The Kunda culture, which originated from the Swiderian culture, comprised Mesolithichunter-gatherer communities of the Baltic forest zone extending eastwards through Latvia into northern Russia, dating to the period 8500–5000 BC according to calibrated radiocarbon dating. It is named after the Estonian town of Kunda, about 110 kilometres (70 mi) east of Tallinn along the Gulf of Finland, near where the first extensively studied settlement was discovered on Lammasmäe Hill and in the surrounding peat bog.[1] The oldest known settlement of the Kunda culture in Estonia is Pulli. The Kunda culture was succeeded by the Narva culture, who used pottery and showed some traces of food production.
Most Kunda settlements are located near the edge of the forests beside rivers, lakes, or marshes. Elk were extensively hunted, perhaps helped by trained domestic hunting-dogs. On the coast seal hunting is represented. Pike and other fish were taken from the rivers. There is a rich bone and antler industry, especially in relation to fishing gear. Tools were decorated with simple geometric designs, lacking the complexity of the contemporary Maglemosian Culture communities to the southwest.
Origin of cultureedit
The Kunda culture appears to have undergone a transition from the PalaeolithicSwiderian culture located previously over much of the same range. One such transition settlement, Pasieniai 1C in Lithuania, features stone tools of both Late Swiderian and early Kunda. One shape manufactured in both cultures is the retouched tanged point. The final Swiderian is dated 7800–7600 BC by calibrated radiocarbon dating, which is in the Preboreal period, at the end of which time with no gap the early Kunda begins. Evidently the descendants of the Swiderians were the first to settle Estonia when it became habitable. Other post-Swiderian groups extended as far east as the Ural mountains.[2]
Mittnik et al. (2018) analyzed the remains of a male and female ascribed to the Kunda culture. They found the male to be carrying paternal haplogroup I and maternal haplogroup U5b2c1, while the female carried U4a2. They were found to have "a very close affinity" with WHGs, although with "a significant contribution" from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). Their ANE ancestry was lower than that of Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers, indicating that ANE ancestry entered Scandinavia without traversing the Baltic.[4]
Matthieson et al. (2018) analyzed a large number of individuals buried at the Zvejnieki burial ground, most of whom were affiliated with the Kunda culture and the succeeding Narva culture. The mtDNA belonged to haplotypes U5, U4 and U2, the vast majority of the Y-DNA samples belonged to R1b1a1a and I2a1. The results affirmed that the Kunda and Narva cultures were about 70% WHG and 30% EHG. The nearby contemporary Pit–Comb Ware culture was on the contrary found to be about 65% EHG.[5]
Around 3700/3600 BC there was a complete turnover to now y-hg R1a1a1, from 900/800 onward mainly in Estonia with increasing impact of y-hg N-M231 (N1a1).[6]
^Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Solnik, Anu; Reisberg, Tuuli; Parik, Jüri; Saag, Lauri (May 2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East". Current Biology. 29 (10): 1701–1711.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC6544527. PMID 31080083.
Cited sourcesedit
Jones, Eppie R. (February 20, 2017). "The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers". Current Biology. 27 (4). Cell Press: 576–582. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060. PMC5321670. PMID 28162894.
Mathieson, Iain (February 21, 2018). "The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695). Nature Research: 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. PMC6091220. PMID 29466330.
Mittnik, Alisa (January 30, 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". Nature Communications. 16 (1). Nature Research: 442. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..442M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9. PMC5789860. PMID 29382937.
January 01, 1970
kunda, culture, which, originated, from, swiderian, culture, comprised, mesolithic, hunter, gatherer, communities, baltic, forest, zone, extending, eastwards, through, latvia, into, northern, russia, dating, period, 8500, 5000, according, calibrated, radiocarb. The Kunda culture which originated from the Swiderian culture comprised Mesolithic hunter gatherer communities of the Baltic forest zone extending eastwards through Latvia into northern Russia dating to the period 8500 5000 BC according to calibrated radiocarbon dating It is named after the Estonian town of Kunda about 110 kilometres 70 mi east of Tallinn along the Gulf of Finland near where the first extensively studied settlement was discovered on Lammasmae Hill and in the surrounding peat bog 1 The oldest known settlement of the Kunda culture in Estonia is Pulli The Kunda culture was succeeded by the Narva culture who used pottery and showed some traces of food production Kunda cultureGeographical rangeEuropePeriodMesolithic EuropeDatesc 8500 c 5000 BCType siteKunda EstoniaMajor sitesPulli settlementPreceded bySwiderian cultureFollowed byNarva culture Contents 1 Culture 2 Origin of culture 3 Genetics 4 Locations of sites 5 Citations and references 5 1 Cited sourcesCulture edit nbsp Tools of Kunda Culture Most Kunda settlements are located near the edge of the forests beside rivers lakes or marshes Elk were extensively hunted perhaps helped by trained domestic hunting dogs On the coast seal hunting is represented Pike and other fish were taken from the rivers There is a rich bone and antler industry especially in relation to fishing gear Tools were decorated with simple geometric designs lacking the complexity of the contemporary Maglemosian Culture communities to the southwest Origin of culture editThe Kunda culture appears to have undergone a transition from the Palaeolithic Swiderian culture located previously over much of the same range One such transition settlement Pasieniai 1C in Lithuania features stone tools of both Late Swiderian and early Kunda One shape manufactured in both cultures is the retouched tanged point The final Swiderian is dated 7800 7600 BC by calibrated radiocarbon dating which is in the Preboreal period at the end of which time with no gap the early Kunda begins Evidently the descendants of the Swiderians were the first to settle Estonia when it became habitable Other post Swiderian groups extended as far east as the Ural mountains 2 Genetics editJones et al 2017 determined based on one sample 6467 6250 BC from the Kunda culture and another one from the succeeding Narva culture closer genetic affinity with Western Hunter Gatherers WHGs than Eastern Hunter Gatherers EHGs 3 Mittnik et al 2018 analyzed the remains of a male and female ascribed to the Kunda culture They found the male to be carrying paternal haplogroup I and maternal haplogroup U5b2c1 while the female carried U4a2 They were found to have a very close affinity with WHGs although with a significant contribution from Ancient North Eurasians ANE Their ANE ancestry was lower than that of Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers indicating that ANE ancestry entered Scandinavia without traversing the Baltic 4 Matthieson et al 2018 analyzed a large number of individuals buried at the Zvejnieki burial ground most of whom were affiliated with the Kunda culture and the succeeding Narva culture The mtDNA belonged to haplotypes U5 U4 and U2 the vast majority of the Y DNA samples belonged to R1b1a1a and I2a1 The results affirmed that the Kunda and Narva cultures were about 70 WHG and 30 EHG The nearby contemporary Pit Comb Ware culture was on the contrary found to be about 65 EHG 5 Around 3700 3600 BC there was a complete turnover to now y hg R1a1a1 from 900 800 onward mainly in Estonia with increasing impact of y hg N M231 N1a1 6 Locations of sites editKunda Estonia Pulli Estonia Luga Pasieniai Lithuania Ristola Finland Velizh Zvejnieki LatviaCitations and references edit Shaw Ian Jameson Robert eds 1999 A Dictionary of Archaeology Blackwell Publishing p 346 ISBN 0 631 23583 3 Satavicius Egidijus 2005 Swiderian Culture in Lithuania Lietuvos archeologija 29 ISSN 0207 8694 Jones 2017 Mittnik 2018 Mathieson 2018 Saag Lehti Laneman Margot Varul Liivi Malve Martin Valk Heiki Razzak Maria A Shirobokov Ivan G Khartanovich Valeri I Mikhaylova Elena R Kushniarevich Alena Scheib Christiana Lyn Solnik Anu Reisberg Tuuli Parik Juri Saag Lauri May 2019 The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East Current Biology 29 10 1701 1711 e16 doi 10 1016 j cub 2019 04 026 ISSN 0960 9822 PMC 6544527 PMID 31080083 Cited sources edit Jones Eppie R February 20 2017 The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers Current Biology 27 4 Cell Press 576 582 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 12 060 PMC 5321670 PMID 28162894 Mathieson Iain February 21 2018 The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe Nature 555 7695 Nature Research 197 203 Bibcode 2018Natur 555 197M doi 10 1038 nature25778 PMC 6091220 PMID 29466330 Mittnik Alisa January 30 2018 The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region Nature Communications 16 1 Nature Research 442 Bibcode 2018NatCo 9 442M doi 10 1038 s41467 018 02825 9 PMC 5789860 PMID 29382937 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kunda culture amp oldid 1219777823, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
