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Location of Earth

April 06, 2024

Knowledge of the location of Earth has been shaped by 400 years of telescopic observations, and has expanded radically since the start of the 20th century. Initially, Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe, which consisted only of those planets visible with the naked eye and an outlying sphere of fixed stars.[1] After the acceptance of the heliocentric model in the 17th century, observations by William Herschel and others showed that the Sun lay within a vast, disc-shaped galaxy of stars.[2] By the 20th century, observations of spiral nebulae revealed that the Milky Way galaxy was one of billions in an expanding universe,[3][4] grouped into clusters and superclusters. By the end of the 20th century, the overall structure of the visible universe was becoming clearer, with superclusters forming into a vast web of filaments and voids.[5] Superclusters, filaments and voids are the largest coherent structures in the Universe that we can observe.[6] At still larger scales (over 1000 megaparsecs[a]) the Universe becomes homogeneous, meaning that all its parts have on average the same density, composition and structure.[7]

Earth Location
EarthMoonSunVenusMercuryHalley's CometMarsPhobosDeimosAsteroid BeltAsteroid BeltAsteroid BeltCeresVestaPallasHygieaJupiterIoCallistoEuropaGanymedeʻOumuamuaSaturnDioneTitanUranusNeptuneTritonPlutoHaumeaMakemakeErisSalaciaSednaGonggongProxima CentauriAlpha CentauriArcturusPleiadesCapellaProcyonLuhman 16Van Maanen's StarAldebaranCanopusCarina NebulaSiriusVegaTau CetiUY ScutiLalande 21185BetelgeuseAntaresRigelPolluxAcruxOmega NebulaRing NebulaLuyten 726-8GacruxEagle NebulaHorsehead NebulaMilky Way GalaxyPerseus ArmLarge Magellanic CloudSmall Magellanic CloudOmega CentauriTerzan 1Andromeda GalaxyTriangulum GalaxyWLM GalaxyNGC 300The Whale GalaxyCaldwell 5Cetus ABlack Eye GalaxyWhirlpool GalaxyAntennae GalaxiesCaldwell 101Pinwheel GalaxyNGC 1300Sombrero GalaxyCartwheel GalaxyM100Arp 194 GalaxyNGC 7319Barnard's StarWolf 359CastorThe Bird GalaxiesMice GalaxiesNGC 4314Arp 147Cigar GalaxyMayall's ObjectNGC 5256Tadpole GalaxyNGC 2936Hoag's ObjectSculptor GalaxyBubble GalaxyNGC 6745NGC 1614Eyes GalaxiesAtoms for Peace GalaxyButterfly GalaxiesSarah's GalaxyCircinus GalaxyM66Centaurus ABode GalaxySunflower GalaxyVirgo ClusterCaelum SuperclusterCentaurus ClusterASASSN-15lh Brightest SupernovaSaraswati SuperclusterClowes Campusano LQGU1.11 LQGBullet ClusterGiant GRB RingHercules–Corona Borealis Great WallSouthern Local SupervoidCorona Borealis SuperclusterKBC VoidPandora's ClusterHorologium SuperclusterBoötes VoidHuge-LQGGiant VoidShapley SuperclusterBOSS Great WallPavo–Indus SuperclusterHydra ClusterEl Gordo ClusterSculptor WallGN-z11 (most distant known galaxy)Northern Local SupervoidGRB 090423 (most distant known gamma ray burst)Coma WallTonantzintla 618 (most massive known black hole)Leo SuperclusterIcarus (most distant individual star detected)Sloan Great WallULAS_J1342+0928 (most distant known quasar)PolarisHadarDubheAlnairRegulusSpicaRanAlnilamMusicaBellatrixRegorDenebSargasDelta_PavonisAlkaid
EarthMoonSunVenusMercuryHalley's CometMarsPhobosDeimosAsteroid BeltAsteroid BeltAsteroid BeltCeresVestaPallasHygieaJupiterIoCallistoEuropaGanymedeʻOumuamuaSaturnDioneTitanUranusNeptuneTritonPlutoHaumeaMakemakeErisSalaciaSednaGonggongProxima CentauriAlpha CentauriArcturusPleiadesCapellaProcyonLuhman 16Van Maanen's StarAldebaranCanopusCarina NebulaSiriusVegaTau CetiUY ScutiLalande 21185BetelgeuseAntaresRigelPolluxAcruxOmega NebulaRing NebulaLuyten 726-8GacruxEagle NebulaHorsehead NebulaMilky Way GalaxyPerseus ArmLarge Magellanic CloudSmall Magellanic CloudOmega CentauriTerzan 1Andromeda GalaxyTriangulum GalaxyWLM GalaxyNGC 300The Whale GalaxyCaldwell 5Cetus ABlack Eye GalaxyWhirlpool GalaxyAntennae GalaxiesCaldwell 101Pinwheel GalaxyNGC 1300Sombrero GalaxyCartwheel GalaxyM100Arp 194 GalaxyNGC 7319Barnard's StarWolf 359CastorThe Bird GalaxiesMice GalaxiesNGC 4314Arp 147Cigar GalaxyMayall's ObjectNGC 5256Tadpole GalaxyNGC 2936Hoag's ObjectSculptor GalaxyBubble GalaxyNGC 6745NGC 1614Eyes GalaxiesAtoms for Peace GalaxyButterfly GalaxiesSarah's GalaxyCircinus GalaxyM66Centaurus ABode GalaxySunflower GalaxyVirgo ClusterCaelum SuperclusterCentaurus ClusterASASSN-15lh Brightest SupernovaSaraswati SuperclusterClowes Campusano LQGU1.11 LQGBullet ClusterGiant GRB RingHercules–Corona Borealis Great WallSouthern Local SupervoidCorona Borealis SuperclusterKBC VoidPandora's ClusterHorologium SuperclusterBoötes VoidHuge-LQGGiant VoidShapley SuperclusterBOSS Great WallPavo–Indus SuperclusterHydra ClusterEl Gordo ClusterSculptor WallGN-z11 (most distant known galaxy)Northern Local SupervoidGRB 090423 (most distant known gamma ray burst)Coma WallTonantzintla 618 (most massive known black hole)Leo SuperclusterIcarus (most distant individual star detected)Sloan Great WallULAS_J1342+0928 (most distant known quasar)PolarisHadarDubheAlnairRegulusSpicaRanAlnilamMusicaBellatrixRegorDenebSargasDelta_PavonisAlkaidFile:Extended logarithmic universe illustration.png
Logarithmic representation of the universe centered on the Solar System. Celestial bodies on this graphic are clickable and shown with their sizes enlarged.

Since there is believed to be no "center" or "edge" of the Universe, there is no particular reference point with which to plot the overall location of the Earth in the universe.[8] Because the observable universe is defined as that region of the Universe visible to terrestrial observers, Earth is, because of the constancy of the speed of light, the center of Earth's observable universe. Reference can be made to the Earth's position with respect to specific structures, which exist at various scales. It is still undetermined whether the Universe is infinite. There have been numerous hypotheses that the known universe may be only one such example within a higher multiverse; however, no direct evidence of any sort of multiverse has been observed, and some have argued that the hypothesis is not falsifiable.[9][10]

Details edit

Earth is the third planet from the Sun with an approximate distance of 149.6 million kilometres (93.0 million miles), and is traveling nearly 2.1 million kilometres per hour (1.3 million miles per hour) through outer space.[11]

Table edit

Feature Diameter Notes Sources
(most suitable unit) (km, with scientific notation) (km, as a power of 10, Logarithmic scale)
Earth 12,756.2 km
(equatorial) 		1.28×104 4.11 Measurement comprises just the solid part of the Earth; there is no agreed upper boundary for Earth's atmosphere.
The geocorona, a layer of UV-luminescent hydrogen atoms, lies at 100,000 km.
The Kármán line, defined as the boundary of space for astronautics, lies at 100 km.		 [12][13][14][15]
Orbit of the Moon 768,210 km[b] 7.68×105 5.89 The average diameter of the orbit of the Moon relative to the Earth. [16]
Geospace 6,363,000–12,663,000 km
(110–210 Earth radii) 		6.36×106–1.27×107 6.80–7.10 The space dominated by Earth's magnetic field and its magnetotail, shaped by the solar wind. [17]
Earth's orbit 299.2 million km[b]
2 AU[c]		 2.99×108 8.48 The average diameter of the orbit of the Earth relative to the Sun.
Encompasses the Sun, Mercury and Venus.		 [18]
Inner Solar System ~6.54 AU 9.78×108 8.99 Encompasses the Sun, the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and the asteroid belt.
Cited distance is the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter, which marks the outer limit of the asteroid belt.		 [19][20][21]
Outer Solar System 60.14 AU 9.00×109 9.95 Includes the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
Cited distance is the orbital diameter of Neptune.		 [22]
Kuiper belt ~96 AU 1.44×1010 10.16 Belt of icy objects surrounding the outer Solar System. Encompasses the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea and Makemake.
Cited distance is the 2:1 resonance with Neptune, generally regarded as the outer edge of the main Kuiper belt.		 [23]
Heliosphere 160 AU 2.39×1010 10.38 Maximum extent of the solar wind and the interplanetary medium. [24][25]
Scattered disc 195.3 AU 2.92×1010 10.47 Region of sparsely scattered icy objects surrounding the Kuiper belt. Encompasses the dwarf planet Eris.
Cited distance is derived by doubling the aphelion of Eris, the farthest known scattered disc object.
As of now, Eris's aphelion marks the farthest known point in the scattered disc.		 [26]
Oort cloud 100,000–200,000 AU
0.613–1.23 pc[a]		 1.89×1013–3.80×1013 13.28–13.58 Spherical shell of over a trillion (1012) comets. Existence is currently hypothetical, but inferred from the orbits of long-period comets. [27]
Solar System 1.23 pc 3.80×1013 13.58 The Sun and its planetary system. Cited diameter is that of the Sun's Hill sphere; the region of its gravitational influence. [28]
Local Interstellar Cloud 9.2 pc 2.84×1014 14.45 Interstellar cloud of gas through which the Sun and a number of other stars are currently travelling. [29]
Local Bubble 2.82–250 pc 8.70×1013–7.71×1015 13.94–15.89 Cavity in the interstellar medium in which the Sun and a number of other stars are currently travelling.
Caused by a past supernova.		 [30][31]
Gould Belt 1,000 pc 3.09×1016 16.49 Projection effect of the Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures (Gould Belt),[32] between which the Sun is currently travelling. [33]
Orion Arm 3000 pc
(length) 		9.26×1016 16.97 The spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy through which the Sun is currently travelling.
Orbit of the Solar System 17,200 pc 5.31×1017 17.72 The average diameter of the orbit of the Solar System relative to the Galactic Center.
The Sun's orbital radius is roughly 8,600 parsecs, or slightly over half way to the galactic edge.
One orbital period of the Solar System lasts between 225 and 250 million years.		 [34][35]
Milky Way Galaxy 30,000 pc 9.26×1017 17.97 Our home galaxy, composed of 200 billion to 400 billion stars and filled with the interstellar medium. [36][37]
Milky Way subgroup 840,500 pc 2.59×1019 19.41 The Milky Way and those satellite dwarf galaxies gravitationally bound to it.
Examples include the Sagittarius Dwarf, the Ursa Minor Dwarf and the Canis Major Dwarf.
Cited distance is the orbital diameter of the Leo T Dwarf galaxy, the most distant galaxy in the Milky Way subgroup. Currently 59 satellite galaxies are part of the subgroup.		 [38]
Local Group 3 Mpc[a] 9.26×1019 19.97 Group of at least 80 galaxies of which the Milky Way is a part.
Dominated by Andromeda (the largest), the Milky Way and Triangulum; the remainder are dwarf galaxies.		 [39]
Local Sheet 7 Mpc 2.16×1020 20.33 Group of galaxies including the Local Group moving at the same relative velocity towards the Virgo Cluster and away from the Local Void. [40][41]
Virgo Supercluster 30 Mpc 9.26×1020 20.97 The supercluster of which the Local Group is a part.
It comprises roughly 100 galaxy groups and clusters, centred on the Virgo Cluster.
The Local Group is located on the outer edge of the Virgo Supercluster.		 [42][43]
Laniakea Supercluster 160 Mpc 4.94×1021 21.69 A group connected with the superclusters of which the Local Group is a part.
Comprises roughly 300 to 500 galaxy groups and clusters, centred on the Great Attractor in the Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster.		 [44][45][46][47]
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex 330 Mpc 1×1022 21.98 Galaxy filament that includes the Pisces-Cetus Superclusters, Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, Sculptor Supercluster and associated smaller filamentary chains. [48][49]
Observable Universe 28,500 Mpc 8.79×1023 23.94 At least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe, arranged in millions of superclusters, galactic filaments, and voids, creating a foam-like superstructure. [50][51][52][53]
Universe Minimum 28,500 Mpc
(possibly infinite) 		Minimum 8.79×1023 Minimum 23.94 Beyond the observable universe lie the unobservable regions from which no light has yet reached the Earth.
No information is available, as light is the fastest travelling medium of information.
However, uniformitarianism argues that the Universe is likely to contain more galaxies in the same foam-like superstructure.		 [54]

Gallery edit

 
Logarithmic depiction of Earth's location
Location of the Earth in the Universe
 
Earth-Moon System
 
Inner Solar System with Near-Earth objects
 
Solar System and Oort cloud
 
Nearest stars
 
Local Interstellar Cloud and neighbouring interstellar medium
 
Star associations and interstellar medium map of the Local Bubble
 
Molecular clouds around the Sun inside the Orion-Cygnus Arm
 
Orion-Cygnus Arm and neighbouring arms
 
Orion-Cygnus Arm inside the Milky Way
 
The Sun within the structure of the Milky Way
 
Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way in Local Group
 
Virgo SCl in Laniakea SCl
 
Laniakea SCl in Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
 
Observable Universe of the Universe


 EarthMoonInner Solar SystemOuter Solar SystemClosest StarsMilky Way GalaxyLocal GroupLaniakea SuperclusterLocal Supercluster ComplexObservable Universe
 Clickable image of the Location of Earth. Place your mouse cursor over an area in the image to see the related area name; click to link to an article about the area.


 
A logarithmic map of the observable universe. From left to right, spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth.
 
A logarithmic map of the observable universe. From left to right, spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth.
 
A logarithmic map of the observable universe. From left to right, spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth.
 
A logarithmic map of the observable universe. From left to right, spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth.
 
Stereoscopic view of the universe (805 x 416) for cross-eyed viewing

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c A parsec (pc) is the distance at which a star's parallax as viewed from Earth is equal to one second of arc, equal to roughly 206,000 AU or 3.0857×1013 km. One megaparsec (Mpc) is equivalent to one million parsecs.
  2. ^ a b Semi-major and semi-minor axes.
  3. ^ 1 AU or astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth and the Sun, or 150 million km. Earth's orbital diameter is twice its orbital radius, or 2 AU.

References edit

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April 06, 2024
location, earth, knowledge, location, earth, been, shaped, years, telescopic, observations, expanded, radically, since, start, 20th, century, initially, earth, believed, center, universe, which, consisted, only, those, planets, visible, with, naked, outlying, . Knowledge of the location of Earth has been shaped by 400 years of telescopic observations and has expanded radically since the start of the 20th century Initially Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe which consisted only of those planets visible with the naked eye and an outlying sphere of fixed stars 1 After the acceptance of the heliocentric model in the 17th century observations by William Herschel and others showed that the Sun lay within a vast disc shaped galaxy of stars 2 By the 20th century observations of spiral nebulae revealed that the Milky Way galaxy was one of billions in an expanding universe 3 4 grouped into clusters and superclusters By the end of the 20th century the overall structure of the visible universe was becoming clearer with superclusters forming into a vast web of filaments and voids 5 Superclusters filaments and voids are the largest coherent structures in the Universe that we can observe 6 At still larger scales over 1000 megaparsecs a the Universe becomes homogeneous meaning that all its parts have on average the same density composition and structure 7 Earth LocationWithout annotationWith annotationOlder version non clickable Older version non clickable with legendLogarithmic representation of the universe centered on the Solar System Celestial bodies on this graphic are clickable and shown with their sizes enlarged vteSince there is believed to be no center or edge of the Universe there is no particular reference point with which to plot the overall location of the Earth in the universe 8 Because the observable universe is defined as that region of the Universe visible to terrestrial observers Earth is because of the constancy of the speed of light the center of Earth s observable universe Reference can be made to the Earth s position with respect to specific structures which exist at various scales It is still undetermined whether the Universe is infinite There have been numerous hypotheses that the known universe may be only one such example within a higher multiverse however no direct evidence of any sort of multiverse has been observed and some have argued that the hypothesis is not falsifiable 9 10 Contents 1 Details 2 Table 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesDetails editEarth is the third planet from the Sun with an approximate distance of 149 6 million kilometres 93 0 million miles and is traveling nearly 2 1 million kilometres per hour 1 3 million miles per hour through outer space 11 Table editFeature Diameter Notes Sources most suitable unit km with scientific notation km as a power of 10 Logarithmic scale Earth 12 756 2 km equatorial 1 28 104 4 11 Measurement comprises just the solid part of the Earth there is no agreed upper boundary for Earth s atmosphere The geocorona a layer of UV luminescent hydrogen atoms lies at 100 000 km The Karman line defined as the boundary of space for astronautics lies at 100 km 12 13 14 15 Orbit of the Moon 768 210 km b 7 68 105 5 89 The average diameter of the orbit of the Moon relative to the Earth 16 Geospace 6 363 000 12 663 000 km 110 210 Earth radii 6 36 106 1 27 107 6 80 7 10 The space dominated by Earth s magnetic field and its magnetotail shaped by the solar wind 17 Earth s orbit 299 2 million km b 2 AU c 2 99 108 8 48 The average diameter of the orbit of the Earth relative to the Sun Encompasses the Sun Mercury and Venus 18 Inner Solar System 6 54 AU 9 78 108 8 99 Encompasses the Sun the inner planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars and the asteroid belt Cited distance is the 2 1 resonance with Jupiter which marks the outer limit of the asteroid belt 19 20 21 Outer Solar System 60 14 AU 9 00 109 9 95 Includes the outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Cited distance is the orbital diameter of Neptune 22 Kuiper belt 96 AU 1 44 1010 10 16 Belt of icy objects surrounding the outer Solar System Encompasses the dwarf planets Pluto Haumea and Makemake Cited distance is the 2 1 resonance with Neptune generally regarded as the outer edge of the main Kuiper belt 23 Heliosphere 160 AU 2 39 1010 10 38 Maximum extent of the solar wind and the interplanetary medium 24 25 Scattered disc 195 3 AU 2 92 1010 10 47 Region of sparsely scattered icy objects surrounding the Kuiper belt Encompasses the dwarf planet Eris Cited distance is derived by doubling the aphelion of Eris the farthest known scattered disc object As of now Eris s aphelion marks the farthest known point in the scattered disc 26 Oort cloud 100 000 200 000 AU 0 613 1 23 pc a 1 89 1013 3 80 1013 13 28 13 58 Spherical shell of over a trillion 1012 comets Existence is currently hypothetical but inferred from the orbits of long period comets 27 Solar System 1 23 pc 3 80 1013 13 58 The Sun and its planetary system Cited diameter is that of the Sun s Hill sphere the region of its gravitational influence 28 Local Interstellar Cloud 9 2 pc 2 84 1014 14 45 Interstellar cloud of gas through which the Sun and a number of other stars are currently travelling 29 Local Bubble 2 82 250 pc 8 70 1013 7 71 1015 13 94 15 89 Cavity in the interstellar medium in which the Sun and a number of other stars are currently travelling Caused by a past supernova 30 31 Gould Belt 1 000 pc 3 09 1016 16 49 Projection effect of the Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures Gould Belt 32 between which the Sun is currently travelling 33 Orion Arm 3000 pc length 9 26 1016 16 97 The spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy through which the Sun is currently travelling Orbit of the Solar System 17 200 pc 5 31 1017 17 72 The average diameter of the orbit of the Solar System relative to the Galactic Center The Sun s orbital radius is roughly 8 600 parsecs or slightly over half way to the galactic edge One orbital period of the Solar System lasts between 225 and 250 million years 34 35 Milky Way Galaxy 30 000 pc 9 26 1017 17 97 Our home galaxy composed of 200 billion to 400 billion stars and filled with the interstellar medium 36 37 Milky Way subgroup 840 500 pc 2 59 1019 19 41 The Milky Way and those satellite dwarf galaxies gravitationally bound to it Examples include the Sagittarius Dwarf the Ursa Minor Dwarf and the Canis Major Dwarf Cited distance is the orbital diameter of the Leo T Dwarf galaxy the most distant galaxy in the Milky Way subgroup Currently 59 satellite galaxies are part of the subgroup 38 Local Group 3 Mpc a 9 26 1019 19 97 Group of at least 80 galaxies of which the Milky Way is a part Dominated by Andromeda the largest the Milky Way and Triangulum the remainder are dwarf galaxies 39 Local Sheet 7 Mpc 2 16 1020 20 33 Group of galaxies including the Local Group moving at the same relative velocity towards the Virgo Cluster and away from the Local Void 40 41 Virgo Supercluster 30 Mpc 9 26 1020 20 97 The supercluster of which the Local Group is a part It comprises roughly 100 galaxy groups and clusters centred on the Virgo Cluster The Local Group is located on the outer edge of the Virgo Supercluster 42 43 Laniakea Supercluster 160 Mpc 4 94 1021 21 69 A group connected with the superclusters of which the Local Group is a part Comprises roughly 300 to 500 galaxy groups and clusters centred on the Great Attractor in the Hydra Centaurus Supercluster 44 45 46 47 Pisces Cetus Supercluster Complex 330 Mpc 1 1022 21 98 Galaxy filament that includes the Pisces Cetus Superclusters Perseus Pisces Supercluster Sculptor Supercluster and associated smaller filamentary chains 48 49 Observable Universe 28 500 Mpc 8 79 1023 23 94 At least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe arranged in millions of superclusters galactic filaments and voids creating a foam like superstructure 50 51 52 53 Universe Minimum 28 500 Mpc possibly infinite Minimum 8 79 1023 Minimum 23 94 Beyond the observable universe lie the unobservable regions from which no light has yet reached the Earth No information is available as light is the fastest travelling medium of information However uniformitarianism argues that the Universe is likely to contain more galaxies in the same foam like superstructure 54 Gallery edit nbsp Logarithmic depiction of Earth s location Location of the Earth in the Universe nbsp Earth Moon System nbsp Inner Solar System with Near Earth objects nbsp Solar System and Oort cloud nbsp Nearest stars nbsp Local Interstellar Cloud and neighbouring interstellar medium nbsp Star associations and interstellar medium map of the Local Bubble nbsp Molecular clouds around the Sun inside the Orion Cygnus Arm nbsp Orion Cygnus Arm and neighbouring arms nbsp Orion Cygnus Arm inside the Milky Way nbsp The Sun within the structure of the Milky Way nbsp Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way in Local Group nbsp Virgo SCl in Laniakea SCl nbsp Laniakea SCl in Pisces Cetus Supercluster Complex nbsp Observable Universe of the Universe nbsp nbsp Clickable image of the Location of Earth Place your mouse cursor over an area in the image to see the related area name click to link to an article about the area view discuss nbsp A logarithmic map of the observable universe From left to right spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth With annotation nbsp A logarithmic map of the observable universe From left to right spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth Without annotation nbsp A logarithmic map of the observable universe From left to right spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth Compact version with annotation nbsp A logarithmic map of the observable universe From left to right spacecraft and celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth Compact version without annotation nbsp Stereoscopic view of the universe 805 x 416 for cross eyed viewingSee also editCosmic View Cosmic Zoom Galaxy Song History of the center of the Universe Orders of magnitude length Pale Blue Dot Powers of Ten film List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs Solar System Galactic contextNotes edit a b c A parsec pc is the distance at which a star s parallax as viewed from Earth is equal to one second of arc equal to roughly 206 000 AU or 3 0857 1013 km One megaparsec Mpc is equivalent to one million parsecs a b Semi major and semi minor axes 1 AU or astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth and the Sun or 150 million km Earth s orbital diameter is twice its orbital radius or 2 AU References edit Kuhn Thomas S 1957 The Copernican Revolution Harvard University Press pp 5 20 ISBN 978 0 674 17103 9 1781 William Herschel Reveals the Shape of our Galaxy Carnegie Institution for Science Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 19 March 2014 The Spiral Nebulae and the Great Debate Eberly College of Science Retrieved 22 April 2015 1929 Edwin Hubble Discovers the Universe is Expanding Carnegie Institution for Science Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 Retrieved 22 April 2015 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra Map the Universe Carnegie Institution for Science Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 Retrieved 22 April 2015 Villanueva John Carl 2009 Structure of the Universe Universe Today Retrieved 22 April 2015 Kirshner Robert P 2002 The Extravagant Universe Exploding Stars Dark Energy and the Accelerating Cosmos Princeton University Press p 71 ISBN 978 0 691 05862 7 Mainzer Klaus Eisinger J 2002 The Little Book of Time Springer p 55 ISBN 978 0 387 95288 8 Moskowitz Clara 2012 5 Reasons We May Live in a Multiverse space com Retrieved 29 April 2015 Kragh H 2009 Contemporary History of Cosmology and the Controversy over the Multiverse Annals of Science 66 4 529 551 doi 10 1080 00033790903047725 S2CID 144773289 Fraknoi Andrew 2007 How Fast Are You Moving When You Are Sitting Still PDF NASA Retrieved 29 July 2019 NOTE Estimated velocity of the Earth traveling through outer space may be between 1 3 3 1 million kilometres per hour 0 8 1 9 million miles per hour see discussion at Wikipedia Reference desk Archives 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