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Wikipedia

Ubuntu

December 12, 2023

For the African philosophy, see Ubuntu philosophy. For other uses, see Ubuntu (disambiguation).

Ubuntu (/ʊˈbʊntuː/ ⓘ uu-BUUN-too)[8] is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software.[9][10][11] Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop,[12] Server,[13] and Core[14] for Internet of things devices[15] and robots.[16][17] The operating system is developed by the British company Canonical,[18] and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model.[8][19] As of October 2023, the most-recent release is 23.10 ("Mantic Minotaur"), and the current long-term support release is 22.04 ("Jammy Jellyfish").

Ubuntu
Ubuntu 23.10 "Mantic Minotaur"
DeveloperCanonical Ltd.
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen-source[1][2]
Initial releaseUbuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) / 20 October 2004 (19 years ago) (2004-10-20)
Latest releaseUbuntu 23.10.1 (Mantic Minotaur)[3] 
22.04.3 LTS[4]  / 16 October 2023; 56 days ago (16 October 2023)
10 August 2023; 4 months ago (10 August 2023)
Repository
  • code.launchpad.net/ubuntu
Marketing targetCloud computing, personal computers, servers, supercomputers, IoT
Available inMore than 55 languages by LoCos
Update methodSoftware Updater, Ubuntu Software, apt
Package managerGNOME Software, dpkg (APT), Snap – graphical front-end: Snap Store
Platforms
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
UserlandGNU
Default
user interface		GNOME
LicenseFree software + some proprietary device drivers[7]
Official websiteubuntu.com

As with other Linux distributions, all of the editions can run on a computer alone, or in a virtual machine (such as WSL in Microsoft Windows).[20] An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years.[8][21][22] Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date until the release reaches its designated end-of-life (EOL) date.[8][23][24] Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software.[25][26][27]

Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu, "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".[8] Since the release of the first version in 2004, Ubuntu has become one of the most popular Linux distributions for general purposes[28][29] and is backed by large online communities like Ask Ubuntu. Numerous community-editions of Ubuntu also exist.[30] It is also popular for cloud computing, with support for OpenStack.[31]

Ubuntu - Version History - Visual Timeline - 20231019

Background edit

See also: Ubuntu version history

Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.[32] Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,[33] and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04)[34] with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes.[35] The first release was in October 2004.[36]

Current long-term support (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support.[33] Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure).[37] The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well.[38][39][40] LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.[41]

Ubuntu packages are based on Debian's unstable branch, which are synchronised every six months. Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[42] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[43] although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.[44] Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. At some point during the release process, the Debian Import Freeze is implemented. This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from a developer. In combination with other freezes, this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together. [45] [46]

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.[47]

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.[48]

32-bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support "legacy software", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS.[49]

Features edit

A default installation of Ubuntu as of version 23.10 contains a minimal selection of software, namely a web browser (Firefox) and basic GNOME utilities.[50] Many additional software packages are accessible from the built-in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center) as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and Flatpaks are also available,[51] that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora). The default file manager is GNOME Files, formerly called Nautilus.[52][53]

All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.[54]

Ubuntu's default desktop changed back from the in-house Unity to GNOME after nearly 6.5 years in 2017 upon the release of version 17.10.[55]

Security edit

Ubuntu aims to be secure by default.[56][57] User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[58] Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop.[citation needed]

Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking.[59] A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to configure it.[60] Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software.[61][relevant? – discuss] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in 64-bit.[62]

Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption[63] as well as encryption of the home and private directories.[64]

Installation edit

The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 22.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual-core processor, 4 GB of RAM and 25 GB of free disk space is recommended.[65] For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture.[5][66][67][68][69] It is also available on Power ISA,[5][70][71][72] while older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficially supported,[73] and now newer Power ISA CPUs (POWER8) are supported. The x86-64 ("AMD64") architecture is also officially supported.[5]

Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu.[9]

These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via UNetbootin, or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running the OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into the live environment.[74] The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former Ubiquity installer since Ubuntu 23.04.[75] Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.[76]

Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' BIOS must support booting from USB).[77] In newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper.[78][79]

Package classification and support edit

Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[80] Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as "Masters of the Universe" (MOTU),[81] but not from Canonical Ltd.[citation needed]

Free software Non-free software
Officially supported by Canonical Main Restricted
Community supported/Third party Universe Multiverse

Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[80] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware, in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified, its distribution is still permitted.[82]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.[80]

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[83]

The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public.[84] Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.[citation needed]

In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[85] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.[citation needed]

Canonical previously hosted a partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.[86] The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[87][88][89] and provided guidance to vendors.[86] However, in anticipation for the release of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository, as the only package still hosted in it was Adobe Flash, which would not be released with 22.04.[90] Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the "Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive".[91]

Package Archives edit

A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad.[92] While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.[93]

Third-party software edit

Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.[citation needed]

Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store,[94] including many games such as Braid, Minecraft and Oil Rush,[95] software for DVD playback and media codecs.[citation needed]

Releases edit

For further information on all Ubuntu releases, including older ones not covered here, see Ubuntu version history.
Currently supported releases
Version Code name Release date General support until Security support (ESM) until
14.04 LTS Trusty Tahr 2014-04-17[96] Old version, no longer maintained: 2019-04-25[96] Older version, yet still maintained: 2024-04
16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus[97] 2016-04-21[98] Old version, no longer maintained: 2021-04-30[99] Older version, yet still maintained: 2026-04
18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018-04-26[100] Old version, no longer maintained: 2023-05-31[101] Older version, yet still maintained: 2028-04
20.04 LTS Focal Fossa 2020-04-23[102] Older version, yet still maintained: 2025-05-29[103] Older version, yet still maintained: 2030-04
22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish[104] 2022-04-21[105] Older version, yet still maintained: 2027-06-01 Older version, yet still maintained: 2032-04
23.04 Lunar Lobster 2023-04-20 Older version, yet still maintained: 2024-01-25 unavailable
23.10 Mantic Minotaur 2023-10-12 Current stable version: 2024-07-11 unavailable
24.04 LTS Noble Numbat 2024-04-25[106] Future release: 2029-05-31 Future release: 2034-04-25
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release.[107] For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004.[36]

Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g. "Xenial Xerus"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017.[108] Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 18.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Bionic". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases.[citation needed]

Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) are supported,[109] while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.[citation needed]

LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including 14.04 "Trusty"[110] that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2022,[96] later extended to a total of 10 years alongside 16.04 LTS.[111]

Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",[112] and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[113]

Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium.[114][115] However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.[116]

Variants edit

See also: List of Linux distributions § Ubuntu-based
 
Ubuntu family tree[dubious – discuss]

Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop.[76] LXQt and Xfce[117] are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.[citation needed]

Official distributions edit

Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them.[118][119] Ubuntu Core[a] is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store.[120]

Distribution Description
  Edubuntu Edubuntu, formerly Ubuntu Education Edition, is a flavour of Ubuntu that has been modified for education. It is designed for preschool, primary, secondary and tertiary educations through the installation of different packages.
  Kubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using the KDE interface instead of the GNOME (and Unity) interface used by Ubuntu Desktop.[121]
  Lubuntu Lubuntu is an Ubuntu flavour that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the LXQt desktop environment (used LXDE before 18.10).[122][123][124]
Ubuntu Core An Ubuntu edition focussed on IoT and embedded systems. It has no graphical interface, and only allows access over SSH. Unlike other variants, it does not use the traditional apt package manager but relies entirely on Snap packages.[120] It is designed to be configured via model assertions which are text documents defining which Snap packages and configurations apply to the OS image.[125]
  Ubuntu Budgie An Ubuntu flavour using Budgie.
  Ubuntu Cinnamon An Ubuntu flavour using Linux Mint's Cinnamon desktop. Formerly known as Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix.[126][127]
  Ubuntu Kylin An Ubuntu flavour aimed at the Chinese market.
  Ubuntu MATE An Ubuntu flavour using MATE, a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the desktop metaphor.[128]
  Ubuntu Server Ubuntu has a server edition[129][130] that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an X Window environment in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily be installed, including GNOME, KDE, Unity or Xfce), and some alterations to the installation process.[131] The server edition uses a screen-mode, character-based interface for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without graphics support.

The server edition (like the desktop version) supports hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine, either inside a host operating system or in a hypervisor, such as VMware ESXi, Oracle, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V, QEMU, a Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualizer. AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system.

It has versions of key server software pre-installed, including Tomcat, PostgreSQL (v12.2), Docker, Puppet, Python (v3.9), PHP (v8.0), NGINX (v1.17), and MySQL (v8.0).

  Ubuntu Studio Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors. This release uses the KDE Plasma 5 desktop environment, previously used Xfce[138]
  Ubuntu Unity An Ubuntu flavour using Unity 7.[139][140][141]
  Xubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using Xfce. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly GTK applications.[142]

Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Gobuntu; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch, that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community).

Unofficial distributions edit

Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical.[143][144]

Distribution Description
  UbuntuDDE An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using Deepin Desktop Environment.[145]
Ubuntu Web An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using GNOME Desktop Environment, with the focus on web applications.[146]

Cloud computing edit

 
Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box

Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and LXC.[147] Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean.[148]

 
Eucalyptus interface

Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical.[149][150] Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.[151][152]

Adoption and reception edit

Installed base edit

As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional[153][154]), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated.[155] In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".[156]

W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that:

  • Ubuntu is by far the most popular Linux distribution for running web servers; of the websites they analyze it is "used by 47.3% of all the websites who use Linux",[157] and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than Microsoft Windows, which powers 28.2% of all websites, or 39% of the share Unix has (which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu). All Linux/Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers. Ubuntu and Debian only (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such server use) in May 2016.[citation needed]
  • Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1,000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.[158]

W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.[159]

Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.[160][161]

As of November 2020, Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS is used in a supercomputer on the TOP500 list, currently the fifth-fastest one in the world[162] after an upgrade from seventh place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green500 list (and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency.[163] On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer is ranked 172nd.[164]

Large-scale deployments edit

The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009, the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than 180,000[165] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;[166] the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.[165] The French police, having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[167] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5,000 workstations to Ubuntu.[167] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu project).[167] Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[167] In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.[168]

In 2004,[169] the city of Munich, Germany, started the LiMux project, and later forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS for use on the city's computers.[170] After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers,[171] but still keeping about 5,000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition,[172] to evaluate the migration back to Windows,[173] after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.[174] Governing Mayor Dieter Reiter cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector, such as requiring a governmental mail server to send e-mails to his personal smartphone, as reasons for the return, but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards.[175] In May 2020, the recently elected Alliance 90/The Greens party and the Social Democrat party negotiated a new coalition agreement, stating: "Where it is technologically and financially possible, the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open-source licensed software".[176][177]

In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids vendor lock-in. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others.[178] US president Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department.[179] In August 2014, the city of Turin, Italy, announced its migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.[180][181]

Starting in 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia, switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.[182][183]

Reception edit

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[184] received favorable reviews in online and print publications,[185][186] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[187] In early 2008, PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.[188] Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". As of January 2009, almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a slightly modified version of Ubuntu.[165] In 2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice.[189] In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for Datamation; he chose Ubuntu as number one.[190]

In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat.[191] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow[192] and actor Stephen Fry.[193]

In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.[194]

32-bit "deprecation" controversy edit

In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32-bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.[195]

Because Steam's Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve decided that Steam would support Ubuntu 19.10 again.[196][197]

Wine needs most of the same 32-bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of WoW64 to run 32-bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32-bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64-bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.[198]

Conformity with European data privacy law edit

Soon after being introduced in 2012, doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens (a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash) with the European Data Protection Directive.[199][200] A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.[citation needed]

In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive.[201] According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.[citation needed]

System terminal advertising controversies edit

Ubuntu has integrated increasing quantities of advertising into the operating system's terminal, leading to multiple controversies with its user base.[citation needed]

In 2017, Canonical placed a message regarding HBO's Silicon Valley in the MOTD file, causing the message to be shown whenever a terminal session started. Over the following years, more messages would be placed into the MOTD.[202]

In 2022, ads for Ubuntu's premium service, Ubuntu Advantage, were introduced into the apt system update utility. This move caused controversy in the user community, with some users considering advertising a fair business model to support development, while other users found the inclusion inappropriate and annoying.[203]

Local communities (LoCos) edit

Not to be confused with Linux User Group.

In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,[204] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.[205] A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.[206]

Hardware vendor support edit

Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices.[207] A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Dell,[208] Hasee,[209] Sharp Corporation, and Cirrus7.[210][211] Specifically, Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed.[212] Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.[213] System76 computers are also sold with Ubuntu.[214] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[215] Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI/AMD Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback (using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[216] Asus also sold some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011.[217][218][219] Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South African market called "Webbook".[220][221][222]

Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.[223][224] Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.[225]

While Linux already works on IBM's mainframe system (Linux on IBM Z), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE; "Linux Foundation will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their z/Architecture for the first time (IBM claimed their system, IBM zEnterprise System, version z13, the most powerful computer in the world in 2015;[226] it was then the largest computer by transistor count; again claimed fastest in 2017 with IBM z14[227]), at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.[228]

In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.[229]

Windows interoperability edit

In March 2016, Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. At the time, it was focused on command-line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers.[230][231][232] WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709.[233] As of 2019, other Linux distributions are also supported.[citation needed]

In 2019, Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel, that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu".[20] By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows.[234] In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the WSLg project.[235][236]

In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS.[237] Besides, starting with version 6, PowerShell runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.[citation needed]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Ubuntu Core is a "containerized" version of Ubuntu. The goal of this Ubuntu edition is to provide a more: minimal; secure; maintainable operating system base that can be expanded by "snaps".

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External links edit

December 12, 2023
ubuntu, african, philosophy, philosophy, other, uses, disambiguation, buun, linux, distribution, based, debian, composed, mostly, free, open, source, software, officially, released, multiple, editions, desktop, server, core, internet, things, devices, robots, . For the African philosophy see Ubuntu philosophy For other uses see Ubuntu disambiguation Ubuntu ʊ ˈ b ʊ n t uː uu BUUN too 8 is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and open source software 9 10 11 Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions Desktop 12 Server 13 and Core 14 for Internet of things devices 15 and robots 16 17 The operating system is developed by the British company Canonical 18 and a community of other developers under a meritocratic governance model 8 19 As of October 2023 update the most recent release is 23 10 Mantic Minotaur and the current long term support release is 22 04 Jammy Jellyfish UbuntuUbuntu 23 10 Mantic Minotaur DeveloperCanonical Ltd OS familyLinux Unix like Working stateCurrentSource modelOpen source 1 2 Initial releaseUbuntu 4 10 Warty Warthog 20 October 2004 19 years ago 2004 10 20 Latest releaseUbuntu 23 10 1 Mantic Minotaur 3 22 04 3 LTS 4 16 October 2023 56 days ago 16 October 2023 10 August 2023 4 months ago 10 August 2023 Repositorycode wbr launchpad wbr net wbr ubuntuMarketing targetCloud computing personal computers servers supercomputers IoTAvailable inMore than 55 languages by LoCosUpdate methodSoftware Updater Ubuntu Software aptPackage managerGNOME Software dpkg APT Snap graphical front end Snap StorePlatformsx86 64ARM64RISC Vppc64le POWER8 and later s390x 5 ARMhf ARMv7 VFPv3 D16 6 Kernel typeMonolithic Linux kernel UserlandGNUDefaultuser interfaceGNOMELicenseFree software some proprietary device drivers 7 Official websiteubuntu wbr comThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ubuntu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message As with other Linux distributions all of the editions can run on a computer alone or in a virtual machine such as WSL in Microsoft Windows 20 An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months with long term support LTS releases every two years 8 21 22 Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release starting from the release date until the release reaches its designated end of life EOL date 8 23 24 Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software 25 26 27 Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu humanity to others with a connotation of I am what I am because of who we all are 8 Since the release of the first version in 2004 Ubuntu has become one of the most popular Linux distributions for general purposes 28 29 and is backed by large online communities like Ask Ubuntu Numerous community editions of Ubuntu also exist 30 It is also popular for cloud computing with support for OpenStack 31 Ubuntu Version History Visual Timeline 20231019Contents 1 Background 2 Features 3 Security 4 Installation 5 Package classification and support 5 1 Package Archives 5 2 Third party software 6 Releases 7 Variants 7 1 Official distributions 7 2 Unofficial distributions 7 3 Cloud computing 8 Adoption and reception 8 1 Installed base 8 2 Large scale deployments 8 3 Reception 8 4 32 bit deprecation controversy 8 5 Conformity with European data privacy law 8 6 System terminal advertising controversies 9 Local communities LoCos 10 Hardware vendor support 11 Windows interoperability 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External linksBackground editSee also Ubuntu version history Ubuntu is built on Debian s architecture and infrastructure and comprises Linux server desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions 32 Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months 33 and each release receives free support for nine months eighteen months prior to 13 04 34 with security fixes high impact bug fixes and conservative substantially beneficial low risk bug fixes 35 The first release was in October 2004 36 Current long term support LTS releases are supported for five years and are released every two years Since the release of Ubuntu 6 06 every fourth release receives long term support 33 Long term support includes updates for new hardware security patches and updates to the Ubuntu stack cloud computing infrastructure 37 The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server since Ubuntu 12 04 LTS desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well 38 39 40 LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date 41 Ubuntu packages are based on Debian s unstable branch which are synchronised every six months Both distributions use Debian s deb package format and package management tools e g APT and Ubuntu Software Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other however so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu 42 Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian 43 although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough Ian Murdock the founder of Debian had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible 44 Before release packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu specific modifications At some point during the release process the Debian Import Freeze is implemented This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from a developer In combination with other freezes this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together 45 46 Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd On 8 July 2005 Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US 10 million The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project 47 On 12 March 2009 Ubuntu announced developer support for third party cloud management platforms such as those used at Amazon EC2 48 32 bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18 04 It was decided to support legacy software i e select 32 bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19 10 and 20 04 LTS 49 Features editA default installation of Ubuntu as of version 23 10 contains a minimal selection of software namely a web browser Firefox and basic GNOME utilities 50 Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software previously Ubuntu Software Center as well as any other APT based package management tools Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default such as Evolution GIMP Pidgin and Synaptic are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT based package management tool Cross distribution snap packages and Flatpaks are also available 51 that both allow installing software such as some of Microsoft s software in most of the major Linux operating systems such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora The default file manager is GNOME Files formerly called Nautilus 52 53 All of the application software installed by default is free software In addition Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component 54 Ubuntu s default desktop changed back from the in house Unity to GNOME after nearly 6 5 years in 2017 upon the release of version 17 10 55 Security editUbuntu aims to be secure by default 56 57 User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users files For increased security the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes 58 Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop citation needed Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking 59 A built in firewall allows end users who install network servers to control access A GUI GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall is available to configure it 60 Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software 61 relevant discuss These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0 01 in 64 bit 62 Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption 63 as well as encryption of the home and private directories 64 Installation editThe system requirements vary among Ubuntu products For the Ubuntu desktop release 22 04 LTS a PC with at least 2 GHz dual core processor 4 GB of RAM and 25 GB of free disk space is recommended 65 For less powerful computers there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture 5 66 67 68 69 It is also available on Power ISA 5 70 71 72 while older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficially supported 73 and now newer Power ISA CPUs POWER8 are supported The x86 64 AMD64 architecture is also officially supported 5 Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu 9 These can be downloaded as a disk image iso and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted Other methods include running the live version via UNetbootin or Startup Disk Creator a pre installed tool on Ubuntu available on machines already running the OS directly from a USB drive making respectively a live DVD or live USB medium Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into the live environment 74 The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former Ubiquity installer since Ubuntu 23 04 75 Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site 76 Additionally USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB installed system between physical machines however the computers BIOS must support booting from USB 77 In newer versions of Ubuntu the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive with or without a live CD or DVD Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence for this Ubuntu employs casper 78 79 Package classification and support editUbuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available 80 Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as Masters of the Universe MOTU 81 but not from Canonical Ltd citation needed Free software Non free softwareOfficially supported by Canonical Main RestrictedCommunity supported Third party Universe MultiverseFree software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements 80 which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines Exceptions however include firmware in the Main category because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified its distribution is still permitted 82 Non free software is usually unsupported Multiverse but some exceptions Restricted are made for important non free software Supported non free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware such as binary only graphics card drivers The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main because the developers may not have access to the source code It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment 80 In addition to the above in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu 83 The updates repository provides stable release updates SRU of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update manager Each release is given its own updates repository e g intrepid updates The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd for packages in main and restricted and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the proposed repository before being made available to the public 84 Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release citation needed In addition to the updates repository the unstable proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into updates All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression 85 Updates in proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community citation needed Canonical previously hosted a partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software 86 The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu 87 88 89 and provided guidance to vendors 86 However in anticipation for the release of Ubuntu 22 04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository as the only package still hosted in it was Adobe Flash which would not be released with 22 04 90 Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive 91 Package Archives edit A Personal Package Archive PPA is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool APT repository by Launchpad 92 While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu Launchpad s host Canonical envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community 93 Third party software edit Some third party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu s multiverse component The package ubuntu restricted extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted including support for MP3 and DVD playback Microsoft TrueType core fonts Sun s Java runtime environment Adobe s Flash Player plugin many common audio video codecs and unrar an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format citation needed Additionally third party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store 94 including many games such as Braid Minecraft and Oil Rush 95 software for DVD playback and media codecs citation needed Releases editFor further information on all Ubuntu releases including older ones not covered here see Ubuntu version history Currently supported releases Version Code name Release date General support until Security support ESM until14 04 LTS Trusty Tahr 2014 04 17 96 Old version no longer maintained 2019 04 25 96 Older version yet still maintained 2024 0416 04 LTS Xenial Xerus 97 2016 04 21 98 Old version no longer maintained 2021 04 30 99 Older version yet still maintained 2026 0418 04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018 04 26 100 Old version no longer maintained 2023 05 31 101 Older version yet still maintained 2028 0420 04 LTS Focal Fossa 2020 04 23 102 Older version yet still maintained 2025 05 29 103 Older version yet still maintained 2030 0422 04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish 104 2022 04 21 105 Older version yet still maintained 2027 06 01 Older version yet still maintained 2032 0423 04 Lunar Lobster 2023 04 20 Older version yet still maintained 2024 01 25 unavailable23 10 Mantic Minotaur 2023 10 12 Current stable version 2024 07 11 unavailable24 04 LTS Noble Numbat 2024 04 25 106 Future release 2029 05 31 Future release 2034 04 25Legend Old versionOlder version still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release 107 For example the first release was Ubuntu 4 10 as it was released on 20 October 2004 36 Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names using an adjective and an animal e g Xenial Xerus With the exception of the first two releases code names are in alphabetical order allowing a quick determination of which release is newer at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017 108 Commonly Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name for example the 18 04 LTS release is commonly known as Bionic Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases citation needed Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release e g Ubuntu 16 04 LTS to Ubuntu 18 04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20 04 LTS are supported 109 while upgrades from non LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release regardless of its LTS status e g Ubuntu 15 10 to Ubuntu 16 04 LTS However it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade going straight from 16 04 LTS to 18 04 5 LTS by waiting for a point release that supports such updating citation needed LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance ESM support available including 14 04 Trusty 110 that is otherwise out of public support adding support for that version up to 2022 96 later extended to a total of 10 years alongside 16 04 LTS 111 Ubuntu 10 10 Maverick Meerkat was released on 10 October 2010 10 10 10 This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get the perfect 10 112 and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy books since in binary 101010 equals decimal 42 the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life the Universe and Everything within the series 113 Ubuntu 16 04 5 and later requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium 114 115 However there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD 116 Variants editSee also List of Linux distributions Ubuntu based nbsp Ubuntu family tree dubious discuss Ubuntu Desktop formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition and simply called Ubuntu is the variant officially recommended for most users It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment or in the case of Ubuntu Server no desktop 76 LXQt and Xfce 117 are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available citation needed Official distributions edit Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop Since they share the same package repositories all of the same software is available for each of them 118 119 Ubuntu Core a is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store 120 Distribution Description nbsp Edubuntu Edubuntu formerly Ubuntu Education Edition is a flavour of Ubuntu that has been modified for education It is designed for preschool primary secondary and tertiary educations through the installation of different packages nbsp Kubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using the KDE interface instead of the GNOME and Unity interface used by Ubuntu Desktop 121 nbsp Lubuntu Lubuntu is an Ubuntu flavour that is lighter less resource hungry and more energy efficient using the LXQt desktop environment used LXDE before 18 10 122 123 124 Ubuntu Core An Ubuntu edition focussed on IoT and embedded systems It has no graphical interface and only allows access over SSH Unlike other variants it does not use the traditional apt package manager but relies entirely on Snap packages 120 It is designed to be configured via model assertions which are text documents defining which Snap packages and configurations apply to the OS image 125 nbsp Ubuntu Budgie An Ubuntu flavour using Budgie nbsp Ubuntu Cinnamon An Ubuntu flavour using Linux Mint s Cinnamon desktop Formerly known as Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix 126 127 nbsp Ubuntu Kylin An Ubuntu flavour aimed at the Chinese market nbsp Ubuntu MATE An Ubuntu flavour using MATE a desktop environment forked from the now defunct GNOME 2 code base with an emphasis on the desktop metaphor 128 nbsp Ubuntu Server Ubuntu has a server edition 129 130 that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition The differences between them are the absence of an X Window environment in a default installation of the server edition although one can easily be installed including GNOME KDE Unity or Xfce and some alterations to the installation process 131 The server edition uses a screen mode character based interface for the installation instead of a graphical installation process This enables installation on machines with a serial or dumb terminal interface without graphics support The server edition like the desktop version supports hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine either inside a host operating system or in a hypervisor such as VMware ESXi Oracle Citrix XenServer Microsoft Hyper V QEMU a Kernel based Virtual Machine or any other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualizer AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system Runs on all major 64 bit architectures x86 64 ARM v7 ARM64 POWER8 132 and later IBM System z mainframes via LinuxONE 133 and has initial support for RISC V SPARC is no longer commercially supported nor are Ubuntu Server versions for 32 bit x86 134 Supports ZFS a file system with snapshot capabilities since Ubuntu 16 04 LTS 135 136 137 Has LXD a hypervisor to manage LXC Linux containers Includes the first production release of DPDK for line speed kernel networking Uses the latest long term release Linux kernel and systemd service manager Is certified as a guest on AWS Microsoft Azure Joyent IBM and HP Cloud 133 Netplan support 129 available since Ubuntu 16 04 LTS snap package manager LVM encryption supportIt has versions of key server software pre installed including Tomcat PostgreSQL v12 2 Docker Puppet Python v3 9 PHP v8 0 NGINX v1 17 and MySQL v8 0 nbsp Ubuntu Studio Based on Ubuntu providing open source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio video and graphic editors This release uses the KDE Plasma 5 desktop environment previously used Xfce 138 nbsp Ubuntu Unity An Ubuntu flavour using Unity 7 139 140 141 nbsp Xubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using Xfce Xubuntu is intended for use on less powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems and uses mostly GTK applications 142 Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued such as Gobuntu including some previously supported by Canonical like Ubuntu Touch that is now maintained by volunteers UBports Community Unofficial distributions edit Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical 143 144 Distribution Description nbsp UbuntuDDE An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using Deepin Desktop Environment 145 Ubuntu Web An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using GNOME Desktop Environment with the focus on web applications 146 Cloud computing edit nbsp Cloud Ubuntu Orange BoxUbuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud platforms such as Amazon EC2 OpenStack Microsoft Azure and LXC 147 Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean 148 nbsp Eucalyptus interfaceUbuntu has support for OpenStack with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical 149 150 Ubuntu 11 10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu s preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning deploying hosting managing and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services by with and for the Ubuntu Server 151 152 Adoption and reception editInstalled base edit As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process still optional 153 154 Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated 155 In 2015 Canonical s Ubuntu Insights page stated Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting 156 W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that Ubuntu is by far the most popular Linux distribution for running web servers of the websites they analyze it is used by 47 3 of all the websites who use Linux 157 and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than Microsoft Windows which powers 28 2 of all websites or 39 of the share Unix has which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu All Linux Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers Ubuntu and Debian only which Ubuntu is based on with the same package manager and thus administered the same way make up 65 of all Linux distributions for web serving use the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian for such server use in May 2016 citation needed Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1 000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day 158 W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only 159 Wikimedia Foundation data based on user agent for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites including Wikipedia among recognizable Linux distributions 160 161 As of November 2020 update Ubuntu 20 04 1 LTS is used in a supercomputer on the TOP500 list currently the fifth fastest one in the world 162 after an upgrade from seventh place where it entered the list in June Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green500 list and it and the next one are also Ubuntu based a list which is a reordering of former list ordered by power efficiency 163 On the TOP500 list that supercomputer is ranked 172nd 164 Large scale deployments edit The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu As of January 2009 update the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than 180 000 165 Ubuntu based classroom desktops and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu powered computer workstations 166 the Spanish school system has 195 000 Ubuntu desktops 165 The French police having already started using open source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice org decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006 167 By March 2009 the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5 000 workstations to Ubuntu 167 Based on the success of that transition it planned to switch 15 000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90 000 workstations over by 2015 GendBuntu project 167 Lt Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70 saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities 167 In 2011 Ubuntu 10 04 was adopted by the Indian justice system 168 In 2004 169 the city of Munich Germany started the LiMux project and later forked Kubuntu 10 04 LTS for use on the city s computers 170 After originally planning to migrate 12 000 desktop computers to LiMux it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14 800 out of 15 500 desktop computers 171 but still keeping about 5 000 Windows clients for unported applications In February 2017 the majority coalition decided against heavy protest from the opposition 172 to evaluate the migration back to Windows 173 after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich 174 Governing Mayor Dieter Reiter cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector such as requiring a governmental mail server to send e mails to his personal smartphone as reasons for the return but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards 175 In May 2020 the recently elected Alliance 90 The Greens party and the Social Democrat party negotiated a new coalition agreement stating Where it is technologically and financially possible the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open source licensed software 176 177 In March 2012 the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open source software Already several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision and also stated that open source software avoids vendor lock in A 12 month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open source software and help ease the migration for others 178 US president Barack Obama s successful campaign for re election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department 179 In August 2014 the city of Turin Italy announced its migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8 300 desktop computers used by the municipality becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu 180 181 Starting in 2008 the Wikimedia Foundation the non profit organization behind Wikipedia switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu 182 183 Reception edit Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London 184 received favorable reviews in online and print publications 185 186 and has won InfoWorld s 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS 187 In early 2008 PC World named Ubuntu the best all around Linux distribution available today though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager 188 Chris DiBona the program manager for open source software at Google said I think Ubuntu has captured people s imaginations around the Linux desktop and If there is a hope for the Linux desktop it would be them As of January 2009 update almost half of Google s 20 000 employees used Goobuntu a slightly modified version of Ubuntu 165 In 2012 ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still Google s desktop of choice 189 In March 2016 Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for Datamation he chose Ubuntu as number one 190 In 2008 Jamie Hyneman co host of the American television series MythBusters advocated Linux giving the example of Ubuntu as a solution to software bloat 191 Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow 192 and actor Stephen Fry 193 In January 2014 the UK s authority for computer security CESG reported that Ubuntu 12 04 LTS was the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested 194 32 bit deprecation controversy edit In June 2019 Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32 bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19 10 195 Because Steam s Linux client depends on these 32 bit libraries Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu After uproar from the Linux gaming community Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32 bit libraries As a result Valve decided that Steam would support Ubuntu 19 10 again 196 197 Wine needs most of the same 32 bit library packages that the Steam package depends on and more to enable its version of WoW64 to run 32 bit Windows applications The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32 bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64 bit version removing decades of Windows compatibility In Canonical s statement on bringing back the libraries they mentioned using container technology in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function 198 Conformity with European data privacy law edit Soon after being introduced in 2012 doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash with the European Data Protection Directive 199 200 A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law Canonical did not reply citation needed In 2013 a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the Information Commissioner s Office ICO the UK data privacy office Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive 201 According to European rules this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union However the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal among other things since it was missing a privacy policy statement citation needed System terminal advertising controversies edit Ubuntu has integrated increasing quantities of advertising into the operating system s terminal leading to multiple controversies with its user base citation needed In 2017 Canonical placed a message regarding HBO s Silicon Valley in the MOTD file causing the message to be shown whenever a terminal session started Over the following years more messages would be placed into the MOTD 202 In 2022 ads for Ubuntu s premium service Ubuntu Advantage were introduced into the apt system update utility This move caused controversy in the user community with some users considering advertising a fair business model to support development while other users found the inclusion inappropriate and annoying 203 Local communities LoCos editNot to be confused with Linux User Group In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical and to foster a sense of community around the distribution Local Communities 204 better known as LoCos have been established throughout the world Originally each country had one LoCo Team However in some areas most notably the United States and Canada each state or province may establish a team 205 A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu 206 Hardware vendor support editUbuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices 207 A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre installed including Dell 208 Hasee 209 Sharp Corporation and Cirrus7 210 211 Specifically Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre installed 212 Together Dell Lenovo HP and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu 213 System76 computers are also sold with Ubuntu 214 Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30 day three month and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical 215 Dell computers running Ubuntu 10 04 include extra support for ATI AMD Video Graphics Dell Wireless Fingerprint Readers HDMI Bluetooth DVD playback using LinDVD and MP3 WMA WMV 216 Asus also sold some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre installed and announced many more models running Ubuntu for 2011 217 218 219 Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South African market called Webbook 220 221 222 Dell sells computers initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops pre loaded with Ubuntu in India and China with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively 223 224 Starting in 2013 Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre installed with Windows 225 While Linux already works on IBM s mainframe system Linux on IBM Z IBM in collaboration with Canonical and SUSE Linux Foundation will form a new Open Mainframe Project announced Ubuntu support for their z Architecture for the first time IBM claimed their system IBM zEnterprise System version z13 the most powerful computer in the world in 2015 226 it was then the largest computer by transistor count again claimed fastest in 2017 with IBM z14 227 at the time of their biggest code drop LinuxOne in Linux history 228 In early 2015 Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems 229 Windows interoperability editIn March 2016 Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem At the time it was focused on command line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers 230 231 232 WSL was made available with Windows 10 version 1709 233 As of 2019 other Linux distributions are also supported citation needed In 2019 Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel that Canonical announced will have full support for Ubuntu 20 By this time it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows 234 In 2021 Microsoft went on to add out of the box support for graphical Linux apps through the WSLg project 235 236 In May 2021 Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution which was a Windows only solution thus far to support Ubuntu RHEL and CentOS 237 Besides starting with version 6 PowerShell runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms citation needed See also editComparison of Linux distributionsPortals nbsp Free and open source software nbsp LinuxNotes edit Ubuntu Core is a containerized version of Ubuntu 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