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Linux on embedded systems

January 01, 1970

Computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel are used in embedded systems such as consumer electronics (eg. set-top boxes, smart TVs and personal video recorders (PVRs)), in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), networking equipment (such as routers, switches, wireless access points (WAPs) or wireless routers), machine control, industrial automation, navigation equipment, spacecraft flight software, and medical instruments in general.

Because of their versatility, operating systems based on the Linux kernel can be also found in mobile devices that are actually touchscreen-based embedded devices, such as smartphones and tablets, together with personal digital assistants (PDAs) and portable media players that also include a touchscreen. This is a challenge for most learners because their computer experience is mainly based on GUI (Graphical user interface) based interaction with the machine and high-level programming on the one hand and low-level programming of small microcontrollers (MCU) on the other hand while the concept of command line interfaces is widely unknown.[1]

History edit

The Linux kernel has been ported to a variety of CPUs which are not only primarily used as the processor of a desktop or server computer, but also ARC, ARM, AVR32, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8300, IP7000, m68k, MIPS, mn10300, PowerPC, SuperH, and Xtensa processors. Linux is also used as an alternative to using a proprietary operating system and its associated toolchain.[2]

Variants edit

The Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset is a Linux distribution that fits on a floppy disk for outdated or low resource hardware.[3]

Devices coverage edit

Due to its low cost (freely available source code) and ease of customization, Linux has been shipped in many consumer devices. Devices covering PDAs (like the Sharp Zaurus family), TomTom GPS navigation devices, residential gateways like the Linksys WRT54G series or smartphones such as the Motorola exz series, Openmoko handsets, devices running Sailfish OS developed by Jolla like Jolla C and Intex Aqua Fish and the Nokia N900 and Nokia N9.

Android, a Linux-kernel-based operating system acquired and extended by Google and introduced in 2008, has become a highly competitive platform for smartphones and tablets. In July 2012, Android's smartphone market share in the United States was at 52%,[4] reaching 82% worldwide in Q2 2015.[5]

Starlink and SpaceX use embedded Linux on their constellations and rockets.[6]

Communities edit

With the availability of consumer embedded devices, communities of users and developers were formed around these devices: replacement or enhancements of the Linux distribution shipped on the device has often been made possible thanks to availability of the source code and to the communities surrounding the devices. Due to the high number of devices, standardized build systems have appeared, including Yocto, OpenEmbedded, Buildroot, OpenWrt, and LTIB.[citation needed]

Platform usage edit

The advantages of embedded Linux over proprietary embedded operating systems include multiple suppliers for software, development and support; no royalties or licensing fees; a stable kernel; the ability to read, modify and redistribute the source code. The technical disadvantages include a comparatively large memory footprint (kernel and root filesystem); complexities of user mode and kernel mode memory access, and a complex device drivers framework.[2]

Limitations edit

Not every embedded Linux distribution is required to or meets real-time requirements.[7][8] This is particular relevant for safety critical applications and systems.[9]

Projects to develop real-time and safety-critical support are Real-Time Linux (PREEMPT_RT)[10] and ELISA[11] (under Linux Foundation). Real Time Linux project aims mainlining the PREEMPT_RT-version.[12]

In order for the electronic system to run fully-fledged Linux OS and have multitasking it has to have enough operative memory (or replacing such) and memory management unit implementing virtual addressing to ensure compatibility with software running on Linux.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Graphical User Interface", What is Embedded Linux? And How does it work?, retrieved 2019-06-05[dead link]
  2. ^ a b (PDF). Monta Vista Software. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  3. ^ "ELKS: The Embeddable Linux Kernel System". GitHub.com/elks. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  4. ^ Fingas, Jon (2012-09-04). "ComScore: Android tops 52 percent of US smartphone share, iPhone cracks the 33 percent mark". Engadget.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  5. ^ "IDC: Smartphone OS Market Share, 2015 Q2". idc.com. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  6. ^ Tim Bird July 2022 (June 2023) Status of Embedded Linux
  7. ^ Erciyes, K. (2019), "Real-Time Operating Systems", Distributed Real-Time Systems, Computer Communications and Networks, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 65–88, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22570-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-22569-8, S2CID 199583025, retrieved 2021-03-08
  8. ^ "What does it mean to say "linux kernel is preemptive"?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  9. ^ "Real-Time Operating System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  10. ^ "Real-Time Linux Continues Its Way to Mainline Development and Beyond". 6 September 2018.
  11. ^ "ELISA: Enabling Linux in Safety Applications". 21 February 2019.
  12. ^ "Realtime:start [Wiki]".

Further reading edit

  • Weinberg, Bill (July 2008). (PDF). LinuxPundit.com. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2009-05-08.

See also edit

External links edit

  • Embedded Linux course on youtube (Zedboard)
  • Embedded Linux at Curlie
  • "News and technical articles concerning embedded Linux". Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
  • Embedded Linux mailist list archive
  • Embedded Debian Project 2006-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (obsolete)
  • VxWorks to Embedded Linux: a Success Story
  • Embedded Linux Wiki: A centralized place for sharing Embedded Linux Knowledge

January 01, 1970
linux, embedded, systems, computer, operating, systems, based, linux, kernel, used, embedded, systems, such, consumer, electronics, boxes, smart, personal, video, recorders, pvrs, vehicle, infotainment, networking, equipment, such, routers, switches, wireless,. Computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel are used in embedded systems such as consumer electronics eg set top boxes smart TVs and personal video recorders PVRs in vehicle infotainment IVI networking equipment such as routers switches wireless access points WAPs or wireless routers machine control industrial automation navigation equipment spacecraft flight software and medical instruments in general Because of their versatility operating systems based on the Linux kernel can be also found in mobile devices that are actually touchscreen based embedded devices such as smartphones and tablets together with personal digital assistants PDAs and portable media players that also include a touchscreen This is a challenge for most learners because their computer experience is mainly based on GUI Graphical user interface based interaction with the machine and high level programming on the one hand and low level programming of small microcontrollers MCU on the other hand while the concept of command line interfaces is widely unknown 1 Contents 1 History 2 Variants 3 Devices coverage 4 Communities 5 Platform usage 6 Limitations 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 See also 11 External linksHistory editThe Linux kernel has been ported to a variety of CPUs which are not only primarily used as the processor of a desktop or server computer but also ARC ARM AVR32 ETRAX CRIS FR V H8300 IP7000 m68k MIPS mn10300 PowerPC SuperH and Xtensa processors Linux is also used as an alternative to using a proprietary operating system and its associated toolchain 2 Variants editThe Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset is a Linux distribution that fits on a floppy disk for outdated or low resource hardware 3 Devices coverage editDue to its low cost freely available source code and ease of customization Linux has been shipped in many consumer devices Devices covering PDAs like the Sharp Zaurus family TomTom GPS navigation devices residential gateways like the Linksys WRT54G series or smartphones such as the Motorola exz series Openmoko handsets devices running Sailfish OS developed by Jolla like Jolla C and Intex Aqua Fish and the Nokia N900 and Nokia N9 Android a Linux kernel based operating system acquired and extended by Google and introduced in 2008 has become a highly competitive platform for smartphones and tablets In July 2012 Android s smartphone market share in the United States was at 52 4 reaching 82 worldwide in Q2 2015 5 Starlink and SpaceX use embedded Linux on their constellations and rockets 6 Communities editWith the availability of consumer embedded devices communities of users and developers were formed around these devices replacement or enhancements of the Linux distribution shipped on the device has often been made possible thanks to availability of the source code and to the communities surrounding the devices Due to the high number of devices standardized build systems have appeared including Yocto OpenEmbedded Buildroot OpenWrt and LTIB citation needed Platform usage editThe advantages of embedded Linux over proprietary embedded operating systems include multiple suppliers for software development and support no royalties or licensing fees a stable kernel the ability to read modify and redistribute the source code The technical disadvantages include a comparatively large memory footprint kernel and root filesystem complexities of user mode and kernel mode memory access and a complex device drivers framework 2 Limitations editNot every embedded Linux distribution is required to or meets real time requirements 7 8 This is particular relevant for safety critical applications and systems 9 Projects to develop real time and safety critical support are Real Time Linux PREEMPT RT 10 and ELISA 11 under Linux Foundation Real Time Linux project aims mainlining the PREEMPT RT version 12 In order for the electronic system to run fully fledged Linux OS and have multitasking it has to have enough operative memory or replacing such and memory management unit implementing virtual addressing to ensure compatibility with software running on Linux citation needed See also edit nbsp Linux portal Articles Convergent Linux Platform Linux range of use Linux for mobile devices TinyLinux Products Distributions Armbian specialised for ARM single board computers BusyBox BuildRoot Debian used on Raspberry Pi Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset Emdebian Grip Familiar Linux Google s Android well known type of embedded Linux e g on smartphones Mobilinux OpenMoko OpenWrt DD WRT RTLinux Tizen embedded Linux for smartphones Ubuntu Core and Server on RPi x86 ARM mClinux Vendors Access Co Canonical with Ubuntu Core and Ubuntu Server LynuxWorks Mentor Graphics MontaVista Software Wind River Systems TimeSys ENEA AB SUSEReferences edit Graphical User Interface What is Embedded Linux And How does it work retrieved 2019 06 05 dead link a b Migrating VxWorks applications to Linux PDF Monta Vista Software 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 10 Retrieved 2013 11 13 ELKS The Embeddable Linux Kernel System GitHub com elks Retrieved 2021 04 12 Fingas Jon 2012 09 04 ComScore Android tops 52 percent of US smartphone share iPhone cracks the 33 percent mark Engadget com Retrieved 2012 11 24 IDC Smartphone OS Market Share 2015 Q2 idc com 2015 08 01 Retrieved 2016 05 13 Tim Bird July 2022 June 2023 Status of Embedded Linux Erciyes K 2019 Real Time Operating Systems Distributed Real Time Systems Computer Communications and Networks Cham Springer International Publishing pp 65 88 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 22570 4 4 ISBN 978 3 030 22569 8 S2CID 199583025 retrieved 2021 03 08 What does it mean to say linux kernel is preemptive Stack Overflow Retrieved 2021 03 08 Real Time Operating System an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 2021 03 08 Real Time Linux Continues Its Way to Mainline Development and Beyond 6 September 2018 ELISA Enabling Linux in Safety Applications 21 February 2019 Realtime start Wiki Further reading editWeinberg Bill July 2008 Uniting Mobile Linux Application Platforms PDF LinuxPundit com p 18 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 16 Retrieved 2009 05 08 See also editPreemption computing Safety critical systemExternal links editEmbedded Linux course on youtube Zedboard Embedded Linux at Curlie News and technical articles concerning embedded Linux Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Embedded Linux mailist list archive Embedded Debian Project Archived 2006 06 30 at the Wayback Machine obsolete VxWorks to Embedded Linux a Success Story Embedded Linux Wiki A centralized place for sharing Embedded Linux Knowledge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Linux on embedded systems amp oldid 1187309761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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