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Surinam (Dutch colony)

January 09, 2023

For the later Republic of Suriname, see Suriname.

Surinam (Dutch: Suriname), also unofficially known as Dutch Guiana, was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, bordered by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east. It later bordered British Guiana from 1831 to 1966.

Colony of Surinam
Kolonie Suriname
1667–1954
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)
"'William"
Suriname in 1954
StatusColony of the Dutch Republic (1667–1795)
Colony of the Batavian Republic (1795–1799, 1802–1804)
Occupied territory of the United Kingdom (1799–1802, 1804–1815)
Colony of the Netherlands (1815–1954)
CapitalParamaribo
Common languagesDutch (official)
11 other languages
8 native languages
Head of state 
• 1667–1702
Willem III (first)
• 1948–1954
Juliana (last)
Governor General 
• 1667
Maurits de Rama (first)
• 1689–1696
Johan van Scharphuizen
• 1949–1954
Jan Klaasesz
History 
• Capture of Surinam
26 February 1667
15 December 1954
CurrencyDutch guilder, Spanish dollar
Today part ofSuriname

History

The colonization of Suriname

See also: History of Suriname
 
Map of the Guiana's from 1700

Surinam was a Dutch colony from 26 February 1667, when Dutch forces captured Francis Willoughby's English colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, until 15 December 1954, when Surinam became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The status quo of Dutch sovereignty over Surinam, and English sovereignty over New Netherland, which it had conquered in 1664, was kept in the Treaty of Breda of 31 July 1667, and again confirmed in the Treaty of Westminster of 1674.[1]

After the other Dutch colonies in the Guianas, i.e., Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, were lost to the British in 1814, the remaining colony of Surinam was often referred to as Dutch Guiana, especially after 1831, when the British merged Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara into British Guiana. As the term Dutch Guiana was used in the 17th and 18th centuries to refer to all Dutch colonies in the Guianas, this use of the term can be confusing (see below).

Dutch Guiana

 
Flag of Suriname (1954–1975)

Although the colony has always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname, in both Dutch[2] and English,[3] the colony was often unofficially and semi-officially referred to as Dutch Guiana (Dutch: Nederlands Guiana) in the 19th and 20th century, in an analogy to British Guiana and French Guiana. Historically, Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies in the Guianas, others being Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814, were united into British Guiana in 1831. The Dutch also controlled northern Brazil from 1630 to 1654, including the area that, when governed by Lisbon, was called Portuguese Guiana. Thus, before 1814, the term Dutch Guiana did not only describe Suriname, but rather all colonies under Dutch sovereignty in the region taken together: a set of polities, with distinct governments, whose external borders changed much over time.[4]

Slave labor in the colony

 
An illustration of a Dutch plantation owner and slave from William Blake's illustrations of the work of John Gabriel Stedman, first published in 1792–1794

The economy of the Colony of Suriname depended upon people enslaved at its plantations. Slave labour was mostly supplied by the Dutch West India Company from its trading posts in West Africa, to produce their crops. Sugar, cotton, and indigo were the main goods exported from the colony to the Netherlands until the early 18th century, when coffee became the single most important export product of Surinam. Planters' treatment of the slaves was notoriously bad.[5] The historian C.R. Boxer wrote that "man's inhumanity to man just about reached its limits in Surinam",[6] and many slaves escaped the plantations. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange crashed in 1773, which dealt a severe blow to the plantation economy that was further exacerbated by the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807.[7] This abolition was adopted by William I of the Netherlands, who signed a royal decree in this regard in June 1814, and who concluded the Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty in May 1818. Many plantations went bankrupt as a consequence of the abolition of slave trade. Without supply of slaves, many plantations were merged to increase efficiency.

Abolition of slavery

Slavery was eventually abolished on 1 July 1863, although slaves were only released after a ten-year transitory period in 1873.[8] This spurred the immigration of indentured labourers from British India, after a treaty to that effect had been signed between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in 1870. Apart from immigration from British India, Javanese workers from the Dutch East Indies were also contracted to work on plantations in Surinam.[9] At the same time, a largely unsuccessful attempt to colonize Surinam with impoverished farmers from the Netherlands was started as well.

The natural resources of Suriname

In the 20th century, the natural resources of Surinam, which include rubber, gold and bauxite, were exploited. The gold rush that followed the discovery of gold on the banks of the Lawa River spurred the construction of the Lawa Railway in 1902, although construction was halted after gold production proved disappointing. In 1916, the U.S. aluminium company Alcoa began mining bauxite on the banks of the Cottica River, near the village of Moengo. In 1938, the company built an aluminium smelter in Paranam.

The 1930s were a difficult time for Suriname. The Great Depression created great unemployment. Surinamese guest workers in Curaçao and other islands of the Netherlands Antilles returned to Suriname because there was no more work, which exacerbated the problem. No more funds came in and more unemployed people were added. To provide work, roads were built to Domburg and Groningen, and the Meursweg was constructed. The Salvation Army set up a soup kitchen to relieve the worst of necessities. However, this was not enough, and there was a great deal of unrest among the population in 1931, leading to demonstrations and street riots with looting. Nationalist Anton de Kom then came to Suriname to set up a workers' organization there: he established a consultancy firm, but when he organized a demonstration against governor Johannes Kielstra, he was imprisoned. A rally to get him released led to Black Tuesday, in which 2 people were shot. De Kom was then put on a boat to the Netherlands. The Dutch Prime Minister Colijn stated in the Lower House in 1935:

"Everything that has been tried in Suriname, it all simply failed. Things are not easy. And that is why I wanted someone to get up in the Netherlands who knew what could be done. I will do the possible."

However, the situation had improved somewhat on the eve of the Second World War.

Partly due to the importance of Surinamese aluminium for the allied war effort, United States troops were stationed in Surinam under an agreement with the Dutch government in exile on 23 November 1941. Under the provisions of the Atlantic Charter of August 1941, the Dutch government in exile promised to end the colonial relations between the Netherlands and its overseas possessions, promising them far-reaching autonomy and self-rule. This was eventually accomplished by the proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 15 December 1954, which constituted a Kingdom in which the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Suriname participated on a basis of equality. In 1975, Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become the independent country of Suriname.

Administration

From 1683, the colony was governed by the Society of Suriname, a company composed of three equal shareholders, being the city of Amsterdam, the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, and the Dutch West India Company. Although the organization and administration was of the colony was limited to these three shareholders, all citizens of the Dutch Republic were free to trade with Suriname.[10] Also, the planters were consulted in a Council of Police, which was a unique feature among the colonies of Guiana.[11]

In November 1795, the Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic. From then on until 1954, the Batavian Republic and its legal successors (the Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands) governed the territory as a national colony, barring a period of British occupation between 1799 and 1802, and between 1804 and 1816.

After the Batavian Republic took over in 1795, the Dutch government issued various government regulations for Suriname (Dutch: Regeringsreglement voor Suriname), establishing the government of the colony. In 1865, a new government regulation replaced the previous regulation of 1832, which theoretically gave Suriname some limited self-rule.[12] The colonial elite was given the right to elect a Colonial Council (Dutch: Koloniale Raad) which would co-govern the colony together with the Governor-General appointed by the Dutch crown. Among others, the Colonial Council was allowed to decide over the colony's budget, which was subject to approval by the Dutch crown, but which did not see any involvement of Dutch parliament.[12]

 
Baron Aarnoud van Heemstra, the governor of Suriname in 1923

In the wake of the 1922 Dutch constitutional revision, in which the term "colony" was replaced by "overseas territory", the 1865 government regulation was replaced by the Basic Law of Suriname (Dutch: Staatsregeling van Suriname) on 1 April 1937. This Basic Law renamed the Colonial Council to Estates of Suriname (Dutch: Staten van Suriname) and increased the membership from 13 to 15.

After the Second World War, during which the Dutch government in exile had pledged to review the relationship between the Netherlands and its colonies, the Basic Law was heavily revised. In March 1948, revisions to the Basic Law were adopted by Dutch parliament, which introduced universal suffrage for both men and women, which increased the membership of the Estates from 15 to 21, and which introduced a College of General Government (Dutch: College van Algemeen Bestuur) which was to assist the Governor in the everyday government of the colony, and which was the precursor to the Cabinet of Ministers.[13] The new constitution took effect in July 1948.

Military

In 1868 the Dutch government created the Netherlands Armed Forces in Suriname (TRIS) which served as the Dutch colonial army in Suriname.[14] This meant that like the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) in the Dutch East Indies, TRIS fell under the responsibility of the Dutch Ministry of Colonies, instead of the Dutch Ministry of Defense. The size of the TRIS army was, however, small, compared to the KNIL army for the former colony of Indonesia, it consisted of two infantry and two artillery companies. In total 636 soldiers served in the TRIS army. These soldiers were tasked with patrolling and policing duties within the Dutch colony of Surinam.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Oostindie 2005, pp. 7–8.
  2. ^ See for example this royal decree separating Suriname from Curaçao and Dependencies (1845).
  3. ^ In treaties between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the colony is consistently referred to as the Colony of Surinam, e.g. Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands, relative to the Emigration of Labourers from India to the Dutch Colony of Surinam, the Accession of the Dutch colonies of Curaçao and Surinam to the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property.
  4. ^ This is, e.g., how Jan Jacob Hartsinck uses the term in his Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America (Hartsinck 1770, pp. 257).
  5. ^ Streissguth, Tom (2009). Suriname in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-1-57505-964-8.
  6. ^ C.R. Boxer (1990). The Dutch Seaborne Empire. Penguin. pp. 271–272. ISBN 9780140136180.
  7. ^ Buddingh' 1999, p. 57.
  8. ^ Bakker 1993, p. 76.
  9. ^ Bakker 1993, p. 105.
  10. ^ Meiden, G.W. (2008) Betwist Bestuur. De eerste eeuw bestuurlijke ruzies in Suriname 1651-1753, p. 11.
  11. ^ Buddingh, H. (1995) Geschiedenis van Suriname, p. 26.
  12. ^ a b A.F. Paula (1989). . Hoofdmomenten uit de Staatkundige Ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse Antillen. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  13. ^ "Wat gebeurde er op 28 januari 1948?". Suriname.nu. 1989. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  14. ^ De historie van de TRIS: http://www.trisonline.nl/de-tris/de-historie-van-de-tris/
  15. ^ Ibidem.

Further reading

  • Bakker, Eveline (1993). Geschiedenis van Suriname: van stam tot staat. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9789060118375.
  • Buddingh', Hans (1999). Geschiedenis van Suriname. Zutphen: Het Spectrum. ISBN 9789046811726.
  • Hartsinck, Jan Jacob (1770), Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg
  • Oostindie, Gert (2005). Paradise overseas: the Dutch Caribbean: colonialism and its transatlantic legacies. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean. ISBN 1405057130.
  • Kappler, A.; Ietswaart, Michaël (2014). Zes jaren in Suriname: August Kappler, een Duitser in Suriname 1836-1842. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9789057303012.
  • Nederlof, Marjo (2008). Eerlijckman - 1680-1713: in dienst van het Staatse leger en de West-Indische Compagnie. Curaçao: De Curaçaosche Courant. ISBN 9789990408201.
  • Kompagnie, Jan H. (1996). Soldaten overzee: aanwijzingen voor het doen van onderzoek naar onderofficieren en minderen bij het Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (KNIL) en bij het leger in West-Indië (1815-1949). Den Haag: Algemeen Rijksarchief. ISBN 9074920071.

Online

  • TRIS online
  • TRIS

External links

  • Dutch West Indies 1630-1975

January 09, 2023
surinam, dutch, colony, later, republic, suriname, suriname, surinam, dutch, suriname, also, unofficially, known, dutch, guiana, dutch, plantation, colony, guianas, bordered, equally, dutch, colony, berbice, west, french, colony, cayenne, east, later, bordered. For the later Republic of Suriname see Suriname Surinam Dutch Suriname also unofficially known as Dutch Guiana was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas bordered by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west and the French colony of Cayenne to the east It later bordered British Guiana from 1831 to 1966 Colony of SurinamKolonie Suriname1667 1954Flag Coat of armsAnthem Wilhelmus Dutch William source source track Suriname in 1954StatusColony of the Dutch Republic 1667 1795 Colony of the Batavian Republic 1795 1799 1802 1804 Occupied territory of the United Kingdom 1799 1802 1804 1815 Colony of the Netherlands 1815 1954 CapitalParamariboCommon languagesDutch official 11 other languages Sranan TongoSarnami Hindustani Hindi Urdu JavaneseNdyukaSaramaccanKwintiChineseEnglishPortugueseFrenchSpanish 8 native languages AkurioArawak LokonoCarib Kari njaSikiana KashuyanaTiro TiriyoWaiwaiWaraoWayanaHead of state 1667 1702Willem III first 1948 1954Juliana last Governor General 1667Maurits de Rama first 1689 1696Johan van Scharphuizen 1949 1954Jan KlaaseszHistory Capture of Surinam26 February 1667 Proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands15 December 1954CurrencyDutch guilder Spanish dollarPreceded by Succeeded bySurinam English colony Suriname Kingdom of the Netherlands Today part ofSuriname Contents 1 History 1 1 The colonization of Suriname 1 2 Dutch Guiana 1 3 Slave labor in the colony 1 4 Abolition of slavery 1 5 The natural resources of Suriname 2 Administration 3 Military 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6 1 Online 7 External linksHistory EditThe colonization of Suriname Edit See also History of Suriname Map of the Guiana s from 1700 Surinam was a Dutch colony from 26 February 1667 when Dutch forces captured Francis Willoughby s English colony during the Second Anglo Dutch War until 15 December 1954 when Surinam became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands The status quo of Dutch sovereignty over Surinam and English sovereignty over New Netherland which it had conquered in 1664 was kept in the Treaty of Breda of 31 July 1667 and again confirmed in the Treaty of Westminster of 1674 1 After the other Dutch colonies in the Guianas i e Berbice Essequibo Demerara and Pomeroon were lost to the British in 1814 the remaining colony of Surinam was often referred to as Dutch Guiana especially after 1831 when the British merged Berbice Essequibo and Demerara into British Guiana As the term Dutch Guiana was used in the 17th and 18th centuries to refer to all Dutch colonies in the Guianas this use of the term can be confusing see below Dutch Guiana Edit Flag of Suriname 1954 1975 Although the colony has always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname in both Dutch 2 and English 3 the colony was often unofficially and semi officially referred to as Dutch Guiana Dutch Nederlands Guiana in the 19th and 20th century in an analogy to British Guiana and French Guiana Historically Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies in the Guianas others being Berbice Essequibo Demerara and Pomeroon which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814 were united into British Guiana in 1831 The Dutch also controlled northern Brazil from 1630 to 1654 including the area that when governed by Lisbon was called Portuguese Guiana Thus before 1814 the term Dutch Guiana did not only describe Suriname but rather all colonies under Dutch sovereignty in the region taken together a set of polities with distinct governments whose external borders changed much over time 4 Slave labor in the colony Edit An illustration of a Dutch plantation owner and slave from William Blake s illustrations of the work of John Gabriel Stedman first published in 1792 1794 The economy of the Colony of Suriname depended upon people enslaved at its plantations Slave labour was mostly supplied by the Dutch West India Company from its trading posts in West Africa to produce their crops Sugar cotton and indigo were the main goods exported from the colony to the Netherlands until the early 18th century when coffee became the single most important export product of Surinam Planters treatment of the slaves was notoriously bad 5 The historian C R Boxer wrote that man s inhumanity to man just about reached its limits in Surinam 6 and many slaves escaped the plantations The Amsterdam Stock Exchange crashed in 1773 which dealt a severe blow to the plantation economy that was further exacerbated by the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807 7 This abolition was adopted by William I of the Netherlands who signed a royal decree in this regard in June 1814 and who concluded the Anglo Dutch Slave Trade Treaty in May 1818 Many plantations went bankrupt as a consequence of the abolition of slave trade Without supply of slaves many plantations were merged to increase efficiency Abolition of slavery Edit Slavery was eventually abolished on 1 July 1863 although slaves were only released after a ten year transitory period in 1873 8 This spurred the immigration of indentured labourers from British India after a treaty to that effect had been signed between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in 1870 Apart from immigration from British India Javanese workers from the Dutch East Indies were also contracted to work on plantations in Surinam 9 At the same time a largely unsuccessful attempt to colonize Surinam with impoverished farmers from the Netherlands was started as well The natural resources of Suriname Edit In the 20th century the natural resources of Surinam which include rubber gold and bauxite were exploited The gold rush that followed the discovery of gold on the banks of the Lawa River spurred the construction of the Lawa Railway in 1902 although construction was halted after gold production proved disappointing In 1916 the U S aluminium company Alcoa began mining bauxite on the banks of the Cottica River near the village of Moengo In 1938 the company built an aluminium smelter in Paranam The 1930s were a difficult time for Suriname The Great Depression created great unemployment Surinamese guest workers in Curacao and other islands of the Netherlands Antilles returned to Suriname because there was no more work which exacerbated the problem No more funds came in and more unemployed people were added To provide work roads were built to Domburg and Groningen and the Meursweg was constructed The Salvation Army set up a soup kitchen to relieve the worst of necessities However this was not enough and there was a great deal of unrest among the population in 1931 leading to demonstrations and street riots with looting Nationalist Anton de Kom then came to Suriname to set up a workers organization there he established a consultancy firm but when he organized a demonstration against governor Johannes Kielstra he was imprisoned A rally to get him released led to Black Tuesday in which 2 people were shot De Kom was then put on a boat to the Netherlands The Dutch Prime Minister Colijn stated in the Lower House in 1935 Everything that has been tried in Suriname it all simply failed Things are not easy And that is why I wanted someone to get up in the Netherlands who knew what could be done I will do the possible However the situation had improved somewhat on the eve of the Second World War Partly due to the importance of Surinamese aluminium for the allied war effort United States troops were stationed in Surinam under an agreement with the Dutch government in exile on 23 November 1941 Under the provisions of the Atlantic Charter of August 1941 the Dutch government in exile promised to end the colonial relations between the Netherlands and its overseas possessions promising them far reaching autonomy and self rule This was eventually accomplished by the proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 15 December 1954 which constituted a Kingdom in which the Netherlands the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname participated on a basis of equality In 1975 Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become the independent country of Suriname Administration EditFrom 1683 the colony was governed by the Society of Suriname a company composed of three equal shareholders being the city of Amsterdam the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck and the Dutch West India Company Although the organization and administration was of the colony was limited to these three shareholders all citizens of the Dutch Republic were free to trade with Suriname 10 Also the planters were consulted in a Council of Police which was a unique feature among the colonies of Guiana 11 In November 1795 the Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic From then on until 1954 the Batavian Republic and its legal successors the Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands governed the territory as a national colony barring a period of British occupation between 1799 and 1802 and between 1804 and 1816 After the Batavian Republic took over in 1795 the Dutch government issued various government regulations for Suriname Dutch Regeringsreglement voor Suriname establishing the government of the colony In 1865 a new government regulation replaced the previous regulation of 1832 which theoretically gave Suriname some limited self rule 12 The colonial elite was given the right to elect a Colonial Council Dutch Koloniale Raad which would co govern the colony together with the Governor General appointed by the Dutch crown Among others the Colonial Council was allowed to decide over the colony s budget which was subject to approval by the Dutch crown but which did not see any involvement of Dutch parliament 12 Baron Aarnoud van Heemstra the governor of Suriname in 1923 In the wake of the 1922 Dutch constitutional revision in which the term colony was replaced by overseas territory the 1865 government regulation was replaced by the Basic Law of Suriname Dutch Staatsregeling van Suriname on 1 April 1937 This Basic Law renamed the Colonial Council to Estates of Suriname Dutch Staten van Suriname and increased the membership from 13 to 15 After the Second World War during which the Dutch government in exile had pledged to review the relationship between the Netherlands and its colonies the Basic Law was heavily revised In March 1948 revisions to the Basic Law were adopted by Dutch parliament which introduced universal suffrage for both men and women which increased the membership of the Estates from 15 to 21 and which introduced a College of General Government Dutch College van Algemeen Bestuur which was to assist the Governor in the everyday government of the colony and which was the precursor to the Cabinet of Ministers 13 The new constitution took effect in July 1948 Military EditIn 1868 the Dutch government created the Netherlands Armed Forces in Suriname TRIS which served as the Dutch colonial army in Suriname 14 This meant that like the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army KNIL in the Dutch East Indies TRIS fell under the responsibility of the Dutch Ministry of Colonies instead of the Dutch Ministry of Defense The size of the TRIS army was however small compared to the KNIL army for the former colony of Indonesia it consisted of two infantry and two artillery companies In total 636 soldiers served in the TRIS army These soldiers were tasked with patrolling and policing duties within the Dutch colony of Surinam 15 See also EditWillem III Amsterdam Dutch East Indies Saba Poenale sanctieReferences Edit Oostindie 2005 pp 7 8 See for example this royal decree separating Suriname from Curacao and Dependencies 1845 In treaties between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom the colony is consistently referred to as the Colony of Surinam e g Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands relative to the Emigration of Labourers from India to the Dutch Colony of Surinam the Accession of the Dutch colonies of Curacao and Surinam to the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property This is e g how Jan Jacob Hartsinck uses the term in his Beschryving van Guiana of de wilde kust in Zuid America Hartsinck 1770 pp 257 Streissguth Tom 2009 Suriname in Pictures Twenty First Century Books pp 23 ISBN 978 1 57505 964 8 C R Boxer 1990 The Dutch Seaborne Empire Penguin pp 271 272 ISBN 9780140136180 Buddingh 1999 p 57 Bakker 1993 p 76 Bakker 1993 p 105 Meiden G W 2008 Betwist Bestuur De eerste eeuw bestuurlijke ruzies in Suriname 1651 1753 p 11 Buddingh H 1995 Geschiedenis van Suriname p 26 a b A F Paula 1989 Koloniale Raad Hoofdmomenten uit de Staatkundige Ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse Antillen Archived from the original on 19 December 2012 Retrieved 30 May 2012 Wat gebeurde er op 28 januari 1948 Suriname nu 1989 Retrieved 30 May 2012 De historie van de TRIS http www trisonline nl de tris de historie van de tris Ibidem Further reading EditBakker Eveline 1993 Geschiedenis van Suriname van stam tot staat Zutphen Walburg Pers ISBN 9789060118375 Buddingh Hans 1999 Geschiedenis van Suriname Zutphen Het Spectrum ISBN 9789046811726 Hartsinck Jan Jacob 1770 Beschryving van Guiana of de wilde kust in Zuid America Amsterdam Gerrit Tielenburg Oostindie Gert 2005 Paradise overseas the Dutch Caribbean colonialism and its transatlantic legacies Oxford Macmillan Caribbean ISBN 1405057130 Kappler A Ietswaart Michael 2014 Zes jaren in Suriname August Kappler een Duitser in Suriname 1836 1842 Zutphen Walburg Pers ISBN 9789057303012 Nederlof Marjo 2008 Eerlijckman 1680 1713 in dienst van het Staatse leger en de West Indische Compagnie Curacao De Curacaosche Courant ISBN 9789990408201 Kompagnie Jan H 1996 Soldaten overzee aanwijzingen voor het doen van onderzoek naar onderofficieren en minderen bij het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Indisch Leger KNIL en bij het leger in West Indie 1815 1949 Den Haag Algemeen Rijksarchief ISBN 9074920071 Online Edit TRIS online TRISExternal links EditDutch West Indies 1630 1975 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surinam Dutch colony amp oldid 1132221461, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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