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Flushing Meadows–Corona Park

November 15, 2023

"Flushing Meadows" redirects here. For the film, see Flushing Meadows (film).

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, often referred to as Flushing Meadows Park, or simply Flushing Meadows, is a public park in the northern part of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S. It is bounded by I-678 (Van Wyck Expressway) on the east, Grand Central Parkway on the west, Flushing Bay on the north, and Union Turnpike on the south. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park is the fourth-largest public park in New York City, with a total area of 897 acres (363 ha).

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
TypePublic park
LocationQueens, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°44′45″N 73°50′41″W / 40.74583°N 73.84472°W / 40.74583; -73.84472
Area897 acres (363 ha)
Created1939
Operated byNYC Parks
StatusOpen all year
Public transit accessSubway: ​ to Mets–Willets Point
LIRR: Port Washington Branch to Mets–Willets Point
Bus: Q48, Q58, Q64, Q88

Until the 19th century, the site consisted of wetlands straddling the Flushing River, which traverses the region from north to south. Starting in the first decade of the 20th century, it was used as a dumping ground for ashes, since at the time, the land was so far away from the developed parts of New York City as to be considered almost worthless. New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadow in the 1920s as part of a system of parks across eastern Queens. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was created as the site of the 1939 New York World's Fair and also hosted the 1964 New York World's Fair. Following the 1964 fair, the park fell into disrepair, although some improvements have taken place since the 1990s and 2000s.

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park retains much of the layout from the 1939 World's Fair. Its attractions include the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, the current venue for the US Open tennis tournament; Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets baseball team; the New York Hall of Science; the Queens Museum; the Queens Theatre in the Park; the Queens Zoo; the Unisphere; and the New York State Pavilion. It formerly contained Shea Stadium, demolished in 2009. The Flushing River continues to run through the park, and two large lakes called Meadow and Willow Lakes take up much of the park's area south of the Long Island Expressway.

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park is owned and maintained by New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, also known as NYC Parks. Private, non-profit groups such as the Flushing Meadows–Corona Park Conservancy and the Alliance for Flushing Meadows–Corona Park provide additional funds, services, and support. The park is at the eastern edge of the area encompassed by Queens Community Board 4.[1]

Etymology edit

 
View of New York State Pavilion tower and the Unisphere in 2013

The park is named after the nearby neighborhoods of Flushing and Corona, which are separated by the park. The name "Flushing" is a corruption of the port town of Vlissingen in the Netherlands. By the 19th century, the word "flushing" had become associated with "a cleansing by rushing water".[2] "Corona" was added to the name during the 1964 New York World's Fair.[3]

History edit

Early years edit

During at least three glacial periods, including the Wisconsin glaciation around 20,000 years ago, ice sheets advanced south across North America carving moraines, valleys, and hills. In particular, bays and estuaries were formed along the north shore of Long Island. During glaciation, what is now Flushing Meadows Park was formed just north of the terminal moraine that runs across Long Island, which consisted of sand, gravel, clay and boulders.[4] The moraine created a drainage divide, with rivers north of the moraine such as the future Flushing River emptying into the north shore.[5] The Flushing Meadows site became a glacial lake, and then a salt marsh after the ice melted.[6] Prior to glaciation, the Flushing River valley was used by the Hudson River to drain southward into the Atlantic Ocean.[7] Through the 19th century, the site continued to consist of wetlands straddling Flushing River.[8] Species inhabiting the site included waterfowl and fiddler crab, with fish using water pools for spawning.[9]

The area was first settled by Algonquian Native Americans of Long Island (referred to erroneously as "Mantinecocks").[10][11] They consisted of the "Canarsee" and "Rockaway" Lenape groups,[12] which inhabited coastal wetlands across Queens and Brooklyn.[11][13] Beginning in 1640, Dutch settlers moved into the area, establishing the town of Newtown to the west of the site (which would become Elmhurst, Corona, and other areas in western Queens), and the town of Flushing to the east.[10] The meadows became known as the Corona Meadows.[14] By 1666, the Native American population had been displaced from the Flushing Meadows site by European settlers, although a deed reserved the right to hunt on the land for the Native Americans. Several wealthy landowners began building farmhouses on the site in the mid-to-late 17th century. The meadows provided numerous natural resources for settlers, including timber, water, fertile soil, and grass and hay for grazing domestic animals.[14] During the American Revolution, a farmhouse on the site of the modern World's Fair Marina was used as a headquarters for British forces.[15]

 
The park in fall

By the 1800s, primitive roads were established crossing the meadows, running along what are now Northern Boulevard and the Long Island Expressway.[16] Several railroads were also laid through the site, including lines of the Flushing and North Side Railroad (today's LIRR Port Washington Branch and the defunct Whitestone Branch).[17] Shortly after the American Civil War, the meadows became a waterfront resort due to its natural beauty, and affluent New Yorkers constructed homes in the area.[10] British saloon-keeper Harry Hill built the Flushing Bay Hotel and Pavilion on the future marina site.[15]

Filling and use as a dumping ground edit

Around 1907, contractor Michael Degnon, whose firm constructed the Williamsburg Bridge, the Cape Cod Canal, and the Steinway subway tunnel (used by today's 7 and <7>​ trains),[18] purchased large tracts of marsh near Flushing Creek.[19][20] At the time, the land was considered "all but worthless".[21] Degnon envisioned using the site to create a large industrial port around Flushing Bay, similar to a terminal he developed in Long Island City.[20][22] By 1911, Degnon had created a plan along with the United States Department of War and the Queens Topographical Bureau. The plan envisioned widening Flushing River and creating docks for ships, with numerous factories and freight facilities. Meanwhile, the residential areas of Corona were expected to become the primary residence for factory workers.[23][24]

 
Aerial view of the Corona Ash Dumps, circa the early 1920s

To create the port, beginning in 1910 Degnon proceeded to fill the land using household coal ash and street sweepings from Brooklyn. Degnon set up two companies of his own, one of which was contracted with the New York City Department of Sanitation.[25] He also contracted the Brooklyn Ash Removal Company, owned by Fishhooks McCarthy, a member of the corrupt Tammany Hall political machine.[26] Residential ash was collected via trolleys of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, and loaded onto freight trains which traveled via the Long Island Rail Road branches, or other trolleys, which hauled the refuse to Corona.[25] The operation was referred to as a citywide refuse "conveyor belt," while the trains were nicknamed the "Talcum Powder Express" because they often ran uncovered and deposited soot onto the surroundings.[27] The northern end of the site was filled via now-conventional means, using dirt pumped from Flushing Bay which was being dredged to a lower depth. Material from the bay was extracted by an offshore hydraulic machine, and funneled through a 1,500-foot (460 m) pipe across Northern Boulevard, before being deposited onto the wetlands.[28] The filling for the north meadow was complete in 1916.[29]

The prospect of creating a port was halted in 1917 by material restrictions caused by World War I, and a lack of federal support for the project. Industrial activities in the borough were fulfilled by existing terminals in Long Island City, Maspeth, Flushing, and College Point.[30] Dumping of ash into the meadows continued, however, fueled by the increased use of garbage incinerators in the city.[31] The area became known as the Corona Dump or Corona Ash Dumps.[32] During nearly 30 years of filling, around 50 million cubic yards of ash and waste were dumped onto the meadows site.[33] One particular mound of ash rose 90 feet (27 m) high and was called "Mount Corona".[34] Other mounds rose 40–50 feet (12–15 m) high.[35] The average thickness of the ash was 30 feet (9.1 m).[36]

The dumps drew the ire of local residents, due to strong odors and being deemed unsightly, along with increasing rat infestations in the local neighborhoods.[37][38] Much of the "street sweepings" collected consisted of horse manure from horse-drawn carriages. In addition, many residents simply threw out normal garbage along with the coal ashes.[39] The meadows were also considered one of the worst breeding grounds for mosquitoes in the city.[40][41] The dump was famously characterized as "a valley of ashes" in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.[42] Fitzgerald meanwhile described the Flushing River, now polluted from the dumps, as "a small foul river".[43] The dumps and garbage trains were accused of facilitating a polio outbreak in Corona in 1916.[44] The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company was brought to court by local residents in 1923 for "violation of the sanitary code" due to the smoke emitted from the dumps.[45][46] As a minor concession, the company opened the Corona Park Golf and Country Club in 1931, on a tract near Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway).[43][47]

Park planning and World's Fairs edit

1939/1940 Fair and aftermath edit

Main article: 1939 New York World's Fair
 
The 1939 New York World's Fair

New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadow in the 1920s.[48] At the time, he envisioned the site to become a "true 'Central Park'", especially with much of city population moving to Queens and Long Island due to urban sprawl. Moses also planned Flushing Meadows to be the westernmost of a chain of parks running across Queens, which would include Kissena Park, Cunningham Park, Alley Pond Park, and Douglaston Park.[49][50] In 1929, representatives from surrounding communities created a plan to turn the ash dump into a recreational complex, and presented them to Queens Borough President George U. Harvey.[51]

In 1930, Moses released plans for numerous parks and highways in the city. This included the Grand Central Parkway, the construction of which would require taking land from the ash dumps. One of the provisional projects listed was a "Flushing River Park", along with a "Flushing River Parkway".[31][52] The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company's contract with the city expired in 1933,[53][54] and the city took over the company's assets and operations on May 25, 1934.[55][56][57] The Brooklyn Ash property occupied around 300 acres (120 ha) of the 1,000-acre (400 ha) site, north of what is now the Long Island Expressway.[58] The remainder of the meadows still contained natural wildlife. It was frequented by fur trappers, local residents collecting firewood and growing vegetables, and later, squatters during the Great Depression.[59] Areas of the dumps were also used for growing vegetables, with the soil fertilized by the garbage and manure.[60]

In 1935, the site, now planned as "Flushing Meadow Park", was selected for what would become the 1939 World's Fair.[61] In addition to the ash dumps and undeveloped meadows, houses in Corona east of 111th Street, adjacent to the dumps, were condemned and added to the site, displacing residents.[62][63] The plans were drafted by Parks Department landscape architect Gilmore David Clarke and his partner Michael Rapuano, designed in Beaux-Arts style.[64][65] Work on the World's Fair site began on June 16, 1936.[35] The project primarily involved leveling the ash mounds, with the leftover material used to fill other areas of the meadow. Two sites were excavated to create Meadow and Willow Lake, while much of the Flushing River was diverted into underground culverts. A floodgate was built to prevent tidal flow from flooding the lakes.[66][67] In addition to recreation, the lakes would serve as repositories for excess storm runoff.[68] The dirt from the lake sites was used as additional topsoil for the park.[69] The project was an around-the-clock job, with 450 workers operating on three daily shifts.[70][35][71][72] Workers had to combat the effects of high tide, and dust storms created by the ash. The work significantly changed the topography of the meadows, differing from that created by glaciation. Thousands of trees were transplanted to the fair site in order to create a natural landscape. Meanwhile, thousands of 100-foot (30 m) Douglas fir timbers were driven into the ground to act as pilings for the foundations of the fair structures.[73] The pedestrian plan called for numerous wide tree-lined pathways, including a central "Cascade Mall" leading to the Trylon and Perisphere, many of which would be retained for the park.[69]

Faced with having to dispose of the mountains of ashes, Moses incorporated a significant portion of the refuse into the bases of several roadways that bordered or bisected the park.[74] This included the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678) running along the eastern side of the park, the nearby Interboro Parkway (now Jackie Robinson Parkway), and the Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495) that divides the park into north and south halves. The Grand Central Parkway separates a western lobe from the main part of the northern half, while the east-west Jewel Avenue bisects the southern half.[75] The success of the Flushing Meadows site as a garbage dump-turned-park led Moses and the city to develop other wetlands in the city into parks via short-term refuse landfilling. This process was used to create Marine Park and Spring Creek Park in Brooklyn, and Ferry Point Park in the Bronx. This was also the original plan for the Fresh Kills and Edgemere landfills, which remained open past their expected tenure and became large and long-term municipal waste sites.[74][76] The Fresh Kills site is currently being developed into Freshkills Park.[77]

 
 
Aerial views of the fair grounds during the 1964 World's Fair.

In November 1939, a water main running through Flushing Meadows Park to supply water to Flushing failed. Unlike the fair buildings, the pipeline was not built on piling foundations and eventually sank into the marsh and landfill. In January 1940, Borough President Harvey demanded an investigation into the main's construction take place, while the Board of Estimate allocated $50,200 for repairs.[78] Following the closure of the Fair in 1940, the site was supposed to be cleared in order to develop and open Flushing Meadows as a city park. The onset of World War II, however, delayed the project.[79][80] The profits from the World's Fair were supposed to pay for the development of the park, but in spite of its success the fair turned a financial loss.[81] Only two permanent attractions were opened in 1941: an ice skating rink and roller rink[82][83] in the New York City Building,[84] and a public pool located in the New York State Marine Amphitheatre (now demolished).[85] The latter utilized the pool used for Billy Rose's Aquacade during the fair.[86]

In the meantime, some of the buildings from the 1939 Fair were used for the first temporary headquarters of the United Nations beginning in 1946. The former New York City Building was used for the UN General Assembly during this time.[87][88][84] Moses attempted to sell Flushing Meadows as a permanent headquarters for the UN, which would have required new structures and a complete redesign of the fair ground layout. The proposal was rejected however, due to concerns over the strength of the former marshland for building construction, the lack of "scenic beauty" in the meadows, and the distance from Manhattan. The UN moved to their now-permanent headquarters in 1951.[89] The New York City building was later refurbished for the 1964/1965 Fair as the New York City Pavilion, featuring the Panorama of the City of New York, an enormous scale model of the entire city.[90][84][91] It is one of two buildings that survive from the 1939/40 Fair, and the only one that remains in its original location.[92] (The other is the Belgium exhibition building, disassembled and moved to the campus of Virginia Union University in 1941.[93]) It is now the home of the Queens Museum of Art, which still houses, and occasionally updates, the Panorama.[84] The remainder of the park, meanwhile, had fallen into disrepair, with wild animals moving back into the area.[88] Only minor upgrades to the park occurred during this time.[94]

1964/1965 Fair edit

Main article: 1964 New York World's Fair
 
The Unisphere at the 1964/1965 World's Fair

The Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the 1964 World's Fair.[95] Gilmore D. Clarke and Michael Rapuano were retained to tailor the original 1939 park layout for the new fair.[96] Three structures were retained from the 1939 Fair. Meanwhile, several new structures and attractions were created including the Unisphere, Shea Stadium, the New York Hall of Science, and Queens Botanical Garden; the latter three were intended as permanent attractions for the future park.[97] The Unisphere, built as the theme symbol for the 1964/1965 World's Fair, has since become the main sculptural feature of the park.[98] It stands on the site occupied by the Perisphere during the earlier Fair.[99] The Van Wyck Expressway was extended north through the park site along the right-of-way of the former World's Fair Railroad.[100] Moses and the Parks Department also prepared post-fair plans to finish Flushing Meadows Park, as well as Kissena Corridor Park and Kissena Park, projected to be complete by 1967.[101]

In early 1964, the New York City Council added "Corona" to the park's name; the park was now named "Flushing Meadows–Corona Park", in preparation for that year's World's Fair. Councilman Edward Sadowsky explained that this was intended to correct an injustice: "The people of Corona have long lived in the aroma of a junkyard or a dump named for their community. Now, when there is something beautiful to be seen, there is no mention of the name Corona."[3] Following the fair, most of the remaining $11.6 million from the fair funds, as well as money from Moses' Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, were used to rehabilitate the site into a true park.[102] Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was transferred from the World's Fair Corporation back to the Parks Department, and opened on June 3, 1967.[50]

Post-World's Fairs edit

Late 20th century edit

 
"Free Form" by Jose De Rivera, cast in 1964
 
"Freedom of the Human Spirit" by Marshall Fredericks, cast circa 1964
 
"Rocket Thrower" by Donald De Lue, commissioned for the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair

Although the park was opened, it had yet to become the grand park Moses had originally envisioned.[103] In August 1967, new parks commissioner August Heckscher II sought to begin improvements on the park in order to turn it into the "Central Park of the 20th century." A new plan for the park had been designed by architects Marcel Breuer and Kenzō Tange, but the project did not receive funds due to communication issues with the New York City Comptroller's office.[104][105] By 1972, little development had taken place to improve the park, while many World's Fair structures remained in disrepair.[106][107] The disrepair was systematic within the park system, a product of lack of funding during that decade's fiscal crisis.[108] This state of disrepair continued into the 1980s.[109]

In 1975, a group of traditionalist Catholics started to assemble at the old Vatican Pavilion exedra monument of the 1964 New York World's Fair to have evening rosary prayer vigils, having been obligated to relocate from Bayside, Queens. This was led by a woman named Veronica Lueken who claimed she was experiencing visions there of the Virgin Mary, and giving out supposed messages from heaven, frequently apocalyptic in nature.[110][111] At its height in the late 20th century, thousands of people attended the nightly events, held on different feast days.[111] One event in June 1983 attracted fifteen thousand pilgrims.[110] Despite the events' popularity, Bishop Francis Mugavero, then Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn, stated in a 1986 "Declaration Concerning the Bayside Movement" that the events lacked credibility.[112][113] After Lueken's death in 1995, and her husband's death in 2002, their followers divided into two small camps that continued to visit the park for vigils.[111][113]

Additionally, in 1978, the US Open tennis tournament was moved from the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills to Flushing Meadows Corona Park. The tournament was originally held in the Singer Bowl stadium (renamed the Louis Armstrong Stadium), a 1964 World's Fair structure which was renovated and expanded for the tournament. Other parts of the park were also repaired or expanded for the tournament, including the fountains of the Unisphere.[107][114]

Arne Abramowitz became administrator of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in 1986 and soon began planning a renovation of the park.[115] The following year, NYC Parks announced an $80 million rehabilitation of the park.[116][117] The renovation had been planned since the early 1980s but had been deferred due to a lack of funding.[118] The grounds of the park's northern section were landscaped in 1992,[119] and the restoration of the Unisphere was completed in May 1994.[120][121] Since the early 1990s, the New York State Pavilion's ledges, steps, and fountain grates have been utilized by skateboarders and featured in famous east coast skateboarding videos.[122][123][124]

Early 21st century edit

By the early 2000s, the park had become the residence of a number of homeless people.[125] This fact received attention after five possibly homeless individuals abducted, raped, and threatened to kill a woman who had been sitting with her partner at the nearby Mets–Willets Point subway station.[126]

 
Nike Go Play Day - Skate Kitchen and Quell skateboarding meet up hosted by Leo Baker at the Maloof Skatepark

Several improvements were made to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the 2000s and 2010s. The Flushing Meadows–Corona Park Conservancy was formed in 2002 to advocate for parkland in the area.[127] The $66.3 million Flushing Meadows Natatorium, encompassing an Olympic-sized public indoor pool and an NHL regulation-sized skating rink, opened in 2008. The facility is the largest recreation complex in any New York City park, at 110,000 square feet (10,000 m2).[128] This was followed by the opening of Citi Field, a new baseball field to replace Shea Stadium, in 2009.[129]

Another public-private partnership, the Alliance for Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, was created in 2015.[130] It commenced construction on, or announced plans for, several improvement projects at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.[131] These included a plan to restore the New York State Pavilion,[132][133] as well as the construction of a "mist garden" in the park's Fountains of the Fairs.[134][135][131] Other projects included the construction of a promenade around Meadow Lake[131][134][136] and the rehabilitation of the World's Fair Playground and the marina.[131] In 2015, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park also started hosting the Queens Night Market, a summertime food market that features cuisine from dozens of countries.[137] The market became popular due to its affordability, since all food cost a maximum of $5–6.[138][139] Another food festival, the World's Fare, started in 2017 and is hosted in Citi Field's parking lot on about the third weekend of May.[140][141] Restoration of the New York State Pavilion began in 2019,[142] as did work on the Fountains of the Fairs.[143] The Fountains of the Fairs were dedicated in October 2020.[144][145]

In early 2022, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) gave a local group, the Waterfront Alliance, a $530,000 grant to study the effects of climate change at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park after U.S. representative Grace Meng had requested the grant the previous year.[146][147] The park was extremely vulnerable to flooding because of its topography and because of sea level rise caused by global warming. Climate scientists had predicted that parts of the park would be flooded regularly by the 2050s[147] and that the entire park could be underwater by the 2080s.[146][148] At the time, the city government was spending $350 million on various upgrades at the park.[147] By mid-2023, the New York City government was considering erecting tents in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park to temporarily house asylum seekers. This move came after the federal government repealed an order authorizing Title 42 expulsions of migrants, which had been implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.[149][150]

Description edit

Attractions and Geographical Features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
 
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]

Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park:
1
Citi Field
2
Flushing Meadows Carousel
3
Flushing Meadows Natatorium
4
Flushing River and Creek
5
Meadow Lake
6
Mets–Willets Point (LIRR and subway stations)
7
National Tennis Center
8
New York Hall of Science
9
New York State Pavilion, Queens Theatre and Queens Zoo
10
Queens Botanical Garden
11
Queens Museum
12
Unisphere
13
Willow Lake
14
World's Fair station (demolished)

Layout edit

The layout of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park retains much of Gilmore D. Clarke and Michael Rapuano's Beaux-Arts planning from the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs.[151][152] The northern section of the park, the former fair grounds,[69] revolves around large paved pathways which during the fairs led to focal points such as pavilions, fountains and sculptures. The Trylon and Perisphere, and later Unisphere, were placed at the main axial point.[65][152][153] The Unisphere and Queens Museum currently sit at the west end of the main promenade. Near the center of the promenade (called Herbert Hoover Promenade on the north side, and Dwight D. Eisenhower Promenade on the south side) are the Fountains of the Fairs, which sit in the median of the paths. At the far east end is the Fountain of the Planets, originally called the Pool of Industry.[153] This layout was used to guide fair goers to exhibits.[154] The layout was based on Gian Lorenzo Bernini's plan for St. Peter's Square in Vatican City.[65][155] The main promenade, measuring 2,500 feet (760 m),[156] was provisionally called the "Cascade Mall" during its construction,[69] and later named the "Constitution Mall" during the first fair.[156] Many former exhibit and pavilion sites have since been replaced with soccer fields (artificial turf or dirt and grass), while others have been left as open grass fields.[157]

The southern portion of the park is largely occupied by Meadow and Willow Lake.[158] The two lakes, along with the Pool of Industry/Fountain of the Planets in the former fair grounds, are fed by the Flushing River, which flows north through both lakes and underneath the fountain as a subterranean river towards Flushing Bay.[159] The two lakes are connected by a narrow channel, forming a peninsula in between the lakes.[152] During the 1939 Fair, Meadow Lake was temporarily named "Fountain Lake" and "Liberty Lake".[160][161] The land around Meadow Lake contains much of the park's true "parkland", with open grass, picnic and grilling areas, and baseball and cricket fields.[162] During the fairs, the land on the north shore and part of the eastern shore of the lake was used as an amusement area,[163][63] with large parking lots added on the east and west shores for the 1964 Fair.[164][63][165] The lots were removed and converted to parkland after the 1964 Fair.[165] The Willow Lake area of the park is a nature reserve.[166] The area around Willow Lake originally also contained sports fields and park trails,[63][69][167] until it was fenced off and turned into a preserve in 1976.[63]

The park is entirely circumscribed by highways constructed by Robert Moses. Its eastern boundary is formed by the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678). The south and west ends of the park are bound by the Grand Central Parkway, with the Kew Gardens Interchange situated at the southernmost point. The northern edge of the park is bound by the expressway portion of Northern Boulevard (New York State Route 25A) which connects the Grand Central and the Whitestone Expressway. The park is bisected by the Long Island Expressway, at the approximate south end of the former Corona Ash Dumps, which separate the northern and southern halves of the park. Jewel Avenue and its interchange with the Grand Central further separate the southern section into two halves, with Meadow Lake to the north of Jewel Avenue and Willow Lake to the south.[75] Access to the park is limited due to a lack of public transportation reaching many areas of the site, and presence of the highways at the perimeters of the park separating the site from local neighborhoods. The park also has very few formal entrances from local neighborhoods; this is a vestige of the World's Fairs, where access was controlled.[168][109]

Studies by various groups have separated the park into a different number of sections. A study by the Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation divides the park into three areas: the "historic core" (former World's Fair grounds), Meadow Lake, and Willow Lake.[169] The Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan divides the park into a total of seven "zones": the Marina along Flushing Bay (containing the World's Fair Marina), the "Sport Center" (containing Citi Field and the USTA), "West Park" (a small section extending west of the Grand Central Parkway and the fair grounds, housing the New York Hall of Science and the Queens Zoo), the "Recreation & Garden Botanical Area" (extending east of the fair grounds along the Kissena Creek corridor, housing the Queens Botanical Garden), the "Historic World's Fair Core Area", Meadow Lake, and Willow Lake.[166]

Size edit

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park is the fourth-largest public park in New York City. It was long believed to be 1,255 acres (508 ha) in size, but a survey concluded in 2013 found its actual size to be 897 acres (363 ha) when accounting for major roads and other exclusions within the park's perimeter.[170] This does not take into account a disputed claim that the neighborhood of Willets Point, along the north edge of the park, is itself part of the park.[171]

Ecology edit

 
 
Meadow Lake (top) and Willow Lake (bottom).

The two lakes and the remainder of Flushing Creek are separated by a flood gate or dam called the "Porpoise Bridge" or "Tide Gate Bridge", located just south of the Long Island Rail Road's Port Washington Branch trestle, at the north end of the Flushing Meadows Golf Center. The dam only permits northward flows towards Flushing Bay to pass, while blocking south-flowing waters.[95][63] As its name implies, the dam also acts as a bridge, carrying pedestrian and vehicular traffic over the creek. It measures 37 feet (11 m) wide and 370 feet (110 m) long.[172] The lakes are fed by groundwater.[173][63]

Prior to human development, Flushing Meadows was originally a tidal marsh, with Flushing Creek receiving south-flowing waters from the tides of Flushing Bay. Although the lakes were built as freshwater lakes and dammed to mitigate tidal effects, flooding continues to affect the park.[174][67] The lakes are also highly eutrophic, due to nutrients such as phosphorus from the former marshland seeping into the water, leading to the death of fish in the lakes. The regular tidal action that would filter the lakes is prevented by the dam.[175] In addition, the lakes are subject to pollution and storm runoff from the nearby highways, via pipes which feed into the lakes.[176][67]

Because of its connection with Flushing Bay, several fish species native to marine habitats regularly swim into and inhabit Meadow and Willow Lakes.[177] Fish species native to Meadow Lake include American eel, largemouth bass, northern snakehead (an invasive species), and white mullet.[177] Willow Lake is named for the many species of willow plants which inhabit the area.[178] Invasive phragmites, a genus of wild grasses, are also abundant.[179][178][167] Attempts to kill the phragmites with pesticides have led to further fish kill.[167][180] Numerous berry-producing trees and shrubs near Willow Lake attract several migratory bird species.[178] The biodiversity of the lakes has been found to be much lower than other water bodies of comparable size.[179]

Notable structures edit

Attractions edit

Near the northern end of the park, adjacent to Willets Point is the "Sport Center" zone, where the US Open tennis tournament is held.[181] In 2006, the tennis center was named USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center after professional tennis player Billie Jean King.[182] Its center court is Arthur Ashe Stadium, and its secondary stadium court is Louis Armstrong Stadium.[183] Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets since 2009, sits at the far north end of the park. Shea Stadium, the Mets' previous home and prior host to the New York Jets football team, once stood adjacent to the area now hosting Citi Field.[181]

 
 
 
Left to right: Citi Field, Arthur Ashe Stadium, and Louis Armstrong Stadium.

In addition to the existing stadiums, several other sports venues have been proposed for the park. In the 1950s, Flushing Meadows was one of several proposed sites for the relocation of the Brooklyn Dodgers, until the franchise moved to Los Angeles in 1958.[184] A racing circuit to host a Formula One grand prix event was proposed for New York City, with one of the potential circuits to be built around Meadow Lake, first for the 1975 season, and later for the 1983 season.[185][186][187] The plans were opposed by the local community and environmental groups, and the race was postponed and ultimately canceled by 1985.[169][188][189] One of the alternate sites, the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey, would host the Meadowlands Grand Prix Champ Car event in 1984.[190] Also in the 1980s, the New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League (USFL) proposed to relocate to the park, with a new stadium to be built in Willets Point adjacent to Shea Stadium. The plans dissolved when the USFL folded in 1985.[191][192] Shortly afterwards, the New York Jets rejected a plan to take over the proposed stadium.[193][194] In the 2010s, a Major League Soccer stadium was proposed in the park after MLS founded New York City FC, the New York area's second soccer team. After examining several sites in the New York area, New York City FC finally decided on building its proposed stadium in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park by 2016, deeming the park as the only viable location for a stadium.[195] The stadium, which would have been located on the site of the Pool of Industry/Fountain of the Planets,[196] was heavily opposed by the community,[197] which forced the team to change its plans and play at Yankee Stadium.[198] In November 2022, New York City and NYCFC agreed to build the soccer club's 25,000-seat stadium in Willets Point adjacent to Citi Field; it is expected to be completed in 2027.[199][200]

The park's Meadow Lake contains a boat house, one of two structures that remain from the 1939 World's Fair, the other being the Queens Museum.[201] Rental boats are available at the boathouse for rowing and paddleboating, and Meadow Lake is also the site of rowing activities for non-profit Row New York, with teams practicing on the lake for much of the year.[202] Meadow Lake also hosts the annual Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York, and teams from New York practice in Meadow Lake during the summer months. The American Small Craft Association[203] (TASCA) also houses a fleet of over a dozen 14.5-foot (4.4 m) sloop-rigged sailboats, used for teaching, racing, and recreation by the club's members. Bicycling paths extend around Meadow Lake and connect to the Brooklyn–Queens Greenway.[204] The Willow Lake Trail, a nature trail around Willow Lake,[205] was partially reopened in 2013 and is part of the Willow Lake nature preserve. The 78th Avenue gate to the lake remains shuttered and inaccessible despite being the closest gate to the Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike subway station.[206][207] The chronic lack of maintenance of this portion of the trail has led to ordinary residents to resort to clearing the trail itself.[208] The many recreational playing fields and playgrounds in the park are used for activities that reflect the wide ethnic mix of Queens; soccer and cricket are especially popular.[209] New York Road Runners also hosts a weekly 3.30-mile (5.31 km) Open Run.[210] as well as an annual 6.2-mile (10.0 km) 10K run.[211]

 
Queens Theatre in the Park and the World's Fair Pavilion
 
The New York Hall of Science

Some World's Fair buildings continued to be in use after the 1964 Fair. The Flushing Meadows Carousel, opened as part of the 1964 Fair, operates in the northwestern part of the park.[212] The New York Hall of Science, founded during the 1964 World's Fair, was one of the country's first science museums and still operates in its original location at the park's northern corner.[213] The New York State Pavilion, constructed as the state's exhibit hall for the same World's Fair, is also a feature of the park. However, no new use for the building was found after the Fair, and the structure sits derelict and decaying,[214][215] although it was repainted yellow in 2015.[216][215] Next to the New York State Pavilion is the Queens Theatre in the Park,[217] originally the 1964 Fair's "Theaterama" attraction,[218] which moved into its current building in 1993.[217] Terrace on the Park, a banquet and catering facility, was originally the 1964 World's Fair's official helipad.[219] The Queens Museum, which became the headquarters of the United Nations General Assembly after the 1939 Fair, was adapted as the 1964 Fair's New York City Pavilion building. After the fair, it was subdivided into the Queens Center for Art and an ice-skating rink, the latter of which was removed when the museum was expanded in 2013.[220]

Other buildings remained for a while after the 1964 Fair's conclusion to see if a new use for them could be found, but were subsequently demolished. This included the Travel and Transportation Pavilion, destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station, and the Federal Pavilion, demolished in 1977 after great deterioration.[221] One such parcel became the site of the Playground for All Children, one of the first playgrounds designed to include handicapped-accessible activities. The design competition for the playground was won by architect Hisham N. Ashkouri; the facility was completed in 1984, and it was refurbished and reopened in 1997.[222]

Art installations edit

Immediately outside the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is a sculpture by Eric Fischl called Soul in Flight.[223][224] The sculpture, unveiled in August 2000, is a 14-foot bronze nude statue that serves as a permanent memorial to Arthur Ashe and includes one of his favorite quotes, "From what we get we can make a living; what we give, however, makes a life."[225]

In January 2022, sculptor Sherwin Banfield unveiled Going Back to the Meadows, a statue of Queens-born LL Cool J. Located in David Dinkins Circle, the installation depicts him in a Kangol bucket hat and Cuban link chain, holding up a solar-powered boombox loaded with a cassette of his 1985 debut album, Radio.[226][227] The sculpture, which is planned to remain through November 2022, features speakers that are timed to play LL Cool J's music for five hours on several days of the week.[228]

Other infrastructure edit

This park also contains three Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) maintenance facilities: the Jamaica subway yard, the Corona subway yard, and the Casey Stengel Bus Depot. The Jamaica Yard is located at the very south end of the park site, beyond Willow Lake, while the Corona Yard and Casey Stengel Depot are located across from Citi Field.[183]

Transportation edit

 
A R33 World's Fair subway car leading the Train of Many Colors at Mets–Willets Point.

The New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road both serve the park's northern end. The IRT Flushing Line subway station at Mets–Willets Point serves the 7 and <7>​ trains, and the similarly named LIRR station serves the Port Washington Branch. These stations are located at the northern end of the park adjacent to the Corona Yard and bus depot, primarily serving Citi Field and the USTA.[229][230] The 111th Street subway station is located just outside the park grounds, serving the Hall of Science.[229] The Q48, Q58, Q64 and Q88 buses all travel through the park, but only the Q48 stops within the park perimeter, serving Citi Field and the USTA. The Q58 and Q88 stop outside either side of the park and cross the park via the Horace Harding Expressway, while the Q64 crosses the park along Jewel Avenue/69th Road.[231][232]

In media edit

The "Valley of Ashes" described in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby (1925) is a fictional location said to have been inspired by the site of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park when it was still a dump, as well as by nearby Willets Point.[233]

In the movie Men in Black (1997), the saucer-shaped restaurants atop the observation towers of the New York State Pavilion were portrayed as real alien UFOs used as a display to disguise its appearance to the public. Edgar the bug attempts to use one to escape Earth, but not before being shot down by the agents (destroying the Unisphere in the process), after which it attempts to climb aboard the second ship but is stopped by Jay, who tricks it into coming back down.[215][234] Scenes for the film Men in Black 3 (2012) were also filmed at Flushing Meadows.[234] That film features a scene that recreates Shea Stadium, demolished in 2009, during the 1969 World Series.[235]

The intro to the long-running 1990s sitcom The King of Queens was partly shot in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.[236] In 2001, during the first season of The Amazing Race, the Unisphere at Flushing Meadows Park served as the Finish Line. In 2014, it served as a stop on the first leg of Season 25.[237]

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Stark Expo—first featured in Iron Man 2 (2010)—takes place at the Flushing Meadows–Corona Park and appears in multiple films in the series, including Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and briefly in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017).[238][239][240]

In early 2018, musician Paul Simon announced that he would perform his final live concert at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park on September 22, 2018. Simon had grown up near the neighborhood and had visited the park frequently.[241][242]

References edit

Citations edit

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Sources edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.
  • Official website
  • (archived September 29, 2007)
  • NYRR Open Run Corona Park

Entities within the park edit

  • New York World's Fair 1964/1965
  • New York State Pavilion
  • – New York State Pavilion (archived October 18, 2008)
  • World's Fair Carousels

November 15, 2023
flushing, meadows, corona, park, flushing, meadows, redirects, here, film, flushing, meadows, film, often, referred, flushing, meadows, park, simply, flushing, meadows, public, park, northern, part, queens, york, city, york, bounded, wyck, expressway, east, gr. Flushing Meadows redirects here For the film see Flushing Meadows film Flushing Meadows Corona Park often referred to as Flushing Meadows Park or simply Flushing Meadows is a public park in the northern part of Queens in New York City New York U S It is bounded by I 678 Van Wyck Expressway on the east Grand Central Parkway on the west Flushing Bay on the north and Union Turnpike on the south Flushing Meadows Corona Park is the fourth largest public park in New York City with a total area of 897 acres 363 ha Flushing Meadows Corona ParkThe Unisphere and New York State PavilionTypePublic parkLocationQueens New York U S Coordinates40 44 45 N 73 50 41 W 40 74583 N 73 84472 W 40 74583 73 84472Area897 acres 363 ha Created1939Operated byNYC ParksStatusOpen all yearPublic transit accessSubway to Mets Willets PointLIRR Port Washington Branch to Mets Willets PointBus Q48 Q58 Q64 Q88Until the 19th century the site consisted of wetlands straddling the Flushing River which traverses the region from north to south Starting in the first decade of the 20th century it was used as a dumping ground for ashes since at the time the land was so far away from the developed parts of New York City as to be considered almost worthless New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadow in the 1920s as part of a system of parks across eastern Queens Flushing Meadows Corona Park was created as the site of the 1939 New York World s Fair and also hosted the 1964 New York World s Fair Following the 1964 fair the park fell into disrepair although some improvements have taken place since the 1990s and 2000s Flushing Meadows Corona Park retains much of the layout from the 1939 World s Fair Its attractions include the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center the current venue for the US Open tennis tournament Citi Field the home of the New York Mets baseball team the New York Hall of Science the Queens Museum the Queens Theatre in the Park the Queens Zoo the Unisphere and the New York State Pavilion It formerly contained Shea Stadium demolished in 2009 The Flushing River continues to run through the park and two large lakes called Meadow and Willow Lakes take up much of the park s area south of the Long Island Expressway Flushing Meadows Corona Park is owned and maintained by New York City Department of Parks and Recreation also known as NYC Parks Private non profit groups such as the Flushing Meadows Corona Park Conservancy and the Alliance for Flushing Meadows Corona Park provide additional funds services and support The park is at the eastern edge of the area encompassed by Queens Community Board 4 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early years 2 2 Filling and use as a dumping ground 2 3 Park planning and World s Fairs 2 3 1 1939 1940 Fair and aftermath 2 3 2 1964 1965 Fair 2 4 Post World s Fairs 2 4 1 Late 20th century 2 4 2 Early 21st century 3 Description 3 1 Layout 3 2 Size 3 3 Ecology 3 4 Notable structures 3 4 1 Attractions 3 4 2 Art installations 3 4 3 Other infrastructure 4 Transportation 5 In media 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Sources 7 External links 7 1 Entities within the parkEtymology edit nbsp View of New York State Pavilion tower and the Unisphere in 2013The park is named after the nearby neighborhoods of Flushing and Corona which are separated by the park The name Flushing is a corruption of the port town of Vlissingen in the Netherlands By the 19th century the word flushing had become associated with a cleansing by rushing water 2 Corona was added to the name during the 1964 New York World s Fair 3 History editEarly years edit During at least three glacial periods including the Wisconsin glaciation around 20 000 years ago ice sheets advanced south across North America carving moraines valleys and hills In particular bays and estuaries were formed along the north shore of Long Island During glaciation what is now Flushing Meadows Park was formed just north of the terminal moraine that runs across Long Island which consisted of sand gravel clay and boulders 4 The moraine created a drainage divide with rivers north of the moraine such as the future Flushing River emptying into the north shore 5 The Flushing Meadows site became a glacial lake and then a salt marsh after the ice melted 6 Prior to glaciation the Flushing River valley was used by the Hudson River to drain southward into the Atlantic Ocean 7 Through the 19th century the site continued to consist of wetlands straddling Flushing River 8 Species inhabiting the site included waterfowl and fiddler crab with fish using water pools for spawning 9 The area was first settled by Algonquian Native Americans of Long Island referred to erroneously as Mantinecocks 10 11 They consisted of the Canarsee and Rockaway Lenape groups 12 which inhabited coastal wetlands across Queens and Brooklyn 11 13 Beginning in 1640 Dutch settlers moved into the area establishing the town of Newtown to the west of the site which would become Elmhurst Corona and other areas in western Queens and the town of Flushing to the east 10 The meadows became known as the Corona Meadows 14 By 1666 the Native American population had been displaced from the Flushing Meadows site by European settlers although a deed reserved the right to hunt on the land for the Native Americans Several wealthy landowners began building farmhouses on the site in the mid to late 17th century The meadows provided numerous natural resources for settlers including timber water fertile soil and grass and hay for grazing domestic animals 14 During the American Revolution a farmhouse on the site of the modern World s Fair Marina was used as a headquarters for British forces 15 nbsp The park in fallBy the 1800s primitive roads were established crossing the meadows running along what are now Northern Boulevard and the Long Island Expressway 16 Several railroads were also laid through the site including lines of the Flushing and North Side Railroad today s LIRR Port Washington Branch and the defunct Whitestone Branch 17 Shortly after the American Civil War the meadows became a waterfront resort due to its natural beauty and affluent New Yorkers constructed homes in the area 10 British saloon keeper Harry Hill built the Flushing Bay Hotel and Pavilion on the future marina site 15 Filling and use as a dumping ground edit Around 1907 contractor Michael Degnon whose firm constructed the Williamsburg Bridge the Cape Cod Canal and the Steinway subway tunnel used by today s 7 and lt 7 gt trains 18 purchased large tracts of marsh near Flushing Creek 19 20 At the time the land was considered all but worthless 21 Degnon envisioned using the site to create a large industrial port around Flushing Bay similar to a terminal he developed in Long Island City 20 22 By 1911 Degnon had created a plan along with the United States Department of War and the Queens Topographical Bureau The plan envisioned widening Flushing River and creating docks for ships with numerous factories and freight facilities Meanwhile the residential areas of Corona were expected to become the primary residence for factory workers 23 24 nbsp Aerial view of the Corona Ash Dumps circa the early 1920sTo create the port beginning in 1910 Degnon proceeded to fill the land using household coal ash and street sweepings from Brooklyn Degnon set up two companies of his own one of which was contracted with the New York City Department of Sanitation 25 He also contracted the Brooklyn Ash Removal Company owned by Fishhooks McCarthy a member of the corrupt Tammany Hall political machine 26 Residential ash was collected via trolleys of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and loaded onto freight trains which traveled via the Long Island Rail Road branches or other trolleys which hauled the refuse to Corona 25 The operation was referred to as a citywide refuse conveyor belt while the trains were nicknamed the Talcum Powder Express because they often ran uncovered and deposited soot onto the surroundings 27 The northern end of the site was filled via now conventional means using dirt pumped from Flushing Bay which was being dredged to a lower depth Material from the bay was extracted by an offshore hydraulic machine and funneled through a 1 500 foot 460 m pipe across Northern Boulevard before being deposited onto the wetlands 28 The filling for the north meadow was complete in 1916 29 The prospect of creating a port was halted in 1917 by material restrictions caused by World War I and a lack of federal support for the project Industrial activities in the borough were fulfilled by existing terminals in Long Island City Maspeth Flushing and College Point 30 Dumping of ash into the meadows continued however fueled by the increased use of garbage incinerators in the city 31 The area became known as the Corona Dump or Corona Ash Dumps 32 During nearly 30 years of filling around 50 million cubic yards of ash and waste were dumped onto the meadows site 33 One particular mound of ash rose 90 feet 27 m high and was called Mount Corona 34 Other mounds rose 40 50 feet 12 15 m high 35 The average thickness of the ash was 30 feet 9 1 m 36 The dumps drew the ire of local residents due to strong odors and being deemed unsightly along with increasing rat infestations in the local neighborhoods 37 38 Much of the street sweepings collected consisted of horse manure from horse drawn carriages In addition many residents simply threw out normal garbage along with the coal ashes 39 The meadows were also considered one of the worst breeding grounds for mosquitoes in the city 40 41 The dump was famously characterized as a valley of ashes in F Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby 42 Fitzgerald meanwhile described the Flushing River now polluted from the dumps as a small foul river 43 The dumps and garbage trains were accused of facilitating a polio outbreak in Corona in 1916 44 The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company was brought to court by local residents in 1923 for violation of the sanitary code due to the smoke emitted from the dumps 45 46 As a minor concession the company opened the Corona Park Golf and Country Club in 1931 on a tract near Nassau Boulevard today s Long Island Expressway 43 47 Park planning and World s Fairs edit 1939 1940 Fair and aftermath edit Main article 1939 New York World s Fair nbsp The 1939 New York World s FairNew York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadow in the 1920s 48 At the time he envisioned the site to become a true Central Park especially with much of city population moving to Queens and Long Island due to urban sprawl Moses also planned Flushing Meadows to be the westernmost of a chain of parks running across Queens which would include Kissena Park Cunningham Park Alley Pond Park and Douglaston Park 49 50 In 1929 representatives from surrounding communities created a plan to turn the ash dump into a recreational complex and presented them to Queens Borough President George U Harvey 51 In 1930 Moses released plans for numerous parks and highways in the city This included the Grand Central Parkway the construction of which would require taking land from the ash dumps One of the provisional projects listed was a Flushing River Park along with a Flushing River Parkway 31 52 The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company s contract with the city expired in 1933 53 54 and the city took over the company s assets and operations on May 25 1934 55 56 57 The Brooklyn Ash property occupied around 300 acres 120 ha of the 1 000 acre 400 ha site north of what is now the Long Island Expressway 58 The remainder of the meadows still contained natural wildlife It was frequented by fur trappers local residents collecting firewood and growing vegetables and later squatters during the Great Depression 59 Areas of the dumps were also used for growing vegetables with the soil fertilized by the garbage and manure 60 In 1935 the site now planned as Flushing Meadow Park was selected for what would become the 1939 World s Fair 61 In addition to the ash dumps and undeveloped meadows houses in Corona east of 111th Street adjacent to the dumps were condemned and added to the site displacing residents 62 63 The plans were drafted by Parks Department landscape architect Gilmore David Clarke and his partner Michael Rapuano designed in Beaux Arts style 64 65 Work on the World s Fair site began on June 16 1936 35 The project primarily involved leveling the ash mounds with the leftover material used to fill other areas of the meadow Two sites were excavated to create Meadow and Willow Lake while much of the Flushing River was diverted into underground culverts A floodgate was built to prevent tidal flow from flooding the lakes 66 67 In addition to recreation the lakes would serve as repositories for excess storm runoff 68 The dirt from the lake sites was used as additional topsoil for the park 69 The project was an around the clock job with 450 workers operating on three daily shifts 70 35 71 72 Workers had to combat the effects of high tide and dust storms created by the ash The work significantly changed the topography of the meadows differing from that created by glaciation Thousands of trees were transplanted to the fair site in order to create a natural landscape Meanwhile thousands of 100 foot 30 m Douglas fir timbers were driven into the ground to act as pilings for the foundations of the fair structures 73 The pedestrian plan called for numerous wide tree lined pathways including a central Cascade Mall leading to the Trylon and Perisphere many of which would be retained for the park 69 Faced with having to dispose of the mountains of ashes Moses incorporated a significant portion of the refuse into the bases of several roadways that bordered or bisected the park 74 This included the Van Wyck Expressway Interstate 678 running along the eastern side of the park the nearby Interboro Parkway now Jackie Robinson Parkway and the Long Island Expressway Interstate 495 that divides the park into north and south halves The Grand Central Parkway separates a western lobe from the main part of the northern half while the east west Jewel Avenue bisects the southern half 75 The success of the Flushing Meadows site as a garbage dump turned park led Moses and the city to develop other wetlands in the city into parks via short term refuse landfilling This process was used to create Marine Park and Spring Creek Park in Brooklyn and Ferry Point Park in the Bronx This was also the original plan for the Fresh Kills and Edgemere landfills which remained open past their expected tenure and became large and long term municipal waste sites 74 76 The Fresh Kills site is currently being developed into Freshkills Park 77 nbsp nbsp Aerial views of the fair grounds during the 1964 World s Fair In November 1939 a water main running through Flushing Meadows Park to supply water to Flushing failed Unlike the fair buildings the pipeline was not built on piling foundations and eventually sank into the marsh and landfill In January 1940 Borough President Harvey demanded an investigation into the main s construction take place while the Board of Estimate allocated 50 200 for repairs 78 Following the closure of the Fair in 1940 the site was supposed to be cleared in order to develop and open Flushing Meadows as a city park The onset of World War II however delayed the project 79 80 The profits from the World s Fair were supposed to pay for the development of the park but in spite of its success the fair turned a financial loss 81 Only two permanent attractions were opened in 1941 an ice skating rink and roller rink 82 83 in the New York City Building 84 and a public pool located in the New York State Marine Amphitheatre now demolished 85 The latter utilized the pool used for Billy Rose s Aquacade during the fair 86 In the meantime some of the buildings from the 1939 Fair were used for the first temporary headquarters of the United Nations beginning in 1946 The former New York City Building was used for the UN General Assembly during this time 87 88 84 Moses attempted to sell Flushing Meadows as a permanent headquarters for the UN which would have required new structures and a complete redesign of the fair ground layout The proposal was rejected however due to concerns over the strength of the former marshland for building construction the lack of scenic beauty in the meadows and the distance from Manhattan The UN moved to their now permanent headquarters in 1951 89 The New York City building was later refurbished for the 1964 1965 Fair as the New York City Pavilion featuring the Panorama of the City of New York an enormous scale model of the entire city 90 84 91 It is one of two buildings that survive from the 1939 40 Fair and the only one that remains in its original location 92 The other is the Belgium exhibition building disassembled and moved to the campus of Virginia Union University in 1941 93 It is now the home of the Queens Museum of Art which still houses and occasionally updates the Panorama 84 The remainder of the park meanwhile had fallen into disrepair with wild animals moving back into the area 88 Only minor upgrades to the park occurred during this time 94 1964 1965 Fair edit Main article 1964 New York World s Fair nbsp The Unisphere at the 1964 1965 World s FairThe Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the 1964 World s Fair 95 Gilmore D Clarke and Michael Rapuano were retained to tailor the original 1939 park layout for the new fair 96 Three structures were retained from the 1939 Fair Meanwhile several new structures and attractions were created including the Unisphere Shea Stadium the New York Hall of Science and Queens Botanical Garden the latter three were intended as permanent attractions for the future park 97 The Unisphere built as the theme symbol for the 1964 1965 World s Fair has since become the main sculptural feature of the park 98 It stands on the site occupied by the Perisphere during the earlier Fair 99 The Van Wyck Expressway was extended north through the park site along the right of way of the former World s Fair Railroad 100 Moses and the Parks Department also prepared post fair plans to finish Flushing Meadows Park as well as Kissena Corridor Park and Kissena Park projected to be complete by 1967 101 In early 1964 the New York City Council added Corona to the park s name the park was now named Flushing Meadows Corona Park in preparation for that year s World s Fair Councilman Edward Sadowsky explained that this was intended to correct an injustice The people of Corona have long lived in the aroma of a junkyard or a dump named for their community Now when there is something beautiful to be seen there is no mention of the name Corona 3 Following the fair most of the remaining 11 6 million from the fair funds as well as money from Moses Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority were used to rehabilitate the site into a true park 102 Flushing Meadows Corona Park was transferred from the World s Fair Corporation back to the Parks Department and opened on June 3 1967 50 Post World s Fairs edit Late 20th century edit nbsp Free Form by Jose De Rivera cast in 1964 nbsp Freedom of the Human Spirit by Marshall Fredericks cast circa 1964 nbsp Rocket Thrower by Donald De Lue commissioned for the 1964 1965 New York World s Fair Although the park was opened it had yet to become the grand park Moses had originally envisioned 103 In August 1967 new parks commissioner August Heckscher II sought to begin improvements on the park in order to turn it into the Central Park of the 20th century A new plan for the park had been designed by architects Marcel Breuer and Kenzō Tange but the project did not receive funds due to communication issues with the New York City Comptroller s office 104 105 By 1972 little development had taken place to improve the park while many World s Fair structures remained in disrepair 106 107 The disrepair was systematic within the park system a product of lack of funding during that decade s fiscal crisis 108 This state of disrepair continued into the 1980s 109 In 1975 a group of traditionalist Catholics started to assemble at the old Vatican Pavilion exedra monument of the 1964 New York World s Fair to have evening rosary prayer vigils having been obligated to relocate from Bayside Queens This was led by a woman named Veronica Lueken who claimed she was experiencing visions there of the Virgin Mary and giving out supposed messages from heaven frequently apocalyptic in nature 110 111 At its height in the late 20th century thousands of people attended the nightly events held on different feast days 111 One event in June 1983 attracted fifteen thousand pilgrims 110 Despite the events popularity Bishop Francis Mugavero then Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn stated in a 1986 Declaration Concerning the Bayside Movement that the events lacked credibility 112 113 After Lueken s death in 1995 and her husband s death in 2002 their followers divided into two small camps that continued to visit the park for vigils 111 113 Additionally in 1978 the US Open tennis tournament was moved from the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills to Flushing Meadows Corona Park The tournament was originally held in the Singer Bowl stadium renamed the Louis Armstrong Stadium a 1964 World s Fair structure which was renovated and expanded for the tournament Other parts of the park were also repaired or expanded for the tournament including the fountains of the Unisphere 107 114 Arne Abramowitz became administrator of Flushing Meadows Corona Park in 1986 and soon began planning a renovation of the park 115 The following year NYC Parks announced an 80 million rehabilitation of the park 116 117 The renovation had been planned since the early 1980s but had been deferred due to a lack of funding 118 The grounds of the park s northern section were landscaped in 1992 119 and the restoration of the Unisphere was completed in May 1994 120 121 Since the early 1990s the New York State Pavilion s ledges steps and fountain grates have been utilized by skateboarders and featured in famous east coast skateboarding videos 122 123 124 Early 21st century edit By the early 2000s the park had become the residence of a number of homeless people 125 This fact received attention after five possibly homeless individuals abducted raped and threatened to kill a woman who had been sitting with her partner at the nearby Mets Willets Point subway station 126 nbsp Nike Go Play Day Skate Kitchen and Quell skateboarding meet up hosted by Leo Baker at the Maloof SkateparkSeveral improvements were made to Flushing Meadows Corona Park in the 2000s and 2010s The Flushing Meadows Corona Park Conservancy was formed in 2002 to advocate for parkland in the area 127 The 66 3 million Flushing Meadows Natatorium encompassing an Olympic sized public indoor pool and an NHL regulation sized skating rink opened in 2008 The facility is the largest recreation complex in any New York City park at 110 000 square feet 10 000 m2 128 This was followed by the opening of Citi Field a new baseball field to replace Shea Stadium in 2009 129 Another public private partnership the Alliance for Flushing Meadows Corona Park was created in 2015 130 It commenced construction on or announced plans for several improvement projects at Flushing Meadows Corona Park 131 These included a plan to restore the New York State Pavilion 132 133 as well as the construction of a mist garden in the park s Fountains of the Fairs 134 135 131 Other projects included the construction of a promenade around Meadow Lake 131 134 136 and the rehabilitation of the World s Fair Playground and the marina 131 In 2015 Flushing Meadows Corona Park also started hosting the Queens Night Market a summertime food market that features cuisine from dozens of countries 137 The market became popular due to its affordability since all food cost a maximum of 5 6 138 139 Another food festival the World s Fare started in 2017 and is hosted in Citi Field s parking lot on about the third weekend of May 140 141 Restoration of the New York State Pavilion began in 2019 142 as did work on the Fountains of the Fairs 143 The Fountains of the Fairs were dedicated in October 2020 144 145 In early 2022 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA gave a local group the Waterfront Alliance a 530 000 grant to study the effects of climate change at Flushing Meadows Corona Park after U S representative Grace Meng had requested the grant the previous year 146 147 The park was extremely vulnerable to flooding because of its topography and because of sea level rise caused by global warming Climate scientists had predicted that parts of the park would be flooded regularly by the 2050s 147 and that the entire park could be underwater by the 2080s 146 148 At the time the city government was spending 350 million on various upgrades at the park 147 By mid 2023 the New York City government was considering erecting tents in Flushing Meadows Corona Park to temporarily house asylum seekers This move came after the federal government repealed an order authorizing Title 42 expulsions of migrants which had been implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic 149 150 Description editAttractions and Geographical Features of Flushing Meadows Corona Park nbsp Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles viewtalkeditAttractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows Corona Park 1 Citi Field2 Flushing Meadows Carousel3 Flushing Meadows Natatorium4 Flushing River and Creek5 Meadow Lake6 Mets Willets Point LIRR and subway stations 7 National Tennis Center8 New York Hall of Science9 New York State Pavilion Queens Theatre and Queens Zoo10 Queens Botanical Garden11 Queens Museum12 Unisphere13 Willow Lake14 World s Fair station demolished Layout edit The layout of Flushing Meadows Corona Park retains much of Gilmore D Clarke and Michael Rapuano s Beaux Arts planning from the 1939 and 1964 World s Fairs 151 152 The northern section of the park the former fair grounds 69 revolves around large paved pathways which during the fairs led to focal points such as pavilions fountains and sculptures The Trylon and Perisphere and later Unisphere were placed at the main axial point 65 152 153 The Unisphere and Queens Museum currently sit at the west end of the main promenade Near the center of the promenade called Herbert Hoover Promenade on the north side and Dwight D Eisenhower Promenade on the south side are the Fountains of the Fairs which sit in the median of the paths At the far east end is the Fountain of the Planets originally called the Pool of Industry 153 This layout was used to guide fair goers to exhibits 154 The layout was based on Gian Lorenzo Bernini s plan for St Peter s Square in Vatican City 65 155 The main promenade measuring 2 500 feet 760 m 156 was provisionally called the Cascade Mall during its construction 69 and later named the Constitution Mall during the first fair 156 Many former exhibit and pavilion sites have since been replaced with soccer fields artificial turf or dirt and grass while others have been left as open grass fields 157 The southern portion of the park is largely occupied by Meadow and Willow Lake 158 The two lakes along with the Pool of Industry Fountain of the Planets in the former fair grounds are fed by the Flushing River which flows north through both lakes and underneath the fountain as a subterranean river towards Flushing Bay 159 The two lakes are connected by a narrow channel forming a peninsula in between the lakes 152 During the 1939 Fair Meadow Lake was temporarily named Fountain Lake and Liberty Lake 160 161 The land around Meadow Lake contains much of the park s true parkland with open grass picnic and grilling areas and baseball and cricket fields 162 During the fairs the land on the north shore and part of the eastern shore of the lake was used as an amusement area 163 63 with large parking lots added on the east and west shores for the 1964 Fair 164 63 165 The lots were removed and converted to parkland after the 1964 Fair 165 The Willow Lake area of the park is a nature reserve 166 The area around Willow Lake originally also contained sports fields and park trails 63 69 167 until it was fenced off and turned into a preserve in 1976 63 The park is entirely circumscribed by highways constructed by Robert Moses Its eastern boundary is formed by the Van Wyck Expressway I 678 The south and west ends of the park are bound by the Grand Central Parkway with the Kew Gardens Interchange situated at the southernmost point The northern edge of the park is bound by the expressway portion of Northern Boulevard New York State Route 25A which connects the Grand Central and the Whitestone Expressway The park is bisected by the Long Island Expressway at the approximate south end of the former Corona Ash Dumps which separate the northern and southern halves of the park Jewel Avenue and its interchange with the Grand Central further separate the southern section into two halves with Meadow Lake to the north of Jewel Avenue and Willow Lake to the south 75 Access to the park is limited due to a lack of public transportation reaching many areas of the site and presence of the highways at the perimeters of the park separating the site from local neighborhoods The park also has very few formal entrances from local neighborhoods this is a vestige of the World s Fairs where access was controlled 168 109 Studies by various groups have separated the park into a different number of sections A study by the Columbia Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation divides the park into three areas the historic core former World s Fair grounds Meadow Lake and Willow Lake 169 The Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan divides the park into a total of seven zones the Marina along Flushing Bay containing the World s Fair Marina the Sport Center containing Citi Field and the USTA West Park a small section extending west of the Grand Central Parkway and the fair grounds housing the New York Hall of Science and the Queens Zoo the Recreation amp Garden Botanical Area extending east of the fair grounds along the Kissena Creek corridor housing the Queens Botanical Garden the Historic World s Fair Core Area Meadow Lake and Willow Lake 166 Size edit Flushing Meadows Corona Park is the fourth largest public park in New York City It was long believed to be 1 255 acres 508 ha in size but a survey concluded in 2013 found its actual size to be 897 acres 363 ha when accounting for major roads and other exclusions within the park s perimeter 170 This does not take into account a disputed claim that the neighborhood of Willets Point along the north edge of the park is itself part of the park 171 Ecology edit nbsp nbsp Meadow Lake top and Willow Lake bottom The two lakes and the remainder of Flushing Creek are separated by a flood gate or dam called the Porpoise Bridge or Tide Gate Bridge located just south of the Long Island Rail Road s Port Washington Branch trestle at the north end of the Flushing Meadows Golf Center The dam only permits northward flows towards Flushing Bay to pass while blocking south flowing waters 95 63 As its name implies the dam also acts as a bridge carrying pedestrian and vehicular traffic over the creek It measures 37 feet 11 m wide and 370 feet 110 m long 172 The lakes are fed by groundwater 173 63 Prior to human development Flushing Meadows was originally a tidal marsh with Flushing Creek receiving south flowing waters from the tides of Flushing Bay Although the lakes were built as freshwater lakes and dammed to mitigate tidal effects flooding continues to affect the park 174 67 The lakes are also highly eutrophic due to nutrients such as phosphorus from the former marshland seeping into the water leading to the death of fish in the lakes The regular tidal action that would filter the lakes is prevented by the dam 175 In addition the lakes are subject to pollution and storm runoff from the nearby highways via pipes which feed into the lakes 176 67 Because of its connection with Flushing Bay several fish species native to marine habitats regularly swim into and inhabit Meadow and Willow Lakes 177 Fish species native to Meadow Lake include American eel largemouth bass northern snakehead an invasive species and white mullet 177 Willow Lake is named for the many species of willow plants which inhabit the area 178 Invasive phragmites a genus of wild grasses are also abundant 179 178 167 Attempts to kill the phragmites with pesticides have led to further fish kill 167 180 Numerous berry producing trees and shrubs near Willow Lake attract several migratory bird species 178 The biodiversity of the lakes has been found to be much lower than other water bodies of comparable size 179 Notable structures edit Attractions edit Near the northern end of the park adjacent to Willets Point is the Sport Center zone where the US Open tennis tournament is held 181 In 2006 the tennis center was named USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center after professional tennis player Billie Jean King 182 Its center court is Arthur Ashe Stadium and its secondary stadium court is Louis Armstrong Stadium 183 Citi Field the home of the New York Mets since 2009 sits at the far north end of the park Shea Stadium the Mets previous home and prior host to the New York Jets football team once stood adjacent to the area now hosting Citi Field 181 nbsp nbsp nbsp Left to right Citi Field Arthur Ashe Stadium and Louis Armstrong Stadium In addition to the existing stadiums several other sports venues have been proposed for the park In the 1950s Flushing Meadows was one of several proposed sites for the relocation of the Brooklyn Dodgers until the franchise moved to Los Angeles in 1958 184 A racing circuit to host a Formula One grand prix event was proposed for New York City with one of the potential circuits to be built around Meadow Lake first for the 1975 season and later for the 1983 season 185 186 187 The plans were opposed by the local community and environmental groups and the race was postponed and ultimately canceled by 1985 169 188 189 One of the alternate sites the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey would host the Meadowlands Grand Prix Champ Car event in 1984 190 Also in the 1980s the New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League USFL proposed to relocate to the park with a new stadium to be built in Willets Point adjacent to Shea Stadium The plans dissolved when the USFL folded in 1985 191 192 Shortly afterwards the New York Jets rejected a plan to take over the proposed stadium 193 194 In the 2010s a Major League Soccer stadium was proposed in the park after MLS founded New York City FC the New York area s second soccer team After examining several sites in the New York area New York City FC finally decided on building its proposed stadium in Flushing Meadows Corona Park by 2016 deeming the park as the only viable location for a stadium 195 The stadium which would have been located on the site of the Pool of Industry Fountain of the Planets 196 was heavily opposed by the community 197 which forced the team to change its plans and play at Yankee Stadium 198 In November 2022 New York City and NYCFC agreed to build the soccer club s 25 000 seat stadium in Willets Point adjacent to Citi Field it is expected to be completed in 2027 199 200 The park s Meadow Lake contains a boat house one of two structures that remain from the 1939 World s Fair the other being the Queens Museum 201 Rental boats are available at the boathouse for rowing and paddleboating and Meadow Lake is also the site of rowing activities for non profit Row New York with teams practicing on the lake for much of the year 202 Meadow Lake also hosts the annual Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York and teams from New York practice in Meadow Lake during the summer months The American Small Craft Association 203 TASCA also houses a fleet of over a dozen 14 5 foot 4 4 m sloop rigged sailboats used for teaching racing and recreation by the club s members Bicycling paths extend around Meadow Lake and connect to the Brooklyn Queens Greenway 204 The Willow Lake Trail a nature trail around Willow Lake 205 was partially reopened in 2013 and is part of the Willow Lake nature preserve The 78th Avenue gate to the lake remains shuttered and inaccessible despite being the closest gate to the Kew Gardens Union Turnpike subway station 206 207 The chronic lack of maintenance of this portion of the trail has led to ordinary residents to resort to clearing the trail itself 208 The many recreational playing fields and playgrounds in the park are used for activities that reflect the wide ethnic mix of Queens soccer and cricket are especially popular 209 New York Road Runners also hosts a weekly 3 30 mile 5 31 km Open Run 210 as well as an annual 6 2 mile 10 0 km 10K run 211 nbsp Queens Theatre in the Park and the World s Fair Pavilion nbsp The New York Hall of Science Some World s Fair buildings continued to be in use after the 1964 Fair The Flushing Meadows Carousel opened as part of the 1964 Fair operates in the northwestern part of the park 212 The New York Hall of Science founded during the 1964 World s Fair was one of the country s first science museums and still operates in its original location at the park s northern corner 213 The New York State Pavilion constructed as the state s exhibit hall for the same World s Fair is also a feature of the park However no new use for the building was found after the Fair and the structure sits derelict and decaying 214 215 although it was repainted yellow in 2015 216 215 Next to the New York State Pavilion is the Queens Theatre in the Park 217 originally the 1964 Fair s Theaterama attraction 218 which moved into its current building in 1993 217 Terrace on the Park a banquet and catering facility was originally the 1964 World s Fair s official helipad 219 The Queens Museum which became the headquarters of the United Nations General Assembly after the 1939 Fair was adapted as the 1964 Fair s New York City Pavilion building After the fair it was subdivided into the Queens Center for Art and an ice skating rink the latter of which was removed when the museum was expanded in 2013 220 Other buildings remained for a while after the 1964 Fair s conclusion to see if a new use for them could be found but were subsequently demolished This included the Travel and Transportation Pavilion destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station and the Federal Pavilion demolished in 1977 after great deterioration 221 One such parcel became the site of the Playground for All Children one of the first playgrounds designed to include handicapped accessible activities The design competition for the playground was won by architect Hisham N Ashkouri the facility was completed in 1984 and it was refurbished and reopened in 1997 222 Art installations edit Immediately outside the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is a sculpture by Eric Fischl called Soul in Flight 223 224 The sculpture unveiled in August 2000 is a 14 foot bronze nude statue that serves as a permanent memorial to Arthur Ashe and includes one of his favorite quotes From what we get we can make a living what we give however makes a life 225 In January 2022 sculptor Sherwin Banfield unveiled Going Back to the Meadows a statue of Queens born LL Cool J Located in David Dinkins Circle the installation depicts him in a Kangol bucket hat and Cuban link chain holding up a solar powered boombox loaded with a cassette of his 1985 debut album Radio 226 227 The sculpture which is planned to remain through November 2022 features speakers that are timed to play LL Cool J s music for five hours on several days of the week 228 Other infrastructure edit This park also contains three Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA maintenance facilities the Jamaica subway yard the Corona subway yard and the Casey Stengel Bus Depot The Jamaica Yard is located at the very south end of the park site beyond Willow Lake while the Corona Yard and Casey Stengel Depot are located across from Citi Field 183 Transportation edit nbsp A R33 World s Fair subway car leading the Train of Many Colors at Mets Willets Point The New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road both serve the park s northern end The IRT Flushing Line subway station at Mets Willets Point serves the 7 and lt 7 gt trains and the similarly named LIRR station serves the Port Washington Branch These stations are located at the northern end of the park adjacent to the Corona Yard and bus depot primarily serving Citi Field and the USTA 229 230 The 111th Street subway station is located just outside the park grounds serving the Hall of Science 229 The Q48 Q58 Q64 and Q88 buses all travel through the park but only the Q48 stops within the park perimeter serving Citi Field and the USTA The Q58 and Q88 stop outside either side of the park and cross the park via the Horace Harding Expressway while the Q64 crosses the park along Jewel Avenue 69th Road 231 232 In media editThe Valley of Ashes described in F Scott Fitzgerald s novel The Great Gatsby 1925 is a fictional location said to have been inspired by the site of Flushing Meadows Corona Park when it was still a dump as well as by nearby Willets Point 233 In the movie Men in Black 1997 the saucer shaped restaurants atop the observation towers of the New York State Pavilion were portrayed as real alien UFOs used as a display to disguise its appearance to the public Edgar the bug attempts to use one to escape Earth but not before being shot down by the agents destroying the Unisphere in the process after which it attempts to climb aboard the second ship but is stopped by Jay who tricks it into coming back down 215 234 Scenes for the film Men in Black 3 2012 were also filmed at Flushing Meadows 234 That film features a scene that recreates Shea Stadium demolished in 2009 during the 1969 World Series 235 The intro to the long running 1990s sitcom The King of Queens was partly shot in Flushing Meadows Corona Park 236 In 2001 during the first season of The Amazing Race the Unisphere at Flushing Meadows Park served as the Finish Line In 2014 it served as a stop on the first leg of Season 25 237 In the Marvel Cinematic Universe the Stark Expo first featured in Iron Man 2 2010 takes place at the Flushing Meadows Corona Park and appears in multiple films in the series including Captain America The First Avenger 2011 and briefly in Spider Man Homecoming 2017 238 239 240 In early 2018 musician Paul Simon announced that he would perform his final live concert at Flushing Meadows Corona Park on September 22 2018 Simon had grown up near the neighborhood and had visited the park frequently 241 242 References editCitations edit Queens Community Boards Archived February 2 2015 at the Wayback Machine New York City Retrieved September 3 2007 Steinberg 2015 p 220 a b Bill Adds Corona to Fair Site s Name The New York Times February 5 1964 Archived from the original on November 13 2017 Retrieved January 29 2012 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 Stage 1A Assessment p 2 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 3 Mankiewicz amp Mankiewicz 2002 p 31 Mankiewicz amp Mankiewicz 2002 p 32 Stage 1A Assessment p 2 Feller Michael December 1988 Kissena Park The Wild Side A Guide to its Natural Areas PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Natural Resources Group p 2 4 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved June 2 2018 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 Stage 1A Assessment p 7 a b c Flushing Meadows Corona Park History New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on May 7 2021 Retrieved March 28 2017 a b Jackson Kenneth T ed 1995 The Encyclopedia of New York City New Haven Yale University Press p 462 ISBN 0300055366 Stage 1A Assessment p 5 Natural Resources Group Natural Area Mapping and Inventory of Spring Creek 1988 Survey PDF New York City Parks Department p 2 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 18 2015 a b Stage 1A Assessment p 8 a b Flushing Meadows Corona Park World s Fair Marina New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on April 7 2021 Retrieved March 28 2017 Stage 1A Assessment pp 8 9 Stage 1A Assessment p 9 Stage 1A Assessment p 10 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 18 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 Steinberg 2015 p 211 a b Vincent F Seyfried 1986 Corona From Farmland to City Suburb 1650 1935 publisher not identified pp 66 70 Retrieved April 8 2017 Stage 1A Assessment p 11 Steinberg 2015 p 211 Stage 1A Assessment p 11 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 18 Paragraphs of Interest PDF Newtown Register September 28 1911 p 4 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 via Old Fulton New York Postcards The announcement made this week that the contractors who have filled in the Flushing meadows intend to develop the water front a b Steinberg 2015 p 211 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 Stage 1A Assessment p 11 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 19 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 Schneider Daniel B November 28 1999 F Y I The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved May 8 2022 Stage 1A Assessment p 11 Steinberg 2015 p 212 Stage 1A Assessment p 13 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 23 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 Stage 1A Assessment p 14 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 26 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 a b Steinberg 2015 p 213 Steinberg 2015 p 212 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 10 Willets Point DEIS 2013 p 1 3 NYC Parks Tomorrow s World 2015 Steinberg 2015 p 212 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 a b c Work at Fair Site Begins Without Ceremony 700 Job Seekers on Hand 500 to Be Hired The New York Times June 16 1936 Archived from the original on November 23 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Willets Point DEIS 2013 p 1 3 Steinberg 2015 p 213 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 Stage 1A Assessment pp 14 15 Willets Point DEIS 2013 p 1 3 WAR DECLARED UPON RATS Extermination of Pests in Corona and Elmhurst Ordered by Copeland The New York Times November 4 1920 Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 Stage 1A Assessment p 12 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 21 Steinberg 2015 p 217 Willets Point DEIS 2013 p 1 3 Health Department Wars on Mosquitos Great Number of Pests Laid to Heavy Rains The New York Times August 20 1925 Archived from the original on June 16 2018 Retrieved March 27 2017 Stage 1A Assessment pp 14 15 Strategic Framework Plan p 52 a b NYC Parks Tomorrow s World 2015 p 5 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 24 Smoke Nuisance Charge Case Against Brooklyn Ash Removal Company Is Adjourned PDF The New York Times September 14 1923 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 Ash Company Held on Nuisance Charge Special Sessions Court to Act on Maintenance of Corona Meadows Smudge PDF Brooklyn Standard Union September 26 1923 p 14 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 via Old Fulton New York Postcards PLAN GOLF COURSES IN CORONA MEADOWS Brooklyn Owners to Convert Land Into a Sport Centre The New York Times July 22 1929 Archived from the original on June 16 2018 Retrieved March 27 2017 Caro 1974 p 1083 30 Years of Progress 1934 1965 p 56 PANYNJ Airport Transit Environmental Impact Statement 1994 p 1 11 a b Schumach Murray June 4 1967 MOSES GIVES CITY FAIR SITE AS PARK Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here The New York Times Archived from the original on November 22 2017 Retrieved March 28 2017 Harvey Asked to Make Park Out Of Dump Community Councils Suggest Development of Wasteland PDF Long Island Daily Press September 11 1929 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 via Old Fulton New York Postcards ASKS NEW CITY PARKS TO COST 20 000 000 Metropolitan Conference Urges Prompt Purchases Chiefly in Queens and Richmond BERRY GETS HONOR SCROLL Calls for a Normal Pace in Public Projects and Predicts Agency to Coordinate Them The New York Times February 26 1930 Archived from the original on November 22 2015 Retrieved November 19 2015 City Ash Removal Halted by Court Brooklyn Company Gets Stay to Prevent Municipality Operating Its Plants The New York Times December 30 1933 Archived from the original on July 25 2018 Retrieved March 27 2017 CITY NOW REMOVING ASHES IN BROOKLYN Company s Agreement to Drop Suit Speeds Municipal Operation of Three Plants The New York Times January 9 1934 Archived from the original on July 25 2018 Retrieved March 27 2017 Flushing Meadows Corona Park Lawrence Playground New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on March 30 2017 Retrieved March 30 2017 Soper George R March 18 1934 DISPOSAL OF WASTE AN URGENT PROBLEM Supreme Court Order Against Dumping at Sea Points the Need for Incinerators READY FOR DUMPING The New York Times Archived from the original on March 28 2017 Retrieved March 27 2017 ASH COMPANY VALUE UNDER CITY INQUIRY Proposed Purchase of Brooklyn Concern Brings Charge of 1 000 000 Hijacking Plan The New York Times February 10 1934 Archived from the original on July 25 2018 Retrieved March 27 2017 Historic Preservation Studio 2015 p 7 Steinberg 2015 p 213 Steinberg 2015 p 217 Phase 1A Report 1985 p 22 Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site In Queens City to Lend New Park The New York Times September 23 1935 Archived from the original on April 7 2021 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to conclude his Farewell Tour at Flushing Meadows Corona Park in September QNS com Archived from the original on April 23 2020 Retrieved July 23 2018 Sources edit 30 Years of Progress 1934 1965 PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation June 9 1964 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 31 2017 Caro Robert 1974 The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York New York Knopf ISBN 978 0 394 48076 3 OCLC 834874 Cotter Bill Young Bill January 20 2014 The 1964 1965 New York World s Fair Arcadia Publishing ISBN 978 1 4396 4214 6 Retrieved April 26 2017 Flushing Meadows Corona Park Historic Preservation Studio Columbia Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation May 3 2015 Archived from the original on April 1 2017 Retrieved March 31 2017 La Guardia International Airport and John F Kennedy International Airport Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program Automated Guideway Transit System NY NJ Environmental Impact Statement Port Authority of New York and New Jersey United States Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration New York State Department of Transportation June 1994 Archived from the original on January 23 2023 Retrieved March 28 2017 Mankiewicz Paul S Mankiewicz Julie A June 2002 Ecological Engineering and Restoration Study Flushing Meadows Lakes and Watershed PDF The Gaia Institute Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved April 3 2017 PHASE I A ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT REPORT for the SPORTSPLEX PROJECT PDF Historical Perspectives August 22 1985 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 Quennell Rothschild amp Partners Smith Miller Hawkinson Architects Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan New York City Department of Parks and Recreation For links to specific pages see a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint postscript link Data Sources physical Conditions amp Assessments PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 12 15 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Conceptual Framework PDF Part 1 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 16 19 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Conceptual Framework PDF Part 2 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 20 27 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Vision amp Goals PDF Part 1 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 28 35 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Vision amp Goals PDF Part 2 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 36 48 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Appendix The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 49 72 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help STAGE 1A ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT SHEA STADIUM REDEVELOPMENT FLUSHING MEADOWS CORONA PARK PDF nyc gov Historical Perspectives Inc October 2001 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 Steinberg Ted July 21 2015 Gotham Unbound The Ecological History of Greater New York Simon and Schuster pp 209 225 ISBN 978 1 4767 4128 4 Tomorrow s World The New York World s Fairs and Flushing Meadows Corona Park PDF New York City Department of Parks and Recreation June 26 2015 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 27 2017 Unisphere PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission May 16 1995 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved March 28 2017 WILLETS POINT Development Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 1 Project Description PDF New York City Economic Development Corporation March 2013 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved April 26 2017 Wood Andrew F 2004 New York s 1939 1940 World s Fair Arcadia Publishing ISBN 978 0 7385 3585 2 Retrieved April 26 2017 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flushing Meadows Corona Park Official website The Playground For All Children archived September 29 2007 NYRR Open Run Corona ParkEntities within the park edit New York World s Fair 1964 1965 New York State Pavilion Tent of Tomorrow New York State Pavilion archived October 18 2008 World s Fair Carousels Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flushing Meadows Corona Park amp oldid 1184216179, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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