A spectrometer (/spɛkˈtrɒmɪtər/) is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are somehow mixed. In visible light a spectrometer can separate white light and measure individual narrow bands of color, called a spectrum. A mass spectrometer measures the spectrum of the masses of the atoms or molecules present in a gas. The first spectrometers were used to split light into an array of separate colors. Spectrometers were developed in early studies of physics, astronomy, and chemistry. The capability of spectroscopy to determine chemical composition drove its advancement and continues to be one of its primary uses. Spectrometers are used in astronomy to analyze the chemical composition of stars and planets, and spectrometers gather data on the origin of the universe.
Optical emission spectrometers (often called "OES or spark discharge spectrometers"), is used to evaluate metals to determine the chemical composition with very high accuracy. A spark is applied through a high voltage on the surface which vaporizes particles into a plasma. The particles and ions then emit radiation that is measured by detectors (photomultiplier tubes) at different characteristic wavelengths.
A mass spectrometer is an analytical instrument that is used to identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions.[2]
Time-of-flight spectrometer
The energy spectrum of particles of known mass can also be measured by determining the time of flight between two detectors (and hence, the velocity) in a time-of-flight spectrometer. Alternatively, if the velocity is known, masses can be determined in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
Magnetic spectrometer
A positive charged particle moving in a circle under the influence of the Lorentz force F
When a fast charged particle (charge q, mass m) enters a constant magnetic field B at right angles, it is deflected into a circular path of radius r, due to the Lorentz force. The momentum p of the particle is then given by
,
Focus of a magnetic semicircular spectrometer
where m and v are mass and velocity of the particle. The focusing principle of the oldest and simplest magnetic spectrometer, the semicircular spectrometer,[3] invented by J. K. Danisz, is shown on the left. A constant magnetic field is perpendicular to the page. Charged particles of momentum p that pass the slit are deflected into circular paths of radius r = p/qB. It turns out that they all hit the horizontal line at nearly the same place, the focus; here a particle counter should be placed. Varying B, this makes possible to measure the energy spectrum of alpha particles in an alpha particle spectrometer, of beta particles in a beta particle spectrometer,[4] of particles (e.g., fast ions) in a particle spectrometer, or to measure the relative content of the various masses in a mass spectrometer.
Since Danysz' time, many types of magnetic spectrometers more complicated than the semicircular type have been devised.[4]
Resolution
Generally, the resolution of an instrument tells us how well two close-lying energies (or wavelengths, or frequencies, or masses) can be resolved. Generally, for an instrument with mechanical slits, higher resolution will mean lower intensity.
^(PDF). IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2009. doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03732. ISBN978-0-9678550-9-7. S2CID 99611182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
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January 07, 2023
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For the field of study see Spectroscopy A spectrometer s p ɛ k ˈ t r ɒ m ɪ t er is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are somehow mixed In visible light a spectrometer can separate white light and measure individual narrow bands of color called a spectrum A mass spectrometer measures the spectrum of the masses of the atoms or molecules present in a gas The first spectrometers were used to split light into an array of separate colors Spectrometers were developed in early studies of physics astronomy and chemistry The capability of spectroscopy to determine chemical composition drove its advancement and continues to be one of its primary uses Spectrometers are used in astronomy to analyze the chemical composition of stars and planets and spectrometers gather data on the origin of the universe An XPS spectrometer Examples of spectrometers are devices that separate particles atoms and molecules by their mass momentum or energy These types of spectrometers are used in chemical analysis and particle physics Contents 1 Types of spectrometer 1 1 Optical spectrometers or optical emission spectrometer 1 1 1 Optical absorption spectrometers 1 1 2 Optical emission spectrometers 1 2 Electron spectroscopy 1 3 Mass spectrometer 1 3 1 Time of flight spectrometer 1 3 2 Magnetic spectrometer 2 Resolution 3 See also 4 ReferencesTypes of spectrometer EditOptical spectrometers or optical emission spectrometer Edit Main article Optical spectrometer Spectrum of light emitted by a deuterium lamp in the UV visible and near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum Optical absorption spectrometers Edit Optical spectrometers often simply called spectrometers in particular show the intensity of light as a function of wavelength or of frequency The different wavelengths of light are separated by refraction in a prism or by diffraction by a diffraction grating Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy is an example These spectrometers utilize the phenomenon of optical dispersion The light from a source can consist of a continuous spectrum an emission spectrum bright lines or an absorption spectrum dark lines Because each element leaves its spectral signature in the pattern of lines observed a spectral analysis can reveal the composition of the object being analyzed 1 Optical emission spectrometers Edit Optical emission spectrometers often called OES or spark discharge spectrometers is used to evaluate metals to determine the chemical composition with very high accuracy A spark is applied through a high voltage on the surface which vaporizes particles into a plasma The particles and ions then emit radiation that is measured by detectors photomultiplier tubes at different characteristic wavelengths Electron spectroscopy Edit Main article Electron spectroscopy Some forms of spectroscopy involve analysis of electron energy rather than photon energy X ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an example Mass spectrometer Edit Main article Mass spectrometry A mass spectrometer is an analytical instrument that is used to identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass to charge ratio and abundance of gas phase ions 2 Time of flight spectrometer Edit The energy spectrum of particles of known mass can also be measured by determining the time of flight between two detectors and hence the velocity in a time of flight spectrometer Alternatively if the velocity is known masses can be determined in a time of flight mass spectrometer Magnetic spectrometer Edit A positive charged particle moving in a circle under the influence of the Lorentz force F When a fast charged particle charge q mass m enters a constant magnetic field B at right angles it is deflected into a circular path of radius r due to the Lorentz force The momentum p of the particle is then given by p m v q B r displaystyle p mv qBr Focus of a magnetic semicircular spectrometerwhere m and v are mass and velocity of the particle The focusing principle of the oldest and simplest magnetic spectrometer the semicircular spectrometer 3 invented by J K Danisz is shown on the left A constant magnetic field is perpendicular to the page Charged particles of momentum p that pass the slit are deflected into circular paths of radius r p qB It turns out that they all hit the horizontal line at nearly the same place the focus here a particle counter should be placed Varying B this makes possible to measure the energy spectrum of alpha particles in an alpha particle spectrometer of beta particles in a beta particle spectrometer 4 of particles e g fast ions in a particle spectrometer or to measure the relative content of the various masses in a mass spectrometer Since Danysz time many types of magnetic spectrometers more complicated than the semicircular type have been devised 4 Resolution EditGenerally the resolution of an instrument tells us how well two close lying energies or wavelengths or frequencies or masses can be resolved Generally for an instrument with mechanical slits higher resolution will mean lower intensity See also EditOptical spectrometer Imaging spectrometer SpectroradiometerReferences Edit OpenStax Astronomy OpenStax 13 October 2016 lt http cnx org content col11992 latest gt mass spectrometer PDF IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2009 doi 10 1351 goldbook M03732 ISBN 978 0 9678550 9 7 S2CID 99611182 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 10 08 Retrieved 2015 06 15 Jan Kazimierz Danysz Le Radium 9 1 1912 10 4 1913 a b K Siegbahn Alpha Beta and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy North Holland Publishing Co Amsterdam 1966 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spectrometers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spectrometer amp oldid 1114372958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
