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Kam language

The Kam or Gam language (lix Gaeml), also known as Dong (Chinese: 侗语; pinyin: Dòngyǔ), is a Kam–Sui language spoken by the Dong people. Ethnologue distinguishes three Kam varieties as separate but closely related languages.[1]

Kam
Gaeml
Native toChina
RegionGuizhou, Hunan, Guangxi
EthnicityKam people
Native speakers
1.5 million (2003)[1]
Latin, Kam characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
doc – Northern Dong
kmc – Southern Dong
cov – Cao Miao
Glottologkami1255
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Dialects

The Kam language can be divided into two major subdivisions, Southern Kam and Northern Kam (Yang & Edmondson 2008).[2] Northern Kam displays more Chinese influence and lacks vowel length contrast, while Southern Kam is more conservative. Language varieties closely related to or part of Kam include Cao Miao and Naxi Yao. A northern Pinghua variety called Tongdao Pinghua, spoken in Tongdao County, Hunan, has also been significantly influenced by Kam.

Southern Kam
  • First lectal area: Róngjiāng Zhānglǔ (榕江县章鲁村), Lípíng Hóngzhōu (黎平县洪州镇), Jǐnpíng Qǐméng (锦屏县启蒙镇) in Guizhou; Tōngdào (通道县) in Hunan; Longsheng (龙胜县) and Sanjiang Dudong (三江侗族自治县独峒乡) in Guangxi
  • Second lectal area: Lípíng Shuǐkǒu (黎平县水口镇), Cóngjiāng Guàndòng (从江县贯洞镇), Róngjiāng Píngjiāng (榕江县平江乡) in Guizhou; Sānjiāng Hélǐ (三江侗族自治县和里村) in Guangxi
  • Third lectal area: Zhènyuǎn Bàojīng (镇远县报京乡) in Guizhou
  • Fourth lectal area: Róngshuǐ (融水苗族自治县) in Guangxi
Northern Kam
  • First lectal area: Tiānzhù Shídòng (天柱县石洞镇), Sānsuì Kuǎnchǎng (三穗县款场), Jiànhé Xiǎoguǎng (剑河县小广侗寨) in Guizhou; also Jǐnpíng Jiǔzhài (锦屏县九寨) in Guizhou[3]
  • Second lectal area: Tiānzhù Zhǔxī (天柱县注溪乡) in Guizhou
  • Third lectal area: Jǐnpíng Dàtóng (锦屏县大同乡) in Guizhou

Long (2012:19-20)[4] classifies the Kam lectal areas (dialects) as follows.

Southern Kam
Northern Kam

In Congjiang County, Dong consists of three dialects: Jiudong 九洞 (similar to Chejiang 车江 Dong), Liudong 六洞 (similar to Liping 黎平 Dong), and another dialect spoken in Xishan 西山, Bingmei 丙梅, and Guandong 贯洞 (similar to Sanjiang 三江 Dong) (Congjiang County Gazetteer 1999:109).

In Suining County, Hunan, Dong is spoken in Lianfeng 联丰 (including Duolong 多龙村), Huangsangping 黄桑坪, Le'anpu 乐安铺, and other nearby locations.[5] In Chengbu County, Hunan, Dong is spoken in Yanzhai 岩寨, Chang'anying 长安营, and Jiangtousi 江头司.[6]

Kam is also spoken in the single village of Đồng Mộc, Trung Sơn Commune, Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang Province, northern Vietnam,[7] where there are about 35 Kam people (Edmondson & Gregerson 2001).[8] The Kam of Đồng Mộc had migrated to Vietnam from China about 150 years ago. The Kam variety spoken in Đồng Mộc is most similar to that of Lípíng Shuǐkǒu (黎平县水口镇) in southeastern Guizhou, China.

In China, a total of six counties designated as Dong Autonomous Counties (侗族自治县).

Others

According to the Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997), language varieties closely related to Southern Kam are spoken in Naxi 那溪, Dongkou County (which had 4,280 ethnic Yao in 1982 (Chen 2013:39)) and Lianmin 联民, Suining County. However, they are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Yao, not Dong. Chen Qiguang (2013:39)[9] reports that the ancestors of Naxihua 那溪话 speakers had migrated to their current location from Tianzhu, Liping, and Yuping counties of southeastern Guizhou during the early 15th century.

Sanqiao 三锹 (三橇) is a mixed Dong–Miao language spoken in Liping County and Jinping County, Guizhou, China by about 6,000 people.[10]

Phonology and orthography

Kam has two main orthographies: The Chinese academic developed system and the independently developed system by Ngo Van Lyong for Southern Kam as spoken in Rongjiang.[11] The Chinese system is most commonly used by linguists and has similarities to other Chinese Kra–Dai language orthographies (Such as Zhuang). The Ngo Van Lyong system was inspired by the Vietnamese alphabet and is made for speakers and learners. While the Chinese system is the most well known, most Kam speakers are not literate.

Initials

Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal
Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain lab.
Nasal m n ŋ ŋʷ
Stop/
Affricate
voiceless p t k
aspirated pʲʰ tɕʰ kʷʰ
Fricative s ɕ h
Approximant central w j
lateral l

The Chinese orthography for Kam orthography has 32 syllable-initial consonants; seven of them (tʃ-, tʃʰ-, ʃ-, ɻ-, f-, ts- and tsʰ-) only occur in recent loanwords from Chinese.

IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml
p b t d j k g zh
p t tɕʰ q k tʃʰ ch
m m n n ny ŋ ng ʃ sh
w w l l ly h h ɻ r
bi s s ɕ x gu f f
pʲʰ pi j y kʷʰ ku ts z
mi ŋʷ ngu tsʰ c
wi

The Ngo Van Lyong orthography for Southern Kam has 28 syllable-initial consonants.

IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm
p b t d k g h h j y s s ts z
p t k f f w w ɕ x tsʰ c
j ŋ ng ʎ ly ɲ ny l l n n m m
tɕʰ q ŋʰ ngh ʎʰ lhy ɲʰ nhy lh nh mh

Finals

The Chinese orthography for Kam has 64 syllable finals; 14 of them occur only in Chinese loans and are not listed in the table below.

IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml
a a ə e e ee i i o o u u/uu
ai əɪ ei oi ui
ao eeu iu ou
am am ɐm aem əm em em eem im im om om um um
an an ɐn aen ən en en een in in on on un un
ang ɐŋ aeng əŋ eng eeng ing ong ung
ap ab ɐp ab əp eb ep eb ip ib op ob up ub
at ad ɐt ad ət ed et ed it id ot od
ak ag ɐk ag ək eg ek eg ik ig ok og uk ug

The phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled -ab, -ad and -ag, is [ɐ] in syllables that have the tones -l, -p and -c (see table below); in syllables with tones -s, -t and -x, it is [a]. The phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled -eb, -ed and -eg, is [ə] in syllables that have the tones -l, -p and -c; in syllables with tones -s, -t and -x, it is [e].

The Ngo Van Lyong orthography for Southern Kam has 116 syllable finals.

IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm
a a ɔ o e e u u i i
ɐ ă o ô ə ơ ɿ ư y ü
ai ai oi oi ɐi ei əi ơi ui ui
au au ɐu ou ɛu eu əu ơu iu iu
ʲa ia ʲo io ʲe ie ʷa ua ʷo uo ʷe ue
ʲai iai ʲoi ioi ʲɐi iei ʲəi iơi ʲui iui ʲau iau
ʲɐu iou ʲeu ieu ʲəu iơu ʷai uai ʷoi uoi ʷɐi uei
ʷau uau ʷɐu uou ʷeu ueu ʷəu uơu ʷiu uiu ʷəi uơi
an an am am ang ak ak ap ap at at
ʲan ian ʲam iam ʲaŋ iang ʲak iak ʲap iap ʲat iat
ʷan uan ʷam uam ʷaŋ uang ʷak uak ʷap uap ʷat uat
ɐn ăn ɐm ăm ɐŋ ăng ɐk ăk ɐp ăp ɐt ăt
ʲɐn iăn ʲɐm iăm ʲɐŋ iăng ʲɐk iăk ʲɐp iăp ʲɐt iăt
ʷɐn uăn ʷɐm uăm ʷɐŋ uăng ʷɐk uăk ʷɐp uăp ʷɐt uăt
ɔn on ɔm om ɔŋ ong ɔk ok ɔp op ɔt ot
ʲɔn ion ʲɔm iom ʲɔŋ iong ʲɔk iok ʲɔp iop ʲɔt iot
ʷɔn uon ʷɔm uom ʷɔŋ uong ʷɔk uok ʷɔp uop ʷɔt uot
on ôn om ôm ông ok ôk op ôp ot ôt
ʲon iôn ʲom iôm ʲoŋ iông ʲok iôk ʲop iôp ʲot iôt
ʷon uôn ʷom uôm ʷoŋ uông ʷok uôk ʷop uôp ʷot uôt
en en em em eng ek ek ep ep et et
ʲen ien ʲem iem ʲeŋ ieng ʲek iek ʲep iep ʲet iet
ʷen uen ʷem uem ʷeŋ ueng ʷek uek ʷep uep ʷet uet
ən ơn əm ơm əŋ ơng ək ơk əp ơp ət ơt
ʲən iơn ʲəm iơm ʲəŋ iơng ʲək iơk ʲəp iơp ʲət iơt
ʷən uơn ʷəm uơm ʷəŋ uơng ʷək uơk ʷəp uơp ʷət uơt
un un um um ung uk uk up up ut ut
ʲun iun ʲum ium ʲuŋ iung ʲuk iuk ʲup iup ʲut iut
in in im im ing ik ik ip ip it it
ʷin uin ʷim uim ʷiŋ uing ʷik uik ʷip uip ʷit uit

Tones

Kam is a tonal language. Open syllables can occur in one of nine different tones, checked syllables in six tones (so-called entering tones), so that the traditional approach counts fifteen tones. As with the Hmong alphabet, the Chinese orthography marks tones with a consonant at the end of each syllable.

tone contour: high high rising low dipping low rising low falling high falling peaking mid
/˥/ (55) /˧˥/ (35) /˨/ (11) /˨˦/ (24) /˩˧/ (13) /˧˩/ (31) /˥˧/ (53) /˦˥˧/ (453) /˧/ (33)
Orthography: -l -p -c -s -t -x -v -k -h
example
(open syllable)
bal pap bac bas qat miax bav pak bah
"fish" "grey" "rake" "aunt" "light" "knife" "leaf" "destroy" "chaff"
example
(checked syllable)
bedl sedp medc bads pads bagx
"duck" "seven" "ant" "can"? "blood" "white"

The Ngo Van Lyong orthography marks tones via diacritics written above or below the vowel as with the Vietnamese alphabet and only features 6 tones.

tone contour: high flat low flat high falling low falling high rising low rising
/˧/ (33) /˨/ (11) /˥˩/ (51) /˧˩/ (31) /˧˥/ (45) /˨˦/ (24)
Example: ba bạ bả

References

  1. ^ a b Northern Dong at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)  
    Southern Dong at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)  
    Cao Miao at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)  
  2. ^ Yang Tongyin and Jerold A. Edmondson (2008). "Kam." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
  3. ^ Tu, Guanglu 涂光禄; Yang, Jun 杨军. 2008. Jinpingxian Han, Dong, Miao yu fangyan zhi 锦屏县汉侗苗语方言志. Guiyang: Guizhou University Press 贵州大学出版社. ISBN 9787811260441
  4. ^ Long Yaohong [龙耀宏]. 2012. A study of Dong dialectology 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine [侗语方音研究 Dongyu fangyin yanjiu]. Ph.D. dissertation, Shanghai Normal University [上海师范大学]. http://www.taodocs.com/p-5926320.html
  5. ^ Suining County Gazetteer (1997)
  6. ^ Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997)
  7. ^ danviet.vn. "Những hương vị thân thương gần gũi ở quê nhà mà không nơi nào có". danviet.vn. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  8. ^ Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. 2001, "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands", in Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. K.L. Adams and T.J. Hudak, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 101-133. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
  9. ^ Chen, Qiguang [陈其光] (2013). Miao and Yao language [苗瑶语文]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  10. ^ Yu Dazhong [余达忠]. 2017. "Ethnic Interactions and the Formation of the Sanqiu People in the Borderland of Modern Hunan,Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces [近代湘黔桂边区的族群互动和“三锹人”的形成]". In Journal of Guizhou Education University [贵州师范学院学报], Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jan 2017).
  11. ^ Article in Omniglot
  • Ōu Hēngyuán 欧亨元: Cic deenx Gaeml Gax / Dòng-Hàn cídiǎn 侗汉词典 (Kam–Chinese dictionary; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 2004), ISBN 7-105-06287-8.

Further reading

  • Long, Y., Zheng, G., & Geary, D. N. (1998). The Dong language in Guizhou Province, China. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington publications in linguistics, publication 126. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 1-55671-051-8
  • Yang, Tongyin & Edmondson, Jerold A. (2008). Kam. In Anthony V. N. Diller and Jerold A. Edmondson and Yongxian Luo (eds.), The Tai-Kadai Languages, 509-584. London & New York: Routledge.

External links

  • Southern Dong word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
  • Dong-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

language, this, article, about, language, spoken, china, language, spoken, nigeria, nyingwom, language, confused, with, kham, language, khams, tibetan, language, gaeml, also, known, dong, chinese, 侗语, pinyin, dòngyǔ, language, spoken, dong, people, ethnologue,. This article is about the language spoken in China For the language spoken in Nigeria see Nyingwom language Not to be confused with Kham language or Khams Tibetan The Kam or Gam language lix Gaeml also known as Dong Chinese 侗语 pinyin Dongyǔ is a Kam Sui language spoken by the Dong people Ethnologue distinguishes three Kam varieties as separate but closely related languages 1 KamGaemlNative toChinaRegionGuizhou Hunan GuangxiEthnicityKam peopleNative speakers1 5 million 2003 1 Language familyKra Dai Kam SuiKamWriting systemLatin Kam charactersLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code doc class extiw title iso639 3 doc doc a Northern Dong a href https iso639 3 sil org code kmc class extiw title iso639 3 kmc kmc a Southern Dong a href https iso639 3 sil org code cov class extiw title iso639 3 cov cov a Cao MiaoGlottologkami1255This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Kam language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Contents 1 Dialects 1 1 Others 2 Phonology and orthography 2 1 Initials 2 2 Finals 2 3 Tones 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksDialects EditThe Kam language can be divided into two major subdivisions Southern Kam and Northern Kam Yang amp Edmondson 2008 2 Northern Kam displays more Chinese influence and lacks vowel length contrast while Southern Kam is more conservative Language varieties closely related to or part of Kam include Cao Miao and Naxi Yao A northern Pinghua variety called Tongdao Pinghua spoken in Tongdao County Hunan has also been significantly influenced by Kam Southern KamFirst lectal area Rongjiang Zhanglǔ 榕江县章鲁村 Liping Hongzhōu 黎平县洪州镇 Jǐnping Qǐmeng 锦屏县启蒙镇 in Guizhou Tōngdao 通道县 in Hunan Longsheng 龙胜县 and Sanjiang Dudong 三江侗族自治县独峒乡 in Guangxi Second lectal area Liping Shuǐkǒu 黎平县水口镇 Congjiang Guandong 从江县贯洞镇 Rongjiang Pingjiang 榕江县平江乡 in Guizhou Sanjiang Helǐ 三江侗族自治县和里村 in Guangxi Third lectal area Zhenyuǎn Baojing 镇远县报京乡 in Guizhou Fourth lectal area Rongshuǐ 融水苗族自治县 in GuangxiNorthern KamFirst lectal area Tianzhu Shidong 天柱县石洞镇 Sansui Kuǎnchǎng 三穗县款场 Jianhe Xiǎoguǎng 剑河县小广侗寨 in Guizhou also Jǐnping Jiǔzhai 锦屏县九寨 in Guizhou 3 Second lectal area Tianzhu Zhǔxi 天柱县注溪乡 in Guizhou Third lectal area Jǐnping Datong 锦屏县大同乡 in GuizhouLong 2012 19 20 4 classifies the Kam lectal areas dialects as follows Southern KamLectal area 1 Chejiang Rongjiang County 榕江县车江 Longcheng Tongdao County 通道县陇城 Pingdeng Longsheng County 龙胜县平等 Chengyang Sanjiang County 三江县程阳 Hongzhou Liping County 黎平县洪州 Lectal area 2 Zhaihao Rongjiang County 榕江县寨蒿 Shuikou Liping County 黎平县水口 Guidong Congjiang County 从江县贵洞 Heli Sanjiang County 三江县和里 Lectal area 3 Zhaihuai Rongshui County 融水县寨怀 Lectal area 4 Pindong Rongshui County 融水县聘洞Northern KamLectal area 1 Highland Dong 高坡侗 Shidong Tianzhu County 天柱县石洞 Kuanchang Sansui County 三穗县款场 Jiuzhai Jinping County 锦屏县九寨 Xiaoguang Jianhe County 剑河县小广 Lectal area 2 River Dong 河边侗 Datong Jinping County 锦屏县大同 Sanmentang Tianzhu County 天柱县三门塘 Lannichong Jingzhou County 靖州县烂泥冲 Lectal area 3 Zhuxi Tianzhu County 天柱县注溪 Zhongzhai Xinhuang County 新晃县中寨 Lectal area 4 Qimeng Jinping County 锦屏县启蒙 Lectal area 5 Baojing Zhenyuan County 镇远县抱京In Congjiang County Dong consists of three dialects Jiudong 九洞 similar to Chejiang 车江 Dong Liudong 六洞 similar to Liping 黎平 Dong and another dialect spoken in Xishan 西山 Bingmei 丙梅 and Guandong 贯洞 similar to Sanjiang 三江 Dong Congjiang County Gazetteer 1999 109 In Suining County Hunan Dong is spoken in Lianfeng 联丰 including Duolong 多龙村 Huangsangping 黄桑坪 Le anpu 乐安铺 and other nearby locations 5 In Chengbu County Hunan Dong is spoken in Yanzhai 岩寨 Chang anying 长安营 and Jiangtousi 江头司 6 Kam is also spoken in the single village of Đồng Mộc Trung Sơn Commune Yen Sơn District Tuyen Quang Province northern Vietnam 7 where there are about 35 Kam people Edmondson amp Gregerson 2001 8 The Kam of Đồng Mộc had migrated to Vietnam from China about 150 years ago The Kam variety spoken in Đồng Mộc is most similar to that of Liping Shuǐkǒu 黎平县水口镇 in southeastern Guizhou China In China a total of six counties designated as Dong Autonomous Counties 侗族自治县 Yuping Dong Autonomous County Guizhou Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County Guangxi Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County Hunan Zhijiang Dong Autonomous County Hunan Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County Hunan Tongdao Dong Autonomous County HunanOthers Edit Further information Naxi Yao language According to the Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer 1997 language varieties closely related to Southern Kam are spoken in Naxi 那溪 Dongkou County which had 4 280 ethnic Yao in 1982 Chen 2013 39 and Lianmin 联民 Suining County However they are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Yao not Dong Chen Qiguang 2013 39 9 reports that the ancestors of Naxihua 那溪话 speakers had migrated to their current location from Tianzhu Liping and Yuping counties of southeastern Guizhou during the early 15th century Sanqiao 三锹 三橇 is a mixed Dong Miao language spoken in Liping County and Jinping County Guizhou China by about 6 000 people 10 Phonology and orthography EditKam has two main orthographies The Chinese academic developed system and the independently developed system by Ngo Van Lyong for Southern Kam as spoken in Rongjiang 11 The Chinese system is most commonly used by linguists and has similarities to other Chinese Kra Dai language orthographies Such as Zhuang The Ngo Van Lyong system was inspired by the Vietnamese alphabet and is made for speakers and learners While the Chinese system is the most well known most Kam speakers are not literate Initials Edit Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Glottalplain pal plain lab Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʷStop Affricate voiceless p pʲ t tɕ k kʷaspirated pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰFricative s ɕ hApproximant central w wʲ jlateral l lʲThe Chinese orthography for Kam orthography has 32 syllable initial consonants seven of them tʃ tʃʰ ʃ ɻ f ts and tsʰ only occur in recent loanwords from Chinese IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaemlp b t d tɕ j k g tʃ zhpʰ p tʰ t tɕʰ q kʰ k tʃʰ chm m n n nʲ ny ŋ ng ʃ shw w l l lʲ ly h h ɻ rpʲ bi s s ɕ x kʷ gu f fpʲʰ pi j y kʷʰ ku ts zmʲ mi ŋʷ ngu tsʰ cwʲ wiThe Ngo Van Lyong orthography for Southern Kam has 28 syllable initial consonants IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảmp b t d k g h h j y s s ts zpʰ p tʰ t kʰ k f f w w ɕ x tsʰ ctɕ j ŋ ng ʎ ly ɲ ny l l n n m mtɕʰ q ŋʰ ngh ʎʰ lhy ɲʰ nhy lʰ lh nʰ nh mʰ mhFinals Edit The Chinese orthography for Kam has 64 syllable finals 14 of them occur only in Chinese loans and are not listed in the table below IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaemla a e e e ee i i o o u u uuaɪ ai eɪ ei oɪ oi uɪ uiaʊ ao eʊ eeu iʊ iu oʊ ouam am ɐm aem em em em eem im im om om um uman an ɐn aen en en en een in in on on un unaŋ ang ɐŋ aeng eŋ eng eŋ eeng iŋ ing oŋ ong uŋ ungap ab ɐp ab ep eb ep eb ip ib op ob up ubat ad ɐt ad et ed et ed it id ot odak ag ɐk ag ek eg ek eg ik ig ok og uk ugThe phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled ab ad and ag is ɐ in syllables that have the tones l p and c see table below in syllables with tones s t and x it is a The phonetic value of the vowel in the finals spelled eb ed and eg is e in syllables that have the tones l p and c in syllables with tones s t and x it is e The Ngo Van Lyong orthography for Southern Kam has 116 syllable finals IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảma a ɔ o e e u u i iɐ ă o o e ơ ɿ ư y uai ai oi oi ɐi ei ei ơi ui uiau au ɐu ou ɛu eu eu ơu iu iuʲa ia ʲo io ʲe ie ʷa ua ʷo uo ʷe ueʲai iai ʲoi ioi ʲɐi iei ʲei iơi ʲui iui ʲau iauʲɐu iou ʲeu ieu ʲeu iơu ʷai uai ʷoi uoi ʷɐi ueiʷau uau ʷɐu uou ʷeu ueu ʷeu uơu ʷiu uiu ʷei uơian an am am aŋ ang ak ak ap ap at atʲan ian ʲam iam ʲaŋ iang ʲak iak ʲap iap ʲat iatʷan uan ʷam uam ʷaŋ uang ʷak uak ʷap uap ʷat uatɐn ăn ɐm ăm ɐŋ ăng ɐk ăk ɐp ăp ɐt ătʲɐn iăn ʲɐm iăm ʲɐŋ iăng ʲɐk iăk ʲɐp iăp ʲɐt iătʷɐn uăn ʷɐm uăm ʷɐŋ uăng ʷɐk uăk ʷɐp uăp ʷɐt uătɔn on ɔm om ɔŋ ong ɔk ok ɔp op ɔt otʲɔn ion ʲɔm iom ʲɔŋ iong ʲɔk iok ʲɔp iop ʲɔt iotʷɔn uon ʷɔm uom ʷɔŋ uong ʷɔk uok ʷɔp uop ʷɔt uoton on om om oŋ ong ok ok op op ot otʲon ion ʲom iom ʲoŋ iong ʲok iok ʲop iop ʲot iotʷon uon ʷom uom ʷoŋ uong ʷok uok ʷop uop ʷot uoten en em em eŋ eng ek ek ep ep et etʲen ien ʲem iem ʲeŋ ieng ʲek iek ʲep iep ʲet ietʷen uen ʷem uem ʷeŋ ueng ʷek uek ʷep uep ʷet ueten ơn em ơm eŋ ơng ek ơk ep ơp et ơtʲen iơn ʲem iơm ʲeŋ iơng ʲek iơk ʲep iơp ʲet iơtʷen uơn ʷem uơm ʷeŋ uơng ʷek uơk ʷep uơp ʷet uơtun un um um uŋ ung uk uk up up ut utʲun iun ʲum ium ʲuŋ iung ʲuk iuk ʲup iup ʲut iutin in im im iŋ ing ik ik ip ip it itʷin uin ʷim uim ʷiŋ uing ʷik uik ʷip uip ʷit uitTones Edit Kam is a tonal language Open syllables can occur in one of nine different tones checked syllables in six tones so called entering tones so that the traditional approach counts fifteen tones As with the Hmong alphabet the Chinese orthography marks tones with a consonant at the end of each syllable tone contour high high rising low dipping low rising low falling high falling peaking mid 55 35 11 24 13 31 53 453 33 Orthography l p c s t x v k hexample open syllable bal pap bac bas qat miax bav pak bah fish grey rake aunt light knife leaf destroy chaff example checked syllable bedl sedp medc bads pads bagx duck seven ant can blood white The Ngo Van Lyong orthography marks tones via diacritics written above or below the vowel as with the Vietnamese alphabet and only features 6 tones tone contour high flat low flat high falling low falling high rising low rising 33 11 51 31 45 24 Example ba ba ba bạ bả baReferences Edit a b Northern Dong at Ethnologue 16th ed 2009 Southern Dong at Ethnologue 16th ed 2009 Cao Miao at Ethnologue 16th ed 2009 Yang Tongyin and Jerold A Edmondson 2008 Kam In Diller Anthony Jerold A Edmondson and Yongxian Luo ed The Tai Kadai Languages Routledge Language Family Series Psychology Press 2008 Tu Guanglu 涂光禄 Yang Jun 杨军 2008 Jinpingxian Han Dong Miao yu fangyan zhi 锦屏县汉侗苗语方言志 Guiyang Guizhou University Press 贵州大学出版社 ISBN 9787811260441 Long Yaohong 龙耀宏 2012 A study of Dong dialectology Archived 2015 04 02 at the Wayback Machine 侗语方音研究 Dongyu fangyin yanjiu Ph D dissertation Shanghai Normal University 上海师范大学 http www taodocs com p 5926320 html Suining County Gazetteer 1997 Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer 1997 danviet vn Những hương vị than thương gần gũi ở que nha ma khong nơi nao co danviet vn Retrieved 10 April 2018 Edmondson J A and Gregerson K J 2001 Four Languages of the Vietnam China Borderlands in Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society ed K L Adams and T J Hudak Tempe Arizona pp 101 133 Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies Chen Qiguang 陈其光 2013 Miao and Yao language 苗瑶语文 Beijing China Minzu University Press Yu Dazhong 余达忠 2017 Ethnic Interactions and the Formation of the Sanqiu People in the Borderland of Modern Hunan Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces 近代湘黔桂边区的族群互动和 三锹人 的形成 In Journal of Guizhou Education University 贵州师范学院学报 Vol 33 No 1 Jan 2017 Article in Omniglot Ōu Hengyuan 欧亨元 Cic deenx Gaeml Gax Dong Han cidiǎn 侗汉词典 Kam Chinese dictionary Beijing 北京 Minzu chubǎnshe 民族出版社 2004 ISBN 7 105 06287 8 Further reading EditLong Y Zheng G amp Geary D N 1998 The Dong language in Guizhou Province China Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington publications in linguistics publication 126 Dallas TX Summer Institute of Linguistics ISBN 1 55671 051 8 Yang Tongyin amp Edmondson Jerold A 2008 Kam In Anthony V N Diller and Jerold A Edmondson and Yongxian Luo eds The Tai Kadai Languages 509 584 London amp New York Routledge External links EditSouthern Dong word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Dong language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kam language amp oldid 1131211393, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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