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Caucasus hunter-gatherer

January 07, 2023

Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG), also called Satsurblia Cluster[1] is an anatomically modern human genetic lineage, first identified in a 2015 study,[2][3] based on the population genetics of several modern Western Eurasian (European, Caucasian and Near Eastern) populations.[4][5]

Physical map of the Caucasus.

The CHG lineage descended from a population that split off the base Western Eurasian lineage very early, around 45,000 years ago, that descended separately to Ust'-Ishim man, Oase1 and European hunter-gatherers; and separated from the "Early Anatolian Farmers" (EAF) lineage later, at 25,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum.[3] The Caucasus hunter-gatherers managed to survive in isolation through the Last Glacial Maximum as a distinct population.[2]

At the beginning of the Neolithic, at c. 8000 BCE, they were probably distributed across western Iran and the Caucasus, [6] and people similar to northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers arrived before 6000 BCE in Pakistan and north-west India.[7] Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from the Pontic-Caspian steppes have received admixture from CHGs, leading to the formation of Western Steppe Herders (WSHs). WSHs formed the Yamnaya culture and expanded massively throughout Europe during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age.[8]

Origins

 
One of the Caucasus hunters was unearthed at Satsurblia cave in Georgia.
 
The relationship between Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG), western hunter-gatherers and early farmers as per Jones at al, 2015.
See also: Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic history of Europe

Jones et al. (2015) analyzed genomes from males from western Georgia, in the Caucasus, from the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old). These two males carried Y-DNA haplogroup: J* and J2a, later refined to J1-FT34521, and J2-Y12379*, and mitochondrial haplogroups of K3 and H13c, respectively.[9] Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern populations took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started.[4]

CHG ancestry was also found in an Upper Palaeolithic specimen from Satsurblia cave (dated ca. 11000 BC), and in a Mesolithic one from Kotias Klde cave, in western Georgia (dated ca. 7700 BC). The Satsurblia individual is closest to modern populations from the South Caucasus.[2]

Fu et al. (2016), comparing CHG[note 1] to the 13,700 year-old Bichon man genome (found in Switzerland) detected a split between CHG and "Western European Hunter-Gatherer" (WHG) lineages, about 45,000 years ago, the presumed time of the original peopling of Europe. CHG separated from the "Early Anatolian Farmers" (EAF) lineage later, at 25,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum.[3]

Margaryan et al. (2017) analysing South Caucasian ancient mitochondrial DNA found a rapid increase of the population at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, about 18,000 years ago. The same study also found continuity in descent in the maternal line for 8,000 years.[10]

According to Narasimhan et al. (2019) Iranian farmer related people arrived before 6000 BCE in Pakistan and north-west India, before the advent of farming in northern India. They suggest the possibility that this "Iranian farmer–related ancestry [...] was [also] characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers."[7]

Proto-Indo Europeans

 
The early Yamna culture and its proximity to the Caucasus.

The Proto-Indo-Europeans, i.e. the Yamnaya people and related cultures, seem to have been a mix from Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs); and people related to the near east,[11] either Caucasus hunter-gatherers[2] or Iran Chalcolithic people, with a Caucasian hunter-gatherer component.[12][4] [note 2] Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA.[14][4] According to co-author Andrea Manica of the University of Cambridge:

The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now […] we can now answer that, as we've found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation.[4]

According to Jones et al. (2015), Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) "genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe ~3,000 BCE, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze Age culture. CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo-Aryan languages."[15]

Lazaridis et al. (2016) proposes a different people, likely from Iran, as the source for the Middle Eastern ancestry of the Yamnaya people, finding that "a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed ~43% of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe".[16][note 3] That study asserts that these Iranian Chalcolithic people were a mixture of "the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers".[16]

Gallego-Llorente et al. (2016) conclude that Iranian populations are not a likelier source of the 'southern' component in the Yamnaya than Caucasus hunter-gatherers.[17]

Wang et al. (2018) analysed genetic data of the North Caucasus of fossils dated between the 4th and 1st millennia BC and found correlation with modern groups of the South Caucasus, concluding that "unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement".[18]

CHG admixture was also found in South Asia, in a possible marker of the Indo-Aryan migration there.[2]

Ancient Greece and Aegean

Beyond contributing to the population of mainland Europe through Bronze Age pastoralists of the Yamnaya, CHG also appears to have arrived on its own in the Aegean without eastern European hunter–gatherer ancestry and provided approximately 9–32% of ancestry to the Minoans. The origin of this CHG component might have been Central Anatolia.[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ CHG was extrapolated from, among other sources, the genomes of two fossils from western Georgia – one about 13,300 years old (Late Upper Paleolithic) and the other 9,700 years (Mesolithic).
  2. ^ Eurogenes Blog: "Lazaridis et al. show that Early to Middle Bronze Age steppe groups, including Yamnaya, tagged by them as Steppe EMBA, are best modeled with formal statistics as a mixture of Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) and Chalcolithic farmers from western Iran. The mixture ratios are 56.8/43.2, respectively. However, they add that a model of Steppe EMBA as a three-way mixture between EHG, the Chalcolithic farmers and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG) is also a good fit and plausible."[13]
    See also:
    • Stephanie Dutchen (2014), New Branch Added to European Family Tree. Genetic analysis reveals Europeans descended from at least three ancient groups;
    • Eppie Jones (2015), Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered;
    • For what they were… we are (2016), Caucasus and Swiss hunter-gatherer genomes.
  3. ^ See also:
    • eurogenes.blogspot, The genetic structure of the world's first farmers (Lazaridis et al. preprint)
    • For what they were […] we are (2016) Ancient genomes from Neolithic West Asia

References

  1. ^ Eisenmann, S.; Bánffy, E.; van Dommelen, P.; et al. (2018). "Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data: The nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13003. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813003E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31123-z. PMC 6115390. PMID 30158639.
  2. ^ a b c d e Jones et al. 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Fu et al. 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered". BBC. 16 November 2015.
  5. ^ Dutchen, Stephanie (May 2, 2016). "History on Ice". Harvard Medical School. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  6. ^ Anthony 2009b, p. 29.
  7. ^ a b Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11.
  8. ^ Jeong et al. 2019.
  9. ^ "YFull | NextGen Sequence Interpretation".
  10. ^ Margaryan, Ashot; Derenko, Miroslava; Hovhannisyan, Hrant; Malyarchuk, Boris; Heller, Rasmus; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Avetisyan, Pavel; Badalyan, Ruben; Bobokhyan, Arsen; Melikyan, Varduhi; Sargsyan, Gagik; Piliposyan, Ashot; Simonyan, Hakob; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Denisova, Galina; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Willerslev, Eske; Allentoft, Morten E. (July 2017). "Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2023–2028.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.087. PMID 28669760.
  11. ^ Haak 2015, p. 3.
  12. ^ Lazaridis et al. 2016, p. 8: "The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred without access to ancient samples, by hypothesizing a population related to present-day Armenians as a source."
  13. ^ Eurogenes.blogspot, The genetic structure of the world's first farmers (Lazaridis et al. preprint)
  14. ^ Mathieson 2015.
  15. ^ Jones et al. 2015: "Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers ~45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ~25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum."
  16. ^ a b Lazaridis et al. 2016, p. 5.
  17. ^ Gallego-Llorente, M.; Connell, S.; Jones, E. R.; Merrett, D. C.; Jeon, Y.; Eriksson, A.; et al. (2016). "The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros, Iran". Scientific Reports. 6: 31326. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631326G. doi:10.1038/srep31326. PMC 4977546. PMID 27502179.
  18. ^ Wang et al. 2018.
  19. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Mittnik, Alissa; Patterson, Nick; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pfrengle, Saskia; Furtwängler, Anja; Peltzer, Alexander; Posth, Cosimo; Vasilakis, Andonis; McGeorge, P. J. P.; Konsolaki-Yannopoulou, Eleni; Korres, George; Martlew, Holley; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Özsait, Mehmet; Özsait, Nesrin; Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Richards, Michael; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Tzedakis, Yannis; Arnott, Robert; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Lotakis, Dimitra M.; Navas, Patrick A.; Maniatis, Yannis; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.; Stewardson, Kristin; Stockhammer, Philipp; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes; Stamatoyannopoulos, George (2017). "Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans". Nature. 548 (7666): 214–218. doi:10.1038/nature23310. PMC 5565772.

Sources

  • Anthony, David (2009b), "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split", in Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.), Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European, BRILL
  • Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
  • Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
  • Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash; Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; Koshel, Sergey; Bukin, Andrei; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Churnosov, Mikhail; Skhalyakho, Roza; Daragan, Denis; Bogunov, Yuri; Bogunova, Anna; Shtrunov, Alexandr; Dubova, Nadezhda; Zhabagin, Maxat; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Churakov, Vladimir; Pislegin, Nikolay; Damba, Larissa; Saroyants, Ludmila; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Atramentova, Lubov; Utevska, Olga; Idrisov, Eldar; Kamenshchikova, Evgeniya; Evseeva, Irina; Metspalu, Mait; Outram, Alan K.; Robbeets, Martine; Djansugurova, Leyla; Balanovska, Elena; Schiffels, Stephan; Haak, Wolfgang; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes (29 April 2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.
  • Jones, E.; Gonzalez-Fortes, G.; Connell, S.; Siska, V.; et al. (2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6 (8912): 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969.
  • Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G.; Merrett, D.; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
  • Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. Nature Research. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
  • Wang, C.; Reinhold, S.; Kalmykov, A.; Wissgott, A.; et al. (16 May 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus". bioRxiv 10.1101/322347.

Further reading

  • Anthony, David (Spring–Summer 2019). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard". Journal of Indo-European Studies. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  • Anthony, David W. (2019). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European. BRILL. pp. 21–54. ISBN 978-9004416192.

External links

  • Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer ancestry and Indo-Hittite 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine

January 07, 2023
caucasus, hunter, gatherer, also, called, satsurblia, cluster, anatomically, modern, human, genetic, lineage, first, identified, 2015, study, based, population, genetics, several, modern, western, eurasian, european, caucasian, near, eastern, populations, phys. Caucasus hunter gatherer CHG also called Satsurblia Cluster 1 is an anatomically modern human genetic lineage first identified in a 2015 study 2 3 based on the population genetics of several modern Western Eurasian European Caucasian and Near Eastern populations 4 5 Physical map of the Caucasus The CHG lineage descended from a population that split off the base Western Eurasian lineage very early around 45 000 years ago that descended separately to Ust Ishim man Oase1 and European hunter gatherers and separated from the Early Anatolian Farmers EAF lineage later at 25 000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum 3 The Caucasus hunter gatherers managed to survive in isolation through the Last Glacial Maximum as a distinct population 2 At the beginning of the Neolithic at c 8000 BCE they were probably distributed across western Iran and the Caucasus 6 and people similar to northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter gatherers arrived before 6000 BCE in Pakistan and north west India 7 Eastern Hunter Gatherers from the Pontic Caspian steppes have received admixture from CHGs leading to the formation of Western Steppe Herders WSHs WSHs formed the Yamnaya culture and expanded massively throughout Europe during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age 8 Contents 1 Origins 2 Proto Indo Europeans 3 Ancient Greece and Aegean 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksOrigins Edit One of the Caucasus hunters was unearthed at Satsurblia cave in Georgia The relationship between Caucasus hunter gatherers CHG western hunter gatherers and early farmers as per Jones at al 2015 See also Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic history of Europe Jones et al 2015 analyzed genomes from males from western Georgia in the Caucasus from the Late Upper Palaeolithic 13 300 years old and the Mesolithic 9 700 years old These two males carried Y DNA haplogroup J and J2a later refined to J1 FT34521 and J2 Y12379 and mitochondrial haplogroups of K3 and H13c respectively 9 Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern populations took place up to 25 000 years ago when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started 4 CHG ancestry was also found in an Upper Palaeolithic specimen from Satsurblia cave dated ca 11000 BC and in a Mesolithic one from Kotias Klde cave in western Georgia dated ca 7700 BC The Satsurblia individual is closest to modern populations from the South Caucasus 2 Fu et al 2016 comparing CHG note 1 to the 13 700 year old Bichon man genome found in Switzerland detected a split between CHG and Western European Hunter Gatherer WHG lineages about 45 000 years ago the presumed time of the original peopling of Europe CHG separated from the Early Anatolian Farmers EAF lineage later at 25 000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum 3 Margaryan et al 2017 analysing South Caucasian ancient mitochondrial DNA found a rapid increase of the population at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum about 18 000 years ago The same study also found continuity in descent in the maternal line for 8 000 years 10 According to Narasimhan et al 2019 Iranian farmer related people arrived before 6000 BCE in Pakistan and north west India before the advent of farming in northern India They suggest the possibility that this Iranian farmer related ancestry was also characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter gatherers 7 Proto Indo Europeans Edit The early Yamna culture and its proximity to the Caucasus The Proto Indo Europeans i e the Yamnaya people and related cultures seem to have been a mix from Eastern European Hunter Gatherers EHGs and people related to the near east 11 either Caucasus hunter gatherers 2 or Iran Chalcolithic people with a Caucasian hunter gatherer component 12 4 note 2 Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA 14 4 According to co author Andrea Manica of the University of Cambridge The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now we can now answer that as we ve found that their genetic make up is a mix of Eastern European hunter gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation 4 According to Jones et al 2015 Caucasus hunter gatherers CHG genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe 3 000 BCE supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze Age culture CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo Aryan languages 15 Lazaridis et al 2016 proposes a different people likely from Iran as the source for the Middle Eastern ancestry of the Yamnaya people finding that a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed 43 of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe 16 note 3 That study asserts that these Iranian Chalcolithic people were a mixture of the Neolithic people of western Iran the Levant and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers 16 Gallego Llorente et al 2016 conclude that Iranian populations are not a likelier source of the southern component in the Yamnaya than Caucasus hunter gatherers 17 Wang et al 2018 analysed genetic data of the North Caucasus of fossils dated between the 4th and 1st millennia BC and found correlation with modern groups of the South Caucasus concluding that unlike today the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement 18 CHG admixture was also found in South Asia in a possible marker of the Indo Aryan migration there 2 Ancient Greece and Aegean EditBeyond contributing to the population of mainland Europe through Bronze Age pastoralists of the Yamnaya CHG also appears to have arrived on its own in the Aegean without eastern European hunter gatherer ancestry and provided approximately 9 32 of ancestry to the Minoans The origin of this CHG component might have been Central Anatolia 19 See also EditPrehistoric CaucasusNotes Edit CHG was extrapolated from among other sources the genomes of two fossils from western Georgia one about 13 300 years old Late Upper Paleolithic and the other 9 700 years Mesolithic Eurogenes Blog Lazaridis et al show that Early to Middle Bronze Age steppe groups including Yamnaya tagged by them as Steppe EMBA are best modeled with formal statistics as a mixture of Eastern European Hunter Gatherers EHG and Chalcolithic farmers from western Iran The mixture ratios are 56 8 43 2 respectively However they add that a model of Steppe EMBA as a three way mixture between EHG the Chalcolithic farmers and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers CHG is also a good fit and plausible 13 See also Stephanie Dutchen 2014 New Branch Added to European Family Tree Genetic analysis reveals Europeans descended from at least three ancient groups Eppie Jones 2015 Europe s fourth ancestral tribe uncovered For what they were we are 2016 Caucasus and Swiss hunter gatherer genomes See also eurogenes blogspot The genetic structure of the world s first farmers Lazaridis et al preprint For what they were we are 2016 Ancient genomes from Neolithic West AsiaReferences Edit Eisenmann S Banffy E van Dommelen P et al 2018 Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data The nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis Scientific Reports 8 1 13003 Bibcode 2018NatSR 813003E doi 10 1038 s41598 018 31123 z PMC 6115390 PMID 30158639 a b c d e Jones et al 2015 a b c Fu et al 2016 a b c d e Europe s fourth ancestral tribe uncovered BBC 16 November 2015 Dutchen Stephanie May 2 2016 History on Ice Harvard Medical School Retrieved 11 May 2016 Anthony 2009b p 29 a b Narasimhan et al 2019 p 11 Jeong et al 2019 YFull NextGen Sequence Interpretation Margaryan Ashot Derenko Miroslava Hovhannisyan Hrant Malyarchuk Boris Heller Rasmus Khachatryan Zaruhi Avetisyan Pavel Badalyan Ruben Bobokhyan Arsen Melikyan Varduhi Sargsyan Gagik Piliposyan Ashot Simonyan Hakob Mkrtchyan Ruzan Denisova Galina Yepiskoposyan Levon Willerslev Eske Allentoft Morten E July 2017 Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus Current Biology 27 13 2023 2028 e7 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 05 087 PMID 28669760 Haak 2015 p 3 Lazaridis et al 2016 p 8 The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred without access to ancient samples by hypothesizing a population related to present day Armenians as a source Eurogenes blogspot The genetic structure of the world s first farmers Lazaridis et al preprint Mathieson 2015 Jones et al 2015 Caucasus hunter gatherers CHG belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter gatherers 45 kya shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers 25 kya around the Last Glacial Maximum a b Lazaridis et al 2016 p 5 Gallego Llorente M Connell S Jones E R Merrett D C Jeon Y Eriksson A et al 2016 The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros Iran Scientific Reports 6 31326 Bibcode 2016NatSR 631326G doi 10 1038 srep31326 PMC 4977546 PMID 27502179 Wang et al 2018 Lazaridis Iosif Mittnik Alissa Patterson Nick Mallick Swapan Rohland Nadin Pfrengle Saskia Furtwangler Anja Peltzer Alexander Posth Cosimo Vasilakis Andonis McGeorge P J P Konsolaki Yannopoulou Eleni Korres George Martlew Holley Michalodimitrakis Manolis Ozsait Mehmet Ozsait Nesrin Papathanasiou Anastasia Richards Michael Roodenberg Songul Alpaslan Tzedakis Yannis Arnott Robert Fernandes Daniel M Hughey Jeffery R Lotakis Dimitra M Navas Patrick A Maniatis Yannis Stamatoyannopoulos John A Stewardson Kristin Stockhammer Philipp Pinhasi Ron Reich David Krause Johannes Stamatoyannopoulos George 2017 Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans Nature 548 7666 214 218 doi 10 1038 nature23310 PMC 5565772 Sources EditAnthony David 2009b Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split in Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas eds Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL Fu Q Posth C Hajdinjak M Petr Martin et al 2016 The genetic history of Ice Age Europe Nature 534 7606 200 205 Bibcode 2016Natur 534 200F doi 10 1038 nature17993 hdl 10211 3 198594 PMC 4943878 PMID 27135931 Haak Wolfgang 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Jeong Choongwon Balanovsky Oleg Lukianova Elena Kahbatkyzy Nurzhibek Flegontov Pavel Zaporozhchenko Valery Immel Alexander Wang Chuan Chao Ixan Olzhas Khussainova Elmira Bekmanov Bakhytzhan Zaibert Victor Lavryashina Maria Pocheshkhova Elvira Yusupov Yuldash Agdzhoyan Anastasiya Koshel Sergey Bukin Andrei Nymadawa Pagbajabyn Turdikulova Shahlo Dalimova Dilbar Churnosov Mikhail Skhalyakho Roza Daragan Denis Bogunov Yuri Bogunova Anna Shtrunov Alexandr Dubova Nadezhda Zhabagin Maxat Yepiskoposyan Levon Churakov Vladimir Pislegin Nikolay Damba Larissa Saroyants Ludmila Dibirova Khadizhat Atramentova Lubov Utevska Olga Idrisov Eldar Kamenshchikova Evgeniya Evseeva Irina Metspalu Mait Outram Alan K Robbeets Martine Djansugurova Leyla Balanovska Elena Schiffels Stephan Haak Wolfgang Reich David Krause Johannes 29 April 2019 The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia Nature Ecology amp Evolution 3 6 966 976 doi 10 1038 s41559 019 0878 2 PMC 6542712 PMID 31036896 Jones E Gonzalez Fortes G Connell S Siska V et al 2015 Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians Nature Communications 6 8912 8912 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 8912J doi 10 1038 ncomms9912 PMC 4660371 PMID 26567969 Lazaridis I Nadel D Rollefson G Merrett D et al 2016 Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East Nature 536 7617 419 424 Bibcode 2016Natur 536 419L doi 10 1038 nature19310 PMC 5003663 PMID 27459054 Mathieson Iain November 23 2015 Genome wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians Nature Nature Research 528 7583 499 503 Bibcode 2015Natur 528 499M doi 10 1038 nature16152 PMC 4918750 PMID 26595274 Narasimhan Vagheesh M Patterson N J Moorjani Priya Rohland Nadin et al 2019 The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia Science 365 6457 eaat7487 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 PMC 6822619 PMID 31488661 Wang C Reinhold S Kalmykov A Wissgott A et al 16 May 2018 The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus bioRxiv 10 1101 322347 Further reading EditAnthony David Spring Summer 2019 Archaeology Genetics and Language in the Steppes A Comment on Bomhard Journal of Indo European Studies Retrieved January 9 2020 Anthony David W 2019 Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split In Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas eds Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL pp 21 54 ISBN 978 9004416192 External links EditCaucasus Hunter Gatherer ancestry and Indo Hittite Archived 2019 04 25 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caucasus hunter gatherer amp oldid 1118030153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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