 2014 Warfare in Tenth Century Germany Boydell amp Brewer Ltd ISBN 978 1 84383 927 9 Treaty of Joinville in French In Davenport Frances G European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies The Lawbook Exchange Ltd 2004 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lower Lotharingia amp oldid 1152540939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
