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Eastern Hunter-Gatherer

January 01, 1970

In archaeogenetics, the term Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG), sometimes East European Hunter-Gatherer, or Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe.[3]

Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
Artifacts and forensic reconstruction of an Eastern Hunter-Gatherer from the site of Yuzhny Oleny island (dated c. 8,100 BP), by M. M. Gerasimov. National Museum of Karelia.[1]
Hunter-gatherers in Europe between 14 ka and 9 ka, with the main area of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG,  ). Individual numbers correspond to calibrated sample dates.[2]

The Eastern Hunter Gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry, which was introduced from Siberia,[4] with a secondary and smaller admixture of European Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG).[5][6] Still, the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap.[5]

During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[7] Along with Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG) and Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe.[8] The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from the lower Danube, northward along the western forests of the Dnieper towards the western Baltic Sea.[9]

During the Neolithic and early Eneolithic, likely during the 4th millennium BC EHGs on the Pontic–Caspian steppe mixed with Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHGs) with the resulting population, almost half-EHG and half-CHG, forming the genetic cluster known as Western Steppe Herder (WSH).[10][11][12] WSH populations closely related to the people of the Yamnaya culture are supposed to have embarked on a massive migration leading to the spread of Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.

Research edit

 
Schematic formation of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), through a main ancestry of Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), and a smaller admixture of Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG)
 
Genetically, the Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG, red) were most closely related to the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE, pink).

Haak et al. (2015) identified the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only. The EHG male of Samara (dated to ca. 5650-5550 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a* and mt-haplogroup U5a1d. The other EHG male, buried in Karelia (dated to ca. 5500-5000 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1a1 and mt-haplogoup C1g. The authors of the study also identified a Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) cluster and a Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) cluster, intermediate between WHG and EHG.[a] They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians (ANEs) and WHGs.[14]

 
A schematic of the model of population structure in Europe.[15]

Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs. [16][17] Posth et al. (2023) found that most EHG individuals carried c. 70% ANE ancestry and c. 30% WHG ancestry The WHG-like ancestry was most likely not derived from the Oberkassel and Villabruna clusters directly, but from a related and yet unsampled Epigravettian population.[2][18] The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40,000-year-old Tianyuan man from Northern China, which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan-related source into the ANE lineage (represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3), which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG.[19] The 'Basal East Asian' (Tianyuan-like) ancestry among EHGs (Sidelkino) has been estimated to be around 12,9%.[20]

The formation of the EHG ancestral component is estimated to have happened 13,000–15,000 years BP.[18] EHG associated remains belonged primarily to the human Y-chromosome haplogroups R1, with a lower frequency of haplogroup J and Q. Their mitochondrial chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U2, U4, U5, as well as C1 and R1b.[2]

EHGs may have mixed with "an Armenian-like Near Eastern source", which formed the Yamnaya culture, as early as the Eneolithic (5200-4000 BC).[21] The people of the Yamnaya culture were found to be a mix of EHG and a "Near Eastern related population". During the 3rd millennium BC, the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout Europe, which significantly altered the genetic landscape of the continent. The expansion gave rise to cultures such as Corded Ware, and was possibly the source of the distribution of Indo-European languages in Europe.[14]

The people of the Mesolithic Kunda culture and the Narva culture of the eastern Baltic were a mix of WHG and EHG, showing the closest affinity with WHG. Samples from the Ukrainian Mesolithic and Neolithic were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG, suggesting genetic continuity in the Dnieper Rapids for a period of 4,000 years. The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup U, which is found in around 80% of all European hunter-gatherer samples.[22]

The people of the Pit–Comb Ware culture (PCW/CCC) of the eastern Baltic bear 65% EHG ancestry. This is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers in the area, who were more closely related to WHG. This was demonstrated using a sample of Y-DNA extracted from a Pit–Comb Ware individual. This belonged to R1a15-YP172. The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of U5b1d1, one sample of U5a2d, and one sample of U4a.[23]

Günther et al. (2018) analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry. Generally, SHGs from western and northern Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry (ca 49%) than individuals from eastern Scandinavia (ca. 38%). The authors suggested that the SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into Scandinavia from the south, and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the Norwegian coast. SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin (SLC45A2 and SLC24A5), and light eyes (OCA/Herc2), than WHGs and EHGs.[24]

 
Residual genetic ancestry of European hunter-gatherers during the European Neolithic, between 7.5 ka and 5 ka BP (c. 5,500~3,000 BC)
 
Genetic proximity of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers ( ) with ancient (color) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail).[25]

Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG, while the Pit–Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG. Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas. The study noted that EHGs, like SHGs and Baltic hunter-gatherers, carried high frequencies of the derived alleles for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, which are codings for light skin.[26]

Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed the genetics of a large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe. Thirty-seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine (9500-6000 BC). These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG. The males belonged exclusively to R haplotypes (particularly subclades of R1b1 and R1a) and I haplotypes (particularly subclades of I2). Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4).[21]

A large number of individuals from the Zvejnieki burial ground, which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic, were analyzed. These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases, but over time EHG ancestry became predominant. The Y-DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of haplogroup R1b1a1a and I2a1. The mtDNA belonged exclusively to haplogroup U (particularly subclades of U2, U4 and U5).[21]

Forty individuals from three sites of the Iron Gates Mesolithic in the Balkans were estimated to be of 85% WHG and 15% EHG descent. The males at these sites carried exclusively R1b1a and I (mostly subclades of I2a) haplotypes. mtDNA belonged mostly to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4).[21]

People of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture were found to harbor about 20% hunter-gatherer ancestry, which was intermediate between EHG and WHG.[21]

Narasimshan et al. (2019) coined a new ancestral component, West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG). WSHGs contained about 20% EHG ancestry, 73% ANE ancestry, and 6% East Asian ancestry.[27]

Possible association with Early Indo-European edit

The EHG have been argued by some to represent a possible source for the Pre-Proto-Indo-European language (see also Father Tongue hypothesis). Unlike the Yamnaya culture people (or closely related groups), which are associated with speakers of Proto-Indo-European, the EHG-rich Dnieper–Donets culture people show no evidence of Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) or Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry.[28] Both Dnieper-Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. Based on this, David W. Anthony, this suggests that the Indo-European languages were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe.[29]

Others have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in Eastern Europe, but among CHG-rich West Asian populations South of the Caucasus which later absorbed EHG-rich groups North of the Caucasus. It was noted that haplogroups may not correlate with autosomal ancestry components and historical language dispersals.[30]

Physical appearance edit

 
The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the Afontova Gora population of the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) cline of south-central Siberia.[31]

The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly brown eyes and light skin,[24][32] with "intermediate frequencies of the blue-eye variants" and "high frequencies of the light-skin variants."[33] An EHG from Karelia was determined by Günther (2018) to have high probabilities of being brown-eyed and dark haired, with a predicted intermediate skin tone.[34] Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned, and was determined to have a high probability of being blue-eyed with a light hair shade, with a 75% calculated probability of being blond-haired.[35][33]

The rs12821256 allele of the KITLG gene that controls melanocyte development and melanin synthesis,[36] which is associated with blond hair and first found in an individual from Siberia dated to around 17,000 BP, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine c. 10,000 BP, suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.[37]

Many remains of East Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have also been excavated at Yuzhny Oleny island in Lake Onega.[38] The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).[4]

  •  
    Reconstruction of burial No. 132 of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground (Yuzhni Oleny island, Lake Onega). Exhibit of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia.[39]
  •  
    Artifacts and reconstruction of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Yuzhny Oleny island by Gerasimov.[39]
  •  
    Karelian Petroglyph depicting 5 skiers and a reindeer. These petroglyphs date to 7,000~6,000 years BP.

Material culture edit

 
Adoption of pottery among East European hunter-gatherers, during the 6th millennium BC (from the first adoption circa 5900 BC in the North Caspian Sea -or possibly from beyond the Ural area-, to final diffusion circa 5500 BC in the Baltic).[40]

As hunter-gatherers, the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory, horns or antlers. From circa 5,900 BC, they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern Caspian Sea, or possibly from beyond the Ural. In barely three or four centuries, pottery spread over a distance of about 3,000 kilometers, reaching as far as the Baltic sea. This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself, and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter-gatherer groups, rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalist.[41]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lazaridis et al. (2016) found SHGs to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs: "Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG) derive 3/4 of their ancestry from the ANE... Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG; and WHG are a mix of EHG and the Upper Paleolithic Bichon from Switzerland."[13]

References edit

  1. ^ National Museum of Karelia exhibit
  2. ^ a b c Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin (March 2023). "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers". Nature. 615 (7950): 117–126. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..117P. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9977688. PMID 36859578.
  3. ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 1, 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  4. ^ a b Kozintsev, A. G. (January 4, 2022). "Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, Based on Craniometry and Genetics". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 49 (4): 141. doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151. ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018). They passed EHG on to the Yamnaya people, from whom it was inherited by several filial populations, including Afanasyevans. As early as the Mesolithic, EHG was introduced from northern Russia to Scandinavia, as evidenced by genomes of the Motala people in southern Sweden. Their ancestors had migrated there from the east along the coast of Norway, because the share of EHG in more southern populations, such as the earlier Kunda people of the eastern Baltic, is lower (Haak et al., 2015; Mittnik et al., 2018).
  5. ^ a b Feldman, Michal; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido A.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Posth, Cosimo (2021). "Where Asia meets Europe – recent insights from ancient human genomics". Annals of Human Biology. 48 (3): 191–202. doi:10.1080/03014460.2021.1949039. PMID 34459345. S2CID 237348859.
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  7. ^ Anthony 2019b, p. 27.
  8. ^ Kashuba 2019: "Earlier aDNA studies suggest the presence of three genetic groups in early postglacial Europe: Western hunter–gatherers (WHG), Eastern hunter–gatherers (EHG), and Scandinavian hunter–gatherers (SHG)4. The SHG have been modelled as a mixture of WHG and EHG."
  9. ^ Anthony 2019b, p. 28.
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  14. ^ a b Haak 2015.
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  16. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif (December 1, 2018). "The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origins. 53: 21–27. arXiv:1805.01579. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 29960127. S2CID 19158377.
  17. ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Haak et al. (2015): 38–40% ANE (MA-1), 60–62% WHG (Fig S8.6). (Alternative topologies where EHG and ANE are unadmixed sister lineages, with WHG being admixed, are not rejected)
  18. ^ a b Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup (January 2024). "Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia". Nature. 625 (7994): 301–311. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..301A. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10781627. PMID 38200295.
  19. ^ Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cabello, Lidia; Cantalejo Duarte, Pedro; Ramos-Muñoz, José; Posth, Cosimo; Krause, Johannes; Weniger, Gerd-Christian; Haak, Wolfgang (April 2023). "A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (4): 597–609. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7..597V. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 10089921. PMID 36859553. Currently, the strongest affinity to Tianyuan in Holocene European HGs was reported for Eastern European HGs (EHG). This is because the ancestry found in Mal'ta and Afontova Gora individuals (Ancient North Eurasian ancestry) received ancestry from UP East Asian/Southeast Asian populations54, who then contributed substantially to EHG55.
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  21. ^ a b c d e Mathieson et al. 2018.
  22. ^ Jones 2017.
  23. ^ Saag 2017.
  24. ^ a b Günther 2018.
  25. ^ Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (November 2021). "The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies". Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..256Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8580821. PMID 34707286.
  26. ^ Mittnik 2018.
  27. ^ Narasimhan 2019.
  28. ^ Anthony 2019a, p. 14.
  29. ^ Anthony 2019a, pp. 7, 14.
  30. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko; Antonović, Dragana; Armit, Ian; Atmaca, Alper; Avetisyan, Pavel; Aytek, Ahmet İhsan; Bacvarov, Krum (August 26, 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055.
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  33. ^ a b Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation S8 Text. Functional variation in ancient samples., doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703.s013
  34. ^ Günther 2018, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Karelian individual presents high probabilities of being brown-eyed (0.99), and having a dark hair (0.96). Without speculating about the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation, we suggest an intermediate skin-pigmentation phenotype for the Karelia individual, as it carried the ancestral allele at rs16891982 and the derived allele at rs1426654 (S1 Table). The presence of the rs1426654 light-skin allele, in addition to five additional C11-associated alleles at haplotype defining SNPs (S1 Table) suggests that the Karelian individual carried the C11 light-skin haplotype."
  35. ^ Günther 2018, p. 4/28: From Supplementary document S8: "The Samaran individual exhibits high probabilities of being blue-eyed (0.88), light hair shade (0.99); most likely being blond (0.75)."
  36. ^ Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Stacey, Simon N.; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P.; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; Palsson, Arnar; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; et al. (December 2007). "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans". Nature Genetics. 39 (12): 1443–1452. doi:10.1038/ng.2007.13. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 17952075. S2CID 19313549.
  37. ^ Mathieson et al. 2018 "Supplementary Information page 52: "The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with – and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans is present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry, it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population. Consistent with this, we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele (supported by two reads) is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3, which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (14710±60 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA-1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP."
  38. ^ Mittnik, Alissa; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Pfrengle, Saskia (January 30, 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". Nature Communications. 9 (1): Fig. 1. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..442M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5789860. PMID 29382937.
  39. ^ a b Kozintsev, Alexander (January 1, 2021). "Patterns in the population history of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age". Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia. 49 (4): 140–151. doi:10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.140-151. ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherer) autosomal component, whose content is especially high in the genomes of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov, Popovo, Sidelkino, Lebyazhinka IV, etc. (Haak et al., 2015; Damgaard et al., 2018).", "Mesolithic, northern Russian Plain, Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov (Alekseyev, Gokhman, 1984)
  40. ^ Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023). "The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (2): 171–183. doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8. ISSN 2397-3374. PMC 9957732. PMID 36550220.
  41. ^ Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Lucquin, Alexandre (February 2023). "The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (2): 171–183. doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8. ISSN 2397-3374. PMC 9957732. PMID 36550220. Although demic diffusion may have a role, on the basis of its speed we argue that pottery production was rapidly disseminated through knowledge transfer across established networks between dispersed hunter-gatherer communities

Bibliography edit

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  • Günther, Thorsten (January 1, 2018). "Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation". PLOS Biology. 16 (1). PLOS: e2003703. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703. PMC 5760011. PMID 29315301.
  • Haak, Wolfgang (June 11, 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  • Jones, Eppie R. (February 20, 2017). "The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers". Current Biology. 27 (4). Cell Press: 576–582. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..576J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060. PMC 5321670. PMID 28162894.
  • Kashuba, Natalija (May 15, 2019). "Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter–gatherers in Scandinavia". Communications Biology. 2 (105). Nature Research: 185. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0399-1. PMC 6520363. PMID 31123709.
  • Lazaridis, Iosif (July 25, 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
  • Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
  • Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; et al. (March 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. PMC 6091220. PMID 29466330.
  • Mittnik, Alisa (January 30, 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 442. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..442M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9. PMC 5789860. PMID 29382937.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (September 6, 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457). American Association for the Advancement of Science: eaat7487. bioRxiv 10.1101/292581. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
  • Saag, Lehti (July 24, 2017). "Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe". Current Biology. 27 (14). Cell Press: 2185–2193. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E2185S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022. PMID 28712569.
  • Wang, Chuan-Chao (February 4, 2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 590. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8. PMC 6360191. PMID 30713341.

Further reading edit

  • Anthony, David (Spring–Summer 2019). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 47 (1–2). Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  • Anthony, David W. (2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European. BRILL. pp. 21–54. ISBN 978-9004416192.
  • Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  • Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018). "The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 53. Elsevier: 21–27. arXiv:1805.01579. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007. PMID 29960127. S2CID 19158377. Retrieved July 15, 2020.

January 01, 1970
eastern, hunter, gatherer, archaeogenetics, term, sometimes, east, european, hunter, gatherer, eastern, european, hunter, gatherer, name, given, distinct, ancestral, component, that, represents, mesolithic, hunter, gatherers, eastern, europe, artifacts, forens. In archaeogenetics the term Eastern Hunter Gatherer EHG sometimes East European Hunter Gatherer or Eastern European Hunter Gatherer is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents Mesolithic hunter gatherers of Eastern Europe 3 Eastern Hunter GathererArtifacts and forensic reconstruction of an Eastern Hunter Gatherer from the site of Yuzhny Oleny island dated c 8 100 BP by M M Gerasimov National Museum of Karelia 1 Hunter gatherers in Europe between 14 ka and 9 ka with the main area of Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG Individual numbers correspond to calibrated sample dates 2 The Eastern Hunter Gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from Ancient North Eurasian ANE ancestry which was introduced from Siberia 4 with a secondary and smaller admixture of European Western Hunter Gatherers WHG 5 6 Still the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap 5 During the Mesolithic the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic Caspian steppe 7 Along with Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers SHG and Western Hunter Gatherers WHG the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe 8 The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from the lower Danube northward along the western forests of the Dnieper towards the western Baltic Sea 9 During the Neolithic and early Eneolithic likely during the 4th millennium BC EHGs on the Pontic Caspian steppe mixed with Caucasus hunter gatherers CHGs with the resulting population almost half EHG and half CHG forming the genetic cluster known as Western Steppe Herder WSH 10 11 12 WSH populations closely related to the people of the Yamnaya culture are supposed to have embarked on a massive migration leading to the spread of Indo European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia Contents 1 Research 1 1 Possible association with Early Indo European 2 Physical appearance 3 Material culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingResearch edit nbsp Schematic formation of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG through a main ancestry of Ancient North Eurasians ANE and a smaller admixture of Western Hunter Gatherers WHG nbsp Genetically the Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG red were most closely related to the Ancient North Eurasians ANE pink Haak et al 2015 identified the Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only The EHG male of Samara dated to ca 5650 5550 BC carried Y haplogroup R1b1a1a and mt haplogroup U5a1d The other EHG male buried in Karelia dated to ca 5500 5000 BC carried Y haplogroup R1a1 and mt haplogoup C1g The authors of the study also identified a Western Hunter Gatherer WHG cluster and a Scandinavian Hunter Gatherer SHG cluster intermediate between WHG and EHG a They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians ANEs and WHGs 14 nbsp A schematic of the model of population structure in Europe 15 Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs 16 17 Posth et al 2023 found that most EHG individuals carried c 70 ANE ancestry and c 30 WHG ancestry The WHG like ancestry was most likely not derived from the Oberkassel and Villabruna clusters directly but from a related and yet unsampled Epigravettian population 2 18 The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40 000 year old Tianyuan man from Northern China which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan related source into the ANE lineage represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3 which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG 19 The Basal East Asian Tianyuan like ancestry among EHGs Sidelkino has been estimated to be around 12 9 20 The formation of the EHG ancestral component is estimated to have happened 13 000 15 000 years BP 18 EHG associated remains belonged primarily to the human Y chromosome haplogroups R1 with a lower frequency of haplogroup J and Q Their mitochondrial chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U2 U4 U5 as well as C1 and R1b 2 EHGs may have mixed with an Armenian like Near Eastern source which formed the Yamnaya culture as early as the Eneolithic 5200 4000 BC 21 The people of the Yamnaya culture were found to be a mix of EHG and a Near Eastern related population During the 3rd millennium BC the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout Europe which significantly altered the genetic landscape of the continent The expansion gave rise to cultures such as Corded Ware and was possibly the source of the distribution of Indo European languages in Europe 14 The people of the Mesolithic Kunda culture and the Narva culture of the eastern Baltic were a mix of WHG and EHG showing the closest affinity with WHG Samples from the Ukrainian Mesolithic and Neolithic were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG suggesting genetic continuity in the Dnieper Rapids for a period of 4 000 years The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup U which is found in around 80 of all European hunter gatherer samples 22 The people of the Pit Comb Ware culture PCW CCC of the eastern Baltic bear 65 EHG ancestry This is in contrast to earlier hunter gatherers in the area who were more closely related to WHG This was demonstrated using a sample of Y DNA extracted from a Pit Comb Ware individual This belonged to R1a15 YP172 The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of U5b1d1 one sample of U5a2d and one sample of U4a 23 Gunther et al 2018 analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry Generally SHGs from western and northern Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry ca 49 than individuals from eastern Scandinavia ca 38 The authors suggested that the SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into Scandinavia from the south and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the Norwegian coast SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin SLC45A2 and SLC24A5 and light eyes OCA Herc2 than WHGs and EHGs 24 nbsp Residual genetic ancestry of European hunter gatherers during the European Neolithic between 7 5 ka and 5 ka BP c 5 500 3 000 BC nbsp Genetic proximity of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers with ancient color and modern grey populations Primary Component Analysis detail 25 Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG while the Pit Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas The study noted that EHGs like SHGs and Baltic hunter gatherers carried high frequencies of the derived alleles for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 which are codings for light skin 26 Mathieson et al 2018 analyzed the genetics of a large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe Thirty seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine 9500 6000 BC These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG The males belonged exclusively to R haplotypes particularly subclades of R1b1 and R1a and I haplotypes particularly subclades of I2 Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to U particularly subclades of U5 and U4 21 A large number of individuals from the Zvejnieki burial ground which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic were analyzed These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases but over time EHG ancestry became predominant The Y DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of haplogroup R1b1a1a and I2a1 The mtDNA belonged exclusively to haplogroup U particularly subclades of U2 U4 and U5 21 Forty individuals from three sites of the Iron Gates Mesolithic in the Balkans were estimated to be of 85 WHG and 15 EHG descent The males at these sites carried exclusively R1b1a and I mostly subclades of I2a haplotypes mtDNA belonged mostly to U particularly subclades of U5 and U4 21 People of the Cucuteni Trypillia culture were found to harbor about 20 hunter gatherer ancestry which was intermediate between EHG and WHG 21 Narasimshan et al 2019 coined a new ancestral component West Siberian Hunter Gatherer WSHG WSHGs contained about 20 EHG ancestry 73 ANE ancestry and 6 East Asian ancestry 27 Possible association with Early Indo European edit The EHG have been argued by some to represent a possible source for the Pre Proto Indo European language see also Father Tongue hypothesis Unlike the Yamnaya culture people or closely related groups which are associated with speakers of Proto Indo European the EHG rich Dnieper Donets culture people show no evidence of Caucasus Hunter Gatherer CHG or Early European Farmer EEF ancestry 28 Both Dnieper Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups R1b and I2a suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females Based on this David W Anthony this suggests that the Indo European languages were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe 29 Others have suggested that the Indo European language family may have originated not in Eastern Europe but among CHG rich West Asian populations South of the Caucasus which later absorbed EHG rich groups North of the Caucasus It was noted that haplogroups may not correlate with autosomal ancestry components and historical language dispersals 30 Physical appearance edit nbsp The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the Afontova Gora population of the Ancient North Eurasian ANE cline of south central Siberia 31 The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly brown eyes and light skin 24 32 with intermediate frequencies of the blue eye variants and high frequencies of the light skin variants 33 An EHG from Karelia was determined by Gunther 2018 to have high probabilities of being brown eyed and dark haired with a predicted intermediate skin tone 34 Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned and was determined to have a high probability of being blue eyed with a light hair shade with a 75 calculated probability of being blond haired 35 33 The rs12821256 allele of the KITLG gene that controls melanocyte development and melanin synthesis 36 which is associated with blond hair and first found in an individual from Siberia dated to around 17 000 BP is found in three Eastern Hunter Gatherers from Samara Motala and Ukraine c 10 000 BP suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population before spreading to western Eurasia 37 Many remains of East Hunter Gatherers dated to circa 8 100 BP 6 100 BCE have also been excavated at Yuzhny Oleny island in Lake Onega 38 The Ancient North Eurasian ANE ancestry is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG 4 nbsp Reconstruction of burial No 132 of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground Yuzhni Oleny island Lake Onega Exhibit of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia 39 nbsp Artifacts and reconstruction of Eastern Hunter Gatherers from Yuzhny Oleny island by Gerasimov 39 nbsp Karelian Petroglyph depicting 5 skiers and a reindeer These petroglyphs date to 7 000 6 000 years BP Material culture edit nbsp Adoption of pottery among East European hunter gatherers during the 6th millennium BC from the first adoption circa 5900 BC in the North Caspian Sea or possibly from beyond the Ural area to final diffusion circa 5500 BC in the Baltic 40 As hunter gatherers the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory horns or antlers From circa 5 900 BC they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern Caspian Sea or possibly from beyond the Ural In barely three or four centuries pottery spread over a distance of about 3 000 kilometers reaching as far as the Baltic sea This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter gatherer groups rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalist 41 See also editDnieper Donets culture Comb Ceramic culture Sredny Stog culture Deriivka Samara culture Khvalynsk cultureNotes edit Lazaridis et al 2016 found SHGs to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHG derive 3 4 of their ancestry from the ANE Scandinavian hunter gatherers SHG are a mix of EHG and WHG and WHG are a mix of EHG and the Upper Paleolithic Bichon from Switzerland 13 References edit National Museum of Karelia exhibit a b c Posth Cosimo Yu He Ghalichi Ayshin March 2023 Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter gatherers Nature 615 7950 117 126 Bibcode 2023Natur 615 117P doi 10 1038 s41586 023 05726 0 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 9977688 PMID 36859578 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei June 1 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 doi 10 1038 nature14317 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 a b Kozintsev A G January 4 2022 Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age Based on Craniometry and Genetics Archaeology Ethnology amp Anthropology of Eurasia 49 4 141 doi 10 17746 1563 0110 2021 49 4 140 151 ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG Eastern Hunter Gatherer autosomal component whose content is especially high in the genomes of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov Popovo Sidelkino Lebyazhinka IV etc Haak et al 2015 Damgaard et al 2018 They passed EHG on to the Yamnaya people from whom it was inherited by several filial populations including Afanasyevans As early as the Mesolithic EHG was introduced from northern Russia to Scandinavia as evidenced by genomes of the Motala people in southern Sweden Their ancestors had migrated there from the east along the coast of Norway because the share of EHG in more southern populations such as the earlier Kunda people of the eastern Baltic is lower Haak et al 2015 Mittnik et al 2018 a b Feldman Michal Gnecchi Ruscone Guido A Lamnidis Thiseas C Posth Cosimo 2021 Where Asia meets Europe recent insights from ancient human genomics Annals of Human Biology 48 3 191 202 doi 10 1080 03014460 2021 1949039 PMID 34459345 S2CID 237348859 Nagele Kathrin Rivollat Maite Yu He Wang Ke 2022 Ancient genomic research From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past Journal of Anthropological Sciences 100 100 193 230 doi 10 4436 jass 10017 PMID 36576953 Anthony 2019b p 27 Kashuba 2019 Earlier aDNA studies suggest the presence of three genetic groups in early postglacial Europe Western hunter gatherers WHG Eastern hunter gatherers EHG and Scandinavian hunter gatherers SHG 4 The SHG have been modelled as a mixture of WHG and EHG Anthony 2019b p 28 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei June 1 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 van de Loosdrecht Marieke Bouzouggar Abdeljalil Humphrey Louise Posth Cosimo Barton Nick Aximu Petri Ayinuer Nickel Birgit Nagel Sarah Talbi El Hassan El Hajraoui Mohammed Abdeljalil Amzazi Saaid Hublin Jean Jacques Paabo Svante Schiffels Stephan Meyer Matthias May 4 2018 Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub Saharan African human populations Science 360 6388 548 552 Bibcode 2018Sci 360 548V doi 10 1126 science aar8380 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 29545507 Lazaridis Iosif Alpaslan Roodenberg Songul Acar Ayse Acikkol Aysen Agelarakis Anagnostis Aghikyan Levon Akyuz Ugur Andreeva Desislava Andrijasevic Gojko Antonovic Dragana Armit Ian Atmaca Alper Avetisyan Pavel Aytek Ahmet Ihsan Bacvarov Krum August 26 2022 The genetic history of the Southern Arc A bridge between West Asia and Europe Science 377 6609 eabm4247 doi 10 1126 science abm4247 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 10064553 PMID 36007055 S2CID 251843620 Lazaridis 2016 a b Haak 2015 Irving Pease Evan K Refoyo Martinez Alba Barrie William Ingason Andres Pearson Alice Fischer Anders Sjogren Karl Goran Halgren Alma S Macleod Ruairidh Demeter Fabrice Henriksen Rasmus A Vimala Tharsika McColl Hugh Vaughn Andrew H Speidel Leo January 24 2024 The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians Nature 625 7994 312 320 Bibcode 2024Natur 625 312I doi 10 1038 s41586 023 06705 1 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 10781624 PMID 38200293 Lazaridis Iosif December 1 2018 The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe Current Opinion in Genetics amp Development Genetics of Human Origins 53 21 27 arXiv 1805 01579 doi 10 1016 j gde 2018 06 007 ISSN 0959 437X PMID 29960127 S2CID 19158377 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei Mittnik Alissa Banffy Eszter Economou Christos Francken Michael June 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Haak et al 2015 38 40 ANE MA 1 60 62 WHG Fig S8 6 Alternative topologies where EHG and ANE are unadmixed sister lineages with WHG being admixed are not rejected a b Allentoft Morten E Sikora Martin Refoyo Martinez Alba Irving Pease Evan K Fischer Anders Barrie William Ingason Andres Stenderup Jesper Sjogren Karl Goran Pearson Alice Sousa da Mota Barbara Schulz Paulsson Bettina Halgren Alma Macleod Ruairidh Jorkov Marie Louise Schjellerup January 2024 Population genomics of post glacial western Eurasia Nature 625 7994 301 311 Bibcode 2024Natur 625 301A doi 10 1038 s41586 023 06865 0 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 10781627 PMID 38200295 Villalba Mouco Vanessa van de Loosdrecht Marieke S Rohrlach Adam B Fewlass Helen Talamo Sahra Yu He Aron Franziska Lalueza Fox Carles Cabello Lidia Cantalejo Duarte Pedro Ramos Munoz Jose Posth Cosimo Krause Johannes Weniger Gerd Christian Haak Wolfgang April 2023 A 23 000 year old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum Nature Ecology amp Evolution 7 4 597 609 Bibcode 2023NatEE 7 597V doi 10 1038 s41559 023 01987 0 ISSN 2397 334X PMC 10089921 PMID 36859553 Currently the strongest affinity to Tianyuan in Holocene European HGs was reported for Eastern European HGs EHG This is because the ancestry found in Mal ta and Afontova Gora individuals Ancient North Eurasian ancestry received ancestry from UP East Asian Southeast Asian populations54 who then contributed substantially to EHG55 Childebayeva Ainash et al October 1 2023 Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry BioRxiv Figure 6 doi 10 1101 2023 10 01 560195 S2CID 263672903 a b c d e Mathieson et al 2018 Jones 2017 Saag 2017 a b Gunther 2018 Zhang Fan Ning Chao Scott Ashley November 2021 The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies Nature 599 7884 256 261 Bibcode 2021Natur 599 256Z doi 10 1038 s41586 021 04052 7 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 8580821 PMID 34707286 Mittnik 2018 Narasimhan 2019 Anthony 2019a p 14 Anthony 2019a pp 7 14 Lazaridis Iosif Alpaslan Roodenberg Songul Acar Ayse Acikkol Aysen Agelarakis Anagnostis Aghikyan Levon Akyuz Ugur Andreeva Desislava Andrijasevic Gojko Antonovic Dragana Armit Ian Atmaca Alper Avetisyan Pavel Aytek Ahmet Ihsan Bacvarov Krum August 26 2022 The genetic history of the Southern Arc A bridge between West Asia and Europe Science 377 6609 eabm4247 doi 10 1126 science abm4247 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 10064553 PMID 36007055 Hanel Andrea Carlberg Carsten July 3 2020 Skin colour and vitamin D An update Experimental Dermatology 29 9 864 875 doi 10 1111 exd 14142 PMID 32621306 S2CID 220335539 Hanel Andrea Carlberg Carsten 2020 Skin Colour and Vitamin D An update Experimental Dermatology 29 9 864 875 doi 10 1111 exd 14142 PMID 32621306 S2CID 220335539 Interestingly eastern and Scandinavian hunter gatherers had light skin 48 in contrast to Baltic hunter gatherers who kept their dark skin only until 3800 years ago when farming was introduced in this region by the Bronze Age expansion of people of Russian steppe origin 56 57 a b Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high latitude adaptation S8 Text Functional variation in ancient samples doi 10 1371 journal pbio 2003703 s013 Gunther 2018 p 4 28 From Supplementary document S8 The Karelian individual presents high probabilities of being brown eyed 0 99 and having a dark hair 0 96 Without speculating about the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation we suggest an intermediate skin pigmentation phenotype for the Karelia individual as it carried the ancestral allele at rs16891982 and the derived allele at rs1426654 S1 Table The presence of the rs1426654 light skin allele in addition to five additional C11 associated alleles at haplotype defining SNPs S1 Table suggests that the Karelian individual carried the C11 light skin haplotype Gunther 2018 p 4 28 From Supplementary document S8 The Samaran individual exhibits high probabilities of being blue eyed 0 88 light hair shade 0 99 most likely being blond 0 75 Sulem Patrick Gudbjartsson Daniel F Stacey Simon N Helgason Agnar Rafnar Thorunn Magnusson Kristinn P Manolescu Andrei Karason Ari Palsson Arnar Thorleifsson Gudmar et al December 2007 Genetic determinants of hair eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans Nature Genetics 39 12 1443 1452 doi 10 1038 ng 2007 13 ISSN 1546 1718 PMID 17952075 S2CID 19313549 Mathieson et al 2018 Supplementary Information page 52 The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans is present in one hunter gatherer from each of Samara Motala and Ukraine I0124 I0014 and I1763 as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian ANE population Consistent with this we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele supported by two reads is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3 which is directly dated to 16130 15749 cal BCE 14710 60 BP MAMS 27186 a previously unpublished date that we newly report here We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA 1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP Mittnik Alissa Wang Chuan Chao Pfrengle Saskia January 30 2018 The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region Nature Communications 9 1 Fig 1 Bibcode 2018NatCo 9 442M doi 10 1038 s41467 018 02825 9 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5789860 PMID 29382937 a b Kozintsev Alexander January 1 2021 Patterns in the population history of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 49 4 140 151 doi 10 17746 1563 0110 2021 49 4 140 151 ANE makes up the principal share of the EHG Eastern Hunter Gatherer autosomal component whose content is especially high in the genomes of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic inhabitants of northeastern Europe buried at Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov Popovo Sidelkino Lebyazhinka IV etc Haak et al 2015 Damgaard et al 2018 Mesolithic northern Russian Plain Yuzhny Oleny Ostrov Alekseyev Gokhman 1984 Dolbunova Ekaterina Lucquin Alexandre February 2023 The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter gatherers Nature Human Behaviour 7 2 171 183 doi 10 1038 s41562 022 01491 8 ISSN 2397 3374 PMC 9957732 PMID 36550220 Dolbunova Ekaterina Lucquin Alexandre February 2023 The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter gatherers Nature Human Behaviour 7 2 171 183 doi 10 1038 s41562 022 01491 8 ISSN 2397 3374 PMC 9957732 PMID 36550220 Although demic diffusion may have a role on the basis of its speed we argue that pottery production was rapidly disseminated through knowledge transfer across established networks between dispersed hunter gatherer communitiesBibliography editAnthony David Spring Summer 2019a Archaeology Genetics and Language in the Steppes A Comment on Bomhard Journal of Indo European Studies 47 1 2 Retrieved January 9 2020 Anthony David W 2019b Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split In Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas eds Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL pp 21 54 ISBN 978 9004416192 Gunther Thorsten January 1 2018 Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high latitude adaptation PLOS Biology 16 1 PLOS e2003703 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 2003703 PMC 5760011 PMID 29315301 Haak Wolfgang June 11 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Jones Eppie R February 20 2017 The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers Current Biology 27 4 Cell Press 576 582 Bibcode 2017CBio 27 576J doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 12 060 PMC 5321670 PMID 28162894 Kashuba Natalija May 15 2019 Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter gatherers in Scandinavia Communications Biology 2 105 Nature Research 185 doi 10 1038 s42003 019 0399 1 PMC 6520363 PMID 31123709 Lazaridis Iosif July 25 2016 Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East Nature 536 7617 419 424 Bibcode 2016Natur 536 419L doi 10 1038 nature19310 PMC 5003663 PMID 27459054 Mathieson Iain November 23 2015 Genome wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians Nature 528 7583 499 503 Bibcode 2015Natur 528 499M doi 10 1038 nature16152 PMC 4918750 PMID 26595274 Mathieson Iain Alpaslan Roodenberg Songul Posth Cosimo Szecsenyi Nagy Anna et al March 2018 The genomic history of southeastern Europe Nature 555 7695 197 203 Bibcode 2018Natur 555 197M doi 10 1038 nature25778 PMC 6091220 PMID 29466330 Mittnik Alisa January 30 2018 The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region Nature Communications 16 1 442 Bibcode 2018NatCo 9 442M doi 10 1038 s41467 018 02825 9 PMC 5789860 PMID 29382937 Narasimhan Vagheesh M September 6 2019 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia Science 365 6457 American Association for the Advancement of Science eaat7487 bioRxiv 10 1101 292581 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 PMC 6822619 PMID 31488661 Saag Lehti July 24 2017 Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex Biased Migration from the Steppe Current Biology 27 14 Cell Press 2185 2193 Bibcode 2017CBio 27E2185S doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 06 022 PMID 28712569 Wang Chuan Chao February 4 2019 Ancient human genome wide data from a 3000 year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco geographic regions Eurasia Nature Communications 10 1 590 Bibcode 2019NatCo 10 590W doi 10 1038 s41467 018 08220 8 PMC 6360191 PMID 30713341 Further reading editAnthony David Spring Summer 2019 Archaeology Genetics and Language in the Steppes A Comment on Bomhard Journal of Indo European Studies 47 1 2 Retrieved January 9 2020 Anthony David W 2019b Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split In Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas eds Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL pp 21 54 ISBN 978 9004416192 Allentoft Morten E Sikora Martin Sjogren Karl Goran Rasmussen Simon Rasmussen Morten Stenderup Jesper Damgaard Peter B Schroeder Hannes Ahlstrom Torbjorn Vinner Lasse Malaspinas Anna Sapfo 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature 522 7555 167 172 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 167A doi 10 1038 nature14507 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 26062507 S2CID 4399103 Lazaridis Iosif December 2018 The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe Current Opinion in Genetics amp Development 53 Elsevier 21 27 arXiv 1805 01579 doi 10 1016 j gde 2018 06 007 PMID 29960127 S2CID 19158377 Retrieved July 15 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern Hunter Gatherer amp oldid 1222443136, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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