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Edward Lhuyd

December 15, 2023

Edward Lhuyd FRS (/lɔɪd/ LOYD, Welsh: [ˈɬʊid]; occasionally written Llwyd in line with modern Welsh orthography; 1660 – 30 June 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, herbalist, alchemist, scientist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. He is also named in a Latinate form as Eduardus Luidius.

Bust of Edward Lhuyd outside the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, Aberystwyth
Lhwyd's "flat fish", drawn by him in 1698 and now identified as the Ordovician trilobite O. debuchii

Life edit

Lhuyd was born in 1660, in Loppington, Shropshire, England, the illegitimate son of Edward Lloyd of Llanforda, Oswestry, and Bridget Pryse of Llansantffraid, near Talybont, Cardiganshire in 1660. His family belonged to the gentry of south-west Wales. Though well-established, the family was not wealthy. His father experimented with agriculture and industry in a manner that impinged[citation needed] on the new science of the day. The son attended and later taught at Oswestry Grammar School and went up to Jesus College, Oxford in 1682, but dropped out before graduation. In 1684, he was appointed to assist Robert Plot, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum (then in Broad Street), and replaced him as such in 1690, holding the post until his death in 1709.[1]

While working at the Ashmolean, Lhuyd travelled extensively. A visit to Snowdonia in 1688 allowed him to compile for John Ray's Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicorum a list of flora local to that region. After 1697, Lhuyd visited every county in Wales, then travelled to Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isle of Man. In 1699, it became possible through funding from his friend Isaac Newton for him to publish the first catalogue ever of fossils: Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia. These had been collected in England, mostly in Oxford, and are now held in the Ashmolean.

Lhuyd received a MA honoris causa from the University of Oxford in 1701 and a fellowship of the Royal Society in 1708.[1]

In 1696 Lluyd transcribed much of the Latin inscription on the 9th-century Pillar of Eliseg near Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire.[2] The inscription subsequently became almost illegible due to weathering, but Lhuyd's transcript seems to have been remarkably accurate.[3]

Lhuyd[4] was also responsible for the first scientific description and naming of what we would now recognize as a dinosaur: the sauropod tooth Rutellum impicatum (Delair and Sarjeant, 2002).[5]

The first written record of a trilobite was by Lhuyd in a letter to Martin Lister in 1688 and published (1869) in his Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia.[6] It is a fleeting mention, and he simply identifies his find as a "skeleton of some flat fish". The trilobite is nowadays identified as Ogygiocarella debuchii Brongniart, 1822.[7]

Pioneering linguist edit

In the late 17th century, Lhuyd was contacted by a group of scholars led by John Keigwin of Mousehole, who sought to preserve and further the Cornish language. He accepted their invitation to travel there to study it. Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a paper published by Lhuyd in 1702; it differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar.

In 1707, having been assisted in his research by a fellow Welsh scholar, Moses Williams, Lhuyd published the first volume of Archæologia Britannica. This has an important linguistic description of Cornish, noted all the more for the understanding of historical linguistics it shows. Some of the ideas commonly attributed to linguists of the 19th century have their roots in this work by Lhuyd, who was "considerably more sophisticated in his methods and perceptions than [Sir William] Jones".[8]

Lhuyd noted a similarity between two linguistic families: Brythonic or P–Celtic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh) and Goidelic or Q–Celtic (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic). He argued that the Brythonic originated in Gaul (France) and the Goidelic in the Iberian Peninsula. He concluded that as the languages were of Celtic origin, those who spoke them were Celts. From the 18th century, peoples of Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales were known increasingly as Celts. They are seen to this day as modern Celtic nations.[9][10]

Death and legacy edit

On his travels, Lhuyd developed asthma, which eventually led to his death from pleurisy in Oxford in 1709.[1] He died in his room in the Ashmolean Museum aged just 49 and was buried in the Welsh aisle of the church of St Michael at the Northgate.[11]

The Cretaceous bryozoan species Charixa lhuydi[12] (originally described as Membranipora lhuydi) is named in his honour.[13] The Snowdon lily (Gagea serotina) was for a time called Lloydia serotina after Lhuyd.

Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd, the National Naturalists' Society of Wales, is named after him. On 9 June 2001 a bronze bust of him was unveiled by Dafydd Wigley, a former Plaid Cymru leader, outside the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth, next to the National Library of Wales. The sculptor was John Meirion Morris; the inscription on the plinth, carved by Ieuan Rees, reads "EDWARD LHUYD 1660–1709 IEITHYDD HYNAFIAETHYDD NATURIAETHWR" ("linguist, antiquary, naturalist").[14]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Thomas Jones. "Lhuyd, Edward (1660–1709), botanist, geologist, antiquary and philologist". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  2. ^ grid reference SJ 20267 44527
  3. ^ Robert M. Vermatt, "The text of the Pillar of Eliseg"
  4. ^ Lhuyd, E. (1699). Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium. Gleditsch and Weidmann:London.
  5. ^ J. B. Delair and W. A. S. Sarjeant, 2002, "The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs: The records re-examined", Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 113 (3), pp. 185–197.
  6. ^ R. M. Owens, 1984. Trilobites in Wales. Geological Series No. 7. 22 pp. (Geological publications of the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff).
  7. ^ A. Brongniart, 1822, Les Trilobites, pp. 1–65, plates 1–4: A. Brongniart and A. G. Desmarest, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés Fossiles, Paris.
  8. ^ Campbell, Lyle, and William J. Poser (2007). Language Classification. History and Method. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-521-88005-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 54. ISBN 0-14-014581-8.
  10. ^ . Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website. Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales. 4 May 2007. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  11. ^ . britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020.
  12. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Charixa lhuydi (Pitt, 1976) †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  13. ^ Pitt, L. J. (1 January 1976). "A new cheilostome bryozoan from the British Aptian". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 87 (1): 65–IN1. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(76)80035-1. ISSN 0016-7878.
  14. ^ , National Recording Project, Public Monuments and Sculpture Association, archived from the original on 13 May 2016, retrieved 30 June 2016

Works edit

  • Lhwyd, Edward (2007). Evans, Dewi W.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.). Archaeologia Britannica: texts and translations. Celtic Studies Publications. Vol. 10. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications-Cymru. ISBN 9781891271144.

Further reading edit

  • Campbell, John Lorne; Thomson, Derick S. (1963). Edward Lhuyd in the Scottish Highlands, 1699–1700. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Cram, David (2010). "Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica: method and madness in early modern comparative philology". Welsh History Review. 25 (1): 75–96.
  • Daniel, Glyn (1966). "Edward Lhuyd: antiquary and archaeologist". Welsh History Review. 3: 345–59.
  • Delair, Justin B.; Sarjeant, William A. S. (2002). "The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs: the records re-examined". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 113 (3): 185–197. Bibcode:2002PrGA..113..185D. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(02)80022-0.
  • Edwards, Nancy (2007). "Edward Lhuyd and the origins of early medieval Celtic archaeology". Antiquaries Journal. 87: 165–96. doi:10.1017/S0003581500000883. S2CID 161645828.
  • Edwards, Nancy (2010). "Edward Lhuyd: an archaeologist's view". Welsh History Review. 25 (1): 20–50.
  • Hellyer, Marcus (1996). "The pocket museum: Edward Lhwyd's Lithophylacium". Archives of Natural History. 23: 43–60. doi:10.3366/anh.1996.23.1.43.
  • Emery, Frank (1971). Edward Lhuyd, F.R.S., 1600–1709. Cardiff: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0900768673.
  • Gunther, R. T. (1945). Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd, second Keeper of the Musaeum Ashmoleanum. Early Science in Oxford. Vol. 14. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lock, Charles (2007). "Five passports and a broken stone: tercentenary thoughts in honour of Edward Lhuyd". In Sevaldsen, Jørgen; Rasmussen, Jens Rahbek (eds.). The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707–2007. Angles on the English-Speaking World. Vol. 7. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum. pp. 129–52. ISBN 9788763507028.
  • MacGregor, Arthur (2010). "Edward Lhuyd, museum keeper". Welsh History Review. 25 (1): 51–74.
  • McGuinness, David (1996). "Edward Lhuyd's contribution to the study of Irish megalithic tombs". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 126: 62–85.
  • Parry, Graham (2010). "Edward Lhuyd: from formed stones to standing stones". Welsh History Review. 25 (1): 3–19.
  • Roberts, Brynley F. (1979). "Edward Lhwyd's collection of printed books". Bodleian Library Record. 10: 112–27.
  • Roberts, Brynley F. (1980). Edward Lhuyd: the making of a scientist. G. J. Williams memorial lecture 1979. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708307477.
  • Roberts, Brynley F. (2009). "Edward Lhwyd (c.1660–1709): folklorist". Folklore. 120 (1): 36–56. doi:10.1080/00155870802647825. S2CID 161827188.
  • Roberts, Brynley F. (2019). "Edward Lhwyd in Cornwall". Studia Celtica. 53 (1): 133–152. doi:10.16922/SC.53.8. S2CID 213962823.
  • Williams, Derek R. (1993). Prying into Every Hole and Corner: Edward Lhuyd in Cornwall in 1700. Trewirgie: Dyllansow Truran. ISBN 1850220662.
  • Williams, Derek R. (2009). Edward Lhuyd, 1660–1709: a Shropshire Welshman. Oswestry: Oswesty & District Civic Society.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward Lhuyd.
  • Archaeologia Britannica (1707). Downloadable pdf at The Internet Archive
  • from the Canolfan Edward Llwyd, a centre for the study of science through Welsh
  • Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia (1699) – full digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library

December 15, 2023
edward, lhuyd, ɔɪ, loyd, welsh, ˈɬʊid, occasionally, written, llwyd, line, with, modern, welsh, orthography, 1660, june, 1709, welsh, naturalist, botanist, herbalist, alchemist, scientist, linguist, geographer, antiquary, also, named, latinate, form, eduardus,. Edward Lhuyd FRS l ɔɪ d LOYD Welsh ˈɬʊid occasionally written Llwyd in line with modern Welsh orthography 1660 30 June 1709 was a Welsh naturalist botanist herbalist alchemist scientist linguist geographer and antiquary He is also named in a Latinate form as Eduardus Luidius Bust of Edward Lhuyd outside the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies AberystwythLhwyd s flat fish drawn by him in 1698 and now identified as the Ordovician trilobite O debuchii Contents 1 Life 2 Pioneering linguist 3 Death and legacy 4 References 5 Works 6 Further reading 7 External linksLife editLhuyd was born in 1660 in Loppington Shropshire England the illegitimate son of Edward Lloyd of Llanforda Oswestry and Bridget Pryse of Llansantffraid near Talybont Cardiganshire in 1660 His family belonged to the gentry of south west Wales Though well established the family was not wealthy His father experimented with agriculture and industry in a manner that impinged citation needed on the new science of the day The son attended and later taught at Oswestry Grammar School and went up to Jesus College Oxford in 1682 but dropped out before graduation In 1684 he was appointed to assist Robert Plot Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum then in Broad Street and replaced him as such in 1690 holding the post until his death in 1709 1 While working at the Ashmolean Lhuyd travelled extensively A visit to Snowdonia in 1688 allowed him to compile for John Ray s Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicorum a list of flora local to that region After 1697 Lhuyd visited every county in Wales then travelled to Scotland Ireland Cornwall Brittany and the Isle of Man In 1699 it became possible through funding from his friend Isaac Newton for him to publish the first catalogue ever of fossils Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia These had been collected in England mostly in Oxford and are now held in the Ashmolean Lhuyd received a MA honoris causa from the University of Oxford in 1701 and a fellowship of the Royal Society in 1708 1 In 1696 Lluyd transcribed much of the Latin inscription on the 9th century Pillar of Eliseg near Valle Crucis Abbey Denbighshire 2 The inscription subsequently became almost illegible due to weathering but Lhuyd s transcript seems to have been remarkably accurate 3 Lhuyd 4 was also responsible for the first scientific description and naming of what we would now recognize as a dinosaur the sauropod tooth Rutellum impicatum Delair and Sarjeant 2002 5 The first written record of a trilobite was by Lhuyd in a letter to Martin Lister in 1688 and published 1869 in his Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia 6 It is a fleeting mention and he simply identifies his find as a skeleton of some flat fish The trilobite is nowadays identified as Ogygiocarella debuchii Brongniart 1822 7 Pioneering linguist editIn the late 17th century Lhuyd was contacted by a group of scholars led by John Keigwin of Mousehole who sought to preserve and further the Cornish language He accepted their invitation to travel there to study it Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a paper published by Lhuyd in 1702 it differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar In 1707 having been assisted in his research by a fellow Welsh scholar Moses Williams Lhuyd published the first volume of Archaeologia Britannica This has an important linguistic description of Cornish noted all the more for the understanding of historical linguistics it shows Some of the ideas commonly attributed to linguists of the 19th century have their roots in this work by Lhuyd who was considerably more sophisticated in his methods and perceptions than Sir William Jones 8 Lhuyd noted a similarity between two linguistic families Brythonic or P Celtic Breton Cornish and Welsh and Goidelic or Q Celtic Irish Manx and Scottish Gaelic He argued that the Brythonic originated in Gaul France and the Goidelic in the Iberian Peninsula He concluded that as the languages were of Celtic origin those who spoke them were Celts From the 18th century peoples of Brittany Cornwall Ireland Isle of Man Scotland and Wales were known increasingly as Celts They are seen to this day as modern Celtic nations 9 10 Death and legacy editOn his travels Lhuyd developed asthma which eventually led to his death from pleurisy in Oxford in 1709 1 He died in his room in the Ashmolean Museum aged just 49 and was buried in the Welsh aisle of the church of St Michael at the Northgate 11 The Cretaceous bryozoan species Charixa lhuydi 12 originally described as Membranipora lhuydi is named in his honour 13 The Snowdon lily Gagea serotina was for a time called Lloydia serotina after Lhuyd Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd the National Naturalists Society of Wales is named after him On 9 June 2001 a bronze bust of him was unveiled by Dafydd Wigley a former Plaid Cymru leader outside the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth next to the National Library of Wales The sculptor was John Meirion Morris the inscription on the plinth carved by Ieuan Rees reads EDWARD LHUYD 1660 1709 IEITHYDD HYNAFIAETHYDD NATURIAETHWR linguist antiquary naturalist 14 References edit a b c Thomas Jones Lhuyd Edward 1660 1709 botanist geologist antiquary and philologist Dictionary of Welsh Biography National Library of Wales Retrieved 1 March 2019 grid reference SJ 20267 44527 Robert M Vermatt The text of the Pillar of Eliseg Lhuyd E 1699 Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium Gleditsch and Weidmann London J B Delair and W A S Sarjeant 2002 The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs The records re examined Proceedings of the Geologists Association 113 3 pp 185 197 R M Owens 1984 Trilobites in Wales Geological Series No 7 22 pp Geological publications of the National Museum of Wales Cardiff A Brongniart 1822 Les Trilobites pp 1 65 plates 1 4 A Brongniart and A G Desmarest Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces Fossiles Paris Campbell Lyle and William J Poser 2007 Language Classification History and Method Cambridge University Press p 29 ISBN 978 0 521 88005 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Davies John 1994 A History of Wales London Penguin p 54 ISBN 0 14 014581 8 Who were the Celts Rhagor Amgueddfa Cymru National Museum Wales website Amgueddfa Cymru National Museum Wales 4 May 2007 Archived from the original on 17 September 2009 Retrieved 14 October 2009 Ashmolean Museum British Archaeology Collections Rationalisation and Enhancement Project Collections the Collectors Lhwyd britisharchaeology ashmus ox ac uk Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Charixa lhuydi Pitt 1976 www marinespecies org Retrieved 28 September 2023 Pitt L J 1 January 1976 A new cheilostome bryozoan from the British Aptian Proceedings of the Geologists Association 87 1 65 IN1 doi 10 1016 S0016 7878 76 80035 1 ISSN 0016 7878 Edward Lhuyd Memorial National Recording Project Public Monuments and Sculpture Association archived from the original on 13 May 2016 retrieved 30 June 2016Works editLhwyd Edward 2007 Evans Dewi W Roberts Brynley F eds Archaeologia Britannica texts and translations Celtic Studies Publications Vol 10 Aberystwyth Celtic Studies Publications Cymru ISBN 9781891271144 Further reading edit nbsp Cornwall portalCampbell John Lorne Thomson Derick S 1963 Edward Lhuyd in the Scottish Highlands 1699 1700 Oxford Clarendon Press Cram David 2010 Edward Lhuyd s Archaeologia Britannica method and madness in early modern comparative philology Welsh History Review 25 1 75 96 Daniel Glyn 1966 Edward Lhuyd antiquary and archaeologist Welsh History Review 3 345 59 Delair Justin B Sarjeant William A S 2002 The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs the records re examined Proceedings of the Geologists Association 113 3 185 197 Bibcode 2002PrGA 113 185D doi 10 1016 S0016 7878 02 80022 0 Edwards Nancy 2007 Edward Lhuyd and the origins of early medieval Celtic archaeology Antiquaries Journal 87 165 96 doi 10 1017 S0003581500000883 S2CID 161645828 Edwards Nancy 2010 Edward Lhuyd an archaeologist s view Welsh History Review 25 1 20 50 Hellyer Marcus 1996 The pocket museum Edward Lhwyd s Lithophylacium Archives of Natural History 23 43 60 doi 10 3366 anh 1996 23 1 43 Emery Frank 1971 Edward Lhuyd F R S 1600 1709 Cardiff Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru ISBN 0900768673 Gunther R T 1945 Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd second Keeper of the Musaeum Ashmoleanum Early Science in Oxford Vol 14 Oxford a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lock Charles 2007 Five passports and a broken stone tercentenary thoughts in honour of Edward Lhuyd In Sevaldsen Jorgen Rasmussen Jens Rahbek eds The State of the Union Scotland 1707 2007 Angles on the English Speaking World Vol 7 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum pp 129 52 ISBN 9788763507028 MacGregor Arthur 2010 Edward Lhuyd museum keeper Welsh History Review 25 1 51 74 McGuinness David 1996 Edward Lhuyd s contribution to the study of Irish megalithic tombs Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 126 62 85 Parry Graham 2010 Edward Lhuyd from formed stones to standing stones Welsh History Review 25 1 3 19 Roberts Brynley F 1979 Edward Lhwyd s collection of printed books Bodleian Library Record 10 112 27 Roberts Brynley F 1980 Edward Lhuyd the making of a scientist G J Williams memorial lecture 1979 Cardiff University of Wales Press ISBN 0708307477 Roberts Brynley F 2009 Edward Lhwyd c 1660 1709 folklorist Folklore 120 1 36 56 doi 10 1080 00155870802647825 S2CID 161827188 Roberts Brynley F 2019 Edward Lhwyd in Cornwall Studia Celtica 53 1 133 152 doi 10 16922 SC 53 8 S2CID 213962823 Williams Derek R 1993 Prying into Every Hole and Corner Edward Lhuyd in Cornwall in 1700 Trewirgie Dyllansow Truran ISBN 1850220662 Williams Derek R 2009 Edward Lhuyd 1660 1709 a Shropshire Welshman Oswestry Oswesty amp District Civic Society External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward Lhuyd Archaeologia Britannica 1707 Downloadable pdf at The Internet Archive Biography of Edward Lhuyd from the Canolfan Edward Llwyd a centre for the study of science through Welsh Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia 1699 full digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edward Lhuyd amp oldid 1189538037, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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