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Frances Arnold

January 01, 1970

Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956)[1] is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.[2]

Frances Arnold
Arnold in 2021
Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
Assumed office
January 20, 2021
Serving with Maria Zuber and Francis Collins
PresidentJoe Biden
Preceded byPosition established
Personal details
Born
Frances Hamilton Arnold

(1956-07-25) July 25, 1956 (age 67)
Edgewood, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Spouse
​
(divorced)​
(1987–1991)
Domestic partnerAndrew E. Lange (1994–2010)
Children3
EducationPrinceton University (BS)
University of California, Berkeley (MS, PhD)
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsChemical engineering
Bioengineering
Biochemistry
InstitutionsCalifornia Institute of Technology
ThesisDesign and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations (1985)
Doctoral advisorHarvey Blanch
Doctoral students

Since January 2021, she serves as an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).[3][4]

Early life and education edit

Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman (née Routheau) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold, and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold.[5] She has an older brother, Bill, and three younger brothers, Edward, David and Thomas. She grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Edgewood, and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill, graduating from the city's Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974.[6] As a high schooler, she hitchhiked to Washington, D.C., to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own, working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver.[7]

The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades. In spite of this, she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University, the alma mater of her father. She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted.[8] Arnold's motivation behind studying engineering, as stated in her Nobel Prize interview, was that "[mechanical engineering] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left".[9]

Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University, where she focused on solar energy research.[10] In addition to the courses required for her major, she took classes in economics, Russian, and Italian, and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO, even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs.[11] She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts, then returned to complete her studies.[12] Back at Princeton, she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers, at the time led by Robert Socolow, working to develop sustainable energy sources, a topic that would become a focus of her later work.[12]

After graduating from Princeton in 1979, Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado's Solar Energy Research Institute.[12] At the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations (UN) position papers.[11]

She then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a PhD degree in chemical engineering in 1985[13] and became deeply interested in biochemistry.[14][12] Her thesis work, carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch, investigated affinity chromatography techniques.[13][15] Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering. For the first year of her Ph.D. coursework, the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses.[8]

Career edit

After earning her Ph.D., Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley.[16] In 1986, she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1992, and full professor in 1996. She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and, her current position, the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017.[17] In 2013, she was appointed director of Caltech's Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.[17]

Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995 to 2000.[18] She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. She served on the President's Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Science's Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics.[19]

In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents.[14] She co-founded Gevo, Inc., a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005.[14] In 2013, she and two of her former students, Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho, cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection.[14][20][21] She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc. since 2016.[22][23]

In 2019 she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc., making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company.[24]

In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). She is working with Biden's transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration. She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST's additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group. She has stated: "We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking, in decision making across the government. We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science ... I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that."[25]

Research edit

Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes (biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions) with improved and/or novel functions.[26] The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems, including enzymes, metabolic pathways, genetic regulatory circuits, and organisms. In nature, evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins (including enzymes) well-suited to carry out biological tasks, but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations (mutations) and typically occurs over long time periods.[27] Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins; she then tests these mutations' effects. If a mutation improves the proteins' function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further. This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications.[28] For example, she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment.[26]

One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random; instead, they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential, but not so random as to be inefficient. The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical, but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible, she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options, focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be, at best, neutral and at worst, detrimental (such as disrupting proper protein folding).[26]

Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes (although not the first person to do so, see e.g. Barry Hall[29]). In[26] her seminal work, published in 1993, she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in the organic solvent DMF, a highly unnatural environment.[30] She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme's gene, expressed by bacteria, through error-prone PCR. After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF. The bacteria secreted the enzyme and, if it were functional, it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo. She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis.[26] Using this method, she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original.[31]

She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions. She showed that, whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range, enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures.[26] In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes, Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed, such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation[32] and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions.[26][33]

In addition to evolving individual molecules, she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways, such as those involved in the production of carotenoids[34] and L-methionine[35] in Escherichia coli (which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst).[26] She has applied these methods to biofuel production. For example, she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol; it can be produced in E. coli bacteria, but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH, whereas E. coli makes the cofactor NADH. To circumvent this problem, she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH, allowing for the production of isobutanol.[26][36]

Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures.[26] She, and others using her methods, have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly, with fewer by-products, and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals.[31]

She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions. She developed computational methods, such as SCHEMA, to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure, so that the chimeras will fold properly, and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions.[37][38]

At Caltech, Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals. A paper published in Science in 2019, with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia, has been retracted on January 2, 2020, as the results were found to be not reproducible.[39]

As of 2021, Arnold has an h-index of 135 according to Google Scholar.[40]

Personal life edit

Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge, California. She was married to James E. Bailey from 1987 to 1991, who died of cancer in 2001.[41][22] The couple had James Howard Bailey (born in 1990). Her stepson Sean Bailey is an American film and television producer. He has been the president of Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production since his appointment in 2010. .[42] Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months.[43]

Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E. Lange,[44] beginning in 1994, and they had two sons, William Andrew Lange (1995) and Joseph Inman Lange (1997).[45][42] Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons, William Lange-Arnold, died in an accident in 2016.[22] Her father, William Howard Arnold died in 2015. [46]

Her hobbies include traveling, scuba diving, skiing, dirt-bike riding, and hiking.[43]

Honors and awards edit

Arnold's work has been recognized by many awards, including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the 2011 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Draper Prize (the first woman to receive it), and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation.[17] She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.[17] She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering (2000), the National Academy of Medicine, formerly called the Institute of Medicine (2004), and the National Academy of Sciences (2008).[17]

Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiology, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018.[47][48]

In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize, which she won for pioneering directed evolution.[49] In 2017, Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences, which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research.[50]

In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution, making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence, and the first American woman.[51][52] She received a one-half share of the award, with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."[26] She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton (male or female) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories (chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine).[10] In November 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.[53] On October 24, 2019, Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.[54] In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of The Life Scientific on BBC Radio 4.[55]

Appearances in popular media edit

She portrayed herself in the 18th episode "The Laureate Accumulation" of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory.[76] In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life. She also appeared in a brief interview in the NOVA episode Beyond the Elements: Life. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on the BBC's The Life Scientific on September 6, 2022.[55]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Frances H. Arnold – Facts – 2018". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Frances H. Arnold". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  3. ^ "Arnold Named Co-Chair of President-elect Biden's Science and Technology Advisory Council". Caltech. January 15, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  4. ^ Al-Khalili, Jim (2022). "Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Science is easy, people are really really hard
  5. ^ Memorial Tributes. National Academies Press. September 26, 2017. doi:10.17226/24773. ISBN 978-0-309-45928-0.
  6. ^ Guarino, Ben (October 3, 2018). . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
  7. ^ Kharif, Olga (March 15, 2012). . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Meet Frances Arnold, Teenage Rebel Turned Nobel Laureate | College of Chemistry". chemistry.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  9. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Princeton engineering alumna Frances Arnold wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Princeton University. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Ouellette, Jennifer (March 8, 2013). "The Director of Evolution". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d "Evolution Gets an Assist". Princeton Alumni Weekly. October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  13. ^ a b Arnold, Frances Hamilton (1985). Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 910485566 – via ProQuest.
  14. ^ a b c d "Frances H. Arnold". NAE Website. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  15. ^ "A to G | Harvey W. Blanch". stage.cchem.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  16. ^ "Interview with Frances H. Arnold – Design by Evolution". www.chemistryviews.org. December 5, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Frances Arnold Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  18. ^ "Frances Arnold Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Santa Fe Institute. October 16, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  19. ^ "Frances Arnold's directed evolution". American Association for the Advancement of Science. August 31, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  20. ^ Freeman, David (May 31, 2016). "Meet The Woman Who Launched A New Field of Scientific Study". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  21. ^ Cumbers, John. "Nobelist Frances Arnold Is Nudging Nature To Make Your World Greener, One Small Evolution At A Time". Forbes. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  22. ^ a b c "This Nobel winner lost a son and two husbands and survived cancer". NBC News. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  23. ^ "Board of Directors". Illumina. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  24. ^ "Alphabet Adds Nobel-Prize Winning Chemist Arnold to Board". Bloomberg.com. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  25. ^ "Eric Lander will be Biden's science adviser, a cabinet-level position for the first time". cen.acs.org. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  27. ^ Cirino, Patrick C.; Arnold, Frances H. (2002), Directed Molecular Evolution of Proteins, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 215–243, doi:10.1002/3527600647.ch10, ISBN 978-3-527-30423-3
  28. ^ (PDF). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 3, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  29. ^ Hall, Barry G. (1978). "Experimental Evolution of a New Enzymatic Function. II. Evolution of Multiple Functions for EBG Enzyme in E. coli". Genetics. 89 (3): 453–465. doi:10.1093/genetics/89.3.453. PMC 1213848. PMID 97169.
  30. ^ Chen, K.; Arnold, F. H. (June 15, 1993). "Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (12): 5618–5622. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5618C. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5618. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46772. PMID 8516309.
  31. ^ a b Fernholm, Ann (October 3, 2018). (PDF). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Popular Science Background. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  32. ^ Coelho, Pedro S.; Brustad, Eric M.; Kannan, Arvind; Arnold, Frances H. (January 18, 2013). "Olefin cyclopropanation via carbene transfer catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes" (PDF). Science. 339 (6117): 307–310. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..307C. doi:10.1126/science.1231434. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 23258409. S2CID 43145662.
  33. ^ Prier, Christopher K.; Hyster, Todd K.; Farwell, Christopher C.; Huang, Audrey; Arnold, Frances H. (April 4, 2016). "Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 55 (15): 4711–4715. doi:10.1002/anie.201601056. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 4818679. PMID 26970325.
  34. ^ Schmidt-Dannert, C.; Umeno, D.; Arnold, F. H. (July 1, 2000). "Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (7): 750–753. doi:10.1038/77319. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 10888843. S2CID 7705191.
  35. ^ May, O.; Nguyen, P. T.; Arnold, F. H. (March 1, 2000). "Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L-methionine". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1038/73773. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 10700149. S2CID 20991257.
  36. ^ Bastian, Sabine; Liu, Xiang; Meyerowitz, Joseph T.; Snow, Christopher D.; Chen, Mike M. Y.; Arnold, Frances H. (May 2011). "Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methylpropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli". Metabolic Engineering. 13 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2011.02.004. ISSN 1096-7184. PMID 21515217.
  37. ^ "Structure-guided protein recombination". The Frances H. Arnold Research Group. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  38. ^ Meyer, Michelle M.; Hochrein, Lisa; Arnold, Frances H. (November 6, 2006). "Structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of distantly related β-lactamases". Protein Engineering, Design and Selection. 19 (12): 563–570. doi:10.1093/protein/gzl045. ISSN 1741-0134. PMID 17090554.
  39. ^ "Nobel Prize-winning scientist retracts paper". BBC News. January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  40. ^ Frances Arnold publications indexed by Google Scholar  
  41. ^ D. S. Clarke (2002) Biotechnology and Bioengineering vol 79, no 5, page 483 "In Appreciation:James E. Bailey, 1944–2001"
  42. ^ a b Overbye, Dennis (January 27, 2010). "Andrew Lange, Scholar of the Cosmos, Dies at 52". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  43. ^ a b Hamilton, Walter (July 3, 2011). "Frances Arnold: Career path of a Caltech scientist". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  44. ^ Angier, Natalie (May 28, 2019). "Frances Arnold Turns Microbes Into Living Factories". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  45. ^ "Andrew E. Lange '80". Princeton Alumni Weekly. January 21, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  46. ^ Nobel Prize in Chemistry. October 3, 2018.
  47. ^ "Frances H. Arnold – Caltech Arnold Lab Reflections". arnoldlabreflections.caltech.edu. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  48. ^ Pipa, Siobhan (September 18, 2018). . Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  49. ^ Webb, Jonathan (May 24, 2016). "Evolutionary engineer Frances Arnold wins €1m tech prize – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  50. ^ "2017 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  51. ^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work That Demonstrates 'The Power of Evolution'". NPR.org. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  52. ^ Golgowski, Nina (October 3, 2018). "Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  53. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?". BBC News. November 19, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  54. ^ "Resignations and Appointments, 24.10.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  55. ^ a b "BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize". Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  56. ^ "Awards. SCI America". SCI America. July 14, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  57. ^ "Frances Arnold". Royal Society. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  58. ^ "Crown Prince and Princess attend DTU's Commemoration Day 2019". www.dtu.dk. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  59. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  60. ^ . Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  61. ^ Spiegelman, Sol. . Spiegelman Lecture. University of Illinois Dept of Microbiology. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  62. ^ "Pioneer of "Directed Evolution" Wins Lifetime Achievement Award | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  63. ^ "Frances Arnold (Doctor of Science)". Dartmouth College. June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Frances H. Arnold: The Division of Biology and Biological Engineering". www.bbe.caltech.edu. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  65. ^ Webb, Jonathan (May 25, 2016). "Evolutionary engineer Francis Arnold wins €1m tech prize". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  66. ^ "Doing the right things". ETH Zurich. November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  67. ^ . Invent.org. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  68. ^ "Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  69. ^ Views, Chem (May 27, 2013). "Frances Arnold Awarded Emanuel Merck Lectureship 2013". Chemistry Views Magazine. ChemPubSoc Europe. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  70. ^ . Eni. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  71. ^ . Stockholm University. October 7, 2018. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  72. ^ "Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering". nae.edu. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  73. ^ "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators". whitehouse.gov. December 21, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via National Archives.
  74. ^ . Stockholm University. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  75. ^ . www.engconf.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  76. ^ The Laureate Accumulation, retrieved February 7, 2020

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frances Arnold.
 
Scholia has an author profile for Frances Arnold.
  • Chemical Eng, Caltech Faculty Page
  • Arnold Research Group
  • Video of Arnold talking about her work, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
  • Frances Arnold on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2018 Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life

January 01, 1970
frances, arnold, frances, hamilton, arnold, born, july, 1956, american, chemical, engineer, nobel, laureate, linus, pauling, professor, chemical, engineering, bioengineering, biochemistry, california, institute, technology, caltech, 2018, awarded, nobel, prize. Frances Hamilton Arnold born July 25 1956 1 is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology Caltech In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes 2 Frances ArnoldArnold in 2021Co Chair of the President s Council of Advisors on Science and TechnologyIncumbentAssumed office January 20 2021Serving with Maria Zuber and Francis CollinsPresidentJoe BidenPreceded byPosition establishedPersonal detailsBornFrances Hamilton Arnold 1956 07 25 July 25 1956 age 67 Edgewood Pennsylvania U S SpouseJay Bailey divorced wbr 1987 1991 Domestic partnerAndrew E Lange 1994 2010 Children3EducationPrinceton University BS University of California Berkeley MS PhD AwardsGarvan Olin Medal 2005 FASEB Excellence in Science Award 2007 Draper Prize 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation 2013 Millennium Technology Prize 2016 Sackler Prize in Convergence Research 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Scientific careerFieldsChemical engineeringBioengineeringBiochemistryInstitutionsCalifornia Institute of TechnologyThesisDesign and Scale Up of Affinity Separations 1985 Doctoral advisorHarvey BlanchDoctoral studentsChristopher Voigt Huimin Zhao Since January 2021 she serves as an external co chair of President Joe Biden s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology PCAST 3 4 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Research 3 Personal life 4 Honors and awards 5 Appearances in popular media 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEarly life and education editArnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman nee Routheau and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold 5 She has an older brother Bill and three younger brothers Edward David and Thomas She grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Edgewood and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill graduating from the city s Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974 6 As a high schooler she hitchhiked to Washington D C to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver 7 The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades In spite of this she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University the alma mater of her father She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted 8 Arnold s motivation behind studying engineering as stated in her Nobel Prize interview was that mechanical engineering was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left 9 Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science BS degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University where she focused on solar energy research 10 In addition to the courses required for her major she took classes in economics Russian and Italian and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs 11 She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts then returned to complete her studies 12 Back at Princeton she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies a group of scientists and engineers at the time led by Robert Socolow working to develop sustainable energy sources a topic that would become a focus of her later work 12 After graduating from Princeton in 1979 Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado s Solar Energy Research Institute 12 At the Solar Energy Research Institute now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations UN position papers 11 She then enrolled at the University of California Berkeley where she earned a PhD degree in chemical engineering in 1985 13 and became deeply interested in biochemistry 14 12 Her thesis work carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch investigated affinity chromatography techniques 13 15 Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering For the first year of her Ph D coursework the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses 8 Career editAfter earning her Ph D Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley 16 In 1986 she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986 associate professor in 1992 and full professor in 1996 She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and her current position the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017 17 In 2013 she was appointed director of Caltech s Donna and Benjamin M Rosen Bioengineering Center 17 Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995 to 2000 18 She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering She served on the President s Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Science s Science amp Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics 19 In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology genetics and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry She is co inventor on over 40 US patents 14 She co founded Gevo Inc a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005 14 In 2013 she and two of her former students Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection 14 20 21 She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc since 2016 22 23 In 2019 she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company 24 In January 2021 she was named an external co chair of President Joe Biden s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology PCAST She is working with Biden s transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST s additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group She has stated We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking in decision making across the government We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that 25 Research edit Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes biochemical molecules often proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions with improved and or novel functions 26 The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems including enzymes metabolic pathways genetic regulatory circuits and organisms In nature evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins including enzymes well suited to carry out biological tasks but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations mutations and typically occurs over long time periods 27 Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins she then tests these mutations effects If a mutation improves the proteins function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications 28 For example she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment 26 One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random instead they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential but not so random as to be inefficient The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be at best neutral and at worst detrimental such as disrupting proper protein folding 26 Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes although not the first person to do so see e g Barry Hall 29 In 26 her seminal work published in 1993 she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in the organic solvent DMF a highly unnatural environment 30 She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme s gene expressed by bacteria through error prone PCR After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF The bacteria secreted the enzyme and if it were functional it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis 26 Using this method she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original 31 She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions She showed that whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures 26 In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation 32 and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions 26 33 In addition to evolving individual molecules she has used directed evolution to co evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways such as those involved in the production of carotenoids 34 and L methionine 35 in Escherichia coli which has the potential to be used as a whole cell biocatalyst 26 She has applied these methods to biofuel production For example she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol it can be produced in E coli bacteria but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH whereas E coli makes the cofactor NADH To circumvent this problem she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH allowing for the production of isobutanol 26 36 Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures 26 She and others using her methods have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly with fewer by products and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals 31 She uses structure guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions She developed computational methods such as SCHEMA to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure so that the chimeras will fold properly and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions 37 38 At Caltech Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally friendly chemical synthesis and green alternative energy including the development of highly active enzymes cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals A paper published in Science in 2019 with Inha Cho and Zhi Jun Jia has been retracted on January 2 2020 as the results were found to be not reproducible 39 As of 2021 update Arnold has an h index of 135 according to Google Scholar 40 Personal life editArnold lives in La Canada Flintridge California She was married to James E Bailey from 1987 to 1991 who died of cancer in 2001 41 22 The couple had James Howard Bailey born in 1990 Her stepson Sean Bailey is an American film and television producer He has been the president of Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production since his appointment in 2010 42 Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months 43 Arnold was in a common law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E Lange 44 beginning in 1994 and they had two sons William Andrew Lange 1995 and Joseph Inman Lange 1997 45 42 Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons William Lange Arnold died in an accident in 2016 22 Her father William Howard Arnold died in 2015 46 Her hobbies include traveling scuba diving skiing dirt bike riding and hiking 43 Honors and awards editArnold s work has been recognized by many awards including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry the 2011 National Academy of Engineering NAE Draper Prize the first woman to receive it and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation 17 She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 17 She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States the National Academy of Engineering 2000 the National Academy of Medicine formerly called the Institute of Medicine 2004 and the National Academy of Sciences 2008 17 Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science the American Academy of Arts and Sciences the American Academy of Microbiology the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UK s Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018 47 48 In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize which she won for pioneering directed evolution 49 In 2017 Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research 50 In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence and the first American woman 51 52 She received a one half share of the award with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter for the phage display of peptides and antibodies 26 She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton male or female to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories chemistry physics and physiology or medicine 10 In November 2018 she was listed as one of BBC s 100 Women 53 On October 24 2019 Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 54 In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of The Life Scientific on BBC Radio 4 55 Perkin Medal 2023 56 Foreign Member of the Royal Society 2020 57 Honorary doctorate Technical University of Denmark 2019 58 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Elected to the American Philosophical Society 2018 59 Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 2018 60 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research 2017 Spiegelman Lecture University of Illinois 2017 61 Society of Women Engineers 2017 Achievement Award 62 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College 2017 63 Honorary doctorate University of Chicago 2016 64 Millennium Technology Prize 2016 65 Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich 2015 66 Elmer Gaden Award Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2015 64 Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame 2014 67 Golden Plate Award American Academy of Achievement 2014 64 68 Emanuel Merck Lectureship 2013 69 ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy 2013 70 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University 2013 71 Charles Stark Draper Prize 2011 72 National Medal of Technology and Innovation 73 2011 American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2011 64 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University 2013 74 Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2010 64 Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology 2009 64 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 2008 64 FASEB Excellence in Science Award 2007 64 Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor 2007 75 Francis P Garvan John M Olin Medal American Chemical Society 2005 64 Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering 2001 64 National Academy of Engineering 2000 64 Appearances in popular media editShe portrayed herself in the 18th episode The Laureate Accumulation of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory 76 In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life She also appeared in a brief interview in the NOVA episode Beyond the Elements Life She was interviewed by Jim Al Khalili on the BBC s The Life Scientific on September 6 2022 55 See also editTimeline of women in science List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of EngineeringReferences edit Frances H Arnold Facts 2018 NobelPrize org Nobel Media AB October 3 2018 Retrieved October 5 2018 The Nobel Prize Women who changed science Frances H Arnold www nobelprize org Retrieved February 7 2020 Arnold Named Co Chair of President elect Biden s Science and Technology Advisory Council Caltech January 15 2021 Retrieved April 23 2021 Al Khalili Jim 2022 Frances Arnold From taxi driver to Nobel Prize bbc co uk BBC Science is easy people are really really hard Memorial Tributes National Academies Press September 26 2017 doi 10 17226 24773 ISBN 978 0 309 45928 0 Guarino Ben October 3 2018 She cut chemistry at Allderdice Now Pittsburgh native Frances Arnold shares Nobel Prize in chemistry Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Kharif Olga March 15 2012 Frances Arnold s Directed Evolution Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on March 16 2012 Retrieved September 1 2012 a b Meet Frances Arnold Teenage Rebel Turned Nobel Laureate College of Chemistry chemistry berkeley edu Retrieved October 30 2020 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 NobelPrize org Retrieved October 30 2020 a b Princeton engineering alumna Frances Arnold wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry Princeton University Retrieved October 4 2018 a b Ouellette Jennifer March 8 2013 The Director of Evolution Slate ISSN 1091 2339 Retrieved October 5 2018 a b c d Evolution Gets an Assist Princeton Alumni Weekly October 17 2014 Retrieved October 5 2018 a b Arnold Frances Hamilton 1985 Design and Scale Up of Affinity Separations PhD University of California Berkeley OCLC 910485566 via ProQuest a b c d Frances H Arnold NAE Website Retrieved October 3 2018 A to G Harvey W Blanch stage cchem berkeley edu Retrieved October 3 2018 Interview with Frances H Arnold Design by Evolution www chemistryviews org December 5 2011 Retrieved October 3 2018 a b c d e Frances Arnold Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Caltech The California Institute of Technology Retrieved October 4 2018 Frances Arnold Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry Santa Fe Institute October 16 2018 Retrieved July 25 2019 Frances Arnold s directed evolution American Association for the Advancement of Science August 31 2012 Retrieved October 3 2018 Freeman David May 31 2016 Meet The Woman Who Launched A New Field of Scientific Study Huffington Post Retrieved October 4 2018 Cumbers John Nobelist Frances Arnold Is Nudging Nature To Make Your World Greener One Small Evolution At A Time Forbes Retrieved March 3 2020 a b c This Nobel winner lost a son and two husbands and survived cancer NBC News Retrieved October 5 2018 Board of Directors Illumina Retrieved October 8 2018 Alphabet Adds Nobel Prize Winning Chemist Arnold to Board Bloomberg com December 9 2019 Retrieved December 9 2019 Eric Lander will be Biden s science adviser a cabinet level position for the first time cen acs org Retrieved January 30 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 PDF The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Cirino Patrick C Arnold Frances H 2002 Directed Molecular Evolution of Proteins Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH amp Co KGaA pp 215 243 doi 10 1002 3527600647 ch10 ISBN 978 3 527 30423 3 Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 PDF Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences October 3 2018 Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Hall Barry G 1978 Experimental Evolution of a New Enzymatic Function II Evolution of Multiple Functions for EBG Enzyme in E coli Genetics 89 3 453 465 doi 10 1093 genetics 89 3 453 PMC 1213848 PMID 97169 Chen K Arnold F H June 15 1993 Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90 12 5618 5622 Bibcode 1993PNAS 90 5618C doi 10 1073 pnas 90 12 5618 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 46772 PMID 8516309 a b Fernholm Ann October 3 2018 A r evolution in chemistry PDF The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Popular Science Background Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Coelho Pedro S Brustad Eric M Kannan Arvind Arnold Frances H January 18 2013 Olefin cyclopropanation via carbene transfer catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes PDF Science 339 6117 307 310 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 307C doi 10 1126 science 1231434 ISSN 1095 9203 PMID 23258409 S2CID 43145662 Prier Christopher K Hyster Todd K Farwell Christopher C Huang Audrey Arnold Frances H April 4 2016 Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 55 15 4711 4715 doi 10 1002 anie 201601056 ISSN 1521 3773 PMC 4818679 PMID 26970325 Schmidt Dannert C Umeno D Arnold F H July 1 2000 Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways Nature Biotechnology 18 7 750 753 doi 10 1038 77319 ISSN 1087 0156 PMID 10888843 S2CID 7705191 May O Nguyen P T Arnold F H March 1 2000 Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L methionine Nature Biotechnology 18 3 317 320 doi 10 1038 73773 ISSN 1087 0156 PMID 10700149 S2CID 20991257 Bastian Sabine Liu Xiang Meyerowitz Joseph T Snow Christopher D Chen Mike M Y Arnold Frances H May 2011 Engineered ketol acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2 methylpropan 1 ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli Metabolic Engineering 13 3 345 352 doi 10 1016 j ymben 2011 02 004 ISSN 1096 7184 PMID 21515217 Structure guided protein recombination The Frances H Arnold Research Group Retrieved October 3 2018 Meyer Michelle M Hochrein Lisa Arnold Frances H November 6 2006 Structure guided SCHEMA recombination of distantly related b lactamases Protein Engineering Design and Selection 19 12 563 570 doi 10 1093 protein gzl045 ISSN 1741 0134 PMID 17090554 Nobel Prize winning scientist retracts paper BBC News January 3 2020 Retrieved January 6 2020 Frances Arnold publications indexed by Google Scholar nbsp D S Clarke 2002 Biotechnology and Bioengineering vol 79 no 5 page 483 In Appreciation James E Bailey 1944 2001 a b Overbye Dennis January 27 2010 Andrew Lange Scholar of the Cosmos Dies at 52 The New York Times Retrieved October 3 2018 a b Hamilton Walter July 3 2011 Frances Arnold Career path of a Caltech scientist Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved October 5 2018 Angier Natalie May 28 2019 Frances Arnold Turns Microbes Into Living Factories The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 20 2020 Andrew E Lange 80 Princeton Alumni Weekly January 21 2016 Retrieved October 3 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry October 3 2018 Frances H Arnold Caltech Arnold Lab Reflections arnoldlabreflections caltech edu Retrieved October 4 2018 Pipa Siobhan September 18 2018 50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Academy of Engineering Archived from the original on September 21 2018 Retrieved October 4 2018 Webb Jonathan May 24 2016 Evolutionary engineer Frances Arnold wins 1m tech prize BBC News BBC News Retrieved May 25 2016 2017 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research National Academy of Sciences Retrieved March 11 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work That Demonstrates The Power of Evolution NPR org Retrieved October 4 2018 Golgowski Nina October 3 2018 Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry Huffington Post Retrieved October 4 2018 BBC 100 Women 2018 Who is on the list BBC News November 19 2018 Retrieved July 23 2019 Resignations and Appointments 24 10 2019 Press release Holy See Press Office October 24 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 a b BBC Radio 4 The Life Scientific Frances Arnold From taxi driver to Nobel Prize Retrieved September 6 2022 Awards SCI America SCI America July 14 2022 Retrieved September 17 2023 Frances Arnold Royal Society Retrieved September 19 2020 Crown Prince and Princess attend DTU s Commemoration Day 2019 www dtu dk Retrieved August 5 2019 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved February 5 2021 50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Archived from the original on September 21 2018 Retrieved September 21 2018 Spiegelman Sol Enduring Legacy of Sol Spiegelman Spiegelman Lecture University of Illinois Dept of Microbiology Archived from the original on November 12 2018 Retrieved November 12 2018 Pioneer of Directed Evolution Wins Lifetime Achievement Award Caltech The California Institute of Technology Retrieved August 31 2017 Frances Arnold Doctor of Science Dartmouth College June 11 2017 Retrieved June 11 2017 a b c d e f g h i j k Frances H Arnold The Division of Biology and Biological Engineering www bbe caltech edu Retrieved October 4 2018 Webb Jonathan May 25 2016 Evolutionary engineer Francis Arnold wins 1m tech prize BBC News Retrieved May 25 2016 Doing the right things ETH Zurich November 21 2015 Retrieved November 23 2015 Spotlight National Inventors Hall of Fame Invent org November 21 2013 Archived from the original on August 14 2016 Retrieved May 28 2016 Frances H Arnold Ph D Biography and Interview www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Views Chem May 27 2013 Frances Arnold Awarded Emanuel Merck Lectureship 2013 Chemistry Views Magazine ChemPubSoc Europe Retrieved November 12 2018 Eni Award 2013 Edition Eni Archived from the original on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Honorary doctorates 1994 2016 Stockholm University Stockholm University October 7 2018 Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved October 7 2018 Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering nae edu National Academy of Engineering Retrieved October 3 2018 President Obama Honors Nation s Top Scientists and Innovators whitehouse gov December 21 2012 Retrieved May 25 2016 via National Archives Honorary doctorates 1994 2017 Stockholm University Stockholm University Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved October 7 2018 Frances H Arnold Enzyme Engineering Award for 2007 www engconf org Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved June 21 2018 The Laureate Accumulation retrieved February 7 2020External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frances Arnold nbsp Scholia has an author profile for Frances Arnold Chemical Eng Caltech Faculty Page Arnold Research Group Video of Arnold talking about her work from the National Science amp Technology Medals Foundation Frances Arnold on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture December 8 2018 Innovation by Evolution Bringing New Chemistry to Life Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Frances Arnold amp oldid 1221137305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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