Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with radially symmetricbody plans. The term Radiata is no longer accepted, as it united several different groupings of animals that do not form a monophyletic group under current views of animal phylogeny. The similarities once offered in justification of the taxon, such as radial symmetry, are now taken to be the result of either incorrect evaluations by early researchers or convergent evolution, rather than an indication of a common ancestor. Because of this, the term is used mostly in a historical context.[1]
In the early 19th century, Georges Cuvier united Ctenophora and Cnidaria in the Radiata (Zoophytes).[2]Thomas Cavalier-Smith, in 1983, redefined Radiata as a subkingdom consisting of Myxozoa, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora.[3]Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz later redefined Radiata in their Five Kingdom classification, this time including only Cnidaria and Ctenophora.[4] This definition is similar to the historical descriptor Coelenterata, which has also been proposed as a group encompassing Cnidaria and Ctenophora.[5][6]
Although radial symmetry is usually given as a defining characteristic in animals that have been classified in this group, there are clear exceptions and qualifications. Echinoderms, for example, exhibit unmistakable bilateral symmetry as larvae, and are now in the Bilateria. Ctenophores exhibit biradial or rotational symmetry, defined by tentacular and pharyngeal axes, on which two anal canals are located in two diametrically opposed quadrants.[7] Some species within the cnidarian class Anthozoa are bilaterally symmetric (For example, Nematostella vectensis). It has been suggested that bilateral symmetry may have evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria, and that the radially symmetrical cnidarians have secondarily evolved radial symmetry, meaning the bilaterality in cnidarian species like N. vectensis has a primary origin.[8]
The differing definitions assigned by zoologists are listed in the table.
^Hadzi, J. (1963). The Evolution of the Metazoa. New York, NY, USA: The Macmillan Company. pp. 56–57. ISBN0080100791.
^ abCuvier, Georges (1817). Le Règne Animal Distribué Selon son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée. Paris: Déterville.
^ abCavalier-Smith, Thomas (1983). A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. in Endocytobiology II. Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1027–1034. ISBN3110086603.
^ abMargulis, Lynn (1988). Five Kingdoms: An illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN0716730278.
^ abPhilippe, Hervé; Derelle, Romain; Lopez, Philippe; Pick, Kerstin; Borchiellini, Carole; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean; Renard, Emmanuelle; Houliston, Evelyn; Quéinnec, Eric; Da Silva, Corinne; Wincker, Patrick; Le Guyader, Hervé; Leys, Sally; Jackson, Daniel J.; Schreiber, Fabian; Erpenbeck, Dirk; Morgenstern, Burkhard; Wörheide, Gert; Manuel, Michaël (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology. 19 (8): 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843.
^Dunn, Casey W.; Leys, Sally P.; Haddock, Steven H.D. (May 2015). "The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 30 (5): 282–291. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.003. PMID 25840473.
^Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. (September 2002). "The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 24 (3): 358–365. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7. PMID 12220977.
^Finnerty, J.R.; Pang, K.; Burton, P.; Paulson, D.; Martindale, M.Q. (28 May 2004). "Origins of bilateral symmetry: Hox and dpp expression in a sea anemone". Science. 304 (5675): 1335–1337. Bibcode:2004Sci...304.1335F. doi:10.1126/science.1091946. PMID 15131263. S2CID 21555976.
February 16, 2024
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For other uses see Radiata disambiguation Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with radially symmetric body plans The term Radiata is no longer accepted as it united several different groupings of animals that do not form a monophyletic group under current views of animal phylogeny The similarities once offered in justification of the taxon such as radial symmetry are now taken to be the result of either incorrect evaluations by early researchers or convergent evolution rather than an indication of a common ancestor Because of this the term is used mostly in a historical context 1 RadiataTemporal range Ediacaran Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NLouis Agassiz in 1870 with drawings of animals then considered RadiatesScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaSubkingdom Eumetazoa unranked RadiataIn the early 19th century Georges Cuvier united Ctenophora and Cnidaria in the Radiata Zoophytes 2 Thomas Cavalier Smith in 1983 redefined Radiata as a subkingdom consisting of Myxozoa Placozoa Cnidaria and Ctenophora 3 Lynn Margulis and K V Schwartz later redefined Radiata in their Five Kingdom classification this time including only Cnidaria and Ctenophora 4 This definition is similar to the historical descriptor Coelenterata which has also been proposed as a group encompassing Cnidaria and Ctenophora 5 6 Although radial symmetry is usually given as a defining characteristic in animals that have been classified in this group there are clear exceptions and qualifications Echinoderms for example exhibit unmistakable bilateral symmetry as larvae and are now in the Bilateria Ctenophores exhibit biradial or rotational symmetry defined by tentacular and pharyngeal axes on which two anal canals are located in two diametrically opposed quadrants 7 Some species within the cnidarian class Anthozoa are bilaterally symmetric For example Nematostella vectensis It has been suggested that bilateral symmetry may have evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria and that the radially symmetrical cnidarians have secondarily evolved radial symmetry meaning the bilaterality in cnidarian species like N vectensis has a primary origin 8 The differing definitions assigned by zoologists are listed in the table Author Work Date Name of group Taxa included Level of groupCuvier Le Regne Animal 2 1817 Zoophytes Radiata in English translations Echinodermes Intestinaux parasitic worms Acalephes Ctenophora Polypes Cnidaria Infusoires Embranchement 1 of 4 Cavalier Smith A 6 kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny 3 1983 Radiata Myxozoa Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora SubkingdomMargulis Schwartz Five Kingdoms 4 1988 Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora SubkingdomPhilippe et al Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships 5 2009 Coelenterata Cnidaria Ctenophora Proposed cladeReferences edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Radiata Hadzi J 1963 The Evolution of the Metazoa New York NY USA The Macmillan Company pp 56 57 ISBN 0080100791 a b Cuvier Georges 1817 Le Regne Animal Distribue Selon son Organisation pour Servir de Base a l Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d Introduction a l Anatomie Comparee Paris Deterville a b Cavalier Smith Thomas 1983 A 6 kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny in Endocytobiology II Walter De Gruyter pp 1027 1034 ISBN 3110086603 a b Margulis Lynn 1988 Five Kingdoms An illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth New York W H Freeman ISBN 0716730278 a b Philippe Herve Derelle Romain Lopez Philippe Pick Kerstin Borchiellini Carole Boury Esnault Nicole Vacelet Jean Renard Emmanuelle Houliston Evelyn Queinnec Eric Da Silva Corinne Wincker Patrick Le Guyader Herve Leys Sally Jackson Daniel J Schreiber Fabian Erpenbeck Dirk Morgenstern Burkhard Worheide Gert Manuel Michael April 2009 Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships Current Biology 19 8 706 712 doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 02 052 PMID 19345102 S2CID 15282843 Dunn Casey W Leys Sally P Haddock Steven H D May 2015 The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 30 5 282 291 doi 10 1016 j tree 2015 03 003 PMID 25840473 Martindale Mark Finnerty J R Henry J Q September 2002 The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24 3 358 365 doi 10 1016 s1055 7903 02 00208 7 PMID 12220977 Finnerty J R Pang K Burton P Paulson D Martindale M Q 28 May 2004 Origins of bilateral symmetry Hox and dpp expression in a sea anemone Science 304 5675 1335 1337 Bibcode 2004Sci 304 1335F doi 10 1126 science 1091946 PMID 15131263 S2CID 21555976 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Radiata amp oldid 1181911281, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
