Doping at the Olympic Games
This article is about the history of competitors at the Olympic Games using banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs.
History
The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men.[1] Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of giving them an athletic edge on their competition.[2] If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium.[1] In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.[3]
During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to improve their athletic abilities by boosting testosterone. As their methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race.[4] Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes.[5] By the mid-1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.[6]
The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use,[7] "two beers" to steady his nerves.[8] Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.
The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games.[9] Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals – losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.[10][11]
The report, titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today", details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.[12] Doping of West German athletes was prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972, and at the 1976 Montreal Olympics.[13]
According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".[14] On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."[14][15]
Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.[16] The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.[16]
China conducted a state sanctioned doping programme on athletes in the 1980s and 1990s.[17] In a July 2012 interview published by the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper, Chen Zhangho, the lead doctor for the Chinese Olympic team at the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics told of how he had tested hormones, blood doping and steroids on about fifty elite athletes.[18] Chen also accused the United States, the Soviet Union and France of using performance-enhancing drugs at the same time as China.[18]
A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who had tested positive for stimulants at the U.S. Olympic Trials. The highest level of stimulant Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as a negative test. The acceptable level was later raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances.[19][20] According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance."[19] The IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC followed the correct procedures in dealing with positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration.
Response
In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.[21] During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.[22][23]
Prohibited drugs
Summer Olympic Games
What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances.[24] Mandatory testing began at the following year's Games.[24] In a few cases the IOC has reversed earlier rulings that stripped athletes of medals.
1968 Mexico City
| Name | Country | Sport | Banned substance | Medals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall | Sweden | Modern pentathlon | Ethanol | (team) |
1972 Munich
As a 16-year-old, Rick DeMont qualified to represent the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He originally won the gold medal in the men's 400-meter freestyle, but following the race, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) disqualified DeMont [25] after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was barred from any other events at the Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder.
Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee.[26] The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) has recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001,[27] but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has, as of 2019, refused to do so.[27]
| Name | Country | Sport | Anti-doping rule violation | Medals | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakaava Buidaa | Mongolia | Judo | Dianabol | (63 kg) | [28] |
| Miguel Coll | Puerto Rico | Basketball | Amphetamine | [28][29] | |
| Rick DeMont | United States | Swimming | Ephedrine | (men's 400 m freestyle) | [28] |
| Aad van den Hoek | Netherlands | Cycling | Coramine | (100 km team race) | [28] |
| Jaime Huélamo | Spain | Cycling | Coramine | (individual road race) | [28] |
| Walter Legel | Austria | Weightlifting | Amphetamine | [28] | |
| Mohammad Reza Nasehi | Iran | Weightlifting | Ephedrine | [28] |
1976 Montreal
Leibel was disqualified from the race that took place on the day that he provided the positive sample but was allowed to continue in the event.[31]
1980 Moscow
Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".[14] A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner ... who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[32][33]
A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official.[32] The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[34] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[35]
1984 Los Angeles
The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen.[32] A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records.[32] Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.[32]
The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.[36] Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics.[36] "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985 (at the time of the Olympics it was not banned), though no test existed for it at the time.[36]
1988 Seoul
| Name | Country | Sport | Banned substance | Medals | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali Dad | Afghanistan | Wrestling | Furosemide | ||
| Kerrith Brown | Great Britain | Judo | Furosemide | (71 kg) | [37] |
| Kalman Csengeri | Hungary | Weightlifting | Stanozolol | ||
| Mitko Grablev | Bulgaria | Weightlifting | Furosemide | (56 kg) | |
| Angell Guenchev | Bulgaria | Weightlifting | Furosemide | (67.5 kg) | |
| Ben Johnson | Canada | Athletics | Stanozolol | (men's 100 m) | [30] |
| Fernando Mariaca | Spain | Weightlifting | Pemoline | ||
| Jorge Quesada | Spain | Modern pentathlon | Propanolol | ||
| Andor Szanyi | Hungary | Weightlifting | Stanozolol | (100 kg) | |
| Alexander Watson | Australia | Modern Pentathlon | Caffeine |
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
| Name | Country | Sport | Banned substance | Medals | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antonella Bevilacqua | Italy | Athletics | Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine | [30][42] | |
| Dean Capobianco | Australia | Athletics | Stanozolol | [30][42] | |
| Sandra Farmer-Patrick | United States | Athletics | Testosterone | [30][43] | |
| Daniel Plaza | Spain | Athletics | Nandrolone | [30][44][45] | |
| Iva Prandzheva | Bulgaria | Athletics | Metadienone | [30][46] | |
| Mary Slaney | United States | Athletics | Testosterone | [30][47] | |
| Natalya Shekhodanova | Russia | Athletics | Stanozolol | [30][46][48] |
Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantan and were disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport: swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games by the IOC for their role in the scandal.[49][50][51][46] The athletes and officials were reprimanded.[52][53][54][55][56]
The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine,[46][57][58] and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.[46]
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games.[72] A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.[72]
Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. Further positive tests were found in 2016, as samples had been sealed and stored for eight years. The quality of the original testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July 2008.[73] The initial rate of positive findings was lower than at Athens in 2004, but the prevalence of doping had not necessarily decreased; the technology for creating and concealing drugs had become more sophisticated, and a number of drugs could not be detected.[72][73][74]
In August 2015, the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an in-competition test of Elvan Abeylegesse at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that she had been temporarily suspended.[75] On 29 March 2017, the IAAF confirmed the positive test, announced retroactive disqualifications and voided all of her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009, including the 2008 Summer Olympics.[76] As a result, she was stripped of two silver medals she had won in the women's 5,000 and 10,000 meter races.
In May 2016, following the Russian doping scandal, the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs, of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes, 11 of them track and field athletes, including 2012 Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova. Authorities have sent the B-samples for confirmation testing. Those confirmed as having taken doping agents stand to lose records and medals from the 2008 games to 2016 under IOC and WADA rules.[77]
On 18 June 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following seven weightlifters had returned positive results: Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia), Intigam Zairov (Azerbaijan), Alexandru Dudoglo (Moldova), gold medalist Ilya Ilyin (Kazakhstan), bronze medalist Nadezda Evstyukhina and silver medalist Marina Shainova (both from Russia), and Nurcan Taylan (Turkey). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes. Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions.[78] In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the gold medal.[79]
On 22 July 2016, Sibel Özkan (TUR) was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal.[80] Medals have not been reallocated as yet.
On 28 July 2016, it was announced that retests of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance-enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus, who won a gold medal in the women's hammer throw.[81][82] There have been no decisions about stripping and reallocation of medals as yet.
On 16 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances.[83] The IAAF was requested to modify the results accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence.[84]
On 19 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping.[85] Russian teammates were stripped of their silver Olympic medals, as Anastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for the same two prohibited substances as Chermoshanskaya.[86]
On 24 August 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following athletes had returned positive results: Nizami Pashayev (Azerbaijan), Iryna Kulesha, Nastassia Novikava, Andrei Rybakou (all from Belarus), Cao Lei, Chen Xiexia, Liu Chunhong (all from China), Mariya Grabovetskaya, Maya Maneza, Irina Nekrassova, Vladimir Sedov (all from Kazakhstan), Khadzhimurat Akkaev, Dmitry Lapikov (both from Russia), and Natalya Davydova and Olha Korobka (both from Ukraine). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes, who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti-doping rule violations until their cases are closed.[87]
On 29 August 2016, some non-official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the 2008 Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling 120 kg event due to a positive test for doping.[88]
On 31 August 2016, the IOC disqualified six sportspeople for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games. They included three Russian medalists: weightlifters Nadezhda Evstyukhina (bronze medal in the women's 75 kg event), Marina Shainova (silver medal in the women's 58 kg event), and Tatyana Firova, who finished second with teammates in the 4 × 400 m relay. Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia (men's 69 kg event) and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo (9th place) of Moldova and Intigam Zairov (9th place) of Azerbaijan were also disqualified.[89]
On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios, who won a silver medal in the women's discus, was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis, who finished 16th in the 100 meters, was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol.[90]
On 13 September 2016, four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver medalist Mariya Abakumova in the women's javelin throw and Denis Alekseyev, who was part of the bronze medal team in the men's 4 × 400 m relay. Inga Abitova, who finished 6th in the 10,000 meters, and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified. [91]
On 23 September 2016, some non-official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the 2008 Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping.[92]
On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Anna Chicherova of the Russian Federation for testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. She won a bronze medal in the women's high jump. Russia would likely keep the bronze medal, as the fourth-place athlete in the competition was also from Russia.[93] Through 6 October 2016, the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 25 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, all but three of whom tested positive for anabolic agents (three Chinese weightlifters were positive for growth hormones).[94]
On 26 October 2016, the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 Games. Among them were six medal winners: weightlifters Andrei Rybakou and Nastassia Novikava, both from Belarus, and Olha Korobka of Ukraine; women's steeplechase bronze medalist Ekaterina Volkova of Russia; and freestyle wrestlers Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan and Taimuraz Tigiyev of Kazakhstan. The others were men's 62 kg weightlifter Sardar Hasanov of Azerbaijan, long jumper Wilfredo Martinez of Cuba, and 100m-hurdler Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia of Spain.[95]
On 17 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 10 medal winners: weightlifters Khadzhimurat Akkaev and Dmitry Lapikov and wrestler Khasan Baroev from the Russian Federation, weightlifters Mariya Grabovetskaya, Irina Nekrassova and wrestler Asset Mambetov from Kazakhstan, weightlifter Nataliya Davydova and pole vaulter Denys Yurchenko from Ukraine, long/triple jumper Hrysopiyí Devetzí of Greece and wrestler Vitaliy Rahimov of Azerbaijan. The others were women's 75 kg weightlifter Iryna Kulesha of Belarus, women's +63 kg weightlifter Maya Maneza of Kazakhstan, women's high jumper Vita Palamar of Ukraine, men's 94 kg weightlifter Nizami Pashayev of Azerbaijan, men's 85 kg weightlifter Vladimir Sedov of Kazakhstan, and women's high jumper Elena Slesarenko of the Russian Federation.[96]
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 5 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 3 medal winners: gold-medalists 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan and hammer thrower Aksana Miankova of Belarus and silver-medalist shot putter Natallia Mikhnevich of Belarus. The others were shot putter Pavel Lyzhyn and 800m runner Sviatlana Usovich, both of Belarus.[97]
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified five more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2008 Games. These included three Chinese women's weightlifting gold medalists: Lei Cao (75 kg), Xiexia Chen (48 kg) and Chunhong Liu (69 kg). Two women athletes from Belarus were disqualified: bronze medalist shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk and hammer thrower Darya Pchelnik, who did not medal.[98]
On 25 January 2017, the IOC stripped Jamaica of the athletics gold medal in the men's 4 × 100 m relay due to Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine.[99][100][101] The IOC also stripped Russian jumper Tatyana Lebedeva of two silver medals in women's triple jump and long jump due to use of turinabol.[99]
On 1 March 2017, the IOC disqualified Victoria Tereshchuk of Ukraine due to use of turinabol and stripped her of the bronze medal in modern pentathlon.[102]
By April 2017, the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most (50) Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 14 medals stripped.
Disqualified
Did not start
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
| Name | Country | Sport | Banned substance | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marta Bastianelli | Italy | Cycling | Fenfluramine | Testing at the U-23 world championships[119] |
| Fani Halkia | Greece | Athletics | Methyltrienolone | Pre-Games testing in Japan[120][121][122] |
| Maria Isabel Moreno | Spain | Cycling | Erythropoietin | Pre-Games testing in Olympic village, Beijing[123] |
| Tatyana Tomashova | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Yelena Soboleva | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Svetlana Cherkasova | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Yuliya Fomenko | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Darya Pishchalnikova | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Gulfiya Khanafeyeva | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] | |
| Olga Yegorova | Russia | Athletics | IAAF out-of-competition tests in May and August 2007 [124] |
2012 London
It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games at GlaxoSmithKline's New Frontiers Science Park site in Harlow, Essex.[125] All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.[125]
The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to 19 June.[126] The "In-competition" period began on 16 July. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.[127]
British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough[128] competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[125]
Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the 2012 Olympics and was awarded a silver medal. However, she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May 2012. In December 2012, she sent an email to WADA containing details on an alleged state-run doping program in Russia. According to The New York Times, the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials.[129] In April 2013 Pishchalnikova was banned by the Russian Athletics Federation for ten years, and her results from May 2012 were annulled, meaning she was set on track to lose her Olympic medal.[130] Her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation.
Gold medalists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race,[131] Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw.[132][133] Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt,[134] and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.[135]
Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer.[136] Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.[137]
Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó.[138][139][140] At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games.[141] Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a retest of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive.[142] Amine Laâlou,[143] Marina Marghieva,[144] Diego Palomeque,[145] and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.[146]
Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample.[147] Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone.[148] Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.[149]
A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.[150][151]
On 15 June 2016, it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. They include Kazakhstan's Ilya Ilyin (94 kg), Zulfiya Chinshanlo (53 kg), Maiya Maneza (63 kg) and Svetlana Podobedova (75 kg). If confirmed, Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the 2012 medal standings. Six other lifters who competed at the 2012 Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed. Among them are Russia's Apti Aukhadov (silver at 85 kg), Ukraine's Yuliya Kalina (bronze at 58 kg), Belarusian Maryna Shkermankova (bronze at 69 kg), Azerbaijan's Boyanka Kostova and Belarus duo Dzina Sazanavets and Yauheni Zharnasek.[152] On 27 July 2016, IWF has reported in the second wave of re-sampling that three silver medalists from Russia, namely Natalya Zabolotnaya (at 75 kg), Aleksandr Ivanov (at 94 kg) and Svetlana Tsarukaeva (at 63 kg), together with bronze medalists Armenian Hripsime Khurshudyan (at 75+ kg), Belarusian Iryna Kulesha (at 75 kg) and Moldovan Cristina Iovu (at 53 kg) have tested positive for steroid dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.[153] Aukhadov was stripped of his silver medal by the IOC on 18 October 2016.[154] On 27 October 2016 Maiya Maneza was stripped of her gold medal.[155] In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the London gold medal.[79]
On 13 July 2016, the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine had been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).[156] The positions were adjusted accordingly.[157]
On 9 August 2016, the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).[158] Redistribution of medals has not yet been announced, but the likely case is the silver and bronze medals will be given to Finland and Czech Republic instead.[159]
On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol) and ipamorelin.[160] Medals are not reallocated yet.
On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone).[88] Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward.[161]
On 13 September 2016, the IWF reported that the men's 94 kg weightlifting bronze medalist, Moldova's Anatolie Cîrîcu, had tested positive for the dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.[162]
On 6 October 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2012 Olympic Games, a sample of Norayr Vardanyan, who represented Armenia, had returned a positive result. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan, who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed.[163] On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified Vardanyan. Through 6 October 2016, the IOC had reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2012 London Olympic Games, all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents.[94]
On 11 October 2016, Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw, in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance. The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly. The silver medalist Anita Włodarczyk of Poland would likely take the gold medal in her place.[164]
On 18 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal.[165] The IOC requested the IWF to modify the results of this event accordingly; it has not yet published modified results.[157]
On 18 October 2016, the IOC reported that Maksym Mazuryk of Ukraine, who competed in the Men's Pole Vault event, was disqualified from the 2012 London Games, in which he ranked 18th. Re-analysis of Mazuryk's samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.
On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included four medal winners in weightlifting: Zulfiya Chinshanlo, Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova, all from Kazakhstan, and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus. The others were hammer thrower Kirill Ikonnikov of Russia, women's 69 kg weightlifter Dzina Sazanavets of Belarus, pole vaulter Dmitry Starodubtsev of Russia, and men's +105 kg weightlifter Yauheni Zharnasek of Belarus.[155]
On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting, including Alexandr Ivanov (Russia), Anatoli Ciricu (Moldova), Cristina Iovu (Moldova), Natalya Zabolotnaya (Russia), Iryna Kulesha (Belarus), and Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia).[166] Moldova has lost all its 2012 London medals. The others were hammer thrower Oleksandr Drygol and long jumper Margaryta Tverdokhlib, both of Ukraine, 85 kg weightlifter Rauli Tsirekidze of Georgia, 94 kg weightlifter Almas Uteshov of Kazakhstan, 94 kg weightlifter Andrey Demanov of Russia and 3000m steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova of Russia, who had previously been sanctioned in March 2016 by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 4 more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. They were gold medalist 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan, hammer thrower Aksana Miankova and long jumper Nastassia Mironchyk-Ivanova, both of Belarus, and 58 kg weightlifter Boyanka Kostova of Azerbaijan.[97]
On 29 November 2016 the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all results achieved by 2012 Olympic heptathlon bronze medalist Tatyana Chernova of Russia between 15 August 2011 and 22 July 2013 are annulled. It also annulled all of Yekaterina Sharmina's results between 17 June 2011 and 5 August 2015, including her 33rd-place finish in the 2012 women's 1500m.[167] CAS ruled that they "have been found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation ... of the International Athletic Association Federation (IAAF) Competition Rules after analysis of their Athlete Biological Passports (ABP) showed evidence of blood doping."[168]
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified three weightlifters for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. Two competed in men's 94 kg weightlifting: Intigam Zairov of Azerbaijan and Norayr Vardanyan of Armenia. Women's 63 kg weightlifter Sibel Simsek of Turkey was disqualified. None was a medalist at these games.[98]
On 1 February 2017, the IOC disqualified three athletes due to failed doping tests, all of whom tested positive for turinabol. Russian women's discus thrower Vera Ganeeva, who finished 23rd, Turkish boxer Adem Kilicci, who ranked 5th in men's 69–75 kg boxing, and Russian 400m runner Antonina Krivoshapka, who finished 6th, were disqualified. Krivoshapka also was part of the Russian silver medal-winning women's 4 × 400 m relay team, which was stripped of the silver medals.[169]
In December 2014, a documentary aired on German TV in which 800m gold medalist Mariya Savinova allegedly admitted to using banned substances on camera.[170] In November 2015, Savinova was one of five Russian runners the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended to receive a lifetime ban for doping during the London Olympics, along with 800m bronze medalist Ekaterina Poistogova. On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four-year ban that effectively stripped Savinova of her Olympic gold and other medals.[171] On 7 April 2017, CAS refused to decide on disqualification from 2012, and disqualify Ekaterina Poistogova from 2015.[172] Thus, Ekaterina Poistogova retained her Olympic 2012 medal at women's 800 metres athletic event.
As of December 2022, the 2012 Summer Olympics has seen a record 40 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 17 medals stripped.
On 21 March 2022, the Athletics Integrity Unit of World Athletics issued a two-year ban for Russian racewalker Elena Lashmanova, starting from 9 March 2021, and also disqualified her results from 18 February 2012, to 3 January 2014, thus stripping her gold medal.
Disqualified
| Name | Country | Sport | Banned substance | Medals | Details of test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hussain Al-Hamdah | Saudi Arabia | Athletics 5000 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 26 March 2009 onwards.[30][173] | |
| Gamze Bulut | Turkey | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed in 2017[174] | |
| Mariya Savinova | Russia | Athletics 800 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | CAS confirmed all results annulled from July 2010 to August 2013[175] | |
| Ghfran Almouhamad | Syria | Athletics 400 metres hurdles | Methylhexaneamine | IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics[30][176] | |
| Elena Arzhakova | Russia | Athletics 800 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 12 July 2011 onwards.[30][177][178] | |
| Sergey Bakulin | Russia | Athletics 50 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 24 December 2012.[179][180] | |
| Andrey Krivov | Russia | Athletics 20 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2017 w/ results annulled from 20 May 2011 to 6 July 2013[181] | |
| Valeriy Borchin | Russia | Athletics 20 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 14 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[179][180] | |
| Abderrahime Bouramdane | Morocco | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 14 April 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Yolanda Caballero | Colombia | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 24 October 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Aslı Çakır-Alptekin | Turkey | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 29 July 2010 onwards.[183][184] | |
| Yekaterina Sharmina | Russia | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/ results annulled from 17 June 2011 to 5 August 2015[185] | |
| Nicholas Delpopolo | United States | Judo 73 kg | Cannabis | IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[186] | |
| Bahar Doğan | Turkey | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Marta Domínguez | Spain | Athletics Steeplechase | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 5 August 2009 onwards.[179][187] | |
| Hamza Driouch | Qatar | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 2 August 2012 onwards.[30][188][189] | |
| Tyson Gay | United States | Athletics 100 metres 4 × 100 meters | Anabolic androgenic steroids | (4 × 100 meters) | USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic steroids in 2013; admittance.[30][190][191][192] |
| Yelizaveta Grechishnikova | Russia | Athletics 10,000 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 18 August 2009 onwards.[30][178][193] | |
| Semoy Hackett | Trinidad and Tobago | Athletics 100 metres 200 metres 4 × 100 metres relay | Methylhexaneamine | Positive from Division I Outdoor Track & Field Championships in June 2012[30][194][195] | |
| Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko | Ukraine | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 26 August 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Hassan Hirt | France | Athletics 5000 metres | EPO | IOC pre-Games testing.[30][196] | |
| Vladimir Kanaikin | Russia | Athletics 20 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 17 December 2012.[179][180] | |
| Olga Kaniskina | Russia | Athletics 20 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 15 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[179][180] | |
| Natallia Kareiva | Belarus | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 28 July 2010 onwards.[30][178][197][198] | |
| Ümmü Kiraz | Turkey | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Sergey Kirdyapkin | Russia | Athletics 50 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 20 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[179][180] | |
| Blaža Klemenčič | Slovenia | Cycling MTB | EPO | UCI reanalysis of sample from 27 March 2012 in 2015. All results annulled from 27 March 2012 until 31 December 2012.[199] | |
| Yekaterina Kostetskaya | Russia | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 30 August 2011 onwards.[30][200][201] | |
| Zalina Marghieva | Moldova | Athletics Hammer throw | 2009 WCh retest: Stanozolol, Oral Turinabol | IAAF retesting of samples from 2009 IAAF World Championships[30][202] | |
| Karin Melis Mey | Turkey | Athletics Long jump | Testosterone | Positive from the 2012 European Athletics Championships in June.[30][202] Provisionally suspended after the qualifying round at the Games. | |
| Andrei Mikhnevich | Belarus | Athletics Shot put | 2005 WCh retest: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone | IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[30][105] | |
| Anna Mishchenko | Ukraine | Athletics 1500 m | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Andriy Semenov | Ukraine | Athletics Shot put | Re-analysis of sample taken in 2011 | AIU sanction imposed 2019[203] | |
| Semiha Mutlu | Turkey | Athletics 20 km race walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 20 August 2011 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Nadzeya Ostapchuk | Belarus | Athletics Shot put | Methenolone | IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics (two separate positive samples).[30][204] | |
| Darya Pishchalnikova | Russia | Athletics Discus throw | Oxandrolone | Random out of competition test in May 2012. All her results (Including those at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since May 2012 were annulled by the IAAF in April 2013.[30][205] | |
| Hysen Pulaku | Albania | Weightlifting 77 kg | Stanozolol | IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[206] | |
| Meliz Redif | Turkey | Athletics 4 x 400 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 26 June 2012 onwards.[179][182] | |
| Pınar Saka | Turkey | Athletics 400 metres 4 x 400 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 18 June 2010 onwards.[30][178][207] | |
| Mohammed Shaween | Saudi Arabia | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 12 June 2011 onwards.[30][200][201] | |
| Anzhelika Shevchenko | Ukraine | Athletics 1500 metres | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 2 July 2011 onwards.[30][178] | |
| Liliya Shobukhova | Russia | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 9 October 2009 onwards.[208][209] | |
| Svitlana Shmidt | Ukraine | Athletics Steeplechase | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 8 March 2012 onwards.[30][210][211][212] | |
| Soslan Tigiev | Uzbekistan | Wrestling Freestyle 74 kg | Methylhexaneamine | IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[213] | |
| Binnaz Uslu | Turkey | Athletics Steplechase | 2011 WCh retest: Stanozolol | IAAF retest of sample from 2011 World Championships[30][202][214] | |
| Wang Jiali | China | Athletics Marathon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 29 May 2012 onwards.[30][215] | |
| Nevin Yanit | Turkey | Athletics 100 metres hurdles | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[30][216][217][218] | |
| Igor Yerokhin | Russia | Athletics 50 km walk | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 onwards.[30][219] | |
| Lyudmyla Yosypenko | Ukraine | Athletics Heptathlon | Biological passport abnormalities | IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 August 2011 onwards.[30][202] | |
| Dilshod Nazarov | Tajikistan | Athletics Hammer Throw | Turinabol | AIU sanction imposed 2021 w/results annulled from 29 August 2011 to 29 August 2013[220] | |
| Olga Beresnyeva | Ukraine | Swimming Open water | EPO | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2015[221][222] | |
| Yuliya Kalina | Ukraine | Weightlifting 58 kg | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016.[223] | |
| Pavel Kryvitski | Belarus | Athletics Hammer throw | Turinabol & Stanozolol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[111] | |
| Oleksandr Pyatnytsya | Ukraine | Athletics Javelin throw | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[111] | |
| Yuliya Zaripova | Russia | Athletics 3000 Metres Steeplechase | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[224] | |
| Maiya Maneza | Kazakhstan | Weightlifting 63 kg | Stanozolol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[155] | |
| Zulfiya Chinshanlo | Kazakhstan | Weightlifting 53 kg | Stanozolol & Oxandrolone | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[155] | |
| Svetlana Podobedova | Kazakhstan | Weightlifting 75 kg | Stanozolol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[155] | |
| Yevgeniya Kolodko | Russia | Athletics Shot Put | Turinabol & Ipamorelin | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[160] | |
| Ekaterina Gnidenko | Russia | Cycling Keirin | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[91] | |
| Tatyana Lysenko | Russia | Athletics Hammer Throw | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[164] | |
| Apti Aukhadov | Russia | Weightlifting 85 kg | Turinabol & Drostanolone | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[154] | |
| Maksym Mazuryk | Ukraine | Athletics Pole Vault | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[154] | |
| Kirill Ikonnikov | Russia | Athletics Hammer Throw | Turinabol | IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016 doping, olympic, games, this, article, about, history, competitors, olympic, games, using, banned, athletic, performance, enhancing, drugs, contents, history, response, prohibited, drugs, summer, olympic, games, 1968, mexico, city, 1972, munich, 1976, montreal. This article is about the history of competitors at the Olympic Games using banned athletic performance enhancing drugs Contents 1 History 2 Response 3 Prohibited drugs 4 Summer Olympic Games 4 1 1968 Mexico City 4 2 1972 Munich 4 3 1976 Montreal 4 4 1980 Moscow 4 5 1984 Los Angeles 4 6 1988 Seoul 4 7 1992 Barcelona 4 8 1996 Atlanta 4 9 2000 Sydney 4 10 2004 Athens 4 11 2008 Beijing 4 11 1 Disqualified 4 11 2 Did not start 4 12 2012 London 4 12 1 Disqualified 4 12 2 Did not start 4 13 2016 Rio de Janeiro 4 13 1 Disqualified 4 13 2 Did not start 4 14 2020 Tokyo 4 14 1 Did not start 5 Winter Olympic Games 5 1 1968 Grenoble 5 2 1972 Sapporo 5 3 1976 Innsbruck 5 4 1980 Lake Placid 5 5 1984 Sarajevo 5 6 1988 Calgary 5 7 1992 Albertville 5 8 1994 Lillehammer 5 9 1998 Nagano 5 10 2002 Salt Lake City 5 11 2006 Turin 5 11 1 Did not start 5 11 2 Disqualified during the Games 5 11 3 Disqualified after the Games 5 12 2010 Vancouver 5 12 1 Did not start 5 12 2 Disqualified after the Games 5 13 2014 Sochi 5 14 2018 Pyeongchang 5 15 2022 Beijing 5 15 1 Controversy surrounding the ROC 5 15 2 Did not start 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditThe use of performance enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs and more broadly the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men 1 Athletes were also known to drink magic potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of giving them an athletic edge on their competition 2 If they were caught cheating their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium 1 In the modern Olympic era chemically enhancing one s performance has evolved into a sophisticated science but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors For example the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games Thomas Hicks was given strychnine and brandy by his coach even during the race 3 During the early 20th century many Olympic athletes discovered ways to improve their athletic abilities by boosting testosterone As their methods became more extreme it became increasingly evident that the use of performance enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960 During the cycling road race Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died A coroner s inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race 4 Jensen s death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes 5 By the mid 1960s sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance enhancing drugs and the IOC followed suit in 1967 6 The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance enhancing drugs was Hans Gunnar Liljenwall a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use 7 two beers to steady his nerves 8 Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics as the technology and testing techniques improved the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well Kornelia Ender The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s In 1990 documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes especially swimmers had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents American female swimmers including Shirley Babashoff accused the East Germans of using performance enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games 9 Babashoff s comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals won three silver medals losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thumer and one gold medal in a relay There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds out of a possible 12 six silvers and one bronze in 1976 No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system 10 11 The report titled Doping in Germany from 1950 to today details how the West German government helped fund a wide scale doping program West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades 12 Doping of West German athletes was prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972 and at the 1976 Montreal Olympics 13 According to British journalist Andrew Jennings a KGB colonel stated that the agency s officers had posed as anti doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were rescued with these tremendous efforts 14 On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics a 1989 Australian study said There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games certainly not a gold medal winner who is not on one sort of drug or another usually several kinds The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists Games 14 15 Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union s plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles Dated prior to the country s decision to boycott the Games the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program along with suggestions for further enhancements 16 The communication directed to the Soviet Union s head of track and field was prepared by Dr Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics 16 China conducted a state sanctioned doping programme on athletes in the 1980s and 1990s 17 In a July 2012 interview published by the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper Chen Zhangho the lead doctor for the Chinese Olympic team at the Los Angeles Seoul and Barcelona Olympics told of how he had tested hormones blood doping and steroids on about fifty elite athletes 18 Chen also accused the United States the Soviet Union and France of using performance enhancing drugs at the same time as China 18 A very publicized steroid related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson who won the Men s 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics but tested positive for stanozolol His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner up Carl Lewis who had tested positive for stimulants at the U S Olympic Trials The highest level of stimulant Lewis recorded was 6 ppm which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as a negative test The acceptable level was later raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty five parts per million for other substances 19 20 According to the IOC rules at the time positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban Neal Benowitz a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants agreed that These levels are what you d see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance 19 The IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC followed the correct procedures in dealing with positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine related compounds in low concentration Response EditIn the late 1990s the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping leading to the formation of the World Anti Doping Agency WADA in 1999 The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over as several medalists in weightlifting and cross country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test During the 2006 Winter Olympics only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked The IOC established drug testing regimen now known as the Olympic Standard has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate 21 During the Beijing games 3 667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti Doping Agency Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing 22 23 Prohibited drugs EditMain article List of drugs banned by the World Anti Doping AgencySummer Olympic Games EditWhat follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission IOC In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance enhancing drugs instituted a Medical Commission and created a list of banned substances 24 Mandatory testing began at the following year s Games 24 In a few cases the IOC has reversed earlier rulings that stripped athletes of medals 1968 Mexico City Edit Main article 1968 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance MedalsHans Gunnar Liljenwall Sweden Modern pentathlon Ethanol team 1972 Munich Edit Main article 1972 Summer Olympics As a 16 year old Rick DeMont qualified to represent the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich Germany He originally won the gold medal in the men s 400 meter freestyle but following the race the International Olympic Committee IOC disqualified DeMont 25 after his post race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication Marax The positive test following the 400 meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals as he was barred from any other events at the Olympics including the 1 500 meter freestyle for which he was the then current world record holder Before the Olympics DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms but the U S Olympic Committee USOC had not cleared them with the IOC s medical committee 26 The United States Olympic Committee USOC has recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001 27 but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal and it has as of 2019 refused to do so 27 Name Country Sport Anti doping rule violation Medals Ref Bakaava Buidaa Mongolia Judo Dianabol 63 kg 28 Miguel Coll Puerto Rico Basketball Amphetamine 28 29 Rick DeMont United States Swimming Ephedrine men s 400 m freestyle 28 Aad van den Hoek Netherlands Cycling Coramine 100 km team race 28 Jaime Huelamo Spain Cycling Coramine individual road race 28 Walter Legel Austria Weightlifting Amphetamine 28 Mohammad Reza Nasehi Iran Weightlifting Ephedrine 28 1976 Montreal Edit Main article 1976 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Anti doping rule violation Medals Ref Blagoi Blagoev Bulgaria Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 82 5 kg 28 Mark Cameron United States Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 28 Paul Cerutti Monaco Shooting Amphetamine 28 Dragomir Cioroslan Romania Weightlifting Fencamfamine 28 Phil Grippaldi United States Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 28 Zbigniew Kaczmarek Poland Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 67 5 kg 28 Valentin Khristov Bulgaria Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 110 kg 28 Lorne Leibel Canada Sailing Phenylpropanolamine 28 Arne Norrback Sweden Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 28 Petr Pavlasek Czechoslovakia Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 28 Danuta Rosani Poland Athletics Anabolic steroid 28 30 Leibel was disqualified from the race that took place on the day that he provided the positive sample but was allowed to continue in the event 31 1980 Moscow Edit Main articles 1980 Summer Olympics and Doping in Russia Background Soviet era Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed According to British journalist Andrew Jennings a KGB colonel stated that the agency s officers had posed as anti doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee IOC to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were rescued with these tremendous efforts 14 A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games certainly not a gold medal winner who is not on one sort of drug or another usually several kinds The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists Games 32 33 A member of the IOC Medical Commission Manfred Donike privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine Twenty percent of the specimens he tested including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official 32 The results of Donike s unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols 34 The first documented case of blood doping occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10 000 m 35 1984 Los Angeles Edit Main article 1984 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref Serafim Grammatikopoulos Greece Weightlifting NandroloneVesteinn Hafsteinsson Iceland Athletics Nandrolone 30 Tomas Johansson Sweden Wrestling Methenolone super heavy Stefan Laggner Austria Weightlifting NandroloneGoran Pettersson Sweden Weightlifting NandroloneEiji Shimomura Japan Volleyball TestosteroneMikiyasu Tanaka Japan Volleyball EphedrineAhmed Tarbi Algeria Weightlifting NandroloneMahmoud Tarha Lebanon Weightlifting NandroloneGiampaolo Urlando Italy Athletics Testosterone 30 Martti Vainio Finland Athletics Methenolone 10 000 m 30 Anna Verouli Greece Athletics Nandrolone 30 The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games Due to a lack of security medical records were subsequently stolen 32 A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Merode claimed that Tony Daly a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records 32 Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo President of the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy 32 The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to blood doping at the 1984 Los Angeles Games 36 Following the games it was revealed that one third of the U S cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games where they won nine medals their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics 36 Blood doping was banned by the IOC in 1985 at the time of the Olympics it was not banned though no test existed for it at the time 36 1988 Seoul Edit Main article 1988 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref Ali Dad Afghanistan Wrestling FurosemideKerrith Brown Great Britain Judo Furosemide 71 kg 37 Kalman Csengeri Hungary Weightlifting StanozololMitko Grablev Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 56 kg Angell Guenchev Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 67 5 kg Ben Johnson Canada Athletics Stanozolol men s 100 m 30 Fernando Mariaca Spain Weightlifting PemolineJorge Quesada Spain Modern pentathlon PropanololAndor Szanyi Hungary Weightlifting Stanozolol 100 kg Alexander Watson Australia Modern Pentathlon Caffeine1992 Barcelona Edit Main article 1992 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details Ref Madina Biktagirova Unified Team Athletics Norephedrine 30 Wu Dan China Volleyball StrychnineBonnie Dasse United States Athletics Clenbuterol 30 Andrew Davies Great Britain Weightlifting Clenbuterol 38 39 40 Jason Livingston Great Britain Athletics Anabolic steroid 41 40 Jud Logan United States Athletics Clenbuterol 30 Nijole Medvedeva Lithuania Athletics Mesocarb 30 Andrew Saxton Great Britain Weightlifting Clenbuterol 38 39 40 1996 Atlanta Edit Main article 1996 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref Antonella Bevilacqua Italy Athletics Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine 30 42 Dean Capobianco Australia Athletics Stanozolol 30 42 Sandra Farmer Patrick United States Athletics Testosterone 30 43 Daniel Plaza Spain Athletics Nandrolone 30 44 45 Iva Prandzheva Bulgaria Athletics Metadienone 30 46 Mary Slaney United States Athletics Testosterone 30 47 Natalya Shekhodanova Russia Athletics Stanozolol 30 46 48 Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantan and were disqualified by the IOC but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya Greco Roman wrestler Zafar Guliev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova all from Russia and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaite Dr Vitaly Slionssarenko physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games by the IOC for their role in the scandal 49 50 51 46 The athletes and officials were reprimanded 52 53 54 55 56 The Irish long distance runner Marie McMahon Davenport got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine 46 57 58 and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide 46 2000 Sydney Edit Main article 2000 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Ref Fritz Aanes Norway Wrestling Norandrosterone and noretiochdandoneLance Armstrong United States Cycling Road race and Time trial Investigation by U S Anti Doping Agency concluded in 2012 Use Possession Trafficking Administration of Prohibited Substances and Methods and Assisting Encouraging Aiding Abetting Covering Up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti doping rule violations and or attempted anti doping rule violations Time trial Ashot Danielyan Armenia Weightlifting Stanozolol 105 kg Izabela Dragneva Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 48 kg Stian Grimseth Norway Weightlifting NandroloneIvan Ivanov Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 56 kg Marion Jones United States Athletics THG women s 100 m women s 200 m women s 4x400 m relay women s long jump women s 4x100 m relay 30 Alexander Leipold Germany Wrestling Nandrolone 76 kg Sevdalin Minchev Bulgaria Weightlifting Furosemide 62 kg Antonio Pettigrew United States Athletics EPO and HGH men s 4 400 m relay 30 Svetlana Pospelova Russia Athletics Stanozolol 30 59 Oyuunbilegiin Purevbaatar Mongolia Wrestling FurosemideAndreea Răducan Romania Gymnastics Pseudophedrine 60 women s individual all round Andris Reinholds Latvia Rowing NandroloneJerome Young United States Athletics Nandrolone men s 4 400 m relay 30 2004 Athens Edit Main article 2004 Summer Olympics Name Country Sport Anti doping rule violation Medals Ref Wafa Ammouri Morocco Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Adrian Annus Hungary Athletics Falsified test result evasion of doping control men s hammer throw 30 61 Ludger Beerbaum Germany Equestrian Betamethasone to horse Goldfever team jumping Yuriy Bilonog Ukraine Athletics Oxandrolone positive after retest in 2012 men s shot put 30 62 63 Zhanna Block Ukraine Athletics BALCO investigation 30 Andrew Brack Greece Baseball Stanozolol pre Games test 64 Viktor Chislean Moldova Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Crystal Cox United States Athletics Anabolic agents and hormones investigation completed 2010 women s 4 400 m relay 30 65 Robert Fazekas Hungary Athletics Refused to submit sample men s discus throw 30 61 66 Mabel Fonseca Puerto Rico Wrestling Stanozolol 61 Anton Galkin Russia Athletics Stanozolol 30 61 Ferenc Gyurkovics Hungary Weightlifting Oxandrolone 105 kg 61 Tyler Hamilton United States Cycling Use of prohibited substances and methods self admission men s road time trial 67 Marion Jones United States Athletics BALCO investigation 30 Zoltan Kecskes Hungary Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Konstantinos Kenteris Greece Athletics Evasion of doping control 61 66 Albina Khomich Russia Weightlifting Testosterone 61 Aye Khine Nan Myanmar Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Irina Korzhanenko Russia Athletics Stanozolol women s shot put 30 61 66 Zoltan Kovacs Hungary Weightlifting Refused to submit sample 61 Svetlana Krivelyova Russia Athletics Oxandrolone positive after retest in 2012 women s shot put 30 63 68 69 Pratima Kumari Na India Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Aleksey Lesnichiy Belarus Athletics Clenbuterol 30 61 66 David Munyasia Kenya Boxing Cathine 61 Derek Nicholson Greece Baseball Diuretic pre Games test 64 Cian O Connor Ireland Equestrian Antipsychotics to horse Waterford Crystal individual jumping Olena Olefirenko Ukraine Rowing Ethamivan women s quadruple sculls 61 Oleg Perepetchenov Russia Weightlifting Clenbuterol positive after retest in 2012 77 kg 70 71 Duane Ross United States Athletics BALCO investigation 30 Leonidas Sampanis Greece Weightlifting Testosterone 62 kg 61 Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu India Weightlifting Furosemide 61 Mital Sharipov Kyrgyzstan Weightlifting Furosemide 61 Olga Shchukina Uzbekistan Athletics Clenbuterol 30 61 66 Sule Sahbaz Turkey Weightlifting Anabolic steroid 61 Ekaterini Thanou Greece Athletics Evasion of doping control 61 66 Ivan Tsikhan Belarus Athletics Methandienone positive after retest in 2012 men s hammer throw 30 63 Irina Yatchenko Belarus Athletics Methandienone positive after retest in 2012 women s discus throw December 2012 30 63 2008 Beijing Edit Main article 2008 Summer Olympics Zero Tolerance for Doping was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games 72 A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing 72 Out of the 4 500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition Further positive tests were found in 2016 as samples had been sealed and stored for eight years The quality of the original testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July 2008 73 The initial rate of positive findings was lower than at Athens in 2004 but the prevalence of doping had not necessarily decreased the technology for creating and concealing drugs had become more sophisticated and a number of drugs could not be detected 72 73 74 In August 2015 the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an in competition test of Elvan Abeylegesse at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance and that she had been temporarily suspended 75 On 29 March 2017 the IAAF confirmed the positive test announced retroactive disqualifications and voided all of her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009 including the 2008 Summer Olympics 76 As a result she was stripped of two silver medals she had won in the women s 5 000 and 10 000 meter races In May 2016 following the Russian doping scandal the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance enhancing drugs of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes 11 of them track and field athletes including 2012 Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova Authorities have sent the B samples for confirmation testing Those confirmed as having taken doping agents stand to lose records and medals from the 2008 games to 2016 under IOC and WADA rules 77 On 18 June 2016 the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC s reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games the samples of the following seven weightlifters had returned positive results Hripsime Khurshudyan Armenia Intigam Zairov Azerbaijan Alexandru Dudoglo Moldova gold medalist Ilya Ilyin Kazakhstan bronze medalist Nadezda Evstyukhina and silver medalist Marina Shainova both from Russia and Nurcan Taylan Turkey In line with the relevant rules and regulations the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions 78 In November 2016 Ilyin was stripped of the gold medal 79 On 22 July 2016 Sibel Ozkan TUR was disqualified due to an anti doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal 80 Medals have not been reallocated as yet On 28 July 2016 it was announced that retests of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus who won a gold medal in the women s hammer throw 81 82 There have been no decisions about stripping and reallocation of medals as yet On 16 August 2016 the Russian women s 4 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances 83 The IAAF was requested to modify the results accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence 84 On 19 August 2016 the Russian women s 4 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping 85 Russian teammates were stripped of their silver Olympic medals as Anastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for the same two prohibited substances as Chermoshanskaya 86 On 24 August 2016 the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC s reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games the samples of the following athletes had returned positive results Nizami Pashayev Azerbaijan Iryna Kulesha Nastassia Novikava Andrei Rybakou all from Belarus Cao Lei Chen Xiexia Liu Chunhong all from China Mariya Grabovetskaya Maya Maneza Irina Nekrassova Vladimir Sedov all from Kazakhstan Khadzhimurat Akkaev Dmitry Lapikov both from Russia and Natalya Davydova and Olha Korobka both from Ukraine In line with the relevant rules and regulations the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti doping rule violations until their cases are closed 87 On 29 August 2016 some non official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the 2008 Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling 120 kg event due to a positive test for doping 88 On 31 August 2016 the IOC disqualified six sportspeople for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games They included three Russian medalists weightlifters Nadezhda Evstyukhina bronze medal in the women s 75 kg event Marina Shainova silver medal in the women s 58 kg event and Tatyana Firova who finished second with teammates in the 4 400 m relay Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia men s 69 kg event and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo 9th place of Moldova and Intigam Zairov 9th place of Azerbaijan were also disqualified 89 On 1 September 2016 the IOC disqualified a further two athletes Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios who won a silver medal in the women s discus was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis who finished 16th in the 100 meters was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol 90 On 13 September 2016 four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics silver medalist Mariya Abakumova in the women s javelin throw and Denis Alekseyev who was part of the bronze medal team in the men s 4 400 m relay Inga Abitova who finished 6th in the 10 000 meters and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified 91 On 23 September 2016 some non official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the 2008 Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping 92 On 6 October 2016 the IOC disqualified Anna Chicherova of the Russian Federation for testing positive for performance enhancing drugs She won a bronze medal in the women s high jump Russia would likely keep the bronze medal as the fourth place athlete in the competition was also from Russia 93 Through 6 October 2016 the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 25 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games all but three of whom tested positive for anabolic agents three Chinese weightlifters were positive for growth hormones 94 On 26 October 2016 the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 Games Among them were six medal winners weightlifters Andrei Rybakou and Nastassia Novikava both from Belarus and Olha Korobka of Ukraine women s steeplechase bronze medalist Ekaterina Volkova of Russia and freestyle wrestlers Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan and Taimuraz Tigiyev of Kazakhstan The others were men s 62 kg weightlifter Sardar Hasanov of Azerbaijan long jumper Wilfredo Martinez of Cuba and 100m hurdler Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia of Spain 95 On 17 November 2016 the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games Among them were 10 medal winners weightlifters Khadzhimurat Akkaev and Dmitry Lapikov and wrestler Khasan Baroev from the Russian Federation weightlifters Mariya Grabovetskaya Irina Nekrassova and wrestler Asset Mambetov from Kazakhstan weightlifter Nataliya Davydova and pole vaulter Denys Yurchenko from Ukraine long triple jumper Hrysopiyi Devetzi of Greece and wrestler Vitaliy Rahimov of Azerbaijan The others were women s 75 kg weightlifter Iryna Kulesha of Belarus women s 63 kg weightlifter Maya Maneza of Kazakhstan women s high jumper Vita Palamar of Ukraine men s 94 kg weightlifter Nizami Pashayev of Azerbaijan men s 85 kg weightlifter Vladimir Sedov of Kazakhstan and women s high jumper Elena Slesarenko of the Russian Federation 96 On 25 November 2016 the IOC disqualified 5 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games Among them were 3 medal winners gold medalists 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan and hammer thrower Aksana Miankova of Belarus and silver medalist shot putter Natallia Mikhnevich of Belarus The others were shot putter Pavel Lyzhyn and 800m runner Sviatlana Usovich both of Belarus 97 On 12 January 2017 the IOC disqualified five more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2008 Games These included three Chinese women s weightlifting gold medalists Lei Cao 75 kg Xiexia Chen 48 kg and Chunhong Liu 69 kg Two women athletes from Belarus were disqualified bronze medalist shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk and hammer thrower Darya Pchelnik who did not medal 98 On 25 January 2017 the IOC stripped Jamaica of the athletics gold medal in the men s 4 100 m relay due to Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine 99 100 101 The IOC also stripped Russian jumper Tatyana Lebedeva of two silver medals in women s triple jump and long jump due to use of turinabol 99 On 1 March 2017 the IOC disqualified Victoria Tereshchuk of Ukraine due to use of turinabol and stripped her of the bronze medal in modern pentathlon 102 By April 2017 the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most 50 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations Russia is the leading country with 14 medals stripped Disqualified Edit Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals DetailsElvan Abeylegesse Turkey Athletics 5000 Metres10 000 metres 5 000 meters 10 000 meters disqualification following post event testing for 2007 IAAF World Championships 76 Christian Ahlmann Germany Equestrian Individual jumpingTeam jumping CapsaicinBernardo Alves Brazil Equestrian Individual jumpingTeam jumping CapsaicinLyudmila Blonska Ukraine Athletics Heptathlon Methyltestosterone heptathlon IOC post event testing 30 103 Tony Andre Hansen Norway Equestrian Individual jumpingTeam jumping Capsaicin team jumping Alissa Kallinikou Cyprus Athletics 400 metres Testosterone In competition test in July 2008 30 104 Kim Jong su North Korea Shooting 10 m air pistol50 m pistol Propranolol men s 10 m air pistol 50 m pistol Courtney King United States Equestrian Individual dressageTeam dressage FelbinacDenis Lynch Ireland Equestrian Individual jumping CapsaicinAndrei Mikhnevich Belarus Athletics Shot put Retest of sample from 2005 WCh Clenbuterol Methandienone and Oxandrolone men s shot put IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships All results from August 2005 onwards annulled 30 105 106 Tezdzhan Naimova Bulgaria Athletics 100 metres Tampering with doping control IAAF out of competition test in June 2008 30 104 Rodrigo Pessoa Brazil Equestrian Individual jumpingTeam jumping NonivamideIgor Razoronov Ukraine Weightlifting 105 kg Nandrolone 107 Adam Seroczynski Poland Canoeing K 2 1000 metres ClenbuterolDo Thi Ngan Thuong Vietnam Gymnastics Artistic qualification FurosemideVanja Perisic Croatia Athletics 800 Metres CERA IOC re analysis of sample in 2009 30 108 Rashid Ramzi Bahrain Athletics 1500 Metres CERA IOC re analysis of sample in 2009 30 108 Davide Rebellin Italy Cycling Road Race CERA IOC re analysis of sample in 2009 108 Stefan Schumacher Germany Cycling Time Trial CERA IOC re analysis of sample in 2009 108 Athanasia Tsoumeleka Greece Athletics 20 Kilometre Walk CERA IOC re analysis of sample in 2009 30 108 Yuliya Chermoshanskaya Russia Athletics 200 Metres4 100 Metres Relay Stanozolol amp Turinabol 4x100 metre relay IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 109 Tatyana Firova Russia Athletics 400 Metres4 400 Metres Relay Turinabol amp Metabolite of 1 Testosterone 1 Androstenedione or 1 Androstenediol 4 400 metre relay IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Anastasia Kapachinskaya Russia Athletics 400 Metres4 400 Metres Relay Stanozolol amp Turinabol 4x400 metre relay IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 110 Hripsime Khurshudyan Armenia Weightlifting 75 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 111 Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan Armenia Weightlifting 69 kg Stanozolol amp Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Samuel Adelebari Francis Qatar Athletics 100 Metres200 Metres Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 112 Nadezhda Evstyukhina Russia Weightlifting 75 kg Turinabol amp EPO IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Alexander Pogorelov Russia Athletics Decathlon Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 110 Marina Shainova Russia Weightlifting 58 kg Stanozolol and Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Alexandru Dudoglo Moldova Weightlifting 69 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Nurcan Taylan Turkey Weightlifting 48 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 111 Yarelys Barrios Cuba Athletics Discus Throw Acetazolamide IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 112 Intigam Zairov Azerbaijan Weightlifting 85 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 89 Ivan Yushkov Russia Athletics Shot Put Stanozolol Oxandrolone amp Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 110 Sibel Ozkan Turkey Weightlifting 48 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 113 Ilya Ilyin Kazakhstan Weightlifting 94 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 97 Mariya Abakumova Russia Athletics Javelin Throw Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 114 Inga Abitova Russia Athletics 10 000 Metres Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 114 Denis Alexeev Russia Athletics 400 Metres Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 114 Anna Chicherova Russia Athletics High Jump Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 93 Sardar Hasanov Azerbaijan Weightlifting 62 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Wilfredo Martinez Cuba Athletics Long Jump Acetazolamide IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia Spain Athletics 100 Metre Hurdles Methylhexanamine IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Soslan Tigiev Uzbekistan Wrestling Freestyle 74 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Ekaterina Volkova Russia Athletics 3000 Metre Steeplechase Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Olha Korobka Ukraine Weightlifting 75 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Nastassia Novikava Belarus Weightlifting 53 kg Turinabol amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Andrei Rybakou Belarus Weightlifting 85 kg Stanozolol amp Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Taimuraz Tigiyev Kazakhstan Wrestling Freestyle 96 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 95 Khadzhimurat Akkaev Russia Weightlifting 94 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Khasan Baroev Russia Wrestling Greco Roman 120 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Nataliya Davydova Ukraine Weightlifting 69 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Chrysopigi Devetzi Greece Athletics Triple Jump Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Mariya Grabovetskaya Kazakhstan Weightlifting 75 kg Turinabol Oxandrolone amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Iryna Kulesha Belarus Weightlifting 75 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Dmitry Lapikov Russia Weightlifting 105 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Asset Mambetov Kazakhstan Wrestling Greco Roman 96 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Maya Maneza Kazakhstan Weightlifting 63 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Irina Nekrassova Kazakhstan Weightlifting 63 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Vita Palamar Ukraine Athletics High Jump Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Nizami Pashayev Azerbaijan Weightlifting 94 kg Turinabol Oxandrolone amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Vitaliy Rahimov Azerbaijan Wrestling Greco Roman 60 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Vladimir Sedov Kazakhstan Weightlifting 85 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Elena Slesarenko Russia Athletics High Jump Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Denys Yurchenko Ukraine Athletics Pole Vault Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 96 Pavel Lyzhyn Belarus Athletics Shot Put Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 97 Aksana Miankova Belarus Athletics Hammer Throw Turinabol amp Oxandrolone IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 97 Natallia Mikhnevich Belarus Athletics Shot Put Metandienone amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 97 Sviatlana Vusovich Belarus Athletics 800 Metres Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 97 Nadzeya Ostapchuk Belarus Athletics Shot Put Turinabol amp Tamoxifen IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 98 Darya Pchelnik Belarus Athletics Hammer Throw Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 98 Cao Lei China Weightlifting 75 kg GHRP 2 amp Metabolite IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 98 Chen Xiexia China Weightlifting 48 kg GHRP 2 amp Metabolite IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 98 Liu Chunhong China Weightlifting 69 kg GHRP 2 Metabolite amp Sibutramine IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 98 Nesta Carter Jamaica Athletics 4 100 Metres Relay Methylhexanamine IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 115 Tatyana Lebedeva Russia Athletics Triple Jump Long Jump Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 115 Victoria Tereshchuk Ukraine Modern Pentathlon Individual Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 116 Vasyl Fedoryshyn Ukraine Wrestling Freestyle 60 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 117 Artur Taymazov Uzbekistan Wrestling Freestyle 120 kg Turinabol amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 117 Tatyana Chernova Russia Athletics Heptathlon Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 118 Denis Alexeev Russia Athletics Men s 4 400 m relay Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2017 91 Did not start Edit Athletes who were selected for the Games but provisionally suspended before competing Name Country Sport Banned substance DetailsMarta Bastianelli Italy Cycling Fenfluramine Testing at the U 23 world championships 119 Fani Halkia Greece Athletics Methyltrienolone Pre Games testing in Japan 120 121 122 Maria Isabel Moreno Spain Cycling Erythropoietin Pre Games testing in Olympic village Beijing 123 Tatyana Tomashova Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Yelena Soboleva Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Svetlana Cherkasova Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Yuliya Fomenko Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Darya Pishchalnikova Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Gulfiya Khanafeyeva Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 Olga Yegorova Russia Athletics IAAF out of competition tests in May and August 2007 124 2012 London Edit Main article 2012 Summer Olympics It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs with 150 scientists set to take 6 000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games at GlaxoSmithKline s New Frontiers Science Park site in Harlow Essex 125 All medalists would also be tested The Olympic anti doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances 125 The head of the World Anti Doping Agency WADA John Fahey announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to 19 June 126 The In competition period began on 16 July During the In competition period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance 127 British sprinter Dwain Chambers cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough 128 competed in London after the British Olympic Association s policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport 125 Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the 2012 Olympics and was awarded a silver medal However she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May 2012 In December 2012 she sent an email to WADA containing details on an alleged state run doping program in Russia According to The New York Times the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials 129 In April 2013 Pishchalnikova was banned by the Russian Athletics Federation for ten years and her results from May 2012 were annulled meaning she was set on track to lose her Olympic medal 130 Her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation Gold medalists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov the winner of the men s road race 131 Tatyana Lysenko the winner of the women s hammer throw Asli Cakir Alptekin winner of the women s 1500 meters and Sandra Perkovic winner of the women s discus throw 132 133 Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt 134 and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake 135 Spanish athlete Angel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer 136 Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate 137 Prior to the Olympic competition several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis Debbie Dunn and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltan Kovago 138 139 140 At the Olympic competition Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games 141 Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a retest of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics where he won silver was positive 142 Amine Laalou 143 Marina Marghieva 144 Diego Palomeque 145 and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events 146 Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track and field athlete to be suspended following a positive in competition doping sample 147 Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women s shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone 148 Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed 149 A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state sponsored doping program implicating athletes coaches various Russian institutions doctors and labs The report stated that the London Olympic Games were in a sense sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country including runners Mariya Savinova Ekaterina Poistogova Anastasiya Bazdyreva Kristina Ugarova and Tatjana Myazina 150 151 On 15 June 2016 it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance enhancing drugs They include Kazakhstan s Ilya Ilyin 94 kg Zulfiya Chinshanlo 53 kg Maiya Maneza 63 kg and Svetlana Podobedova 75 kg If confirmed Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the 2012 medal standings Six other lifters who competed at the 2012 Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed Among them are Russia s Apti Aukhadov silver at 85 kg Ukraine s Yuliya Kalina bronze at 58 kg Belarusian Maryna Shkermankova bronze at 69 kg Azerbaijan s Boyanka Kostova and Belarus duo Dzina Sazanavets and Yauheni Zharnasek 152 On 27 July 2016 IWF has reported in the second wave of re sampling that three silver medalists from Russia namely Natalya Zabolotnaya at 75 kg Aleksandr Ivanov at 94 kg and Svetlana Tsarukaeva at 63 kg together with bronze medalists Armenian Hripsime Khurshudyan at 75 kg Belarusian Iryna Kulesha at 75 kg and Moldovan Cristina Iovu at 53 kg have tested positive for steroid dehydrochlormethyltestosterone 153 Aukhadov was stripped of his silver medal by the IOC on 18 October 2016 154 On 27 October 2016 Maiya Maneza was stripped of her gold medal 155 In November 2016 Ilyin was stripped of the London gold medal 79 On 13 July 2016 the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine had been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event Reanalysis of Kalina s samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol 156 The positions were adjusted accordingly 157 On 9 August 2016 the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol 158 Redistribution of medals has not yet been announced but the likely case is the silver and bronze medals will be given to Finland and Czech Republic instead 159 On 20 August 2016 the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol and ipamorelin 160 Medals are not reallocated yet On 29 August 2016 a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia the silver medalist in the men s 60 kg freestyle wrestling event had returned a positive result later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone 88 Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013 On 27 October 2016 the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person As a result it said Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward 161 On 13 September 2016 the IWF reported that the men s 94 kg weightlifting bronze medalist Moldova s Anatolie Ciricu had tested positive for the dehydrochlormethyltestosterone 162 On 6 October 2016 the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC s reanalyses of samples from the 2012 Olympic Games a sample of Norayr Vardanyan who represented Armenia had returned a positive result In line with the relevant rules and regulations the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed 163 On 12 January 2017 the IOC disqualified Vardanyan Through 6 October 2016 the IOC had reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2012 London Olympic Games all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents 94 On 11 October 2016 Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women s hammer throw in which she won the gold medal She had tested positive for a banned substance The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly The silver medalist Anita Wlodarczyk of Poland would likely take the gold medal in her place 164 On 18 October 2016 the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal 165 The IOC requested the IWF to modify the results of this event accordingly it has not yet published modified results 157 On 18 October 2016 the IOC reported that Maksym Mazuryk of Ukraine who competed in the Men s Pole Vault event was disqualified from the 2012 London Games in which he ranked 18th Re analysis of Mazuryk s samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games This included four medal winners in weightlifting Zulfiya Chinshanlo Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova all from Kazakhstan and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus The others were hammer thrower Kirill Ikonnikov of Russia women s 69 kg weightlifter Dzina Sazanavets of Belarus pole vaulter Dmitry Starodubtsev of Russia and men s 105 kg weightlifter Yauheni Zharnasek of Belarus 155 On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting including Alexandr Ivanov Russia Anatoli Ciricu Moldova Cristina Iovu Moldova Natalya Zabolotnaya Russia Iryna Kulesha Belarus and Hripsime Khurshudyan Armenia 166 Moldova has lost all its 2012 London medals The others were hammer thrower Oleksandr Drygol and long jumper Margaryta Tverdokhlib both of Ukraine 85 kg weightlifter Rauli Tsirekidze of Georgia 94 kg weightlifter Almas Uteshov of Kazakhstan 94 kg weightlifter Andrey Demanov of Russia and 3000m steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova of Russia who had previously been sanctioned in March 2016 by the Court of Arbitration for Sport On 25 November 2016 the IOC disqualified 4 more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2012 games They were gold medalist 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan hammer thrower Aksana Miankova and long jumper Nastassia Mironchyk Ivanova both of Belarus and 58 kg weightlifter Boyanka Kostova of Azerbaijan 97 On 29 November 2016 the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all results achieved by 2012 Olympic heptathlon bronze medalist Tatyana Chernova of Russia between 15 August 2011 and 22 July 2013 are annulled It also annulled all of Yekaterina Sharmina s results between 17 June 2011 and 5 August 2015 including her 33rd place finish in the 2012 women s 1500m 167 CAS ruled that they have been found to have committed an anti doping rule violation of the International Athletic Association Federation IAAF Competition Rules after analysis of their Athlete Biological Passports ABP showed evidence of blood doping 168 On 12 January 2017 the IOC disqualified three weightlifters for failing drug tests at the 2012 games Two competed in men s 94 kg weightlifting Intigam Zairov of Azerbaijan and Norayr Vardanyan of Armenia Women s 63 kg weightlifter Sibel Simsek of Turkey was disqualified None was a medalist at these games 98 On 1 February 2017 the IOC disqualified three athletes due to failed doping tests all of whom tested positive for turinabol Russian women s discus thrower Vera Ganeeva who finished 23rd Turkish boxer Adem Kilicci who ranked 5th in men s 69 75 kg boxing and Russian 400m runner Antonina Krivoshapka who finished 6th were disqualified Krivoshapka also was part of the Russian silver medal winning women s 4 400 m relay team which was stripped of the silver medals 169 In December 2014 a documentary aired on German TV in which 800m gold medalist Mariya Savinova allegedly admitted to using banned substances on camera 170 In November 2015 Savinova was one of five Russian runners the World Anti Doping Agency recommended to receive a lifetime ban for doping during the London Olympics along with 800m bronze medalist Ekaterina Poistogova On 10 February 2017 the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four year ban that effectively stripped Savinova of her Olympic gold and other medals 171 On 7 April 2017 CAS refused to decide on disqualification from 2012 and disqualify Ekaterina Poistogova from 2015 172 Thus Ekaterina Poistogova retained her Olympic 2012 medal at women s 800 metres athletic event As of December 2022 the 2012 Summer Olympics has seen a record 40 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations Russia is the leading country with 17 medals stripped On 21 March 2022 the Athletics Integrity Unit of World Athletics issued a two year ban for Russian racewalker Elena Lashmanova starting from 9 March 2021 and also disqualified her results from 18 February 2012 to 3 January 2014 thus stripping her gold medal Disqualified Edit Name Country Sport Banned substance Medals Details of testHussain Al Hamdah Saudi Arabia Athletics 5000 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 26 March 2009 onwards 30 173 Gamze Bulut Turkey Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed in 2017 174 Mariya Savinova Russia Athletics 800 metres Biological passport abnormalities CAS confirmed all results annulled from July 2010 to August 2013 175 Ghfran Almouhamad Syria Athletics 400 metres hurdles Methylhexaneamine IOC pre competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics 30 176 Elena Arzhakova Russia Athletics 800 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 12 July 2011 onwards 30 177 178 Sergey Bakulin Russia Athletics 50 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 24 December 2012 179 180 Andrey Krivov Russia Athletics 20 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2017 w results annulled from 20 May 2011 to 6 July 2013 181 Valeriy Borchin Russia Athletics 20 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 14 August 2009 to 15 October 2012 179 180 Abderrahime Bouramdane Morocco Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 14 April 2011 onwards 179 182 Yolanda Caballero Colombia Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 24 October 2011 onwards 179 182 Asli Cakir Alptekin Turkey Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 29 July 2010 onwards 183 184 Yekaterina Sharmina Russia Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 17 June 2011 to 5 August 2015 185 Nicholas Delpopolo United States Judo 73 kg Cannabis IOC post event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics 186 Bahar Dogan Turkey Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards 179 182 Marta Dominguez Spain Athletics Steeplechase Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 5 August 2009 onwards 179 187 Hamza Driouch Qatar Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 2 August 2012 onwards 30 188 189 Tyson Gay United States Athletics 100 metres4 100 meters Anabolic androgenic steroids 4 100 meters USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic steroids in 2013 admittance 30 190 191 192 Yelizaveta Grechishnikova Russia Athletics 10 000 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 18 August 2009 onwards 30 178 193 Semoy Hackett Trinidad and Tobago Athletics 100 metres 200 metres 4 100 metres relay Methylhexaneamine Positive from Division I Outdoor Track amp Field Championships in June 2012 30 194 195 Tetyana Hamera Shmyrko Ukraine Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 26 August 2011 onwards 179 182 Hassan Hirt France Athletics 5000 metres EPO IOC pre Games testing 30 196 Vladimir Kanaikin Russia Athletics 20 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 17 December 2012 179 180 Olga Kaniskina Russia Athletics 20 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 15 August 2009 to 15 October 2012 179 180 Natallia Kareiva Belarus Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 28 July 2010 onwards 30 178 197 198 Ummu Kiraz Turkey Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards 179 182 Sergey Kirdyapkin Russia Athletics 50 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2016 w results annulled from 20 August 2009 to 15 October 2012 179 180 Blaza Klemencic Slovenia Cycling MTB EPO UCI reanalysis of sample from 27 March 2012 in 2015 All results annulled from 27 March 2012 until 31 December 2012 199 Yekaterina Kostetskaya Russia Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 30 August 2011 onwards 30 200 201 Zalina Marghieva Moldova Athletics Hammer throw 2009 WCh retest Stanozolol Oral Turinabol IAAF retesting of samples from 2009 IAAF World Championships 30 202 Karin Melis Mey Turkey Athletics Long jump Testosterone Positive from the 2012 European Athletics Championships in June 30 202 Provisionally suspended after the qualifying round at the Games Andrei Mikhnevich Belarus Athletics Shot put 2005 WCh retest Clenbuterol Methandienone and Oxandrolone IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships All results from August 2005 onwards annulled 30 105 Anna Mishchenko Ukraine Athletics 1500 m Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards 179 182 Andriy Semenov Ukraine Athletics Shot put Re analysis of sample taken in 2011 AIU sanction imposed 2019 203 Semiha Mutlu Turkey Athletics 20 km race walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 20 August 2011 onwards 179 182 Nadzeya Ostapchuk Belarus Athletics Shot put Methenolone IOC post event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics two separate positive samples 30 204 Darya Pishchalnikova Russia Athletics Discus throw Oxandrolone Random out of competition test in May 2012 All her results Including those at the 2012 Summer Olympics since May 2012 were annulled by the IAAF in April 2013 30 205 Hysen Pulaku Albania Weightlifting 77 kg Stanozolol IOC pre competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics 206 Meliz Redif Turkey Athletics 4 x 400 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 26 June 2012 onwards 179 182 Pinar Saka Turkey Athletics 400 metres 4 x 400 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 18 June 2010 onwards 30 178 207 Mohammed Shaween Saudi Arabia Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 12 June 2011 onwards 30 200 201 Anzhelika Shevchenko Ukraine Athletics 1500 metres Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 2 July 2011 onwards 30 178 Liliya Shobukhova Russia Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 9 October 2009 onwards 208 209 Svitlana Shmidt Ukraine Athletics Steeplechase Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 8 March 2012 onwards 30 210 211 212 Soslan Tigiev Uzbekistan Wrestling Freestyle 74 kg Methylhexaneamine IOC post event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics 213 Binnaz Uslu Turkey Athletics Steplechase 2011 WCh retest Stanozolol IAAF retest of sample from 2011 World Championships 30 202 214 Wang Jiali China Athletics Marathon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w results annulled from 29 May 2012 onwards 30 215 Nevin Yanit Turkey Athletics 100 metres hurdles Biological passport abnormalities IAAF CAS sanction imposed 2015 w results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards 30 216 217 218 Igor Yerokhin Russia Athletics 50 km walk Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 25 February 2011 onwards 30 219 Lyudmyla Yosypenko Ukraine Athletics Heptathlon Biological passport abnormalities IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w results annulled from 25 August 2011 onwards 30 202 Dilshod Nazarov Tajikistan Athletics Hammer Throw Turinabol AIU sanction imposed 2021 w results annulled from 29 August 2011 to 29 August 2013 220 Olga Beresnyeva Ukraine Swimming Open water EPO IOC re analysis of sample in 2015 221 222 Yuliya Kalina Ukraine Weightlifting 58 kg Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 223 Pavel Kryvitski Belarus Athletics Hammer throw Turinabol amp Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 111 Oleksandr Pyatnytsya Ukraine Athletics Javelin throw Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 111 Yuliya Zaripova Russia Athletics 3000 Metres Steeplechase Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 224 Maiya Maneza Kazakhstan Weightlifting 63 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 155 Zulfiya Chinshanlo Kazakhstan Weightlifting 53 kg Stanozolol amp Oxandrolone IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 155 Svetlana Podobedova Kazakhstan Weightlifting 75 kg Stanozolol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 155 Yevgeniya Kolodko Russia Athletics Shot Put Turinabol amp Ipamorelin IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 160 Ekaterina Gnidenko Russia Cycling Keirin Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 91 Tatyana Lysenko Russia Athletics Hammer Throw Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 164 Apti Aukhadov Russia Weightlifting 85 kg Turinabol amp Drostanolone IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 154 Maksym Mazuryk Ukraine Athletics Pole Vault Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 154 Kirill Ikonnikov Russia Athletics Hammer Throw Turinabol IOC re analysis of sample in 2016 sup, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games. |